Electronics_For_You_August_2016

Do-it-yourself DSw.Civ.eDi Arduino Based RGB ColouR Code GeneRatoR A. SAmiuddhinRed, green and blue (RGB) larly, Web designing using HTML tive hex codes of those colours. are the basic colours for or any other language requires the generating various other hex code of a particular colour in Circuit and workingcolours by mixing colours in a par- the design. Presented here is the Circuit diagram of the RGB colourticular proportion. This technique circuit for learning the concept of code generator is shown in Fig. 1. Itis used in TVs, mobiles etc. Simi- generating colours and the respec- is built around Arduino Uno board (Board1), 16x2 LCD (LCD1), 1 Vss RGB LED (RGB1) 3 VO POWER USB VR4 LCD1 K 16 and a few other 10K 16x2 LINE LCD components. INPUT VDD A/VEE Arduino board D7 EN R/W RS 15 is the brain of 2 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 the circuit that performs colour DRIVER AREF 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4VR1 IOREF ARDUINO DIGITAL GND10K RST 13 3.3V ATMEGA328 12 5V 11 ANALOG GND 10 GND generation us- GND 9 ing pulse width Vin 8VR2 7 R1 modulation10K 6 100E (PWM). Three A0 5 potentiometersVR3 A1 4 R3 R2 control intensity10K A2 3 330E 270E of the RGB LED. A3 2 The 16x2 LCD A4 TX 1 RGB1 wired in 4-bit A5 RX 0 mode is used to RGB1 = COMMON CATHODE RGB LED BOARD1 ARDUINO UNO display the valueFig. 1: Circuit of the RGB colour code generator of each colour in the first row and the hex value in the second row. Intensity of each colour is controlled by potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3. These are connected to Fig. 3: RGB colour display on the LCD analogue inputs A0, A1 and A2 of Arduino board. The program Parts List continuously scans the analogue Semiconductors: input of the board. The analogue-to- digital converter (ADC) of Arduino Board1 - Arduino Uno board converts the analogue value into a LCD1 - 16×2 LCD RGB1 - Common-cathode RGB LED Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): 10-bit digital value. Since resolution R1 - 100-ohm of the PWM module of the board R2 - 270-ohm is 8-bit, the 10-bit analogue value R3 - 330-ohm VR1-VR3 - 10-kilo-ohm potmeter is converted into 8-bit value by the VR4 - 10-kilo-ohm preset program. Screenshot of the source program is shown in Fig. 2. Miscellaneous: - 5-pin connector CON1Fig. 2: Screenshot of the source code CON2 - 9-pin connector Thus, the 8-bit value controls94 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Fig. 4: PCB pattern of the RGB colour code generator emits a slightly whitish colour. Measure resist- ance from the arm of the potmeter to the anode of the LED and note down the resistance value, say, 100-ohm. Using the same technique, measure the remaining two leads of the LED. These resistance values were found to be 270-ohm and 330-ohm, re- spectively, during testing. Be careful while calibrating as there is a chance of burning the potmeter when the arm moves to very low-resist- ance side due to more current passing through the arm. Construction and testingFig. 5: Component layout of the PCB An actual-size, single-side PCB for the RGB colourthe duty cycle of the PWM, thereby code generator is showncontrolling the intensity of the col- in Fig. 4 and its component layoutour. The RGB LED emits the light of in Fig. 5. Assemble the circuit ona colour, which is controlled by the a designed PCB. Connectors CON1potmeters (VR1 through VR3). The and CON2 in the PCB layout arecorresponding colour value is dis- used to connect Board1 (Arduinoplayed in the first row as Rxxx Gxxx UNO board) through external con-Bxxx, where xxx are the numbers nectors. Arduino board can befor RGB colours, respectively. The powered by an external 9V, 500mAsecond line displays the hex value adaptor or USB cable.of the colour as HEXxxxxxx. RGB Software for the RGB generatorcolours with numbers are displayed is written in Arduino programmingon the LCD as shown in Fig. 3. language. Arduino UNO is pro- grammed using Arduino IDE. Select Resistor values (R1, R2 and R3) the correct board from Board→Toolsare critical. Choose these values menu in Arduino IDE, select COMafter calibration. For calibration, port and upload the program (RGB.connect each lead of the RGB LED ino) through the standard USB portin series with a 1-kilo-ohm potmeter in computer.to 5V. Vary the potmeter to low- Note. For backlight, connect pinresistance side until the RGB LED 15 of LCD1 to +5V via a 220-ohm resistor and pin 16 to GND. efy Note A. Samiuddhin is B.Tech in electrical and electronics The source code of engineering. His interests this project is include LED lighting, power electronics, microcontrollers included in this and Arduino programming month’s EFY DVD and is also available for free ElEctronics For You | August 2016 95www.EFYdmoAwg.ecnfolyommadaga.tcosmource.

Do-it-yourselfHome automationSparnadkeaeSph Using Android KarthiK rajaseKaranNowadays, people have Circuit and working nection details for each appliance are smartphones with them all shown in Fig. 2. the time. So it makes senseto use these to control home ap- The circuit is built around Arduino Bluetooth module. Bluetoothpliances. Presented here is a homeautomation system using a simple Uno board, Bluetooth module HC- module used in this project is HC-05Android app, which you can use tocontrol electrical appliances with 05 and a 3-channel relay board. (Fig. 4), which supports master andclicks or voice commands. Com-mands are sent via Bluetooth to The number of channels depends slave mode serial communicationArduino Uno. So you need not getup to switch on or switch off the on the number of appliances you (9600-115200 bps) SPP and UARTdevice while watching a movie ordoing some work. wish to control. Arduino Uno is interface. Using these features it canFig. 1: Author’s prototype powered with a 12V DC adaptor/ communicate with other Bluetooth-Fig. 2: Connections for the appliances power source. The relay module enabled devices like mobile phones, and Bluetooth module can be, in tablets and laptops. The module runs turn, powered using a board power on 3.3V to 5V power supply. supply of Arduino Uno. Author’s Relay module. A relay allows you prototype is shown in Fig. 1. Con- to turn on or turn off a circuit using voltage and/or current much higher than what Arduino could handle. Relay provides complete isolation be- tween the low-voltage circuit on Arduino side and the high-voltage side controlling the load. It gets activated using 5V from Ar- duino, which, in turn, controls electrical appliances like fans, lights and air-condi- tioners. An 8-channel relay module is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 3: Control panel on Arduino Uno Android smartphone board. Arduino is an open source elec- tronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and soft- ware. It is intended for artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or Fig. 4: Bluetooth module environments.96 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Fig. 5: An 8-channel relay module RL1 Received data pin TXD of the HC-05 is connected to Arduino. Arduino UnoFig. 6: Relay module connection RL2 processes the received data and con- trols the relay board accordingly. Arduino Uno is based on AT- RL3mega328 microcontroller (MCU). It Procedure for installing the An-consists of 14 digital input/output RL4 droid app (.apk) is as follows:pins, six analogue inputs, a USBconnection for programming the on- Note. Vin is usually used to give 1. Download the app (homeau-board MCU, a power jack, an ICSP input power, but since we are supply- tomation.apk) from this month’sheader and a reset button. It is oper- ing 12V to Arduino using an adaptor, EFY DVD or website. Copy it to yourated with a 16MHz crystal oscillator we can use Vin pin on Arduino to Android smartphone.and contains everything needed to power the 12V relay module.support the MCU. It is very easy to 2. Run .apk file. It will promptuse as you simply need to connect it Software you to complete the action. Clickto a computer using a USB cable, or Package Installer and then Install.power it with an AC-to-DC adaptor The software program (homeauto-or battery to get started. The MCU mation.ino) is written in Arduino 3. You will also need a voice-onboard is programmed in Arduino programming language called Pro- recognition app on your Androidprogramming language using Ar- cessing. Arduino Uno is programmed smartphone. Most smartphonesduino IDE. using Arduino IDE software that you have this app preinstalled. If you can download from arduino.cc. MIT do not have it, download one from Pins 10 and 11 of Arduino are App Inventor software was used to Google Play Store.connected to pins TXD and RXD of the create the Android app (.apk) forBluetooth module, respectively, as this project. Construction and testingshown in Fig. 6. Pins Gnd and Vcc ofthe Bluetooth module are connected The app on your smartphone Assemble the circuit as shown in theto Gnd and +3.3V of Arduino board sends data when you click on buttons circuit diagram. Open Arduino IDErespectively. Pins 2, 3 and 4 are con- or feed voice commands via Bluetooth and compile the program (sketch).nected to the three relays (RL1, RL2 in the mobile to Bluetooth module Upload the sketch (homeautomation.and RL3) of the relay board. Pins HC-05 connected with Arduino board. ino) to Arduino board. Switch on theVin and Gnd of the relay board are power supply to Arduino by con-connected to pins Vin and Gnd of necting it to 12V power source. PairArduino board, respectively. Bluetooth module with your Android phone. Type password ‘1234’ (defaultwww.EFYmAg.com password) of Bluetooth module. Click Bluetooth Image on the app to connect it with the Bluetooth mod- ule. It automatically connects and displays as Connected in the app. You are now ready to control the appliances using the app. You can either use on/off buttons or voice commands to control the appli- ances. You can control more electri- cal appliances by increasing the number of channels in the relay. For instance, using an 8-channel relay, you can control up to eight devices. For this, you need to alter the source code by adding input commands and voice commands to control the devices. efy Note Karthik Rajasekaran is a third-year ECE student at The source code of Info Institute of Engineering, this project is Coimbatore included in this ElEctronics For You | August 2016 97 month’s EFY DVD and is also available for free download at source. efymag.com

DSw.Civ.eDi Do-it-yourself Webcam View IllumInator T.K. HareendranBy setting up a webcam view tor, Schottky diode 1N5817(D1), and the rest of the voltage from illuminator over your laptop’s comparator LM311 (IC1), 5V single input supply can be handled by the webcam your online conver- changeover relay (RL1), current driver chip.sations can become more enlighten- regulator AMC7135 (IC2), whiteing. This clip-on light improves the power LED (LED1) and a few Standard photo resistor or light-quality of webcam photos and vid- other components. dependent resistor LDR1 is con-eos in low-light situations. The USB- nected to inverting input of IC1. It isoperated webcam view illuminator For driving LED1, the advanced used to detect the ambient light lev-detects low-light level automatically current regulator AMC7135 (IC2) el. Resistance of LDR1 is low whenand switches on the power LED. is used here. AMC7135, available sufficient light falls on it. So voltageFig. 1 shows how it can be affixed in SOT-89 and TO-252 packages, at IC1’s inverting input pin 3 is lowover the laptop’s webcam. is a low-dropout current regula- and at its output pin 7 is high. This tor rated for 350mA constant sink de-energises relay RL1 connected atCircuit and working current. The driver circuit takes the output pin. This, in turn, cuts power from the input supply and off the 5V supply to IC2 and the 1WThe circuit diagram of the webcam sends it to LED1. Constrained to a LED1 goes to off state.view illuminator is shown in Fig. particular current, LED1 settles in at2. It is built around a USB connec- its forward voltage for that current When little or no light falls on LDR1, output state of IC1 isFig. 1: Illuminator affixed over webcam Parts List reversed, thereby energising relay RL1. This action turns on IC2 and Semiconductors: LED1 glows. IC1 - LM311 voltage comparator Since IC2 is an SMD chip, it is better to use the PCB’s copper track IC2 - AMC7135 current regulator as its heat-sink. And, if IC2 and LED1 are placed on separate circuit D1 - 1N5817 Schottky diode boards (not recommended), value of capacitor C2 should be increased D2 - 1N4007 rectifier diode up to 1µF. LED1 - 1W power white LED Light-sensing levels on LDR1 can be adjusted using 10-kilo-ohm Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): potmeter (VR1). Coil of the relay R1 - 10-kilo-ohm must have a very low operating VR1 - 10-kilo-ohm potmeter current (not more than a few milli- Capacitors: - 100µF, 25V electrolytic amperes). C1 - 0.1µF ceramic disk C2, C3 Miscellaneous: - USB A-type connector CON1 - 5V, 1C/O relay RL1 - Light-dependent resistor LDR1 D1 R1 N/O Construction 1N5817 10K and testingCON1 VR1 D2 N/C LED1 C1 10K 1N4007 RL1 An actual-size, single-FOR 100u 5V,1C/O side PCB pattern for the 25V LDR1 1 GND Vcc 8 RELAY webcam view illumi-USB A TYPE nator is shown in Fig. Vcc 2 OUTPUT 7 C3 3 and its component D− IN(+) 0.1u layout in Fig. 4. After D+ 3 IC2 assembling the circuit GND BALANCE/ 6 1 on the PCB, enclose it in 3 IN(−) STROBE a box such that you can BALANCE 5 AMC7135 connect the USB port to 4 VEE the computer. 2 IC1 LM311 C2 0.1u GNDFig. 2: Circuit diagram of the webcam view illuminator98 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Fig. 3: Actual-size PCB pattern of the webcam Fig. 4: Component layout of the PCB the box as per author’sview illuminator Fig. 5: Proposed front panel suggestion is shown in Fig. 5. After construction, fix the PCBon the laptop in such a way that As the finishedhole shown in the PCB does not system is a small andinterrupt the IR rays. LED1 is just easy-to-use portable LEDabove the hole and activates when light, it can also be usedthere is insufficient light. Place the for interior and exteriorLDR1 in such a way that normal applications where alight falls on it but LED1 light does standard USB port isnot fall on it. The front panel of available. For example, you can use this as a book-reading light by us- ing a smartphone power bank/USB mobile phone charger. However, try to use a suitable light diffuser with the white power light source for effec- tive protection of your eyes. T.K. Hareendran is an electronics hobbyist, freelance technical writer and circuit designerwww.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 99

