BODY SYSTEMS-17

BODY SYSTEMS  BY: ALEXA TRAN  Gibson 2a   

Table of Contents    1)   Integumentary System  2)   Musculoskeletal System  3)   Nervous System  4)   Special Senses  5)   Cardiovascular System  6)   Respiratory System  7)   Digestive System  8)   Urinary System  9) Male Reproductive System  10) Female Reproductive System       

Integ​ ​umentar​y​ S​ys​ tem    Function:  Protects the body’s internal living tissues and organs, against invasion by infectious organisms,  dehydration, abrupt changes in temperature, helps dispose of waste materials, acts as a receptor for  touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold, and stores water and fat    Vocabulary​ :​   organic compounds- the chemical compounds that make up living organisms tactile receptors- receptors for  touch strata- layers of tissue squamous- scaly sloughed- shed collagen- a fibrous protein  found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments lipocytes- cells that manufacture and store fat  gland- cell or group of cells that secretes select substances within or out of the body lipids- a group of  organic compounds that consists of fat and are greasy and insoluble perspiration- sweat    Key​ ​ Terms:  derm/o, dermat/o- skin kerat/o- cornea xer/o- dry xanth/o- yellowish erythr/o- reddish pedicu/o- lice  onych/o- nail  myc/o- fungus  pil/o- hair lip/o-fat rhytid/o- wrinkle albin/o- white    Diseases:  Acne- breakouts on skin composed of blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, or deep cysts  Cold Sore- red, painful, fluid-filled blister that appears near the mouth and lips  Blister- watery, clear, fluid-filled area on the skin  Hives- itchy, raised welts that occur after exposure to an allergen    Careers:  Dermatologist- specializes in the diagnosis and cure of skin disorders and  diseases ranging from sunburns to skin cancer as well as conducting  screenings and skin evaluations, and analyze and the patients’ medical  history to determine treatment; four years of college, four years of medical  school, and three to eight years of internship and residency  Dermatology Technician- medical assistant who works in the skin-care field  and assist licensed dermatologist in physical exams and during procedures  as well as recording medical histories, taking vitals, and preparing patients  for examinations or procedures and update patient records, interacting with  insurance companies, and scheduling hospital ​admissions; must have   certificate or associate's degree as well as completing the ARMS or AAMA  

Musculoskeletal Sy​ s​ tem    Function:  Provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body    Vocabulary​ ​:  voluntary muscles- muscles stimulated to move through conscious control involuntary muscles- muscles  that are not stimulated to move through conscious control  fascia- a band or sheet if fibrous tissue that  encloses a muscle or group of muscles smooth muscle- muscle that surrounds the internal organs  peristalsis- enables blood to travel through arteries and veins, move through the stomach and intestines,  and a fetus to be expelled through the birth canal axial skeleton- consists of the bones along the axis, or  central line, of the body appendicular skeleton- contains the bones in the appendages of the body including  the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton tendon- fibrous  cords of tissue  that attach muscle to bone ligament- fibrous cords of tissue that  attach bone to bone sesamoid bone-  facilitate joint movement    Ke​y​ Terms:  my/o- muscle myel/o- marrow oste/o- bone cost/o- ribs crani/o- skull -pexy- surgical fixation  kinesi/o- movement  chondr/o- cartilage arthr/o- joint -plegia- paralysis    Diseases:  Fibrous Dysplasia- healthy bone is replaced with other types of tissue  Scoliosis- sideways curve of the spine  Tendinitis- swelling and pain in a joint from repeated injury to that joint  Spinal Stenosis- narrowing of the spine putting pressure on spinal cord     Careers:  Sports Medicine Physician- treats and prevents sport-related injuries of the  bones, joints, and muscles and are qualified to diagnose and treat patients,  prescribe medication and therapy, and perform surgeries; accredited medical  school to obtain an MD or a DO and complete a residency program to obtain a  license to practice  Physical Therapist- improves the quality of life of an individual through  prescribed exercise, hands-on care, and patient education as well as developing a treatment plan to improve   their ability to move, reduce or manage pain, restore function, and prevent disability; required to hold a DPT  degree and a license in their state of practice  

