Ãm≥tU¿Uv X `mKw - -1 tIc-f-k¿°m¿ s]mXphnZym`- ymk- h- I- p∏v kwÿm\\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw 2019
tZio-b-Km\\w P\\-K-W-a-\\- -A-[n-\\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°e- - _wK- m, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\\mKwKm, D—e Pe[- nXc- wKm, Xhi- p`- \\- mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\\K- W- a- wK- e- Z- mb- I Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm, Pbt- l, Pbt- l, Pbt- l, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl! {]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPyØ- ns- ‚bpw Fs‚ \\m´pI- mc- ps- Sbpw t£aØ- n\\pw sFizc- yØ- n\\- pw- th≠n {]bXv\\n°pw.
{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf, \\mw hkn-°p∂ `qan F{X-am{Xw sshhn-[y-]q¿Whpw Ne-\\m-fl-I-hp- ams- W∂v CXnt- \\mS- Iw \\n߃°v a\\ - ne- m°- m≥ Ign™- n´- p≠- v. {]Ir- Xnb- nse sshhn[- yß- sf a\\pj- yc- mi- nb- psS ]ptcmK- X- n°v DXIpwhn[w D]t- bmK- s- ∏S- pØ- m≥ kmt¶X- nI- h- nZ- yb- psS hct- hmsS \\ap°v Ign™- n- ´p-≠v. \\ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, aÆv F∂nh-sb- °pd- n®v BgØ- n¬ ]cnN- b- s- ∏S- m\\pw `qani- mk- v{XØ- n¬ ]pØ≥ kmt¶- Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ Fßs\\ {]tbm-P-\\-s∏-SpØmw F∂- Xns\\°pdn-®v- kmam-\\y-[m-cW t\\Sm\\pw Ign-bpw-hn-[-amWv ]Ømw ¢mknse ]mT-`m-K-߃ Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. am\\-h-hn`h hnI-k\\w A\\n- hm-cy-amb Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wt√m \\mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. \\mw \\nc-¥cw CS-s]-Sp∂ kaq-lw, kaq-l-Ønse kmº-ØnIhn\\n-abw, _m¶p-Iƒ, Ahb- psS {]h¿Ø\\- ß- ƒ, tZiob- h- c- pa- m\\w F∂o Bib- ß- fpw Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw N¿® sNøp-∂p. ka{K F∂ FUyp-t°-j-W¬ t]m¿´epw Iyp.B¿.-tImUv tcJ-s∏- Sp-Ønb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ¢mkvdqw ]T-\\-{]-h¿Ø-\\-߃ Bbm-k- c-ln-Xhpw ck-I-chpw B°nXo¿°pw. tZio-b-sXm-gn¬ ss\\]pWn N´- °q-Spw (NSQF) Imen-I-{]-k-‡n-bp≈ Zpc-¥-\\n-hm-c-Wam¿K-ßfpw sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn®mWv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn- bn-´p-≈-Xv. Adnhpw kt¥m-jhpw {]Zm\\w sNøp∂Xpw Pohn-X-K-‘n- bpamb ]T-\\m-\\p-`-h-ß-ƒ Bkz-Zn®v AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØv sIm≠v Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°p-hm≥ \\n߃°m-h-s´. IqSp- X¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzt_m[-tØmsS {]Ir-Xnb-n¬ CS-s]-Sm\\pw Npa-X-em- t_m-[-ap≈ ]uc-∑m-cmbn amdm\\pw \\nßsf Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw klm- bn-°p-sa-∂p- hnizkn°p-∂p. kvt\\lmiw-kI-tfmsS tUm. sP. {]kmZv Ubd- I- vS¿, Fkv.k- n.C- .B- ¿.Sn.
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of Education, Government of Kerala
01. EXp-t`-Z-ßfpw ka-bhpw....................................... 07- - 02. Im‰ns‚ Dd-hnSw tXSn.......................................... 20 03. am\\hhn`htijn hnI-k\\w C¥y-bn¬...................... 36 04. `qX-e-hn-i-I-e-\\w `q]-S-ß-fn-eqsS ............................ 49 05. s]mXpsNehpw s]mXphcp-am-\\hpw......................... 72
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ ]T\\kuIcyØn\\mbn Nne Nn”߃ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p. A[nIhmb\\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\\v hnt[bamt°≠Xn√ ]T-\\-]p-tcm-KXn \\n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃ {]h¿Ø\\-߃ hnebncpج tNmZy-߃ XpS¿{]h¿Ø\\߃
Ime¯- n\\\\- pk- c- n¨v {]IrXn Hcp¡p¶ hnkvab- §- Ä A\\- h[- nb- mWv. sImSpw ssiXy¯- nsâ ]nSnb- ne- a- À¶v kIe- Xpw aªpaqSp¶ Ime-amWv ssiXy-Im-ew. ssiXy-Imew ]n³hm§- p¶- t- XmsS ]pÂ\\m¼- pI- fpw hr£¯- e¸- pI- f- p- saÃmw sasà hopw ]¨¸- W- nb- p¶- p. \\m\\mh- ÀW§- f- n CeI- fpw ]q¡f- ps- ams¡bmbn hk´w h¶W- b- p¶- p. hk- ´-¯nsâ tXtcm-«-¯n\\v Ah[n \\ÂIn-s¡mv th\\¡mew hs¶¯- p¶- p. I\\¯ th\\ÂNqS- n\\v Bizm- kt- aIn \\o ag¡- me- h- pw. XpSÀ¶v Ces]mgnbpw Imea- m- bn. FÃm hr£¯- e- ¸- pI- fpw GXm\\pw BgvNI- Ä sImv kIe Ce-Ifpw s]mgn¡p¶p; hcm³ t]mIp¶ ssiXys¯ hct- h¡m\\- pÅ Xbms- dS- p¸- v. AXm hopw ssiXyw F¯pI- b- mb- n. C\\n amk§- t- fmfw sImSpw XWp- ¸mWv. {]IrX- n Hcp¡- p¶ Cu hnkvab¡mgvNI- Ä a[y A£mwi- §- f- ne- mWv Gsd {]IS- a- mI- p¶- X- v. HcnS- ¯v \\«p¨ Bbnc- n¡- pt- ¼mÄ asämc- nS- ¯v AÀ[c- m{Xn. `qan-bn Htckabw cp Znh-k-§Ä! Ime-¯nsâ amb- ¡mg- vNI- Ä t]mse sshhn[yw \\ndª- X- mW- v temI¯v kab- ¯- nsâ {Iahpw. Ime-¯nsâ amä-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ipdn¸v hmbn-¨ntÃ. aªp-Im-ehpw th\\¡m-ehpw hÀj-Imehpw amdn-amdn hcp-¶Xpw {]Ir-Xnbn AXn- \\-\\p-kr-X-amb amä§fp-m-Ip-¶Xpw \\ap¡v A\\p-`-h-¯n-eqsS t_m[y- am-W-tÃm. Ime-¯nsâ Cu amä-§sf EXp-t`-Z-§Ä F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p.