Do-it-yourselfKNatidhhuiria Low-Cost Quadraphonic amplifier Petre tzv PetrovHere is a circuit for a sim- potmeters VR1, VR2, VR3 and VR4, tured by the inputs. ple but useful low-cost respectively. Input capacitors C1, Capacitors C3, C11, C19 and C27 quadraphonic (having four C9, C17 and C25 should be prefer-channels) amplifier. It can be used ably not polarised, which makes the reduce the sensitivity of amplifiersfor experiments in open or closed circuit independent of the polarity of to noise from the power supply. Thespaces, including small home labs the DC component of input signals. external power supply connected toand studios. It can also be used for Capacitors C2, C10, C18 and C26 CON9 is common for all four chan-the creation of audio effects and as a reduce the sensitivity of amplifiers nels. The circuit has common fuse F1small audio-distribution amplifier. to high-frequency RFI and EMI cap- and common large filtering capacitor C33=1000µF/25V. A well-regulated, Such an amplifier can be used in Parts List low-noise external power supplymono-, stereo-, quadro-phony, or for should be used.audio effects, mixing audio signals, Semiconductors: - LM386 power amplifieror as small public announcement IC1-IC4 - 5mm LED The circuit is built around thesystems, small audio distribution LED1 popular low-voltage audio-powersystems, low-power amplifiers for amplifier LM386. LM386, AZ386,electrical instruments, noise distri- Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): JRC386, NJM386 and similar integrat-bution systems, audio line drivers, ed circuits (ICs) are easily availablebridged and paralleled audio ampli- R1, R5, R9, R13 - 1-kilo-ohm in the market. These are low-costfiers, and so on. and suitable for many audio and R2, R6, R10, R14 - 10-ohm control applications. For these and similar purposes,we need a multi-channel audio am- R3, R7, R11, R15 - 180-ohm LM386 is produced by Nationalplifier. In many cases the required Semiconductor Corp. in several ver-power per channel is in the range R4, R8, R12, R16 - 20-ohm sions with different power supply0.3W to 1W. Also, preferably, the voltage ranges. Here, ICs in dual-in-audio amplifier should be capable of R17 - 2.2-kilo-ohm line (DIP or DIL) packages are used.working on a battery, car accumula-tor or simple 1A to 2A wall adaptor. VR1-VR4 - 10-kilo-ohm preset It is important to respect the power dissipation of LM386. In all To keep this quadraphonic Capacitors: cases, it is recommended not to goamplifier using LM386 simple and C1, C4, C9, C12, above 80 per cent of the values in theinexpensive, it does not have tone- C17, C20, C25, C28 - 10µF, 25V electrolytic data sheet. This is because everythingcontrol potmeters. C2, C10, C18, C26 - 220pF ceramic cannot be taken into consideration at C3, C11, C19, C27 - 10µF, 35V electrolytic the design stage, and the IC shouldCircuit and working C5, C13, C21, C29 - 33nF ceramic disk not operate for a long time at its C6, C14, C22, C31, maximum power dissipation.Circuit diagram of the quadraphonic C34 - 100nF ceramic diskamplifier is shown in Fig. 1. Circuits C7, C15, C23, C30 - 100µF, 25V electrolytic LM386N-1 and LM386N-3 have anof all its four channels are identi- C8, C16, C24, C32 - 470µF, 25V electrolytic operating supply range of four voltscal. These have separate inputs C33 - 1000µF, 25V electrolytic to 12 volts (maximum 15 volts) and(CON1, CON2, CON3 and CON4) LM386N-4 has an operating supplyand separate outputs (CON5, CON6, Miscellaneous: - 2-pin connector range of five volts to 18 volts (maxi-CON7 and CON8), which can be CON1-CON4 - 2-pin connector terminal mum 22 volts).used for different purposes. Also, CON9 - 9V DC/9V batterythe amplifiers can be used in bridge - 3-pin connector terminal Maximum power dissipation ofor in parallel mode with appropriate CON5-CON8 - 1A fuse DIP/DIL at +25°C is 1.25W. Table Iinput signals. F1 - 8-ohm, 1W loudspeakers gives the guaranteed level of the sinu- - Headphones soidal output power (Pout) provided Inputs of the four amplifiers by LM386.have separate volume-control Table I In the datasheet, power dissipa- SInuSoIdal ouTpuT tion of LM386 is guaranteed on loads power provIded by lM386 power supply, rload, pout pout +vee ohm minimal, typical, w w 6V 8-ohm 0.25W 0.325W 9V 8-ohm 0.5W 0.7W 16V (only for 32-ohm 0.7W 1W LM386N-4)100 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

LED1 R17 J1 C7 C6 C33 F1 2.2K JUMPER 100u 100n 1000u 1A C4 25V 25V C1 10u CON9 10u C34 9V 25V 25V 100n +CON1 R1 6 C8 1 −INPUT1 1K 470u 3 1 25V 1:10 1 8 1:10 IC1 R3 GND 5 180E LM386 CON5 2 R4 OUTPUT1 C5 20E VR1 7 33n 4 C3 10K C2 10u R2 220p 35V 10E J2 C15 C14 JUMPER 100u 100n C12 10u 25V C9 25V 10uCON2 R5 6 C16INPUT2 1K 25V 470u 3 1 25V 8 IC2 R7 5 180E 1 2 LM386 C13 1:10 R8 GND VR2 7 33n 20E 10K 4 CON6 OUTPUT2 C10 C11 220p 1 10u R6 1:10 GND GND 35V 10E CON7 J3 C23 C22 OUTPUT3 100u 100n JUMPER 25V C20 10u C17 25V 10uCON3 R9 25V 6 C24INPUT3 1K 470u 3 1 25V 8 IC3 R11 5 180E LM386 2 R12 C21 20E VR3 7 33n 10K 4 C19 C18 10u R10 220p 35V 10E J4 C30 JUMPER 100u C28 C31 10u 25V 100n C25 25VCON4 R13 10u 6 C32INPUT4 1K 25V 470u 3 1 25V 8 IC4 R15 5 180E 1 LM386 1:10 2 R16 GND C29 20E VR4 7 33n CON8 10K 4 C27 OUTPUT4 C26 10u R14 220p 35V 10EFig. 1: Circuit of the low-cost quadraphonic amplifier ElEctronics For You | August 2016 101www.EFYmAg.com

Do-it-yourselfFig. 2: Actual-size PCB pattern of the low-cost Fig. 3: Component layout of the PCB mounted in a woodenquadraphonic amplifier box. Outputs with resis- tive dividers (1:10) areof 4-ohm, 8-ohm and 16-ohm. But per paths on the PCB to relieve the for headphones. Con-most parameters of the ICs are given heat from the IC. Most frequently necting low-impedanceonly for a load of 8-ohm. the IC is not loaded continuously headphones, for example, to the maximum. But for musicians with 32-ohm or less, will Generally speaking, if we accept practicing heavy distortions, LM386 not damage the outputs.the maximum power dissipation could be overloaded. Measuresaround 1.25W, we have the following should be taken not to overheat the Constructionapproximate limitations: IC. Luckily, it is not easy to damage and testing1. With a load of 16-ohm, power the IC by overloading. An actual-size, single- supply could go up to 14V, or Gain of LM386 could be set from side PCB pattern of the even 16V (more than 15V only for 20 to 200. When jumpers J1, J2, J3 low-cost quadraphonic model LM386N-4) and J4 are open, gain of the cor- amplifier is shown in2. With a load of 8-ohm to 12-ohm, responding amplifier is 20. If these Fig. 2 and its component up to 12V to 15V jumpers are closed, gain of the layout in Fig. 3.3. With a load of 4-ohm, up to 9V, corresponding IC is 200. LM386 has or even 12V internal individual input resistors of The full power supply4. With a load of 2-ohm, up to 5V, around 50-kilo-ohm between inputs range of LM386 is avail- or even 6V 2 and 3 and ground pin 4. able. Preferred power Load of 2-ohm is not mentioned supply is stabilised within the data sheet. So the risk of using Each amplifier has two types regulators such as 7805,it would be entirely upon by the user. of outputs. Main outputs are for 7806, 7808, 7809, 7812LM386N-1 could work off +5V power loudspeakers. The loudspeakers and 7815, depending onsupply from a USB port, if needed. should have impedance of at least the selected load resist- It is advised to use large cop- 8-ohm and power rating of 2W, and ances. The circuit could work with low-cost wall adaptors that provide necessary voltage and at least 1A output aver- age current. All filtering capacitors should not be omitted, even if there are such capacitors in the external power supply. LM386 can work successfully off a 6V battery from a motorcycle or kids’ electric car (typically 6.6V, maximum around 7.7V). The audio amplifier could work with one, two or three 4.5V batteries of type 3R12. Working with a single battery of 9V such as 9F22 is possible but not for a long time. The amplifier gives output power up to around 1W per channel and has a wide range of applications. Petre Tzv Petrov was a researcher and assistant professor in Technical University of Sofia (Bulgaria) and expert-lecturer in OFPPT(Casablance), Kingdom of Morocco. Now he is working as an electronics engineer in the private sector in Bulgaria102 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Do-it-yourself DwiSv.eCD. iTemperaTure Based Fan speed ConTrol And moniToring Using Arduino Biswajit DasThis project is a standalone au- heat-exchangers, mixers, furnaces, over a -55°C to 150°C temperature tomatic fan speed controller incubators, thermal baths and vet- range. It has +10.0mV/Celsius that controls the speed of an erinary operating tables. The project linear-scale factor.electric fan according to the require- will help save energy/electricity.ment. Use of embedded technology Parts Listmakes this closed-loop feedback- Circuit and workingcontrol system efficient and reliable. Semiconductors:The microcontroller (MCU) Circuit diagram of the temperatureATMega8/168/328 allows dynamic fan speed control and monitoring is Board1 - Arduino Unoand faster control and the LCD shown in Fig. 1. It is built aroundmakes the system user-friendly. Arduino Uno board (Board1), LCD1 - 16x2 LCDSensed temperature and fan speed 16x2 LCD (LCD1), temperaturelevels are simultaneously displayed sensor LM35( IC1) and a few IC1 - LM35 temperature sensoron the LCD panel. other components. T1 - BD139 npn transistor The project is very compact and Arduino is at the heart of theuses a few components only. It can circuit as it controls all functions. D1 - 1N4007 rectifier diode be implemented for several appli- LM35 is a precision integrated cir-cations including air-conditioners, cuit whose output voltage is linearly LED1 - 5mm LEDwater-heaters, snow-melters, ovens, proportional to Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. It is rated to operate Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): R1, R2 - 1-kilo-ohm R3 - 470-ohm VR1 - 10-kilo-ohm preset Capacitor: - 10µF, 16V electrolytic C1 Miscellaneous: - 2-pin terminal connector CON1 - 3-pin connector CON2 - 8-pin connector CON3 - 12V DC operated fan M1 - 12V battery for fan VR1 1 Vss LCD1 K 16 R3 10K 3 VO 16x2 LINE LCD 470E POWER USB INPUT VDD A/VEE 2 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 EN R/W RS 15 DRIVER AREF 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 IOREF ARDUINO DIGITALGND M1 = 12V DC OPERATED FAN RST 13 3.3V ATMEGA328 12 5V 11 GND ANALOG 10 GND 9 Vin 8 GND R1 CON1 VO 1KVcc 7 M1 D1 12V 6 1N4007 3 A0 5 2 A1 41 A2 3 A3 2IC1 A4 TX 1 R2LM35 A5 RX 0 1K LED1 C1 T1 10u BD139 BOARD1 16V ARDUINO UNO GNDFig. 1: Circuit diagram of the temperature based fan speed control and monitoring using Arduinowww.efymag.com electronics for you | august 2016 103

Do-it-yourself efy Note The source code of this project is included in this month’s EFY DVD and is also available for free download at source. efymag.comFig. 2: Screenshot of the source code on Arduino IDE because the pass transistor is used as a switch. which is ap- One disadvantage of this ap- plied to the MCU proach, however, is that it can make the fan noisy because of the pulsed through an ana- nature of the signal. The PWM waveform’s sharp edges cause the logue-to-digital fan’s mechanical structure to move (like a badly-designed loudspeaker), converter (ADC). which can easily be audible. The analogue sig- Construction and testing nal is converted An actual-size, single-side PCB for the temperature based fan speed into digital format control and monitoring circuit is shown in Fig. 3 and its component by the ADC. layout in Fig. 4. Assemble the circuit on the PCB. CON2 and CON3 are Sensed values of used to connect Board1 (Arduino UNO board) through external con- the temperature nectors. A 12V battery is used to drive the 12V DC-operated fan.Fig. 3: Actual-size PCB pattern of the temperature based fan speed control and speed of theand monitoring circuit using Arduino fan are displayed Software on the LCD. The Software for the automatic tem- perature controller and monitor MCU on Arduino circuit is written in Arduino pro- gramming language. Arduino Uno drives the motor is programmed using Arduino IDE software. ATmega328P on Arduino driver to control Uno comes with a pre-programmed bootloader that allows users to up- fan speed. load a new code to it without using an external hardware programmer. Fan speed Connect Arduino board to the PC control tech- and select the correct COM port in Arduino IDE. Compile the program nique. A low- (sketch). Then select the correct board from Tools→Board menu in frequency pulse- Arduino IDE and upload the sketch (abfc.ino) to Arduino through stand- width modulation ard USB port. (PWM) signal, Biswajit Das was manager - R&D, EFY Labs till recently usually in the range of aboutFig. 4: Component layout of the PCB 30Hz, whose duty cycle is varied toTemperature sensor LM35 senses adjust the fan’s speed is used. Anthe temperature and converts it inexpensive, single, small pass tran-into an electrical (analogue) signal, sistor can be used here. It is efficient104 august 2016 | electronics for you www.efymag.com

Do-it-yourself KatNhiudrhiia Portable Crystal tester Joy MukherJiAcrystal tester is an indis- vary between pensable tool. Most elec- tronics projects working TEST 50mV and 6Vwith high-frequency equipmentutilise crystals to generate fre- R1 S1 for crystals thatquency for an oscillator. Using 100K PUSHthis circuit, you can test and TO ON BATT generate be-verify the operation of a crystal C4 SWITCH 9Vbetween the frequencies of 1MHz 100n T1 tween 1MHz andand 48MHz. 2N3904 D1 C1 1N4148 48MHz. Some 56p R2 C3 CON1 1K 220p voltage readings CUT* C2 generated during 56p the testing of vari- Parts List RFC1 C5 CON2 ous crystals are: 100uH 100n 48MHz - 50mV TO 30MHz - 1.3V DMSemiconductors: 7.6MHz - 4.2VT1 - 2N3904 npn transistorD1 - 1N4148 signal diode CUT* = CRYSTAL UNDER TEST (1MHZ TO 48MHZ) A digital DM = DIGITAL MULTIMETERResistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): multimeter shouldR1 - 100-kilo-ohm Fig. 1: Circuit diagram of the portable crystal testerR2 - 1-kilo-ohm have a high inputCapacitors: impedance. AC1, C2C3 - 56pF ceramic disk faulty crystal gives a read-C4, C5 - 220pF ceramic disk - 100nF ceramic disk ing of 0V.Miscellaneous: - 2-pin connector ConstructionCON1 - 2-pin terminal connector and testingCON2 - 100µH RF chokeRFC1 - Push-to-on switch An actual-size, single-sideS1 - 2-pin terminal connector for PCB for the portable crystal tester is shown in Fig. 2 9V battery and its component layout - 9V battery in Fig. 3.Circuit and working Fig. 2: Actual-size PCB pattern of the portable crystal tester Assemble the circuit on the PCB or a general-Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram Fig. 3: Component layout of the PCB shown in Fig. 2 purpose PCB and house itof the portable crystal tester. It in a small plastic box. Useis built around general-purpose a crystal socket so you cantransistor 2N3904 (T1) and a few easily change the crystal.other components. T1 is an easily- RFC1 is a 100µH ready-available radio frequency (RF) made RF-moulded choke.transistor. 9V battery operation is recommended for portable The crystal under test is operation. Current con-connected to Colpitts oscillator sumption of the circuit iscomprising T1, R1, R2, C1 and C2. only a few milliamps.The oscillator has a wide frequen-cy response, thanks to feedback RFC1. It is then converted into a DC Joy Mukherji is an electronicscapacitors C1 and C2. voltage by D1 and C5. C5 charges to hobbyist and a small business the peak value of the RF output. owner in New York, USA, and Press switch S1 to test the Lucknow, India. His interestscrystal connected across CON1. If A digital multimeter (DM) isit is in working condition, T1 will then used to read the voltage. It can include designing radio-start oscillating and an RF signal frequency circuitswill be generated across RF chokewww.efymag.com electronics for you | august 2016 105