Nervous System    Function:  receives information about the environment around us (sensation) and generated responses to that   information (motor responses) as well as communicating information throughout the body    Vocabular​y:​   neurons- fundamental cells of the nervous systemelectrochemical signalling- impulse transmission via the  neurons synapse- contact point in which one neuron communicates with another synaptic cleft-  microscopic gap between two neurons neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that pass the neural  impulse across the cleft from one neuron to another meninges- layers of connective tissues that protects the  CNS corpus callosum- a bundle of nerve tissue that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain  reflex arc- the process by which your body exhibits a reflex parasympathetic nervous system- controls  the rest and digest response somatic nervous system- involves the skeletal muscles and skin    Key​ ​ Terms:  neur/o- nerve encephal/o- brain myel/o- marrow ambul/o- walk  -estesia- sensation   mening/o- meninges psych/o- mind concuss/o- concussion  Diseases:  Cerebral Palsy- disorder that affects movement and muscle tone; caused by a  defect in, or trauma to, the brain before birth  Paraplegic- loss of voluntary movement in the lower half of the body  Phobia- exaggerated fear of a specific object or situation that causes anxiety and  panic  Schizophrenia- a mental disorder that produces distorted thought processes and  emotional perceptions    Careers:  Anesthesiologist- administers general anesthesia before surgery as well as working with the surgeons to  ensure that the patient doesn’t feel any pain or sensitivity as well as keeping an eye on the patient's vital  signs for the entire surgery; pre-medical track in college, four years of medical school, four years of a residency  program, year-long fellowship, and a certification from the ABA  Neurosurgeon- physician who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the nervous system including  traumatic brain injuries, strokes, aneurysm, etc as well as performing surgery and playing an active role in  assessing and diagnosing patients with problems related to the nervous system; bachelor’s degree, medical  degree, and a residency program of six to eight years   

S​p​ecial Senses    Function:  monitor stimuli, or changes in the external and internal environment by sending neural impulses from the  neural receptors to tell the brain information and after the brain processes it, the neural impulses go back to  where it came from to react    Vocabular​y:​   conjunctiva- clear, colorless mucous membrane that lines the eye-lids and covers the anterior portion of the  eyeball sclera- fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the eyes shape and protects the delicate inner  tissue auricle- forms the shell-shaped structure of the outer ear cerumen- waxy, yellow substance from  the ceruminous glands olfactory bulb- the structure in the brain where olfactory nerves originate and  where information is processed olfactory nerves- transmits the neural impulses mastication- chewing  deglutition- swallowing taste buds- tiny, sensitive, bulb-like structures that allow you to distinguish  different tastes and textures as food moves across your tongue epidermis- upper layer  of the skin    Ke​y​ Terms:  irid/o- iris -cusis- hearing -opia- eye condition  ot/o- ear   tympan/o- eardrum opthalm/o- eye -metry- process of measuring    Diseases:  glaucoma- intraocular pressure causes damage to the retina and the optical nerve  deafness- loss of the ability to hear  anosmia- absence of the sense of smell  neuropathy- the nerves that involves pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in  extremities    Careers:  audiologist- works with hearing, balance, and related disorders who test for hearing loss  and determines whether a person is in the normal range for hearing or not, also works  with deaf people fitting for cochlear implants and many other things; graduate from a  qualified degree program and internship and have your masters or doctorate degree  ophthalmologist- performs eye exams, diagnoses various eye diseases and impairments,  prescribes glasses, contacts, or medication, and can perform eye surgeries; four years of  medical school and three to four years of residency   

Cardiovascular Sy​ ​stem    Function:  consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood and circulates oxygen-rich blood throughout the body to the  organs that need the oxygen    Vocabulary​ :​   apex- the lowest part of the exterior of the heart pericardium- a fibrous sac epicardium- a serous  layer that forms the outermost layer myocardium- a layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle layer  of the heart endocardium- innermost layer that lines the four chambers and covers the valves of the heart  septum- divides the heart into right and left auscultation- using a stethoscope to listen to the heart   aorta- the largest artery of the human body arteries- carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the  organs, tissues, and cells of the body capillaries- small arterial branches that lead to fine blood vessels    Key​ ​ Terms:  cardi/o- heart angi/o- vessel/blood hem/o, hemat/o- blood brady- slow tachy- fast  thromb/o- clot -emia- blood condition   leuk/o- white erythr/o- red arteri/o- artery  Diseases:  flutter- condition in which the atria beat more rapidly that the ventricles, causing a quivering  cardiac tamponade- pathological condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pericardium  myocarditis- inflammation of the myocardium  thrombus- a blood clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel and stays attached to the site     Careers:  cardiologist- a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart  diseases and conditions who order tests such as electrocardiography and sonographic  imaging to aid in diagnosing patients and developing the appropriate course of action,  may perform some procedures like cardiac catheterization, stent insertion, and balloon  angioplasty; four years of medical school with two years of clinical rotations within,  residency in other specialities as well as one for cardio, three to four year long  fellowship, and to pass the licensing exam  telemetry nurse- monitors patients’ heart rhythm using sophisticated equipment and work with physicians to  develop treatment plans for patients in the telemetry unit that have cardiovascular diseases or other serious  illnesses, they also supervise the work of licensed practical nurses and certified nursing assistants who provide  basic patient care; earn a BSN or an ASN to become an RN as well as to pass the licensing exam required for  registered nurses   

