Essential-Grammar-in-Use-4th-fooji.ir_

C a m b r id g e Essentiat Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for elementary learners of English Fourth Edition with answers Raymond Murphy

Essential Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for elementary learners of English Fourth Edition with answ ers Raymond Murphy H i C a m b r id g e UNIVERSITY PRESS

C am b r id g e UNIVERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/essentialgrammarinuse Fourth Edition © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Essential Grammar in Use first published 1990 Or Fourth edition 2015 -^ ^ Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-48055-1 Edition with answers ISBN 978-1-107-48053-7Edition with answers andInteractive eBook ISBN 978-1-107-48056-8Edition without answers ISBN 978-1-107-48061-2Edition with Supplementary Exercises ISBN 978-1-107-48060-5 Interactive eBook Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

Contents Acknowledgements vii To the student viii To the teacher x Present 1 am/is/are 2 am/is/are (questions) 3 I am doing (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 I do/work/like etc. (present simple) 6 I d o n 't... (present simple negative) 7 Do y o u ...? (present simple questions) 8 I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple) 9 I have ... and I've g o t... Past 10 was/were 11 worked/got/went e tc (past simple) 12 I d id n 't... Did y o u ...? (past simple negative and questions) 13 I was doing (past continuous) 14 I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple) Present perfect 15 I have done (present perfect 1) 16 I've ju s t ... I've alread y... I haven't... yet (present perfect 2) 17 Have you e v e r... ? (present perfect 3) 18 How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) 19 for since ago 20 I have done (present perfect) and I did (past) Passive 21 is done was done (passive 1) 22 is being done has been done (passive 2) Verb form s 23 be/have/do in present and past tenses 24 Regular and irregular verbs Future 25 W hat are you doing tomorrow? 26 I'm going to ... 27 will/shall 1 28 will/shall 2 IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 iii

Modals, imperative etc. 29 might 30 can and could 31 must mustn't don't need to 32 should 33 I have to ... 34 Would you like ... ? I'd like ... 35 Do this! Don't do that! Let's do this! 36 I used to ... There and it there will be 37 there is there are 38 there was/were there has/have been 39 It ... Auxiliary verbs 40 I am, I don't e tc 41 Have you? Are you? Don't you? e tc 42 too/either so am I / neither do I e tc 43 isn't, haven't, don't etc (negatives) Questions 44 is i t ... ? have you ... ? do they ... ? etc (questions 1) 45 Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) 46 Who is she talking to? W hat is it like? (questions 3) 47 W h a t... ? W hich ... ? How ... ? (questions 4) 48 How long does it take ... ? 49 Do you know where ... ? I don't know w h a t... e tc Reported speech 50 She said t h a t ... He told me t h a t ... -mg and t o ... 51 work/working go/going do/doing 52 to ... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing) 53 I want you to ... I told you to ... 54 I went to the shop to ... Co, get, do, make and have go -ing 55 go to ... go on ... go f o r ... 56 get 57 do and make 58 have Pronouns and possessives 59 I/me he/him they/them e tc 60 my/his/their etc 61 Whose is this? It's mine/yours/hers etc 62 l/me/my/mine 63 myself/yourself/themselves etc. 64 -'s (Kate's camera / my brother's car etc.) iv IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GU\\DE OH PAGE 273

A and the 65 a/an ... 66 train(s) bus(es) (singular and plural) 67 a bottle / some water (countable/uncountable 1) 68 a cake / some cake / some cakes (countable/uncountable 2) 69 a/an and the 70 th e ... 71 go to work go home go to the cinema 72 I like music I hate exams 73 the ... (names of places) Determiners and pronouns 74 this/that/these/those 75 one/ones 76 some and any 77 not + any no none 78 not + anybody/anyone/anything nobody/no-one/nothing 79 somebody/anything/nowhere e tc 80 every and all 81 all most some any no/none 82 both either neither 83 a lot much many 84 (a) little (a) few Adjectives and adverbs 85 old/nice/interesting etc (adjectives) 86 quickly/badly/suddenly e tc (adverbs) 87 old/older expensive / more expensive 88 older than ... more expensive than ... 89 not as ... as 90 the oldest the most expensive 91 enough 92 too Word order 93 He speaks English very well, (word order 1) 94 always/usually/often e tc (word order 2) 95 still yet already 96 Give me that book! Give it to me! Conjunctions and clauses 97 and but or so because 98 When ... 99 If we g o ... If you s e e ... e tc 100 If I h a d ... If we w e n t... e tc 101 a person who ... a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1) 102 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2) IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 V