KNatidhhuiria Do-it-yourself Arduino BasedProgrammable Digital Data DisPlay ViVek kumar kambojLCDs are widely used in ap- receiver, and is compatible with most Launch Arduino software and plications like token-display smartphones. Different port pins of select the correct COM port and machines in malls and super- Arduino are used to drive the 16×2 Arduino board, and write Arduinomarkets, order number displays in LCD as shown in the circuit. sketch (program). The program isrestaurants and café, and so on. The given below for reference:project presented here demonstrates The message typed by the userthe working of Arduino based mes- on the Android based smartphone #include <LiquidCrystal.h>sage display on LCD using Bluetooth. is received by the Bluetooth module LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); and transmitted at its Tx pin, which String inData;Circuit and working is connected to port pin 0 (Rx) of Arduino. Similarly, Rx pin of the void setup() {This circuit uses Arduino board that Bluetooth module is connected to Serial.begin(9600);accepts data via HC-05 Bluetooth port pin 1 (Tx) of Arduino. lcd.begin(16, 2);module from various types of gadgets lcd.print(“Welcome!”);like Android based smartphones. In this manner data communica- delay(3000);Arduino is the heart of this program- tion takes place between the user lcd.clear();mable display. The circuit is shown and Arduino board.in Fig. 1. } Software program void loop() { The power supply is appliedthrough the power input connector Circuit operation is performed using int i=0;(not shown here). However, the same the software program loaded into the char commandbuffer[100];can be provided through the USB port internal memory of Arduino board.to drive Arduino and LCD display. The program implements all the re- if(Serial.available()){ quired functionalities including user delay(100); In this application, the Bluetooth inputs through the smartphones by while( Serial.available() && i< 99) {module acts as both transmitter and displaying messages on the LCD. commandbuffer[i++] = Serial.read(); BOARD1 1 Vss ARDUINO UNO 3 VO VR1 LCD1 K 16 R1 10K 16x2 LINE LCD 470E POWER USB INPUT VDD A/VEE 2 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 EN R/W RS 15 DRIVER AREF 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 IOREF ARDUINO DIGITALGND RST 13 3.3V ATMEGA328 12 5V 11 GND ANALOG 10 GND 9 Vin 8Vcc 7 GND 6 A0 5 TX A1 4 RX A2 3 A3 2CON1 A4 TX 1FOR A5 RX 0BLUETOOTHMODULE GND www.EFYmAg.comFig. 1: Circuit diagram of Arduino based programmable digital data display106 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You

Fig. 2: Author’s prototype of Arduino based Upload the source code to Ar- efy Noteprogrammable digital data display duino board. The source code of } Hardware setup this project is commandbuffer[i++]=’\0’; } Components required for the project included in this are Arduino Uno, HC-05 Bluetooth month’s EFY DVD and if(i>0) module, LCD module and Android is also available for free smartphone. Serial.println((char*)commandbuffer); download at source. lcd.print((char*)commandbuffer); Connect Bluetooth module. Con- efymag.com delay(1000); nect Bluetooth module to Arduino. lcd.clear(); Connections of Bluetooth module using the Android based smartphone,} with Arduino are mentioned below: download Blue Term application from Google Play Store. Run it and HC-05 Bluetooth module Arduino board Bluetooth module will be detected by your smartphone. Pair your smart- TX Pin 0 (Rx) phone with HC-05. You can now type the desired message on your smart- RX Pin 1 (Tx) phone, followed by pressing Enter for transmission to HC-05 connected VCC +5V to Arduino. The message will be displayed on the LCD screen. GND GND Author’s prototype is shown in Connect LCD. Connect the LCD Fig. 2. module to Arduino. Refer circuit dia- gram (Fig. 1) for connections. Turn Vivek Kumar Kamboj is a final- on your Arduino and check if the year B.Tech (ECE) student in Jai LCD is working properly. You will Parkash Mukand Lal Innovative see some black pixels on the screen. Engineering & Technology Institute, Radaur, Haryana. His interests Testing include mobile communication and To display the message on the LCD embedded systemswww.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 107

KAN&TIsDNHAHIURHIRAAIjAy Do-it-yourself Raspberry Pi AsWorld Webcam Server Biswajit DasWhile it is not possible to al- tached images and videos. Thus, you In this project, we report the fol- ways keep an eye on your can track any movement and get the lowing motion features: home or business while information in a pre-defined emailyou are away we can make a world address anywhere in the world. 1. Detect motion defined by thewebcam to watch only important number of changed pixelsincidents, with a lower-cost solution. Functional diagram of Raspi as theTraditional wireless CCTV cameras world webcam is shown in Fig. 1. 2. Take pictures and videoare inexpensive but anyone with recordings, store these and send bya wireless receiver can view your Software emailsignal and video feeds. On the otherhand, IP cameras are secure but can Get the software ready. To start, you 3. Make video recordings andbe quite expensive, and usually the need Raspi with an Internet connec- store them sending by emailvideo quality is poor, unless you go tion. Next, update it to ensure that itfor a very expensive model. 4. Run the following command STEP4 STEP3 to install Motion: Raspberry Pi (or Raspi) is acredit-card-size computer that has STEP2 $ sudo apt-get install motionthe capability to become a camerasecurity system along with an inex- STEP1 Run the following command topensive webcam (Logitech in this find out if the camera attached tocase), a wireless Wi-Fi module and Fig. 1: Raspi world webcam Raspi has been detected by the OSan optional battery pack. With these or not:you can make a remote, motion- has all the latest software and driv-activated camera costing lesser than ers. Run the command given below, $ lsusbthose available in the market. in the terminal, to update the operat- ing system (OS) installed on Raspi: Your camera must be listed as It is based on Motion software, a USB device. If not, get it to workwhich enables the webcam to detect $ sudo apt-get update properly before proceeding further.motion and start recording images Next, configure Motion.as well as videos. A script written in $ sudo apt-get upgradePython then directs the mail com- Configuring Motionponent running on Raspi to send Install software Motion. This is aemail notifications with attached program that monitors video signals Motion configuration files are gener-images and videos to the pre-defined from cameras and can recognise any ally located in directory /etc/mo-email address. This email is sent changes in the videos or images be- tion. We only need file motion.conf.every time any motion is detected by ing captured by the camera. Create a folder by the name motionthe camera. using the following command: The program is written in C Raspi is perfectly equipped to language and is made for nix based $ sudo mkdir /home/pi/motionturn your USB based webcam into OSes. Motion is a command linea functional IP webcam that can be based tool whose output can be im- Copy configuration motion.confaccessed from anywhere with an age files or mpeg video sequences. file to it using the following com-Internet connection. It is ideal for keeping an eye on mand: your possessions, keeping only In this project, the webcam is those images that are important $ sudo cp /etc/motion/motion.conf /homehidden inside a door so it can be and useful.used to see people as they come and /pi/motion/go. When motion is detected, a noti-fication email is sent to you with at- Create another folder media un- der folder motion using the follow- ing command: $ mkdir /home/pi/motion/media media folder will contain cap- tured images and videos. Capturing video and sending emails as attachment In motion configuration file (motion. conf) there is a lot of inline docu-108 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

mentation, and majority of options webcam by simply navigating to theare self-explanatory (for example, directory and starting Motion usingresolution of pictures/videos). the command given below:Open motion.conf file in a text edi-tor using the following command $ sudo cd /home/pi/motion(you may copy motion.conf fileprovided with this article): and type$ sudo nano /home/pi/motion/ $ sudo motionmotion.conf Motion takes the local con- figuration file for execution. Videos Make changes to the configura- will be saved in the sub-foldertion file such that it can capture media. In addition, emails will bevideos, save these in media folder sent as configured with attachedand email these to the pre-defined videos (myvideo).email address. Given below is thelist of parameters to be configured Capturing photos and sendingin motion.conf file. email as attachment target_dir /home/pi/motion/ We can use the system to send im-media [by default is “target_dir / ages in place of videos. The scripttmp/motion” ] SendMyPicture.py is a Python script that is used to send emails with movie_filename myvideo [by pictures as attachments. Copy thedefault is “movie_filename %v- script in /home/pi/motion folder.%Y%m%d%H%M%S”] Make necessary changes in on_movie_end python Send- Python script for it to work in yourMyVideo.py %f [by default is environment. Change the email“on_movie_end value”] credentials as was done for SendMy- Video.py script for sending videos. In the above configuration, wehave used Python script to send Make necessary changes in mo-emails, which get executed when tion.conf file as given below:the captured movie ends. Search for #on_picture_save Script SendMyVideo.py is a python SendMyPicture.pyPython script that is used to sendemails with movies as attachments. Uncomment it by removing #Copy the script in /home/pi/motion Comment on_movie_end pythonfolder. SendMyVideo.py %f by adding # Change command snapshot_file- Make necessary changes in Py- name %v-%Y%m%d%H%M%S-thon script. Change the text given snapshot with lastsnap %v-below with your email credentials, %Y%m%d%H%M%S-snapshotwhich you will use to send emails: Start Motion using the command $ sudo motion by going to the USERNAME = “example@test. /home/pi/motioncom” With the above configurations, Raspi will be configured to send PASSWORD = “examplepass- videos and images, which are be-word” ing captured by the webcam by sensing motion. Change the email ID in send- Scripts can be modified to do dif-Mail( [“recever’s email ID here”] ferent tasks—we leave that for youwith the ID of the person who will to experiment with!be receiving the video clips. Biswajit Das was manager- Note. In the Python script we R&D, EFY Labs till recentlyhave used Gmail as the SMTPserver for sending emails. You canmake necessary changes to thescript in the SMTP section if youwant to use any other SMTP server. Configuration of the systemis now complete. Start the worldwww.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 109

STahneio Do-it-yourselfCreating game Using Python Within Ten MinutesHave you ever wondered how RajasekhaR MutukuRi text editor window and type the fol- video games are created? It lowing code: is not as complicated as you your code to a file so that you do notmight think. Presented here is a simple have to type it repeatedly. # 1-Import librarygame called Bunnies and Moles, where import pygamethe hero, the bunny, has to defend a There are several ways to run a from pygame.locals import *castle against a horde of moles. Python program as a file. One way is to use a plain text editor like Note- # 2 - Initialize the game To write this game, we used Py- pad in Windows or TextEdit in Mac. pygame.init()thon. It is a popular embedded pro- Open a new text file, type in your width, height = 640, 480gramming language used in Arduino, Python code like print 1+1 and save screen=pygame.display.set_mode((width,Raspberry Pi and others. This article it as xxx.py (xxx can be any descrip- height))aims to familiarise beginners with tive file name).some Python libraries that can be # 3 - Load imagesimplemented in embedded projects On Windows, double-click this player = pygame.image.load(“resources/as well. Python is simple to start out file to run it. On Mac, open Terminal images/dude.png”)with, fun and easy to learn. and type Python, then drag the file that you saved in Terminal window # 4 - Keep looping throughInstalling Python and click Enter. while 1:To try this tutorial on a Windows The other way is to type in your # 5 - Clear the screen beforePC, install Python 2.7.3 version (not code using IDLE editor, which is what drawing it again3.3.0). Run the installer, and you will we do here. To run IDLE, type ‘idle’ screen.fill(0)get IDLE in All Programs folder in on Terminal. Choose File\New Win- # 6 - Draw the screen elementsStart menu. Launch IDLE. dow from IDLE menu and you will get screen.blit(player, (100,100)) a text editor window where you can # 7 - Update the screen If you are using a Mac, you will type in your Python code. Save your pygame.display.flip()already have Python installed. Open code via File\Save and run it via Run\ # 8 - Loop through the eventsTerminal; once at Python prompt, Run Module (F5). Do note that, Run for event in pygame.event.get():to test if it is correctly working, type menu is only available if you have a‘print 1+1’ and hit Return. It should file open in an editor window. # Check if the event is the Xprint 2. You have just written your buttonfirst Python program! Adding resources if event.type==pygame.QUIT: Now that Python is working cor- You are almost ready to create your # If it is quit the gamerectly, install PyGame to write a game game. But what is a game without pygame.quit()using Python. PyGame is a Python some great graphics and sound ef- exit(0)library that makes writing games easy. fects? The graphics and sound effectsIt provides functionalities such as im- required for this game have been in- Save the file in the game folderage handling and sound playback that cluded in the design. All relevant files (the one where the resources sub-you can incorporate into the game. are included in this month’s EFY DVD. folder is) and name it game.py. Download PyGame library for Create a folder for your game Now, let us go through thePython 2.7 version, PyGame installer on your hard disk and extract the code section.appropriate for your system, from resources folder into that folder sowww.pygame.org/download.shtml that your game folder has a sub-folder Import library(#1) imports named Resources, with various re- PyGame library and allows you toRunning Python code from file sources grouped in the folders inside. use functions from the library in your program.If you want to work on a bigger pro- Software developmentgram (like a game), you should save Initialize the game(#2) ini- Hello, bunny. Create a bunny image tialises PyGame and sets up the on the screen. Run IDLE, open a new display window.110 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Load images(#3) loads the image within that loop, it loops through D for right movement.that you would use for the bunny. y and draws the grass at x and y Playerpos variable is where the values generated by ‘for’ loop. The Keep looping through(#4) next couple of lines draw castles on program draws the player (bunny).keeps looping over the following the screen. If you run the program You now need to modify theindented code. now, you would get something like shown in Fig. 2. existing code for drawing the player Clear the screen(#5) clears the to use the new playerpos variable.screen. Fill the screen with black Make the bunny move. Next, Change the following lines in drawbefore you draw anything. add some actual gameplay elements, the screen section: like making the bunny respond to Draw the screen element(#6) adds key presses. To do that, implement screen.blit(player, (100,100))the bunny image that you loaded to a method of keeping track of whichthe screen at x=100 and y=100. keys are being pressed at any given to moment. You can do this simply by Update the screen(#7) updates making an array of key states that screen.blit(player, playerpos)the screen. hold the state of each key you want to use for the game. Update the keys array based on Loop through the event (#8) the keys being pressed. PyGamechecks for any new events; if there is Fig. 1: Bunny on the screen makes key press detection easy byone, and if it is quit command, exit adding event.key functions.the program. Fig. 2: Bunny with background colour At the end of loop through event If you run the code now (via Run\ Add the following code to game. section #8, right after the blockRun Module in Idle menu), you would py at the end of initialise the game checking for event, type pygame.see a screen as shown in Fig. 1. W00t, section #2 (after you set the screen QUIT. Put the following code at thethe bunny, is on the scene and ready height and width): same indentation level as pygame.for action. QUIT block: keys = [False, False, False, False] Add scenery. Add a background to playerpos=[100,100] if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:the game scene, which can be donewith some more screen.blit() calls. This code is self-explanatory. if event.key==K_w: The keys array keeps track of the At the end of load image section keys being pressed in the follow- keys[0]=True#3 above, after loading the player im- ing order: WASD. Each item in theage, add the following code: array corresponds to one key with elif event.key==K_a: particular action—first to W for up,grass = pygame.image.load (“resources/ second to A for left, S for down and keys[1]=Trueimages/grass.png”) elif event.key==K_s:castle = pygame.image.load (“resources/ keys[2]=Trueimages/castle.png”) elif event.key==K_d: This loads the images of grass and keys[3]=Truecastle, and puts these into specificvariables. But if you check the grass if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:image, you would notice that it doesnot cover the entire screen area, if event.key==pygame.K_w:which is 640x480. keys[0]=False Add the following code togame.py at the beginning of draw the elif event.key==pygame.K_a:screen section #6 (before the player isdrawn on the screen): keys[1]=Falsefor x in range(width/grass.get_ elif event.key==pygame.K_s:width()+1): keys[2]=False for y in range(height/grass. elif event.key==pygame.K_d: get_height()+1): keys[3]=False screen.blit(grass, Check to see if a key is being pressed down or released. If the key (x*100,y*100)) being pressed or released is one of the keys you are using, update thescreen.blit(castle,(0,30)) keys variable accordingly.screen.blit(castle,(0,135)) Finally, update playerpos variable in response to the key being pressed.screen.blit(castle,(0,240)) This is quite simple. Add the follow- ing code to the end of game.py (withscreen.blit(castle,(0,345 )) one indentation level, putting it at the same level as ‘for’ loop): As you can see, the ‘for’ state-ment loops through x first. Then, # 9 - Move player if keys[0]: playerpos[1]-=5 elif keys[2]:www.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 111