Resp​ i​ ratory​ ​ S​y​stem    Function:  inhaling/breathing in fresh air, exchanging harmful carbon dioxide for life-sustaining oxygen between tiny air  sacs of the lungs and the bloodstream, and exhaling old, stale air    Vocabular​y​:  trachea- allows air to travel to and from the lungs bronchi- passageways for air inside the lungs where fresh  oxygen and harmful carbon dioxide are exchanged ventilation- the process by which air moves into and out of  the lungs respiration- the process of gas exchange  respiratory rate- the number of breaths that a  person takes in a minute pharynx- the passageway through which air, food and liquids travel glottis-  the space between the vocal cords alveolar- tiny structures that resemble branches of grapes apex- the  peak of each of the lungs diaphragm- a dome-shaped structure between the thoracic and abdominal    Ke​y​ Terms:  bronch/o- bronchus cyan/o- bluelaryng/o- larynx -oxia- oxygen pleur/o- pleura  pneum/o- lung   pulmon/o- lung thorac/o- chest   trachea/o- trachea  Diseases:  hyperventilation- condition in which breathing is faster and deeper than normal  bronchospasm- sudden, involuntary contractions in the bronchi  cyanosis- condition of bluish tint to the skin due to lack of oxygen circulation to the body tissues  pleural effusion- the escape of fluid in the pleural cavity due to excessive fluid buildup in the pleural  space, common in conditions such a pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and disease of the liver or  the kidney    Careers:  perfusionist- a vital part of the surgical team during open-heart surgery who work  in hospitals or surgery centers and manages a heart-lung machine during operations  when a patient’s heart must be stopped and can administer blood products and  medications and control the patient’s body temperature; either a bachelor’s degree or  60 to 80 hours of college credit including science prerequisites, some choose to earn  a master’s degree or a certificate in perfusion, pass exam from ABCP  thoracic surgeon- medical doctor who performs surgical procedures on organs in the  chest that treat respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema as well as performing surgeries  such as lung transplants, lobectomies, and pneumonectomy; graduation from an accredited medical school,  completing a five year general surgery residency, and two to three tear of residency 

Dig​ ​estive Sy​ ​stem    Function:  indigestion (intake of food), digestion (breakdown of food), absorption ( nutrients leave the digestive tract and  enter the bloodstream), and elimination (the getting rid of solid waste that isn’t needed)    Vocabulary​ :​   uvula- finger-like projection of tissue that hands from the soft palate tongue- muscular organ attached to  the roof of the mouth  pharynx- throat esophagus- mucous membrane-lined muscular tube that  connects the pharynx to the stomach fundus- upper rounded portion of the stomach chyme- gastric  juices mixed with partially digested food amylase- helps breakdown sugar lipase- helps break down fat  protease- helps break down proteinsinsulin- hormone that aids in absorption of sugar    Ke​y​ Terms:  cholecyst/o- gallbladder enter/o- small intestine col/o, colon/o- large intestine hepat/o- liver  gastr/o- stomach   or/o- mouth -pepsia- digestion chol/e- gall proct/o-   Diseases:  anorexia nervosa- self-deprivation of food and pathological weight loss  bulimia- gorging with food and then purging in a cycle  enteritis- inflammation of the intestines characterized by diarrhea  hernia- protrusion of an organ or structure through the muscle that normally  contains it    Careers:  gastroenterologist- physician who specializes in diseases and conditions of the  digestive system, like GERD, ulcers, colon cancer, etc and is also known as an internal  medicine doctor; four year college degree, four years of medical school, a three year  residency in internal medicine, a three year fellowship in gastroenterology, and a  board certification from the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American  College of Gastroenterology  registered dietician- supervises the preparation and serving of food in any variety of  settings, for example, hospitals long-term care facilities, and school, and work with  patients to develop therapeutic diets and educate them about adopting nutritional  habits for optimum health and wellness; bachelor’s degree involving coursework in chemistry, anatomy and  physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, food and nutrition sciences, and food-service systems management, RD  credit, dietetic internship, pass the CDR registration examination for Dieticians, and apply for a licenses or  certificate   