Prepositions 103 at 8 o'clock on Monday in April 104 fro m ... to until since for 105 before after during while 106 in at on (places 1) 107 in at on (places 2) 108 to in at (places 3) 109 under behind, opposite etc 110 up, over, through etc 111 on at by with about 112 afraid o f . . . , good a t ... etc of/at/for e tc (prepositions) + -ing 113 listen to . . . , look a t ... e tc (verb + preposition) Phrasal verbs 114 go in, fall off, run away etc (phrasal verbs 1) 115 put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) Appendices Active and passive 243 251 Appendix 1 List of irregular verbs 244 Appendix 2 Irregular verbs in groups 245 Appendix 3 Short forms (he's / I'd / don't e tc) 246 Appendix 4 Spelling 248 Appendix 5 Phrasal verbs (take off / give up e tc) 250 Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs + object (put out a fire / give up your job e tc) Appendix 7 Additional exercises 252 Study guide 271 Key to Exercises 283 310 Key to Additional exercises Key to Study guide 313 Index 315 vi IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271

To the student (working without a teacher) This is a grammar book for elementary Contents students of English. There are 115 units in the book and each unit is about a different point of English grammar. There is a list of units at the beginning of the book (Contents). Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is better to choose the units that you need to do. For exam ple if you have a problem with the present perfect (/ have been, he has done etc.), study Units 15-20. Use the Contents or the Index (at the back of the book) to find the unit (or units) that you need. If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide at the back of the book. Study guide (pages 271-282) VIII

Each unit is two pages. I am doing (present continuous) i The information is on the left-hand page and |i the exercises are on the right: Information Exercises Study the left-hand page (information); and then Appendix 3 do the exercises on the right-hand page. Irregular verbs in groups Use the Key to check your answers. The Key is on pages 283-309. Study the left-hand page again if necessary. Don't forget the seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 243-251). These will give you information about active and passive forms; irregular verbs, short forms; spelling and phrasal verbs. There are also Additional exercises at the back of the book (pages 252-270). There is a list of these exercises on page 252.

To the teacher The most important features of this book are: O It is a grammar book. It does not deal with other aspects of the language. O It is for elementary learners. It does not cover areas of grammar which are not normally taught at elementary level. O It is a reference book with exercises. It is not a course book and is not organised progressively. O It is addressed to learners and intended for self-study. Organisation of the book There are 115 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grammar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Contents and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book. Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. TTie grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 243-251) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students' attention to these. A t the back of the book there is a set of Additional exercises (pages 252-270). These exercises provide 'mixed' practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (especially those concerning verb forms). There are 35 exercises in this section and there is a full list on page 252. Also at the back of the book there is a Study guide to help students decide which units to study - see page 271. Finally, there is a Key (pages 283-309) for students to check their answers to all the exercises in the book. An edition without the Study guide and Key is available for teachers who would prefer it for their students. Level The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but not for complete beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the early stages of a beginners' course. It could also be used by low-intermediate learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of basic grammar. The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level. Using the book The book can be used by students working alone (see To the student) or as supplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book. When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice. In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for teachers to present the grammar point in their preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student. Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice. x