Do-it-yourself playerpos[1]+=5 degrees (multiply radians by approxi- This code checks if the mouse mately 57.29 or 360/2π). Since the was clicked, and if it was, it gets if keys[1]: bunny will be rotated, its position the mouse’s position and calculates will change. arrow rotation based on the rotated playerpos[0]-=5 player position and the cursor posi- Calculate the new bunny position tion. This rotation value is stored in elif keys[3]: and display the bunny on the screen. arrows array. playerpos[0]+=5 Run the game again. If you use Draw arrows on screen. Add the just WASD keys, then the game following code right after section #6.1: This code checks which keys are would behave exactly like before. Butbeing pressed, and adds or subtracts if you move your mouse, the bunny # 6.2 - Draw arrowsfrom the player’s x or y position rotates, too.(depending on the key pressed) to for bullet in arrows:move the player. Run the game and Shoot, bunny, shoot! Now thatyou would get a player just like be- your bunny’s moving around, it index=0fore. Press WASD. Yay! It works. is time to add a little more action. How about letting the bunny shoot velx=math.cos(bullet[0])*10 Turn bunny with mouse. Your enemies using arrows? This step isbunny can now move (up, down, a bit more complicated because you vely=math.sin(bullet[0])*10left and right) when you press ap- have to keep track of all arrows,propriate keys on the keyboard. But update, rotate and delete these when bullet[1]+=velxcan you use the mouse to rotate the these go off screen.bunny to face the direction of your bullet[2]+=velychoice? It is simple to implement (5,3) z = angle to rotate characterthis using trigonometry. Take a look z if bullet[1]<-64 or bullet[1]>640 orat the illustration in Fig. 3. (2,4) bullet[2]<-64 or bullet[2]>480: In the above image, if (5,3) is theposition of the bunny and (2,4) is atan2(diff x, diff y) = z arrows.pop(index)the current position of the mouse, atan2(5-2, 3-4) = zyou can find the rotation angle (z) atan2(3, -1) =z index+=1by applying atan2 trigonometricfunction to the difference in dis- Fig. 3: Trigonometric illustration for projectile in arrows:tances between the two points. Ofcourse, once you know the rotation Add the necessary variables to the arrow1 = pygame.transform.angle, you can simply rotate the end of initialisation section, section #2:bunny accordingly. rotate(arrow, 360-projectile acc=[0,0] You use this stuff all the time [0]*57.29)in game programming. To do this, arrows=[]use PyGame Surface.rotate(degrees) screen.blit(arrow1,(projectile[1],function. Keep in mind that z value The first variable keeps trackis in radians. The atan2 function of the player’s accuracy and the projectile[2]))comes from Python Maths library. second tracks all arrows. The ac-Add this library to the import library curacy variable is essentially a list The vely and velx values are cal-section #1 first. of the number of shots fired and culated using basic trigonometry. Ten the number of moles hit. Later, we is the speed of the arrows. The ‘if’ Replace the last line in draw the use this information to calculate an statement checks if the bullet is outscreen element section #6 (player. accuracy percentage. of bounds and, if so, deletes the ar-blit line) with the following code: row. The second ‘for’ statement loops Load the arrow image at the end through the arrows and draws these# 6.1 - Set player position and rotation of section #3 using the following: with the correct rotation. Run the program; you would have a bunny position = pygame.mouse.get_pos() arrow = pygame.image.load (“resources/ that shoots arrow (Fig. 4) when you click the mouse. angle = math.atan2(position[1]- images/bullet.png”) Take up arms, moles! You have a (playerpos[1]+32),position[0]- When a user clicks the mouse, an castle and a hero who can move and arrow should fire. Add the following shoot. So what is missing? Enemies (playerpos[0]+26)) to the end of section #8 as a new who attack the castle that the hero event handler: can shoot at! playerrot = pygame.transform. if event.type==pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: In this step, you will create rotate(player, 360-angle*57.29) randomly-generated moles that run at position=pygame.mouse.get_pos() the castle. There will be more moles In the above code, first, get as the game progresses. So let us seemouse and player positions and acc[1]+=1 what you will need to do so. Add badfeed those into atan2 function. guys to a list of array. Update the badThen, convert the angle received guy array frame, show the bad guysfrom atan2 function from radians to on the screen. Add the following code to the end of section #2: badtimer=100 badtimer1=0112 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

badguys=[[640,100]] statement (section #4) to decrement the moles and the arrow, and add the value of badtimer for each frame: one to your accuracy ratio.healthvalue=194 badtimer-=1 Right after section #6.3.1, add This sets up a timer (as well as a the following:few other values) so that the game Run the program. Now youadds new moles after some time would start seeing some real game- #6.3.2 - Check for collisionshas elapsed. Decrease all badtimer play—you can let the bunny shoot,frames until these reach zero to move and turn, while the moles try index1=0release a new mole. to run towards him (Fig. 5). for bullet in arrows: Add the following to the end of But wait! Why are the moles notsection #3: blowing up the castle? Add the code bullrect=pygame.Rect(arrow.get_rect()) given below before index+=1 onbadguyimg1 = pygame.image. the first for loop in section #6.3: bullrect.left=bullet[1]load(“resources/images/badguy.png”) # 6.3.1 - Attack castle bullrect.top=bullet[2] badrect=pygame.Rect(badguyimg.get_badguyimg=badguyimg1 if badrect.colliderect(bullrect): rect()) The first line above is similar badrect.top=badguy[1] acc[0]+=1to all the previous image-loading badrect.left=badguy[0]codes. The second line sets up if badrect.left<64: badguys.pop(index)a copy of the image so that youcan animate the bad guy much Fig. 4: Shooting with an arrow arrows.pop(index1)more easily. healthvalue -= random.randint(5,20) index1+=1 Update and show the bad guys. badguys.pop(index)Add the code given below after sec- # 6.3.3 - Next bad guy If you run the program, yoution #6.2: should finally be able to shoot and If the moles’s x value is less than kill the moles.# 6.3 - Draw moles 64 to the right, then delete that bad guy and decrease the game health Add a HUD with health meterif badtimer==0: value by a random value between and clock. Now all you need is a 5 and 20. way to keep score and to show how badguys.append([640, random. well the bunny is doing. The easiest If you build and run the pro- way to do this is to add a heads-up randint(50,430)]) gram, you would get a bunch of display (HUD) that shows the cur- attacking moles who vanish when rent health level of the castle. You badtimer=100-(badtimer1*2) they hit the castle. Although you can also add a clock to show how cannot see it, the moles are actually long the castle survived. if badtimer1>=35: lowering your health. Add the clock and add the fol- badtimer1=35 Collisions with moles and ar- lowing code right before the begin- rows. The moles are attacking your ning of section #7: else: castle. It is time to set the arrows to kill the moles so you can safeguard # 6.4 - Draw clock badtimer1+=5 your castle and win the game. Basi- cally, loop through all the bad guys font = pygame.font.Font(None, 24)index=0 and inside each of those loops, loop through all the arrows and check if survivedtext = font.render(str((90000-for badguy in badguys: these collide. If they do, then delete pygame.time.get_ticks())/ if badguy[0]<-64: 60000)+”:”+str((90000-pygame.time. badguys.pop(index) get_ticks())/1000%60).zfill(2), True, badguy[0]-=7 (0,0,0)) index+=1 Next, add the health bar. Butfor badguy in badguys: before drawing that, load the images for the bar. Add the following code screen.blit(badguyimg, badguy) to the end of section #3: The first line checks if badtimer healthbar = pygame.image.loadis zero, and if it is, creates a moleand sets up badtimer again based (“resources/images/healthbar.png”)on the number of times badtimerhas run so far. The first ‘for’ loop health = pygame.image.load(“resources/updates x position of the moles,checks if moles are off screen and images/health.png”)removes these if so. The first is the red image used The second ‘for’ loop draws all for the full health bar. The secondmoles. In order to use the random is the green image used to show thefunction in the above code, import current health level. Add the fol-the random library. Add the follow- lowing code right after section #6.4ing code to the end of section #1: (that you just added) to draw the health bar on the screen:import random # 6.5 - Draw health bar Add the following after the while screen.blit(healthbar, (5,5))www.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 113

Do-it-yourselffor health1 in range(healthvalue): converting acc[0] to a float. If you enemy = pygame.mixer.Sound(“resources/ do not do this, the division operand screen.blit(health, (health1+8,8)) will return an integer like 1 or 2 audio/enemy.wav”) instead of a float like 1.5. The code first draws the all-red shoot = pygame.mixer.Sound(“resources/health bar. Then, it draws a certain If you want to display images foramount of green over the bar, ac- the win and lose screens, then those audio/shoot.wav”)cording to how much life the castle images have to be loaded first. Tohas remaining. If you build and run do so, add the following code to the hit.set_volume(0.05)the program, you would have a timer end of section #3:and a health bar. enemy.set_volume(0.05) gameover = pygame.image.load(“resources/ Win or lose. You need some images/gameover.png”) Most of the above code is simplysort of a win or lose scenario to youwin = pygame.image.load(“resources/ loading audio files and configuringmake the game worth playing. Do images/youwin.png”) audio volume levels. But, pay atten-this by exiting out of the main loop tion to pygame.mixer.music.load line.and going into a win or lose loop. Change section #4 to: It loads background music for theIn this loop, figure out if the user game and the next line sets the back-won or lost, and display that on the # 4 - keep looping through ground music to repeat forever.screen accordingly. Fig. 5: A mole on the screen This takes care of the audio con- Add the following lines to the end figuration. Play various sound effectsof game.py: running = 1 as needed. Do that as per the direc- exitcode = 0 tions in the comments for the code#10 - Win/Lose check while running: given below:if pygame.time.get_ticks()>=90000: badtimer-=1 # section 6.3.1 after if badrect. running=0 The running variable checks if left<64: the game is over and the exit code exitcode=1 variable tells whether the player hit.play() won or lost.if healthvalue<=0: # section 6.3.2 after if badrect. Gratuitous music and sound running=0 effects. PyGame makes loading and colliderect(bullrect): playing sounds simple. First, initial- exitcode=0 ise the mixer by adding the follow- enemy.play() ing at the end of section #2:if acc[1]!=0: # section 8, after if event. pygame.mixer.init() accuracy=acc[0]*1.0/acc[1]*100 type==pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: Then, load the sounds and set theelse: volume level at the end of section #3. shoot.play() accuracy=0 # 3.1 - Load audio You now have background music hit = pygame.mixer.Sound(“resources/ and sound effects for collisions and# 11 - Win/lose display audio/explode.wav”) shooting, and the game is much more alive.if exitcode==0: efy Note Where to go from here. You have pygame.font.init() 1. The source code just finished creating a fun game of this project is packed with music, sound effects, font = pygame.font.Font(None, 24) a killer bunny, kamikaze moles and included in this month’s EFY more. At this point, feel free to modify text = font.render(“Accuracy: DVD and is also available this game. May be, replace the art for free download at source. with your own drawings, or add dif- “+str(accuracy)+”%”, True, (255,0,0)) efymag.com ferent weapons or types of monsters 2. The game was tested on into the game. textRect = text.get_rect() Windows 7 at EFY Lab Testing the game textRect.centerx = screen.get_rect(). Before running the game, install li- centerx brary file pygame-1.9.1.win32-py2.7. Make sure the resource files and textRect.centery = screen.get_rect(). game.py are in same folder. Then, click on game.py file and the game centery+24 will automatically start. Use your mouse to shoot the moles. screen.blit(gameover, (0,0)) Rajasekhar Mutukuri is pursuing screen.blit(text, textRect) BE at S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaramelse: www.EFYmAg.com pygame.font.init() font = pygame.font.Font(None, 24) pygame.display.flip() The first ‘if’ statement checks if thetime is up. The second checks if thecastle is destroyed. The third calculatesthe accuracy ratio. After that, a quick‘if’ statement checks if you won orlost, and displays the correct image. Note: The acc[0]*1.0 is just114 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You