Urinar​y​ S​ys​ tem    Function:  filtration (separate metabolic waste from blood), waste storage and excretion (stores urine and excretes it),  hormone production (kidneys produce hormones), and homeostasis     Vocabulary​ ​:  filtrate- filtered out water, sugar, salts, amino acids, etc after renal tubule urinary tract- bodys plumbing  system renal cortex- outer layer of the kidneys glomerulus- cluster of capillaries in the shape of a tiny  knot or ball urea- waste product of proteins broken down by the liver renal tubule- long, twisted tube  attached to the Bowman’s capsule secretion- waste products along with some water are excreted from the  body medullary pyramids- triangle-shaped tissue sections in the renal medulla urinary bladder- hollow,  muscular organ to store urine ureters- two narrow tubes that transport urine     Ke​y​ Terms:  -cele- hernia -lysis- breakdown cyst/o- cyst nephr/o- kidney ren/o- kidney  -uria- urination -pexy- surgical fixation -ectasis- dilation   pyel/o- renal pelvis  Diseases:  diabetes- a condition characterized by excessive amounts of urine  interstitial cystitis- chronic inflammation of the bladder wall  polycystic kidney disease- development of cysts in the kidney leading to an  enlargement and impaired function of the kidney  renal failure- condition in which kidney disease or damage results in impaired  filtration of waste products in the blood    Careers:  dialysis technician- operates machines that remove metabolic waste products and  excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys are not functioning properly  and works directly with patients with the supervision of a nurse or physician as  well as monitoring patients’ vital signs and weight; technical diploma program, an  associate’s degree program at a community college or dialysis technician training at  a hospital, and take an exam to be certified by BONENT and NNCO at both the state  and national level  urologist- a physician who specializes in diseases of the urinary system and male’s  reproductive tract and generally works with both medical patients requiring and not  requiring surgery; four year undergraduate degree, four years of medical school, internship and residency  program in urology, exam by American Board of Urology for license 

Male Re​p​roductive S​y​stem    Function:  the male reproductive system is to facilitate conception, or the fertaliozation of the female sex cell by sperm  and produce hormones    Vocabulary​ :​   gonads- the glands responsible for producing gametes semen- sperm-containing fluid that is expelled from  the penis during sexual intercourse prostate gland- secretes a thick fluid that lowers the acidity of semen   ejaculation- process of expelling semen from the penis circumcision- fold of the skin on the tip of the penis is  removed glans penis- soft- sensitive area at the distal end of the penis erection- the penis becomes  enlarged and stiff during sexual intercourse flagellum- tail tht\\at allows the sperm to swim up the female  vagina testosterone- hormone responsible for the male secondary sex characteristics    Ke​y​ Terms:  orchid/o- testicle prostat/o- prostate gland    Diseases:  erectile dysfunction- inability of a male to achieve or maintain a penile erection  prostate cancer- malignant tumor of the prostate  genital warts- warts on the shaft of the penis  infertility- condition in which a couple is unable to achieve pregnancy after a year or more of trying    Careers:  pharmacist- focus on safe and effective medical use by preparing and  dispensing prescription medications and may provide health screenings and  administer some vaccines and flu shots as well as overseeing patient  medication lists as well as ensuring that the medication can be safely taken  together; undergraduate degree then acceptance into doctoral degree program  for a PhD in pharmacology  Oncologist- involved with the diagnosing, course of treatment, and follow up of  a patient with cancer and providing patients with comfort if the treatment  fails, some areas of oncology are radiation, surgical, medical, gynecologic, and  pediatric oncology; undergraduate degree, medical school,internship           

Female Reproductive System    Function:  produce new life and hormones as well as preparing the body for the process and effects of childbirth     Vocabulary​ :​   ovulation- ovum is released from the ovaries and can be fertilized conception- the fusion of an egg and  sperm zygote- united ovum and sperm menstruation- monthly shedding of the innermost layer of the  uterus dilation- the process of the cervix opening up during childbirth breech birth- the feet or buttocks of a  baby presents first in childbirth contractions- help to move the fetus out of the uterus, into the vagina,  then out of the body during childbirth placenta- spongy, blood-filled organ that provides nourishment for  the fetus  premature- when a child is born before 37 weeks of gestation colostrum- secreted from the  mother’s breasts and is a thin, yellow fluid that provides rich nutrition that helps fortify the infant’s immune  system    Ke​y​ Terms:  cervic/o- neck salping/o- fallopian tube ov/o- ovum oophor/o- ovary men/o- menses    mamm/o- breast gynec/o- female colp/o- vagina     Diseases:  miscarriage- loss of a fetus before it is viable  ovarian cancer- cancerous tumor of the ovaries   mastalgia- pain in the breast  infertility- condition in which a couple is unable to achieve pregnancy after a  year or more of trying    Careers:  obstetrician/gynecologist- provides healthcare for a women for pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal care and  focuses on the care of the female reproductive organs and the treatment of associated diseases as well as  training and practicing as gynecological oncologists or perform surgeries; bachelor's degree followed by four  years of medical school and going through a residency program where they  complete four more years of advanced training and a three year long  fellowship  doula- assist in a birthing family before, during, and after childbirth going as  far as providing emotional support by easing the transition from the home  to the hospital and also serves as a labor coach during some situations;  length of training for a doula varies from one institution to another   

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