Unit 1 am/is/are (M y name is Lisa. 0\\Ay favourite colour is blue.^ M y favourite sports are (rm Am erican. I'm from Chicag ^ football and swimming. ^. j /*■ J ’m interested in art.\") U ’m a student. ( j^ T n o t interested in politics.^ LISA M y father is a doctor and my m other is a journalisIt. f positive negative I am (I'm) 1 am not (I'm not) he (he's) he (he's not or he isn't) she is (she's) she is not (she's not or she isn't) (it's) (it's not or it isn't) it it we (we're) we (we're not or we aren't) you (you're not or you aren't) you are (you're) they are not (they're not or they aren't) they (they're) shortform sh ortform s I'm cold. Can you close the window, please? I'm 32 years old. M y sister is 29. Steve is ill. He's in bed. My brother is scared of dogs. It's ten o'clock. You're late again. Ann and I are good friends. Your keys are on the table. I'm tired, but I'm not hungry. Lisa isn't interested in politics. She's interested in art. James isn't a teacher. He's a student. Those people aren't English. They're Australian. It's sunny today, but it isn't warm. that's = that is there's = there is here's = here is your key/ O Thank you. That's very kind of you. O Look! There's Chris. 'Here's your key.' 'Thank you.' ( am/is/are (questions) -» Unit 2 there is/are -» Unit 37 a/an -» Unit 65 short forms -» Appendix 4 }

Exercises Write the short form (she's / we aren't etc.). 1 she is sh e 's 3 it is n o t 5 I am not ......................... 4 that is 6 you are n o t ........................... 2 they a re ....................................... Write am, is or are. 1 The w eather is nice today. 5 Look! T h e re Helen. 2 I not rich. 6 My brother and I good tennis players. 3 This bag.................. heavy. 7 Em ily at home. Her children at school. 4 These bags heavy. 8 I a taxi driver. My sister a nurse. f B Complete the sentences. 1 Steve is ill H a s in bed. 2 I'm not hungry, b u t...............................thirsty. 3 M r Thomas is a very old man..................................... 98. 4 These chairs aren't beautiful, b u t.................................comfortable. 5 The weather is nice today........... ........................ warm and sunny. 6.....'............................. late.' 'No, I'm not. I'm early!' 7 Catherine isn't at home....................................at work. 8.....'............................. your coat.' 'Oh, thank you verymuch.' <9 Look at Lisa's sentences in 1A. Now write sentences about yourself. 1 (name?) M y 5 (favourite colour or colours?) 2 (age?) I ................................................................................. M y ................................................................................. 3 (from?) I ................................................................................. 4 (job?) I .................................................................................. 6 (interested in ... ?) I ....................................................................................... Write sentences for the pictures. Use: t h irsty angry cold hot hungry scared 2 They Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use is/isn't or are/aren't. 1 (it / hot today).............................j.tjsn’t hot to d a y , or It’s. hpt.tpday, 2 (it / windy today) I t .............................................................................. 3 (my hands / cold) M y .......................................................................... 4 (Brazil / a very big country) ................................................................................. 5 (diamonds / cheap)................. ................................................................................. 6 (Toronto / in the US)................... ........................................................................................................ Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use I'm / I'm not. 7 (tired)............................................ta.Tjred, or Im .n o ttlred ,.................... 8 (hungry) I ............................................................................... 9 (a good swimmer)................... ................................................................................. 10 (interested in football) ................................................................................. Additional exercise 1 (page 252)

Unit am/is/are (questions) 2 positive question ^ ^ W h a t's your name?^ am is am I? ^^A re you married?^ are he? ( n o , I'm not.^^ is she? ^ ^How old are youT) dy it? ^^Are you a student?^ we? are you? they? ^Yes, I a m . ^ 'Am I late?' 'No, you're on time.' Is your mother at home?' No, she's out.' Are your parents at home?' No, they're out.' 'Is it cold in your room?' 'Yes, a little.' Your shoes are nice. Are they new? We say: O Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? (not Is at home your mother?) O Are they new? / Are your shoes new?(not Are new your shoes?) Where... ? / W h a t... ? / Who ... ? / How ... ? / Why ... ? O Where is your mother? Is she at home? , O 'Where are you from?' 'Canada.' O 'What colour is your car?' 'It's red.' O 'How old is Joe?' 'He's 24.' O How are your parents? Are they well? O These shoes are nice. How much are they? O This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive? what's = what is who's = who is how's = how is where's = where is O What's the time? O Who's that man? O Where's Lucy? O How's your father? Short answers I am. I'm he he's he she is. Yes, it she's she isn't. No, it's not. or it we're No, we we you they are. you're you aren't. they're they O Are you tired?' Yes, I am.' O 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I'm not, but I'm thirsty.' O Is your friend English?' Yes, he is.' O 'Are these your keys?' Yes, they are.' O That's my seat.' No, it isn't.' f am/is/are Unit 1 questions Unit 44 what/which/how Unit 47