Industry News Make in indiaGovernment approves fund OnThe Move for startups HCL Tech promotesThe government of India wants to re- Cabinet has approved the establish- Vijay Kumar as COOverse the trend of successful startups ment of a ‘Fund of Funds for Start-relocating abroad to receive venture ups’ at Small Industries Development IT services company, HCLfunding. Thus, it has approved a US$ Bank of India for contribution to Technologies has promoted1.5 billion ‘Fund of Funds for Start- various alternative investment funds president - infrastructureups.’ With this move, the government registered with SEBI, which would services, C. Vijay Kumar, to takehopes to generate employment for 1.8 extend funding support to startups.” on additional responsibility asmillion people. The fund will cover support at the chief operating officer. A role seed, early and growth stages. of chief operating officer has The official release stated, “The been established to accelerate growth in the core business.Government gives nod to Kochi electronics cluster Kumar will continue to report to Anant Gupta, president and chiefThe government of India has given electronics engineering graduates, executive officer.its final consent to set up a greenfield presents an attractive propositionelectronics manufacturing cluster to the electronics manufacturing in- Sanjay Kalirona quitsunder Make in India initiative at dustry. The project will be executed Intex TechKakkanad in Ernakulam, Kerala. The in a phased manner. The units thatproject proposes to create an indus- will come up will be eligible for the Sanjay Kalirona has resignedtrial park of international standards privileges under MSIPS. The central from the post of Intexwith all modern facilities. government will provide ` 500 mil- Technologies’ mobile business lion as a grant. head. He will be moving on after Kerala, with its vast talent pool of 15 years at the IT peripherals-to- mobile phones company.India, UK to work together in solar, nano-material research Samson David leaves InfosysIndia and the UK have agreed to work India’s renewable energy mission andtogether in the fields of solar energy the UK’s Supergens Programme. India Infosys veteran Samson David,and nano-material research. will invest ` 500 million over a period who was recently tasked to of five years with a matching contribu- spearhead the company’s As a part of the commitment to tion from the Research Council UK un- flagship artificial intelligenceSolar Alliance, a centre on solar energy der the Newton-Bhabha Programme. platform Mana, has resignedwill be established. It will be linked to from the company. Other than Mana, David was also heading the company’s Cloud, infrastructure and security unit, which currently generates over US$ 1 billion in annual revenue.India’s e-waste growing at 30 per cent per annumAccording to a recent study by ated is expected to reach 130 million and medical equipment (sevenASSOCHAM-cKinetics, India is one tonnes in 2018, up from 93.5 million per cent).of the world’s major electronic waste tonnes in 2016, with a CAGR of 17.6generators. It is likely to generate 5.2 per cent from 2016 to 2018. Unfortunately, a mere 1.5 permillion metric tonnes per annum by cent of India’s total e-waste gets2020 from the current level of 1.8 In India, computer equipment recycled due to poor infrastructuremetric tonnes, suggesting an alarming accounts for almost 70 per cent of and a weak legislation framework.CAGR of about 30 per cent. e-waste, followed by telecommu- Over 95 per cent of e-waste gener- nication equipment (12 per cent), ated is managed by the unorgan- Global volume of e-waste gener- electrical equipment (eight per cent) ised sector and scrap dealers.116 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Calendar of Forthcoming Electronics Indian firm acquires Fairs/Exhibitions/Seminars/Events SunEdison’s rooftop solar assetsName, Date and Venue Topics Contact address for details India’s Amplus Energy Solutions PvtNIWeek Annual global conference for graphical system National Instruments Ltd has acquired 7MW solar rooftopAugust 1-4, 2016 assets of the bankrupt US based clean design organised by National Instruments Website: www.ni.com/niweek energy giant SunEdison Inc. for anAustin Texas, USA undisclosed sum.Automation Expo 2016 Showcases the latest solutions in technology IED Communications Ltd The company said in a statementAugust 22-25, 2016 that the commercial and industrialBombay Convention and that cut costs and improve performance Website: www.iedcommunications.com rooftop projects are located through-Exhibition Center, Mumbai out the country and provide power to corporate customers.CommunicIndonesia 2016 Annual international communications and Harris KristantoAugust 31-September 3, 2016 information technology exhibition and E-mail: [email protected] Following the acquisition, AmplusJakarta International Expo, conference Website: www.communicindonesia.com said it will operate more than 150Indonesia distributed generation and rooftop systems across India.IFA Berlin Leading trade show for consumer electronics IFA BerlinSeptember 2-7, 2016 and home appliances Website: www.b2b.ifa-berlin.com/en/IFA/ A bright future for LED bulbs AboutIFA in IndiaBerlin, Germany The market for LED bulbs in theIoT Design Organised by publishers of Electronics Event Development Manager country is growing at a very steadySeptember 15, 2016 Weekly, London, it is meant for design Phone: +44 (0)20 8253 8645 pace, and it will not be long before engineers and technical managers to know E-mail: [email protected] LED bulbs catch up with convention-CodeNode - Moorgate, London more about the technology al bulbs. Presently, the ratio in favour of conventional bulbs is 2:1, but thisOracle OpenWorld 2016 Topics include Big Data, ERP, HCM, CX, Oracle OpenWorld is expected to become 1:1 in the nextSeptember 18-22, 2016 mobile, engineered systems and more Website: www.oracle.com/openworld two to three years.San Francisco, USA This was communicated by R. Sundararajan, president and headelectronica India International trade fair for electronic electronica India of the luminaires segment, BajajSeptember 21-23, 2016 components, systems and applications Website: http://electronica-india.com Electricals, when speaking to TimesBangalore International of India. He also said that the govern-Exhibition Centre, Bengaluru Platform to get the latest research to help SMTA International ment promoting the use of LED bulbs reduce defects and control the processes Website: www.smta.org is a major boost for the industry.SMTA International 2016Conference: Desktop 3D-printing technologies The Digical Show According to Sundararajan, everSeptember 25-29, 2016 Website: www.digicalshow.com since the Central government startedExhibition: to distribute LED bulbs to householdsSeptember 27-28, 2016 at a reduced price, prices at retailIllinois, USA shops have also dropped. Bajaj Electri- cals had a 35 per cent share of the ` 11The Digical Show billion LED bulb market in 2015-16.September 30-October 1, 2016Central London Bajaj Electricals believes that the future for LED bulbs in the country isTotal Telecom Congress Bringing together c-level and strategically- Terrapinn Holdings Ltd quite bright, as not only householdsOctober 4-5, 2016 focused executives from global Website: www.terrapinn.com but the industry segment is alsoHilton Canary Wharf Hotel, communications companies to explore the huge. The company expects to growLondon challenges and opportunities of an ever- by another 30 to 35 per cent in the changing sector current fiscal year.Taitronics 2016 Taipei international electronics show Taitronics 2016 Gujarat distributes threeOctober 6-9, 2016 Website: www.taitronics.tw million LED bulbs in 19 daysTaipei Nangang ExhibitionCentre, Taipei The government of Gujarat has dis- tributed more than three million LEDelectronicAsia 2016 Display technology, key components for Hong Kong Trade Development CouncilIn conjunction with HKTDC Hong smartdevices, PCBs, keyboards and switches, Website: https://eletronicasia.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 117Kong Electronics Fair (Autumn solar and photovolaticedition)October 13-16, 2016Hong Kong Convention andExhibition Centre, Hong KongOpen Source India Premier open source conference in Asia Open Source IndiaOctober 21-22, 2016 targeted at nurturing and promoting the open Website: http://osidays.com/osidays/NIMHANS Convention Center, source ecosystem in the subcontinentBengaluruKorea Electronics Show Electronic parts and materials, consumer, ICT, Korea Electronics AssociationOctober 26-29, 2016 software and mobile apps, IT convergence, Website: http://www.kes.org/eng 3D and broadcastingMechatronika 2016 Topics include ICT, power electronics, Department of Air Defence SystemsDecember 7-9, 2016 sensors, EMC, actuators, modelling and Website: http://mechatronika.fel.cvut.cz/ simulation, robots, industrial applications,Prague, Czech Republic military technologies, measurement and diagnostics, bio-mechatronics, among othersIEEE International Conference The conference provides a platform for Government Engineering College Thrissuron Power Electronics, Drives discussions, networking and publication of Website: www.pedes2016.organd Energy Systems the benefits of power electronics and its alliedDecember 14-17, 2016 technologiesTrivandrum, IndiaCES 2017 Gathering place for those who thrive on the Consumer Technology AssociationJanuary 5-8, 2017 business of consumer technologies Website: www.ces.techLas Vegas, Nevada, USA Continued on next page...www.EFYmAg.com

Snippets Industry newsInfineon to acquire Wolfspeed consumption by 100kW, leading to savings behalf of every domestic consumer worth ` 15,000 a day. for the purchase of the first ten bulbs.Infineon is set to acquire WolfspeedPower and RF division (Wolfspeed) Honeywell installs surveillance, LED bulbs under UJALA are saidof Cree for US$ 850 million. The emergency response technology to be of superior quality with a totalacquisition will enable Infineon to provide in Ujjain failure rate of 0.31 per cent. EESL pro-the broadest offering in compound vides free-of-cost replacement in casesemiconductors and will further Honeywell has completed citywide of any technical faults for a periodstrengthen its position as a leading installation of a surveillance and of three years. LED bulbs providedsupplier of power and RF power solutions emergency response system in Ujjain under this scheme have a life of overin high-growth markets such as electro- to support the Madhya Pradesh Police 25,000 hours.mobility, renewables and next-generation Department’s work in crime prevention, asmobile infrastructure relevant for the IoT. well as in traffic and crowd management in Fifty per cent of households the recently concluded Simhastha Kumbh. in Dakshina Kannada useSamsung aims to keep market LEDsleader position Oppo to set up factory in Greater Noida Dakshina Kannada’s adoption of LEDSamsung, currently with a 31 per cent bulbs seems to be a success story. Inshare of the TV market in 2015, is eyeing According to South China Morning only four months since the initiative35 per cent market share this year. The Post, Chinese smartphone maker Oppo was launched in the first week of Feb-company has launched 44 new models Electronics has plans to invest US$ 14.82 ruary 2016, 50 per cent of the district’sof smart TVs in India priced up to ` 2.4 million to set up a new factory in Greater households have embraced LEDs.million, in one of its single largest launches Noida, marking the latest major investmentas it looks to consolidate market share in by a supplier from mainland China in India. In terms of the sale of LED bulbs,the category. Mangaluru is third, behind Bengaluru Asia-Pacific region to emerge as with 4.8 million and Mysuru with 2.5LEDs reduce power bills at three key contributor to Li-Fi million. So far, more than 10.3 mil-railway stations lion LED bulbs have replaced incan- According to a 6Wresearch report, the descent light bulbs in the state.By using LED bulbs, electricity global Li-Fi (light fidelity) market is projectedconsumption has reduced at three railway to grow at a CAGR of 115 per cent during What is more attractive is the EMIstations. Railway authorities have said 2016-22, backed by the need for faster scheme run by the state, which givesthat they have installed LEDs at Pune, data transfer, growing LED lighting market, the customer the chance of gettingTalegaon and Shivajinagar stations, rising number of connected devices and an LED bulb by paying only ` 10which has helped in reducing the daily increasing Internet penetration coupled with upfront with the rest getting deducted RF bandwidth spectrum crunch. from electricity bills every month. LED bulbs in the state are sold at theContinued from previous page... subsidised rate of ` 100. Calendar of Forthcoming Electronics IoT testbed from Hitachi, Fairs/Exhibitions/Seminars/Events Mitsubishi Electric, Intel gets approvalName, Date and Venue Topics Contact address for details Hitachi, along with MitsubishiIndia Electronics Week An exhibition for the global electronics EFY Enterprises Pvt Ltd Electric and Intel K.K. (Japan), hasMarch 2-4, 2017 industry showcasing concurrently seven Phone: +91-11-40596605 received approval for Factory Auto-Bangalore International events: Electronics For You Expo, DIY Expo, Website: www.indiaelectronicsweek.com mation Platform as a ServiceExhibition Centre, Bengaluru Electronics Rocks, T&M India, LED Asia, (FA PaaS) testbed in the field of Raksha India and IoT Show next-generation factories at Indus- trial Internet Consortium (IIC).ExpoElectronica International exhibition of electronic ExpoElectronicaApril 25-17, 2017 components, modules and components Website: www.expoelectronica.ru This testbed tests open IoT plat-Crocus Expo, Moscow, Russia forms that seamlessly integrate factory automation in the frontlines of manu-Since this information is subject to change, all those interested are advised facturing and IT that support manage-to ascertain the details from the organisers before making any commitment. ment and operation. The trio will incor- porate the results of these tests intobulbs under the Centre’s UJALA between the leading PSUs, under the Internet of Things (IoT) platformscheme. This scheme was launched Ministry of Power. Lumada, and create new solutionsin Gujarat on May 26, 2016, and the along with customers and partners.milestone of distributing three mil- Under this scheme, EESL aims tolion LED bulbs has been achieved distribute 120 million 9W LED bulbswithin a short span of only 19 days. in Gujarat and is presently distribut- ing an average of 150,000 LED bulbs The scheme is being implement- daily, across the state.ed by Energy Efficiency ServicesLtd (EESL), a joint venture formed The Gujarat government is contributing ` 10 per LED bulb on118 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com



make in india Market Survey: Catching The Pulse Of The LED Lighting MarkEt Sudeshna Das is The ever-increasing need for energy Methodology senior executive conservation and efficiency is bound editor at EFY. to boost the LED lighting industry For the survey, 16 senior professionals involved She prepared in the country. The transformation from in the LED lighting industry were contacted and this article with conventional lighting to LEDs indicates a their inputs sought. This sample is a micro-cosmic inputs from Sneha tectonic shift in technology from electrical representation of India’s LED lighting industry. Ambastha, senior to electronics. This, in turn, may represent a Survey participants were requested to share their analyst at EFY significant growth opportunity for organisa- insight on:Fig. 1: Forecast tions offering electronic components, prod-  Growth of Indian LED industry in FY 2016-17on Indian lighting ucts and solutions used in LED lighting.  Major demand-generating applicationsmarket size (Source:  Customer demography categorisationELCOMA Data) Considering the importance of the LED  Hindrances that impact the growth lighting industry in the electronics manufac-  Technology trends turing ecosystem, we have published several The responses obtained from the interviews were articles covering business and technical then collated and analysed. aspects within this sector. However, given the evolution of the industry’s ecosystem They emphasised that the modestly-growing over the last six months with respect to implementation of government policies, lighting industry will move at a fast pace, investment climate and consumer demand, we decided to take a holistic look at Indian riding on government’s support, public LED lighting industry. For the same, sev- eral senior-level stakeholders from within distribution and demand for ever-increasing the industry were surveyed recently as part of our monthly industry poll. In this arti- need for smart, connected lifestyle and cle, we take the pulse of the LED lighting industry in India. energy-efficiency measures. Market size Shyam Sujan, secretary general, Electric Survey participants unanimously stated that Lamp and Component Manufacturers As- they feel the industry is poised for growth. sociation of India (ELCOMA), shares that the LED range has grown by 50 per cent in 2015 to reach a turnover of ` 50.92 billion. The domestic lighting industry, which so far comprised lamps and components, has grown at the rate of 12 per cent to 14 per cent per annum over the last seven to eight years, clocking an annual turnover of CAGR ` 182.11 billion in 2015. 400 Other (HID, HPV, Luminaire, etc.) (13-20) Supported by ongoing govern- 300 LED 15% ment initiatives to promote LED CFL 6% lighting as well as changing con- FTL GLS sumer preferences, LED market isIn billion expected to grow to ` 216 billion by 200 2020, an exponential growth of 41 per cent CAGR from ` 19.25 billion 41% in 2013, making the LED market ~60 100 per cent of the total lighting industry -1% (` 376 billion) in 2020 (Fig. 1). 11% According to the market research -10% firm, Research and Market, Indian 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 LED lighting market is expected to120 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