Ìm³tUÀUv X a¬kq-Wnsâ cq]wsImÅ-en\\p ]n¶n ]e LS-I-§-fp-v. Ah-bn Nne-XmWv $ kqcysâ Ab\\w I\\IsIsI\\-bmmmhämmfmp¯SynI--Wp-Zw¯- f-mvtbp-kZ{sb-XYnSis!bmâs-aÀv¡-smY-dI¯-tpp¶b¶aLnnpÂÂaF-k¬kI¶-tmkteµµ`¯-qiim¬hwwn-- $ tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`mhw $ X]-\\-¯nse hyXym-k-§Ä F¶n-h. A¨pX- - nsâ Ncnh- p\\- na- n¯w kqcycivanI- Ä Nne amk- §-fn `qa-[y-tc-Jbv¡p hS¡mbn-cn¡pw ew_-ambn ]Xn-¡p-I. CXv Cu {]tZi-§-fn Xm]-\\ne hÀ[n-¡p- sX¡p]S- nª- md- ³ ¶-Xn\\v Imc-W-amIpw. AXn-\\-\\p-k-cn¨v aÀZ-ta-J-e- a¬kq¬ Imäv IÄ¡pw hS-t¡m«v t\\cnb tXmXn Øm\\-am-ä-ap-m- Ipw. D¯-cmÀ[tKm-f-¯nse th\\¡m-e¯v a[y-tc- Jm-\\yq-\\-aÀZ-ta-Je (CâÀ t{Sm¸n-¡Â I¬hÀP³kv tkm¬, ITCZ) hS-t¡m«v \\o§p-t¼mÄ sX¡p-In-g-¡³ hmWnP- yh- mX- §- fpw a[yt- cJ IS¶v hSt- ¡m«p \\o§pw. a[y-tcJ IS-¡p-¶-tXmsS sX¡p-In-g-¡³ hmWnPyhmX-§Ä tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`mhw aqew Znim- hy-Xn-bm\\w kw`-hn¨v sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Imäp-I-fmbn cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¡p-¶p. DbÀ¶ ]I¨qSv hS¡pIng¡- ³ \\nan¯w Ic-bpsS apI-fn cq]w-sImÅp¶ \\yq\\-aÀZw a¬kq¬ Imäv kap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-¯n-eqsS hoip¶ Cu Imäp-Isf A- t§m-t«¡v BIÀjn-¡p-¶Xpw sX¡p]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Imäp-IÄ¡v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. D¯-cmÀ[tKmf-¯nse h³I-c-IÄ¡v ta ssiXy-Im- e¯v D¨aÀZ-ta-J-e-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ ^e-ambn Gjymh- ³Ic- bv¡p apIf- n D¨a- ÀZhpw C´y³ almk- a- p{- Z¯- n\\p apI- fn \\yq\\-aÀZhpw cq]wsImÅp-¶p. CXv hS¡pIng-¡³ hmWn-Py-hm- X-§Ä iàn {]m]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\\n-S-bm-¡pw. CXmWv hS¡pIng-¡³ a¬kq¬ Imäp-IÄ. Hcp hÀj-¯n-\\p-Ån Imänsâ Zni hn]-co-X-am-Ip¶ a¬kq¬ F¶ {]Xn-`mkw t_m[y-am-btÃm. Ic-¡m-äpw IS¡mäpw Htc {]tZ-i¯p Xs¶ cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw A\\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ A´-co-£- aÀZw hyXy-kvX-am-sW¶v \\n§Ä a\\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«p--tÃm. AXp- t]mse Icbpw ISepw kqcyXm]-t¯mSv {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶Xp Hcp-t]m- se-b-Ã. Ic s]s«¶v NqSm-hp-Ibpw s]s«¶pXs¶ XWp-¡p-Ibpw Imänsâ Dd-hnSw tXSn 31
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