Being An Archer | A Sports Handbook

A SPORTS HANDBOOK ABOUT ARCHERY

THE AUTHORS MARCUS ZINGAPAN Marcus is a Grade 11 student from CASA Del Nino School in the Philippines. He loves playing video games and have many interests like computers, art, music, cycling, basketball, and especially archery. RAM LEGASTO Ram is also a Grade 11 STEM student who studies at Casa Del Niño Science Highschool. He enjoy playing games, cooking and watching anime. He also find interests in Archery, Gun mechanisms and Philosophy.

CONTENTS 1 Archery and its History 4 Archery as a Sport 5 Rules and Regulations 8 Archery Equipment 12 Glossary of Terms 13 References

1 ARCHERY AND ITS HISTORY Archery is an activity where you shoot an arrow from a bow. This activity is one of the oldest arts and is still practiced today. The evolution of archery began at the start of mankind’s history, and evidence of ancient archers has been found around the world. Archery probably dates back to the Stone Age, which is around 20,000BC. The earliest people known to have regularly used bows and arrows were the ancient Egyptians, who adopted archery around 3,00 BC for hunting and warfare. In China, the earliest evidence of archery dates to the Shang Dynasty, 1766- 1027 BC, which was used on war chariots of that time. During the Zhou Dynasty that followed, 1027-256 BC, nobles at court attended archery tournaments that were accompanied by music and interspersed with entertainment.

2 In the 6th century, China introduced archery to Japan and it had an overwhelming influence on its culture. One of Japan’s well-known martial arts, originally known as “kyujutsu” or the “art of the bow”, is known as “kyudo”, the “way of the bow”. Modern kyudo is practiced primarily for physical, moral, and spiritual development. After certain ritual movements, a kyudo archer steps onto the shooting line to shoot a target 36 cm in diameter, 28 meters away, set in a roofed bank of sand. A kyudo bow is 2.21 metres long and made of laminated strips of bamboo. https://haikutopics.blogspot.com/2006/04/target-mato.html In the Greco-Roman period, archers in both warfare and hunting settings were frequently shown on pottery.

3 Middle Eastern superiority in archery equipment and technique reigned for centuries. With bows like those of the Assyrians and Parthians, who were probably the first to master archery from horseback, Attila the Hun and his Mongols conquered much of Europe and Asia, and Turkish archers threw back the Crusaders. The English longbow became a force in the middle ages and was used in many famous European battles such as Crécy and Agincourt. A law in England that forced every man of adult age to practice archery every Sunday was never repealed, though it is presently ignored. The first-known archery competition relatable to modern times was held in Finsbury, England in 1583 and had 3,000 participants.

4 ARCHERY AS A SPORT Since the advent of gunpowder, archery’s importance in warfare decreased – and it instead developed into a recreational and competitive sport. Archery was first included in the Olympic Games in 1900. It was also featured on the programme in 1904, 1908 and 1920 before a 52-year hiatus until 1972, when it returned. It has remained on the Olympic Programme ever since, with competition in men’s and women’s, individual and team, recurve archery. Para archery was one of the original sports at the Paralympic Games in 1960, and has been featured on the programme ever since, with men’s and women’s individual competitions. Three-athlete team events were replaced by mixed team competitions at Rio 2016. https://archery360.com/2017/05/03/history-proves-archerys-roots-ancient-evidence-awesome/

5 RULES AND REGULATIONS In competitive Archery Archers are to aim at a target with the goal being as close to the center. As being close to the center ends up getting a higher score. In Olympic archery. Competitors aim at a target from a distance of 70 metres, and rounds include a ranking round where the overall scores determine the athletes’ rankings prior to a head to head elimination format. Scoring in archery is very simple: you just add up the number of points based on where your arrows hit the target. The highest score for a single arrow is 10 for hitting the inner gold ring, while the least (for hitting the outer white ring) is one point. Arrows missing the target altogether do not score at all. In the event of a tied score the archer with the highest number of 10s (including inner 10s) is declared the victor. If that number is also equal, the one with the greater number of inner 10s is the winner. Alternatively – or subsequently – a shoot-off can be used to separate the competitors who have tied.

6 Rules * Archers must adhere to all official rules in terms of the equipment they use in the performance of their sport, with the main emphasis being on them using no equipment or accessories that would give an unfair advantage over an opponent. * The maximum time limit to shoot an end of three arrows is two minutes, and four minutes for an end of six arrows. * Athletes may not raise the bow arm until the signal to start is given and penalties can be given – in the form of point deduction - if the bow is drawn after the official practice has been closed. * An arrow cannot be re-shot under any circumstances. The arrow may be considered not to have been shot if it falls from the bow or misfires, or if the target blows or falls over. Extra time would be given in such circumstances. * An arrow that rebounds or hangs from the target will still score based on the mark it makes on the target face. Arrows that stick in the nock of another (Robin-hood-style) shall score the same as the arrow in which they are embedded.