reach US$ 1.46 billion by 2019, at Industrial Lighting 66.7%a CAGR of 35.9 per cent, over theperiod 2014-19. Residential Lighting 73.3% Key factors that are expected to Lighting for Retail Industryboost the market include declining 13.3%LED prices coupled with favourable Automotive Lighting 20%government initiatives that provideLED lights at a subsidised cost and Facade/Architectural Lighting 13.3%promote LED streetlighting projects. Office Lighting 73.3%In addition, growing awarenessamong consumers regarding various Streetlighting 73.3%awareness programmes by manufac-turers and regulatory bodies is ex- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80pected to play a vital role in shaping Response of survey participants in per centthe country’s LED market over the Fig. 2: Prediction about demand-generating applications for LED lightingnext five years.Then, there is the replacement lighting. This is a replication of theof conventional lighting with LEDs. CFL revolution, which will unfold 6.7%Also, rising consumer awareness over the next two to three years,about cost effectiveness, enhanced as price reduction and the govern- 60% 33.3% Metro citieslife, better efficiency and inherent ment’s distribution plans are already Tier 2 citieseco-friendly nature of LED lights in place. Conventional lighting is Rural areawill continue to drive volume sales already showing a decline in all seg-from industrial, residential and ments. The CFL market has shrunkcommercial sectors. by 15 per cent, while fluorescentIndia’s pledge at the climate sum- and incandescent lamp markets Fig. 3: Prediction about demand-generating demographic areas for LED lightingmit in Paris (COP21) clearly articu- have shrunk by five per cent each.lates its intention to follow “a cleaner Market opportunities ing, monument lighting, signage,path than the one followed hithertoby others at a corresponding level of Considering application-wise traffic signals, security lights,economic development.” To this end, structural specifications, LED industrial lighting, office-space light-India has rapidly established goals to lights can be broadly classified into ing, automotive lighting and muchexpand its use of renewable energy three buckets: more. Low energy consumption, lowand more efficient technologies. • Indoor lighting costs, modular designs and ease ofAfter the introduction of Com- • Outdoor lighting use have made LED lighting the firstpulsory Registration Order (CRO) • Architectural lighting choice in industrial, commercial andby the government’s Department of The industry and the govern- domestic applications.Electronics and Information Technol- ment have opened up new possibili- According to approximately 73ogy (DeitY), the industry is expected ties in achieving energy efficiency in per cent survey participants, the topto grow with renewed vigour. It has lighting and in illuminating a wide three demand-generating applicationstarted manufacturing most compo- variety of application areas for both areas (Fig. 2) are:nents of LED retrofit lamps in India. indoor and outdoor lighting catego- 1. StreetlightingThe government has further de- ries. LEDs, being versatile products, 2. Residential lightingcided that all future procurements for can be used for residential lighting, 3. Office-space lightingvarious projects will be only for LED streetlighting, downlights, landscap- In India, government-backed schemes are leading the demand inDid you know the residential segment. Increased focus of the government to pro-ELCOMA had estimated a demand of ` 55 billion by 2016. This estimate has been revised vide sustainable lighting solutions,to ` 80 billion in view of the government promoting LED tubelights for public distribution, especially in the lamp category, iswith long-term payment schemes in the municipal sector. It is estimated that by 2018, about expected to further increase the30 million LED streetlights will be replaced in more than 100 cities, 770 million LED retrofit adoption of LEDs at the grassrootlamps will be fitted in the public-distribution domain and more than 100 million LED tube- level. Demand for LEDs, backedlights will be fitted in government offices and homes. by government policies, has grownwww.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 121





make in india StrengthS WeakneSSeS• Huge demand forecast for all types of lighting products, • Low capability for domestic production of electronic components • Inadequate government support for manufacturing compared specially LEDs• Large distribution network with a large number of retail to global competitors like China, which has become a global manufacturing hub for LED/electronic components through outlets excellent government initiatives• Availability of vast pool of manpower (skilled/unskilled) • Low capabilities in R&D and testing labs• Availability of natural resources, except rare earth • Lack of skilled manpower • Unavailability of rare earth materials materials • High cost of capital due to high interest rates• Strong manufacturing capabilities and capacities for • Low consumer confidence due to poor-quality products in the market luminaires and light sources (GLS, CFL and FTL), which • Low awareness among price-sensitive consumers about the are ready for conversion to LED manufacturing plants benefits of LEDs • Poor power quality requires products to have very strong specifications • Weak logistics infrastructure • Inefficient and high transportation costsOppOrtunitieS Swot threatS• Huge potential to move LEDs and electronic components • Low-quality, cheap imports (for example, from China) manufacturing to India flooding the market and competing with locally- manufactured products• India likely to become cost competitive in relation to China for the export of manufactured goods, due to increasing labour • India faces an acute shortage of experts in fields like costs in China and a strengthening Yuan, coupled with a chemical, optics, lighting and thermal management. This weakening rupee expertise is primarily required for the manufacture of LED chips, which again calls for huge investments• Potential to move to greater automation in lighting via a strict and mandatory energy conservation building code (ECBC); • Disruptive technological changes, which require time and this would also leverage India’s software skills for automation money for adoption by local manufacturing plants• Fast-growing Indian infrastructure (projected CAGR of five per • Adoption of protectionist policies by many countries, cent to seven per cent over the next five years) closing out the option of exporting locally-manufactured products• Scope for more environment-friendly products that can also be disposed of in a green way • Forex volatility, leading to fluctuating raw material costs for LEDs, most of which are imported today• LED demand generation supported by various government-led procurement initiatives and developmental projects like JNN Solar Mission, DeitY’s Electronics Policy, rural electrification programmes, 100 smart cities, UJALA and so onFig. 4: SWOT analysis of Indian LED industryexponentially in India and the mitted to installing LEDs for domes- In some parts of India, LED street-size of the market has also grown tic lighting and streetlighting in 100 lighting projects have been imple-tremendously. Key drivers in the cities. The mandate to change 27.5 mented. But this is still at a nascentLED residential sector are energy ef- million streetlights to LEDs over the stage; it is expected that in the nextficiency, return on investment (RoI), next few years will help in saving five years, most parts of the coun-low maintenance costs and environ- more than 5000MW of electricity try would have switched to smartment friendliness. Energy Efficiency consumption over a period of three streetlighting. Smart streetlightingServices Ltd’s (EESL’s) remarkable years. Many states have already poles automatically adjust the bright-initiatives to provide free LED lamps started to replace old streetlights. ness according to the time of thein rural areas and subsidised lamps day. These solutions can be operatedin urban areas are ensuring large- This upward trend will continue manually as well as remotely.scale adoption of this technology and the projected demand is likelyacross the country. to increase mainly in outdoor (street For commercial projects like office- and road) lighting. According to the space and industrial-space lighting, Another segment that is expected Market and Research report, the RoI and energy efficiency become theto grow significantly in the coming smart streetlighting market in India most important aspects of the pur-years is outdoor lighting, as it would is expected to grow at a CAGR of chase decision. LEDs have the fastestbe backed by the government. The 42.2 per cent during the forecast RoI and help reduce energy consump-Centre has taken steps and is com- period of 2016-2022. tion and light wastage. That is why124 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com



make in indiaoffice lighting is one of the Major contributors to this report asked the survey partici-top three demand-genera- pants to suggest possibletion applications.  Arun Gupta, managing director, NTL Group challenges that couldApproximately 66 per  Bhavesh Gandhi, director, Green World Technologies derail the growth of thiscent of survey participants  G. Gururaja, director, Avni Energy Solutions industry in the country.(Fig. 2) also predict the  Joerg Fitzek, managing director, R. STAHL Pvt Ltd Their collective opinionsincreasing demand of  Kuldeep Gupta, director, Lumens Technology are as follows:LED for industrial areas  Neeraj Bharara, director, Rosy Electronics • Inability to make including warehouses and  Parimal Rajkunwar, director, Macon Power Pvt Ltd LED chips and micro-  Rajeev Rohatgi, director, Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltdmanufacturing floors. In chips, resulting in import  Rakesh Shah, managing director, JSK Innovation Technology Pvt Ltdthe hazardous work areas  Shyam S. Jindal, managing director, Olive LED Lighting at high cost, also putsacross industries, too, most  Shyam Sujan, secretary general, ELCOMA constraints in develop-of new lighting require-  Subhash Pawar, director, VIN Semiconductors Pvt Ltd ing a wider variety andments are for LED lighting.  Sunil Sikka, president, Havells India more colours, apart from  V. Sudarshan, managing director, Spectrum Techvision Pvt Ltd enhancing performance According to 60 per  Vijay Kumar Gupta, managing director, Kwality Photonics and enabling innovationscent survey participants  V.P. Mahendru, chairman - managing director, Eon Electric Ltd in LED lights(Fig. 3), demand for LEDlighting in India is still • Use of inefficient driven by metro cities drivers resulting indue to affordability, awareness and nents with respect to those used enhanced energy usage as well associo-economic growth. However, in traditional drivers. Use of lesser product failure33 per cent survey participants also number of components can reduce • Acute shortage of experts in expect demand from Tier 2 cities, cost while enhancing efficiency of fields like chemical, electronics,which will account for the major po- the final product. optics, lighting and thermal manage-tential growth for streetlighting and • Use of chip-scale packaging ment that are primarily required forindustrial lighting. Only seven per or Flip Chip packaging technology manufacturing LED chipscent of survey participants consider to enhance lumen output while • Mushrooming of low-quality rural areas as the most demand- increasing reliability of the final production units, sub-standard qual-generating demography. product. Use of chip-scale packaging ity and low cost of Chinese importsTechnologies to shape eliminates the traditional submount in India, which results in low con-the market to directly attach the LED die to the sumer confidence PCB, allowing for overall system • Lack of awareness among The advent of LEDs has transformed cost reductions. consumers as well as institutionalthe way we see lighting. The very • Introduction of driverless buyers involving government bodiesnature of LED lighting has opened up low-voltage direct-current-operated about the efficiency of final productsimmense possibilities and has helped products will enable energy saving with respect to lux and watt, life ex-lower consumption levels, with the by reducing AC-DC current conver- pectancy and more, resulting in theconvenience of longer life and aesthet- sion loss. This will also make the use of products with higher wattageics that create an ambience that is wel- products compatible with solar but lower efficiencycoming and blends in effortlessly with photovoltaic systems and can run as • Reduction of scope for domestic the colour, mood, beauty and style of LED-solar hybrid systems, which is small/medium manufacturers withthe place. Survey participants shared quite effective for India. respect to government procurementsome insights about emerging technol- • Shift in manufacturing tech- tenders due to highly-stringent priceogy trends that will shape the LED niques from through-hole to surface caps, without mentioning enoughlighting market in India by creating mount technology will enhance effi- quality parameters that can bemore efficient, user-friendly products ciency while reducing the operational achieved only by very large-scale pro-and enabling production techniques. cost. This, in turn, will help achieve duction of inferior quality products orHere is a collation of their views: breakeven point quickly despite rela- re-branding of low-cost import• Change in onboard technology tively higher Capex investment. Survey participants feel that suc-through the use of IC based drivers What next cessful resolution of the above-men-to support touch based technology, tioned issues through appropriatewhich is the need of the hour for Like any other industry, sustainable industry initiatives and governmentsmart lighting systems. This, in turn, growth of the LED lighting industry interventions will help this industrywill reduce the number of compo- also depends on several factors. We to go ahead.126 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com



New Products Make in indiaTEST & MEASUREMENT the unique soft-touch probe to the copper surface and note the thick-Solder joint inspector tion functions like the built-in signal ness indication. Touch type electric generator offered by the previous switch cuts off automatically afterKey features include: MS2830A series. the test• 3D-SJI: Unique COMBO patented • Dimensions: 6cm×2cm×9cm Anritsu India Pvt Ltd technology RGB/phase shift www.anritsu.com Binita Trading Co.• IPC standard compliance in 3D [email protected]• Tele-centric cam- Noise dosimeter Communications security era lens Sound-level monitoring is essential evaluation kit• Multi-angled, for employees who are exposed to loud noise, to deter- Renesas has released RX231 communi- oblique cameras mine what protective cations security evaluation kit. The kit• User-friendly measure are required. provides both an evaluation board and Extech SL400 personal software and noise dosimeter with a wide range of software, to prevent touchscreen USB interface has been virus infections over communication interface designed to test channels and disclosure of confiden-• Programming software for quick noise exposure tial information and allows embedded and easy offline program creation and provide devices with strengthened security to• Real-time process monitoring noise surveys. be developed easily.• Repair station functionality with It is compact, lightweight and comes full 3D display with PC software to control setup and Key features are:• Data-analysis and quality-control retrieve stored data or analyse real- • Implements strong security using software tools time measurements. RX231’s built-in trusted secure IPOmron Automation Pvt Ltd FLIR Systems India Pvt Ltd • Embedded devices can be pro-www.omron-ap.co.in [email protected] tected from unauthorised programsSignal analyser Classification tester over communications channels such as wireless LAN and USBAnritsu has extended its signal Features include:analyser MS2840A product line by • Can check copper foil thickness Renesas Electronics Corp.adding three new frequency models www.renesas.com(3.6GHz, 6GHz and 26.5GHz) to its fast • Non-destructive testing can display COMPONENTScurrent 44.5GHz model supportingexcellent narrowband measurement classification USB Type-C and PD solutionperformance in a middle-range signal • Low power consumptionanalyser/spectrum analyser platform. • Battery-operated handheld gauge To implement USB Type-C and PowerWith a dedicated low-phase noise Delivery (PD) technology, STMicro-option, 3.6GHz and 6GHz models for measur- electronics has launched a certifiedhave excellent close-in SSB phase ing copper foil embedded software solution based onnoise performance as well as new op- thickness on PCB substrate materials from 12 microns to 70 microns • It is easy to use; simply touch128 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

its STM32 microcontrollers. centres, server farms and related only 11.6mm×8.5mm×10.4mm, these STM32 USB Type-C and PD Mid- peripheral systems. The combined save valuable board space, and with efficiency up to 95 per cent, these dodleware Stack is compliant with USB AC and DC not require a heat-sink. Type-C 1.2 voltage ratings and USB PD along with a RECOM Power GmbH 2.0 specifica- detailed listing www.recom-power.com tions, enabling of break- customers to ing capacity DC/DC converter rapidly deploy ratings and this new tech- other precisely-defined performance Mornsun has introduced a DC/DC specifications, offer a highly-reliable converter, PVxx-29Bxx series, to ad-nology in their end-products, exploit- fuse approved for use in both AC or dress the needs of 1500V DC photo-ing the rich feature set of the com- DC power applications. voltaic systems. This series of DC/DCpany’s STM32 ARM Cortex-M based converters accepts a wide input rangemicrocontrollers. SCHURTER Electronics (India) Pvt Ltd from 200V DC to 1500V DC, provid- www.SCHURTER.co.in ing standard output voltages of 24V,STMicroelectronics Pvt Ltd 12V and 5V to power monitoring andwww.st.com Monolithic ceramic capacitor control circuits in the system.Retimer Murata Manufacturing has devel- PVxx-29Bxx simplifies the wiring oped the world’s first 05025M size design, reducing the cost of systemTexas Instruments has introduced (0.5mm×0.25mm×0.25 mm) mono- manufacturing and maintenancethree high-performance retimers when compared with AC power orthat enable an extended signal range lithic ceramic battery power. capacitor with over long traces, a capacitance Mornsun Guangzhou Science & Technology connectors and value of 1μF Co. Ltd cables without (X5R char- www.mornsun-power.com degradation of acteristics, signal integrity. 6.3V rated voltage). 05025M size cuts PWM controllerThe devices expand the company’s component volume ratio by approxi-high-performance retimer portfolio, mately half, achieving the world’s BP3319MB is a high-precision primary-and support flexible, cost-optimised smallest component volume for a side regulation PWM controller withsystem design, enabling designers to monolithic ceramic capacitor of the single-stage active PFC, especiallyspeed their products to market while same characteristics. designed for universal input offlinemaintaining optimal performance. flyback or buck-boost constant currentWith up to 60 per cent lower power Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd LED lighting. The controller with on-consumption than competitive devices www.murata.com chip PFC circuit achieves high powerand the widest temperature range factor and low THD.from -40°C to 85°C, the retimers en- Switching regulatorable robust video and camera signal BP3319MB adopts proprietaryquality in equipment such as HD TVs RECOM expands its low-cost, highly- primary-side current-sensing scheme.and mobile devices. efficient R-78E switching regulator It can precisely control LED current without secondary-side sense andTexas Instruments Inc. series with mod- feedback circuits. The system sizewww.ti.com ules featuring and cost are optimised, as well as 9V, 12V and 15V system reliability.Fuse output voltages. This series is Regency Semiconductors Pvt LtdSCHURTER’s SHT 6.3×32 fuse pro- designed to offer www.regencysemiconductors.invides higher voltage over-current and all advantagesshort-circuit protection up to 1500A @ of a standard GSM/GPRS module500V AC and 400V DC in a compact switching regulator (high efficiency,package size 6.3mm×32mm. wide input range and accurate output InkOcean has launched a new GSM/ voltage regulation) at a lower cost. GPRS module, named A6, manufac- The 400V DC rating provides The modules are equipped with tured by AI Thinker, which meas-primary protection in DC power sys- short-circuit protection. Measuring ures 22.8mm×16.8mm×2.5mmtems for intelligent buildings, telecomwww.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 129

New Productsand is ideal for M2M applications • Ultra-wide viewing angle Sound transmitterin automotive, industrial, personal • Low power • Solid state technology Pyrotech’s electronic ear (sound tracking, power • Rapid response time transmitter) system is a sound system environmental Lappteck Marketing used for measuring the sound gener- monitoring, smart [email protected] ated in a grinding process. The system metering and consists of three units, namely, sound other M2M appli- MISCELLANEOUS sensor, transmitter and mounting cations. It can be stand. Sound sensor uses the millused to provide GSM/GPRS, text mes- LED tubelight shell as membrane and detects mill-saging, voice and data-transmission shell vibrations caused by the grindingservices. Syska India has announced 22W T5 balls, hitting the mill lining and the tubelights with a longer life span of material in the mill. The system isInkOcean 50,000 hours. T5 lights help save up insensitive to foreign acoustic [email protected] from other surroundings. to 85 per cent energy compared toUART-Wi-Fi module conventional ones. With a lifespan of Pyrotech Electronics Pvt Ltd 50,000 hours compared to 1000 hours, www.peplelectronics.comHLK-M35 is a low-cost embedded these are highly energy efficient, longUART-WIFI module (serial port - wire- lasting and environmentally friendly mmWave SDR as these have zero mercury and no less) developed by UV radiation. NI has announced the world’s first Shenzhen Hi-Link software defined radio (SDR) for the Electronic Co. Ltd. Syska millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. It is an embedded www.syskaledlights.com The new mmWave transceiver system module based on is a full transceiver that can trans- the universal serial 3D printer mit and/or receive wide-bandwidth interface network signals at an unprecedented 2GHz standard, built-in Massivit 1800 system is the fastest real-time bandwidth, covering theTCP/IP protocol stack, enabling user large-format 3D printer that can print spectrum in E-band, 71GHz-76GHz.serial port, wireless network (Wi-Fi) objects up tointerface between the on versions. 1.8m (6-feet) National InstrumentsThrough HLK-M35 module, traditional high and www.ni.comserial devices do not need to change grow theseany configuration and user data can up to 35cm Power supplybe transmitted through the Internet. (1-foot) per hour. The KUSAM-MECO hasRajguru Electronics system is introduced a [email protected] equipped with dual process option, series of DC-regu- which allows for easy printing of lated power sup-OLED two different objects in parallel. It plies. These feature also offers economical 3D printing as high stability, digital display and lowPitek’s character OLEDs 8x2, 16x2, its special software features, and its ripple. The supplies are available with16x4, 20x2 and 20x4 directly replaces support-less printing results in fairly output voltage variable from 0V - 30Vcorresponding LCD modules. Graphic low material consumption. in different capacities, namely, 2A, 3A,OLEDs 96x16, 128x64, 128x128, Arrow Digital Pvt Ltd 5A and 10A, and also single-channel www.arrow-digital.com and dual-channel outputs.256x64 and colour OLEDs 128x128,320x320, 400x400 are also available. The power supplies have a fixedSome features are: output 5V@1A for single-channel• High brightness and contrast supplies and 5V@2A for dual-channel supplies. All supplies are overload and short-circuit protected. Auxilary power required is AC 220V ±10% 50Hz. Kusam Electrical Industries Ltd www.kusamelectrical.com, www.kusam-meco.co.in130 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

communication estyle Today’s Concepts, Tomorrow’s PhonesJanani As far as technology is concerned, even be used for critical business trans-Gopalakrishnan the future is always far away. actions. So a greater level of securityVikram is a Designers never live in the present would be needed.technically-qualified moment. If they did, we would not befreelance writer, having smartphones in our hands. And Some years ago, Dell developed aeditor and hands- now that we do, they are busy designing software based technology that overlayson mom based in something else—phones that can be folded, a distorted pixel based pattern acrossChennai phones that can be worn and so on. the screen. This on-demand security feature narrows the viewing angle, so We look at some such mind-blowing that only the user can view the contents concept phones. Some are new while oth- of the screen. Those viewing from be- ers were developed years ago, but continue hind or from the sides cannot. Already to fascinate developers and user communi- available on some Dell laptop models, ties even now. Although you will want to this would be a nice feature to have on pre-order many of these fantastic phones future phones, too. as soon as you read about these, you might have to wait because many are still no A few months ago, NTT DoCoMo more than concepts, while others are going and Fujitsu unveiled a phone that can through the rigours of development. identify the user through iris recogni- tion. This could be used to unlock the Your content, only for your eyes phone as well as to certify mobile pay- ments without having to enter pass- Phones of the future are expected to be as words in public. capable as desktop computers, and might Hanky-panky phonesIs Microsoft quietly building a phone for the future With the growing popularity of organicLast July, in an interview with ZDNet’s Mary Jo Foley, Microsoft chief executive light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a tech-officer, Satya Nadella said, “When I think about our Windows Phone, I want it nology that enables displays to be madeto stand for something like Continuum. When I say, wow, that is an interesting of flexible, organic materials, the adventapproach where you can have a phone and that same phone, because of our of graphene that promises a lot ofuniversal platform with Continuum, can, in fact, be a desktop. That is not something disruptions in everything from displaysany other phone operating system or device can do. And that is what I want our to hardware, and continuous improve-devices and device innovation to stand for.” Although Microsoft has still not ments in flexible electronics, we canrevealed any specific plans for its future phone, people are calling it Surface Phone. expect to see phones that can be rolled up like paper or folded up like hankies.When quizzed about this, Chris Capossela, chief marketing officer for Microsoft,remarked in a television interview in December 2015 that the phone would be The quest for flexible phones hasa spiritual equivalent to Surface—whatever that means. With Panos Panay, the been on for quite some time now. A fewbrains behind Surface, now heading Microsoft’s mobile phone business too, years ago, NEC Design came up with anrumours about Surface Phone have spiked. If and when it comes, it is believed interesting Tag Soft-Shell mobile phone,that this phone will not look too different, as it will not take the form of a ring, a made of a rubbery, shape-memorisingbracelet or glasses. It will be futuristic only in its functionality, as it will further material, which enabled the phone toContinuum’s vision by making your phone a veritable computer. Apps that run flex at the user’s command.on your Windows laptop will all work on the phone too, and you will be able toseamlessly alternate between your desktop and your phone, as you move in and Nokia 888 is another concept thatout of your office. combines a flexible touchscreen with liquid battery to ensure flexibility. Awww.efymag.com electronics for you | august 2016 131

COMMUNICATIONtouch-sensitive body cover enables The wearable is basically a fancy Buttons when you need these, gone when youthe phone to understand the envi- bracelet with modular aspects, do not (Image courtesy: Tactus Technology)ronment and adjust to it. customisable looks and features. Future versions of this design will would take up a lot of space. Morph, another Nokia concept, have energy-saving screens. Fitting the battery and otherrelies on nanotechnology to deliverflexible materials, transparent elec- In 2010, Mexican designer hardware on a large bezel on thetronics and self-cleaning surfaces. Veronica Eugenia Rodriguez Ortiz side of the transparent screen created Yuxa, an eco-friendly would look a little awkward in a Fluid Smartphone, designed bracelet-like phone concept. The small form device like a smart-by Brazilian designer Dinard da device is made of materials phone. That said, when we get to aMata for Philips, works like a slap- like plant fibres and biode- stage when phones can be poweredwrap bracelet that wraps around gradable plastic. It has an through Wi-Fi or other wire-the wrist. OLED display, recharge- less means, then perhaps such a able battery and an inno- fully-transparent, bezel-free phone Samsung has unveiled several vative way of communi- would become feasible.ideas using its YOUM flexible OLED cating with people usingdisplays. So far, LG too has shown vibrations. Keyboard on demandoff many wonderful flexible con-cepts like Flutter and Helix bracelet. Some designs like these Although mobile devices are get- continue to entice people years ting quite powerful, many peo- Apple, too, has filed patents for after their creation. However, oth- ple still find it difficult to typeflexible devices. So we expect a lot ers go in a poof. Glove One, for long documents using on-screenof fun to unfurl in the coming years. example, was a design developed keyboards. by Bryan Cera in 2012. It was de-Wear your phone signed like a glove you wear, with A technology being developed components wrapping all your by Tactus Technology could provideA logical result of miniaturisa- fingers. Too cumbersome! a more comfortable way to typetion and flexibility are wearable in future phones. The company’sphones—a theme that really excites In 2014, Big Bang Studios re- prototype touchscreen can show upconcept phone designers. LG’s Helix leased a video showing a futuristic a user-friendly QWERTY keyboardbracelet is a rubber and stainless- Ring Phone with a holographic on demand. This involves replac-steel phone full of flexible elec- projector, wireless charging battery ing a touchscreen phone’s windowtronics and a touchscreen display. and other nice ideas. However, or cover lens with a special tactileWhen attached to a belt, the mag- comments on the video showed layer, which works based on thenetic charger taps kinetic energy to that users might not like the idea principles of micro-fluidics.charge the battery. of a holographic display, which offers no privacy. According to the company, A wearable phone concept “Small fluid channels are routeddesigned by Philipp Skorobogatov See-through phones throughout the tactile layer andin 2013 turned out to be a finalist inthe recent HTC 2020 design contest. Last year, Lenovo-backed Chi- nese company ZUK showed off a concept phone that had a fully-transparent screen. The phone could perform all the functions of a regular smartphone and display all details on the screen, while still letting users see through it. The concept featured an almost bezel- free frame. However, it would take many more years to make a fully- functional phone of that sort, according to experts,Phonebloks’ modular phone (Image courtesy: Phonebloks) because the battery itself132 august 2016 | electronics for you www.efymag.com

enable the fluid to expand the top What is a phone without energy polymer layer to create physical buttons.” This enables the buttons Designing futuristic phones to bubble up when needed and is not just about form factor, flatten out when not in use. A displays and flexibility. controller is used to control the Sustainability is all the more state of these buttons, while an important. That makes application programming interface designs like these worthy of allows integrated software/appli- consideration even if it would cation based control. take years for their fruition.Build your own future phone Aeolus, designed by Cyrene Quiamco in 2010, can be All of us have a vision of our charged using solar and wind future phone. How nice it would power. The handset has a single- be if we could build it ourselves? colour, energy-efficient liquid That is what Dave Hakkens’ crystal display and is made of Phonebloks project aims to renewable materials. It has a achieve. This ongoing project, small fan that can convert even which started in 2012, aims to mild breeze into electricity to make a phone completely modu- charge the battery. It can also lar. It works towards a future use kinetic energy from a moving where you can just assemble your vehicle to charge itself. own phone using building blocks. When you want to upgrade, sim- Since a few years, Kyocera and ply change the blocks you wish Sunpartner Technologies have to. If you have a great idea, build been working on a transparent a new component and add it. photovoltaic film that can be mounted above or below a Google is into this great idea, phone’s touchscreen to harness too, with Project Ara. If you could solar energy for its battery. The get a basic phone for US$ 50 and latest version of this Wysips, turn it into an advanced smart- shor t for What You See Is phone by adding all the great stuff Photovoltaic Surface, crystal you want, the company believes panel is only 0.58mm thick that that could lower the entry and needs just three minutes of barriers in this industry. Accord- sun exposure to get a minute of ing to Google, it all starts with smartphone talktime. an endoskeleton, or endo, the structural frame and data back- Eddie Goh’s Eclipse Intuit is Nokia Green Phone (Image courtesy: Daizi Zheng) bone of the device. The user can another interesting concept, in populate the endo with modules, which parts of the phone are the building blocks that make up made from a chemically based the vast majority of the phone’s thin solar skin that can charge functionality and features. the battery on sun exposure. The modules can be easily and A Nokia concept phone designed by Daizi Zheng in 2010 runs on a bio-battery, which safely inserted and removed at derives electricity from carbohydrates. Feed the phone some Coke and it will use the any time, even while the device carbohydrates and sugar in the drink to power itself up. Once the battery dies only oxygen is powered on. The modules also and water remain, making it completely bio-degradable. In his project outline, Zheng have user-replaceable covers or explains that on a single charge, bio-batteries have a potential life-span three to four times shells, which provide a creative longer than conventional lithium batteries. canvas for users to make their phones look exactly as they wish. you look at most of these modular with the frustration that many of us phone projects, you will realise that face when we have just shelled out Other modular phone efforts these are not working against each thousands of rupees to buy a phone, include Xiaomi Magic Cube, other, but together in many ways— only to realise within a few months PuzzlePhone and FonKraft. If something that the future needs! that the next generation is already here. If you love the idea of buildingwww.efymag.com Modular phones would not only your own phone, share your efforts foster innovation but also reduce a and ideas to make these projects lot of e-waste, helping a sustainable a success. future. These would also do away electronics for you | august 2016 133

First Look estyle EFY BuREauClove Digital introduces Laptop by HPGPS child locator The world’s thinnest laptop PriceProvides visibility of a child’s movementsto parents Crafted with durable aluminium ` 159,990 and carbon fibre, this impossibly-gTag is a hardware device Price thin laptop redefines perfection. Thisplus an Android app, which ` 4490 featherweight 33cm (13-inch) laptopgives instant updates about weighs only 1.1kg and is finishedwhen a child reaches or with a durable and scratch-resistantleaves particular places edge-to-edge Corning Gorilla Glass 4marked by parents. It is easy display. Breakthrough hyperbaric cooling tech-to lock to a child’s bag and nology from Intel actively draws cool air in, rathercomes with a key for removal than just venting heat out. This allows users to utilise awhen the bag needs a wash. more powerful processor without over-heating. Combined withOnce you get your gTag, dynamic power settings that adjust to the workload, this laptopput an active data sIM and keeps cool and stays at peak performance.charge the device. Meanwhile, Other key features include 6th-generation Intel Core i7 proces-create an account on www.clovedigital.com or via sor, PCIe based ssD storage up to 512GB, Windows 10 operatingAndroid app gTag from Google Playstore. After system, up to 8GB RAM, 2x2 Wi-Fi antenna and multi-use ports,signing in, add child details along with gTag ID among others.printed inside the box. You can mark places likeschool, home, road junctions en route and so onon the map and receive instant notifications on Zebronics launches wireless video surveillance door phoneyour child moving in or out of these places.Home theatre projector Meets customer’s safety requirements with utmost flexibilityfrom BenQ ZEB VDP RF from Zebronics is easy to install, since you do notCinematic performance for your personalsilver screen need many tools and cables around the house. With a wide displayWith cinematic colour fidelity of Rec. 709 compli- and inbuilt microphones, it would allow you to see and commu-ance and ultra-high contrast performance, W8000unleashes astounding picture quality for custom nicate, unlock the door and also monitor the person on the otherhome theatres made perfect by CinemaMaster vid-eo enhancement and the installation flexibility of side of the entrance door without having to open it. The accompa-H/V lens shift and lens options. By combining pio-neering BenQ innovations such as interchangeable nying camera offers high-quality clear images along with VGA-six-segment colour wheel with DLP BrilliantColorTechnology, the projector accurately reproduces quality video onhard-to-match colours such as skin tones and pre-cisely renders Rec.709 and sRGB standards. the removable sD Price card for recording ` 23,000 images/video. Even at night, you would not have to strain to decipher. It comes with tamper-proof cas- ing to withstand Price outdoor wear ` 275,000 and tear, thereby ensuring that its functionality or performance re- mains unaffected.134 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