7 * Athletes can be disqualified, have points deducted or worst be banned from competition for various rule violations, based on the severity of the offense. * If equipment is damaged, appeals can be made to the judge for such equipment to be replaced or fixed, and any time allowances will be at the judge’s discretion. https://pixabay.com/photos/archery-sport-archer-arrow-bow-2918987/

8 ARCHERY EQUIPMENT Bows. Bows are an archer’s essential tool for shooting arrows and there are 4 types bows used such as: The Compound bow which has a system of pulleys and cables makes it easier to hold the bow at full draw. Shooting a compound bow will give you the most accurate shot possible, and compound archers actually follow slightly different rules when shooting some rounds to take into account their incredible accuracy. The recurve bow is the modern evolution of traditional bows that have existed for thousands of years. This curve in the limbs gives the recurve bow more power, making it faster and more accurate. It is the most popular choice for modern archers, using modern materials and accessories, such as sights, stabilizers and clickers, to help produce an efficient and consistent shot.

9 The barebow is a basic style of bow that is mechanically the same as a recurve but does not use accessories to aid in aiming or stabilization. The Longbow is a primitive bow as it is very simple to make. You just need a long enough straight piece of wood and a string and you have a longbow. Hence the other name ‘stick bow’.

10 Arrows. Archery arrows are long rods (shaft) with pointy heads and feather-like attachments (fletchings) at the back end and a nock to lightly hold arrows in place. Carbon fiber is used to make the majority of arrows because it rarely bends or fractures. Arrows are an important part of archery equipment since they are used to shoot at targets in order to score points. Bow accessories. These include fletchings, kisser buttons, peep sights, string wax, spotting scopes, and vibration dampeners. Quivers. It Acts as an arrow case that stores extra arrows. It comes in 2 different types of quivers. Back quivers. considered traditional, it carried/slinged diagonally behind your back. Hip quivers. Hangs off of the shooters hip, it has a strap that goes around the hip making it easier to draw out arrows. Arm guard. It is worn at the forearm below the elbow of the shooting hand with the same purpose of a chest guard but to protect the forearm

11 Archery Gloves. It is to help with grip and make it more comfortable to the shooter, besides that, it also helps protect against injuries and blisters on your fingers. Chest guards. It contains a soft mesh layer which is enclosed by a harder, padded area that absorbs the blow following a mishap. The guard is fastened around the archer's body using an adjustable strap, it has arrow tubes that angle forward, making it easy to carry a lot of arrows in an easily accessible manner. Targets. Where archers aim and where arrows are shot at. The target contains 5 rings with different colors which increasingly gets smaller, the closer it is to the center. https://www.rookieroad.com/archery/equipment-list/

12 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Archery The practice of Rebound Bounces off using a bow and arrow Nock A notch that holds the Archer A person who shoots string a bow and arrow Fletchings Feathers that Kyudo Japanese archery stabilizes arrows Kyujutsu Samurai practice of Kisser buttons A trigger for bow wielding the bow Warfare Conflict/war Peep sights A scope to align the bow Hunting practice of hunting wild animals for food or sport String wax a wax that prevents string from fraying Recreational Activities done for leisure or enjoyment Spotting scopes a scope for long distances Competitive relating to or characterized by competition Vibration dampeners reduces vibration Recurve limbs that curve away

13 REFERENCES Archery Equipment List. User, S. (n.d.). Archery rules. rookieroad.com. (n.d.). Archery Rules | Rules of Sport. Retrieved March 31, 2022, Retrieved March 31, 2022, from from https://www.rookieroad.com/ https://www.rulesofsport.co archery/equipment- m/sports/archery.html list/#chest-guards Algoritmi Vision, I. (n.d.). Equipment. World Archery. History of archery - (n.d.). Retrieved March 31, summarized by plex.page: 2022, from Content: Summarization. https://worldarchery.sport/sp Summarized by Plex.page | ort/equipment Content | Summarization. Retrieved March 31, 2022, History of archery. Flint from Bowmen. (2018, September https://plex.page/History_of_ 4). Retrieved March 31, 2022, archery from https://flintbowmen.com/hist Burton Bridge Archers. (n.d.). ory-of- Bow Types. Burton Bridge archery/#:~:text=Although%2 Archers. Retrieved April 1, 0archery%20probably%20da 2022, from tes%20back,Shang%20Dynas https://www.burtonbridgearc ty%20%E2%80%93%201766 hers.co.uk/about- %2D1027BC archery/bow-types/

THE ARCHER IS THE TRUE WEAPON, THE BOW IS JUST A LONG PIECE OF WOOD Sebastien De Castell

Archery is just the pulling of a bow, or is it? Find out the history behind the bow & arrow, the equipment used, and the rules & regulations to guide you on your archer journey. A SPORTS HANDBOOK ABOUT ARCHERY 2022