Price ` 999 VR glasses by Coolpad GizMo ByTes Provides widescreen virtual cinematic experience App to measure mobile Internet speed Cool VR with clip drawer design provides an immersive 3D experience that transports you to a whole new dimension. The innovative design and lenses Telecom Regulatory Authority of India give a 100-degree field-of-view, providing one of the best virtual reality (VR) (TRAI) has launched a mobile application,experiences. Customisable lenses help in optimising the focal length and objectdistance, making it comfortable to use for long durations. The glasses work ef- which will help you to measure Internetfortlessly with any phone that pans from 12cm to 14.5cm (4.7-inch to 5.7-inch). speed on a smartphone and send results to TRAI Analytics Portal. The application will It is compatible with Coolpad Note3, Note3 lite, Note3 plus and Max. also send coverage, data speed and networkHyperX launches Ambrane information along with your device andgaming headset India location details. announcesFor elite gamers 13,000mAh Indus OS, world’s first regional OS power bankHyperX CloudX comes in a durable Home-grown Indus OS is world’s first The stylish regional operating system (OS), whichsilver aluminium frame, and the matte- power bank aims to connect 100 million users with the Internet. Indus, set to revolutionise theblack finish complements Xbox Elite Price mobile industry, is built on Android and ` 949 is designed for first-time Internet users.wireless controller for a stylish match- The crux of a country’s culture lies in her The P1310 power bank is built not language and Indus is in unison with this bying setup, along with an exclusive hard just for lasting performance but is bringing to people a simplified smartphone also sleek and beautiful, designed experience in their native tongue. Indus’sshell carrying case for protection and perfectly to match the style quo- vision is to build an end-to-end ecosystem tient with its classy colour combi- that would bridge the digital divide andconvenient portability. Based on HyperX nations, namely, white with blue, get the whole country on the information green and brown, and black withCloud II design, CloudX offers the same gold and white. Features include highway, language being the key. two UsB 2.0 ports, one micro-UsBgreat comfort and fully-immersive audio port and it gives 5V/2.1A max App for storing notifications (auto-switch mobile phone-depend-with 100 per cent memory-foam ear ent) output. Boomerang Notifications app helps store notifications to remind you to do thingscushions and headband, and crystal- The portable charger supports later. The basic idea is that you activate up to 3.5 full charges with its the app and on receiving notifications,clear sound via large 53mm drivers so super-sized capacity, which means that if you are using a 2500mAh you get the option to put it away inyou can engage in hours of gaming on battery smartphone, you will be Boomerang until you feel like dealing with able to charge it approximately four them. Boomerang does not work with allXbox One, Windows, mobile devices times with a fully-charged power notifications, but it works with enough of bank. It can also withstand up toand other consoles. 300 to 500 charge-discharge cycles. these to be useful. With an average 13 hours chargingHyperX CloudX has an in-line audio time, P1310 boasts of being compat- Food-scheduling app ible with most portable gadgets.control, allowing you to adjust volume Eat This Much is the new food-scheduling app that helps you plan your daily meals.and mute the detachable noise-cancelling Input your diet goals, weekly budget and the kinds of food you like, and Eat This microphone right on Much will take care of your meal plans. It requires some manual setting up, but once Price the cable. Addition- that is done, you can rely on this app to` 9999 ally, certification provide you with recipes and tips that help by Teamspeak you achieve your aims. and compat- ibility with Discord, skype, Ventrilo, Mumble and RaidCall equal an improved chatting experi- ence.The prices, features and specifications are based on information provided to us, or as available on various websites and portals. EFY cannot vouch for their accuracy.www.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 135

Buyers’ Guide estyleFast, Functional And Affordable TableTs Ahalya Mandana is Tablets of all sizes and prices have flood- if you plan to make phone calls on the tablet, currently pursuing ed the market. Every company is trying a large screen will be inconvenient. BE (electrical to bring out a tablet that will be the next and electronics big thing, and in the process there are some Screen resolution is also important. A engineering) from competitively-priced tablets available with tons screen resolution higher than 1280x800 pixels M.S. Ramaiah of features. But how do you really choose one? like Samsung’s Tab 4 and its wide extended Institute of Well, here are some things to keep in mind graphics array (WXGA) display is recommend- Technology, when you go tablet hunting. ed for a 17cm tablet. Pixel density measured Bengaluru in pixels per inch (ppi) is very important if Display technology. Thin film transistor you intend to do a lot of reading.A tablet with (TFT) technology is the most common dis-a projector play technology used in mobile phones, but it Battery life. This is probably one of the consumes a lot of power. In-plane switching most important deciding factors while select-If you are the type (IPS) technology offers better display quality ing a tablet. When you are on the go, a tabletthat loves streaming as compared to TFT, as well as much better with a short battery life can be very frustrat-movies, then there is viewing angles, and consumes less power while ing. Fortunately, there are many tablets avail-a tablet meant just being more expensive. able in the market with battery lives rangingfor you. Lenovo Yoga from six hours to 18 hours. However, do keepTab 3 Pro comes with Organic light emitting diode (OLED) is in mind that if you are using your tablet fora pico projector that made by placing a series of organic thin films movies and games, the battery life will reduceallows you to recreate between two conductors, and has better colour considerably. Invest in a tablet with a goodthe theatre experience reproduction, faster response times, wider battery life so that you do not have to botherat home! Priced at viewing angles and usually higher brightness too much about charging it from time to time.` 39,990, it does compared to TFT.not come under the Camera. Tablets are perfect for takingbudget category, but Active matrix organic light emitting diode quick photographs or making video calls.it is the only tablet (AMOLED) is a step ahead of OLED screens as Ensure that the tablet has good front and rearto have such a AMOLED screens can control each pixel indi- camera quality. Try to get a tablet with a rearfeature. The projector vidually while maintaining the properties of an camera of 8MP or higher, and a front cameracan also come in OLED panel. These do not need a separate back- of 2MP or higher. A good front camera will re-handy for business light. AMOLED screens use a different sub-pixel ally improve your video-calling experience.presentations. It also arrangement that may reduce the image qualityhas Dolby Atmos audio a bit. Samsung uses this term for the AMOLED Calling feature. If you are looking for atechnology to ensure panels that they develop. tablet with a calling feature, there are manygreat sound quality. options available. These are usually quite Super-AMOLED screens are built with compact in size, to ensure that making a phone capacitive touch sensors on the display itself. A call is not too inconvenient. Most tablets have super-AMOLED display is much more respon- 3G, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity and some sive than an AMOLED one. come with the option of dual SIM. Screen size and resolution. One of the most Touchscreen. Since a tablet is all about important factors to keep in mind while buying ease of use, having a touchscreen that is not a tablet is the size of its screen. Smaller screens very sensitive can be quite annoying. Look make it difficult to read text comfortably, while for a tablet with a sensitive touchscreen that extremely large screens mean that the tablet is has multi-point touch, which provides better large and not too convenient to carry around. response and accuracy, and makes it easy to The recommended screen size will depend on zoom into images. your usage. For example, you will need a much higher resolution display if you want to read on Tablets to check out your tablet, and a slightly larger screen if you plan to watch movies on your tablet. However, Here are a few affordable tablets under ` 15,000 that are currently available in the136 August 2016 | ElEctronics For You www.EFYmAg.com

market, each suited for a different Longest battery life: Asus Fo-requirement. nepad 7 FE170CG. This tablet fromMost-affordable tablet: Micromax Asus, priced at ` 9200 (Amazon),Canvas Tab P290. When it comes to comes with a 2MP rear camera withbeing easy on the pocket, nothing beats video recording and auto-focus, andthis tablet. With a 17.8cm (7-inch) a 0.3MP front camera. It has 17.8cmscreen, 1024x600 screen resolution, (7-inch) multi-touch capacitive2MP rear camera, 0.3MP front cam- touchscreen with a screen resolutionera, Android 5.0 Lollipop and Wi-Fi of 1024x600 pixels. It runs on An-connectivity, all for the price of ` 3524 droid v4.3 Jelly Bean OS that can be(Amazon), it is a pretty good deal. upgraded to v4.4 KitKat. It has 4GBIt has 1GB RAM, 8GB internal internal memory that is expandablememory that can be expanded up to up to 64GB, and 1GB RAM. When it32GB, 2820mAH lithium-ion battery comes to connectivity, this tablet isand promises a HD video playback well-equipped, with Wi-Fi, 3G, voice-time of three hours and Internet brows- calling and dual-SIM features.ing time of four hours. For that price, But the feature that makes itwhat more could you possibly ask for? stand apart is its battery life. With aPhablet, a tablet with calling 3950mAH battery, it can last for 30feature: Lenovo PHAB Plus. If you are hours of talk time and 619 hours oflooking for the perfect combination standby time, on a 3G network.of a tablet and a phone, this fits the Fastest 17.8cm (7-inch) tablet:bill perfectly. It comes with 13MP rear Xolo Play Tegra Note. For all youcamera and 5MP front camera, 17.3cm gamers out there, this is the only(6.8-inch) full-HD ten-point multi-touch 17.8cm (7-inch) tablet in the marketcapacitive touchscreen and a screen that has NVIDIA Tegra 4 Cortex A15resolution of 1920x1080 pixels. It runs quad-core processor, which makeson Android v5 Lollipop operating sys- it perfect for gaming and fast Webtem (OS) and has 2GB RAM. browsing. It has a 5MP rear cameraInternal memory is 32GB, which is with auto flash, HD recording and aexpandable up to 64GB. Connectivity 0.3MP front camera. The 17.8cm (7-features include Wi-Fi, LTE 4G, voice inch) screen is an IPS LCD ten-pointcalling and dual SIM (GSM+GSM). multi-touch capacitive touchscreenIt has a long standby time of 480 with 1280x800 pixels resolution.hours, thanks to a powerful 3500mAH It has 16GB of internal memory,lithium-ion battery. It is priced at ` expandable up to 32GB, and 1GB11,999 (Flipkart). RAM. It runs on Android v4.4 KitKatMost-affordable Windows tablet: OS that can be upgraded to An-Dell Venue 8 Pro. At a reasonable droid Lollipop. Battery capacity isprice of ` 9999 (Flipkart), Dell Venue 4100mAH, which allows you to use it8 Pro is the most-affordable Windows for eight hours at a stretch.tablet in the market. It has 5MP rear It also comes with NVIDIAcamera, 1.2MP front camera, 20.3cm DirectStylus that allows you to write(8-inch) IPS multi-touch capacitive and draw on the tablet with preci-touchscreen with HD display and a sion and ease. With two front-facingscreen resolution of 1280x800 pixels. speakers and NVIDIA PureAudioIt runs on Windows 8.1 OS and technology, it offers great stereo-has 1.8GHz Intel Atom Z3740D quad- like sound. The tablet is priced atcore processor and 1GB RAM. Internal ` 6999 (Amazon).memory is 32GB, which is expandable While choosing a tablet, be clearup to 128GB. It includes support for about what exactly you are lookingMicroSD, SDHC and SDXC formats. for, so that you can make the bestThe 4830mAH battery can last for up purchase decision and keep awayto nine hours. from buyer’s remorse.The prices mentioned here are from various e-commerce portals and are subject to change.www.EFYmAg.com ElEctronics For You | August 2016 137



do-it-yourself estyle How To Protect Your SmartPhone’S DataWhen we buy a new phone, efy bureau kicks in automatically on phones run- we set it up with our ning at least iOS 7. Google account (for An- tion obtained would be scrambleddroid phones) and download apps and unreadable. Set up remote access. Even afterlike WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook setting up Android Device Managerand Twitter. For a device that carries With Android phones, however, you might not be able to locate, callso much of our digital identity, most you have to turn this feature (En- or erase the data on your handsetof us are very casual in the way we cryption) on in Settings. According remotely if the thief has switched ithandle our smartphones. Within an to Google’s policy, phones running off or replaced your SIM card. For ahour of a phone getting stolen, lost the latest version of Android offer more robust solution, consider an appor misplaced, identity thieves can encryption by default. like Cerberus anti-theft. This paid appchange the password to all our emails prevents thieves from powering downand social networking services. Set up device finders. Activate your phone from the lockscreen, and Android Device Manager on your sends SMS alerts to an alternate num- With our smartphone in their Android smartphone. Like Encryption, ber with your device’s location, evenpossession, they have pretty much this can be found under Settings > after the SIM card has been changed.everything they need to keep us out Security or under Settings > Privacy.of our own accounts. The steps given Check to make sure that it is working Back up your phone. Always backbelow can go a long way towards properly by signing in to your Google up your data so that even when youpreventing such a disaster. account on android.com/deviceman- upgrade to a new device, you do not ager. The online dashboard will lose your data. Set up a lock screen. Use a six- display your handset’s location on adigit passcode to make it harder to map, and will also give you the option Keep your software up to date.guess. To make it even harder, you to activate its ringer remotely to help Software updates contain fixes tocan add letters and other characters to you trace it if it is in your vicinity. known flaws that might give hack-increase the number of possible com- ers a way into your device. Onbinations. These options are available If you lose your device, you can iPhones, Apple prompts you to geton both iPhones and Android phones. lock its screen remotely with a new the updates. password. Android Device Man- On iPhone, turn on the self-destruct ager lets you send a message to the It is slightly more complicatedfeature in Settings, under Touch ID phone’s lock screen, along with an with Android because updates need& Passcode. Using this feature, the alternative number to the person to go through various phone manu-phone wipes itself clean after ten failed who might have found your phone. If facturers and wireless carriers first.attempts. However, the ten attempts all else fails, you can remotely erase But install the updates as soon as youapply to your guesses, too. Android the device data so, at least, your digi- get alerts to do so.also comes with a similar feature. tal identity is not compromised. File an FIR. It is important to Biometrics such as fingerprint and Use Find My iPhone option for an promptly file a complaint with youriris scanners can act as a shortcut and iPhone. If your device disappears, you local police station. For this, youmake complex passcodes less painful. can put it in Lost Mode, which locks require the IMEI number of your your screen with a passcode, if it is handset. You will find this printed on Use encryption. iPhones run- not already locked, and lets you dis- a sticker on the back of your phone,ning at least iOS 8 offer full-disk play a custom message with a phone or in the original box packing.encryption by default. This means number to help you get it back.that the information stored on the Alternatively, use your phone’s dialphone cannot be extracted and read Activation Lock feature makes it pad and press *#06#. A copy of theon another computer. If the phone harder for thieves to sell your device. police report is required by your serviceis not unlocked first, any informa- The phone becomes unusable—it provider in order to provide you with a cannot be reactivated—without new SIM for your phone number. knowing its Apple ID. The featurewww.efymag.com electronics for you | august 2016 139