Exercises Find the right answers for the questions. Where's the camera? A London. 1G Is your car blue? B No, I'm not. 2 Is Kate from London? C Yes, you are. 3 Am I late? D My sister. 4 Where's Am y from? E Black. 5 W hat colour is your bag? F No, it's black. 6 Are you hungry? G In your bag. 7 How is George? H No, she's American. 8 Who's that woman? I Very well. 9 Make questions with these words. 1 (is / at home / your mother) !.s your m o th e r.at home.. (your parents / are / well) Aroypur. par.ont5.w o........... (interesting / is / your job) ............................................................. (the shops / are / open today) ............................................................. (from / where / you / are) .............................................................. (interested in sport / you / are) .............................................................. (is / near here / the station) ............................................... .......... (at school / are / your children) .............................................................. (you / are / late / why) .............................................................. Complete the questions. Use W h a t... / Who ... / Where ... / How . . . . Write the questions. r ..... - . -i. /I PAUL G Pr\\aul.. A / G\\ 1 (nam e7) W hat’s your nam e? 2 (American?) ............................................................................................................ No, I'm Australian. 3 (how old?) ............................................................................................................... I'm 30. 4 (a teacher?) .............................................................................................................. No, I'm a lawyer. 5 (married?) ................................................................................................................ Yes, 1am. 6 (wife a lawyer?) ..................................................................................................... No, she's a designer. 7 (from?) ....................................................................................................................... She's Italian. 8 (her name?) ............................................................................................................ Anna. 9 (how old?) ............................................................................................................... v She's 27. J Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't, etc.). 1 Are you married? N o J’m n o t, 4 Are your hands cold? 2 Are you thirsty? ................................................................ 5 Is it dark now? ............... 3 Is it cold today? ................................................................. 6 Are you a teacher? ... ►Additional exercises 1-2 (pages 252-53)

She's eating. It's raining. They're running. She isn't reading. The sun isn't shining. They aren't walking. The present continuous is: am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing etc. I am (not) o I'm working. I'm not watching TV. o Maria is reading a newspaper. he -ing o She isn't eating, (or She's not eating.) she is (not) o The bus is coming. o We're having dinner. it o You're not listening to me. (or You aren't listening o The children are doing their homework. we are (not) you they am/is/are + -ing = something is happening now: I'm working she's wearing a hat they're playing football I'm not watching TV past now future O Please be quiet. I'm working. (= I'm working now) O Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now) O The weather is nice. It's not raining. O 'Where are the children?' 'They're playing in the park.' O (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can I call you later? O You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it. Spelling (—>Appendix 5): come —>coming write —» writing dance —>dancing run —» running sit —» sittingswim —>swimming lie —» lying am/is/are ^ Unit 1 are you doing? (questions) ^ Unit 4 I am doing and I do Unit 8 What are you doing tomorrow? Unit 25____________________________________________________

Exercises G> What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences: -eat have lie play sit wait BUS STOP 1 S h e s e a tln g an apple. 4 ............................................................................on the floor. 5 .................................................................................. breakfast. 2 H e .............................................................................for a bus. 6 on the table. 3 They football. g g i Complete the sentences. Use these verbs: stay swim work build cook go have stand 1 Please be quiet. I ’m working....... 2 'Where’s John?' 'He's in the kitchen. H e .................................................................' 3 'Y o u .............................................................. on my foot.' 'Oh, I'm sorry.' 4 Look! Som ebody................................................................ in the river. 5 We're here on holiday. W e ................................................................at the Central Hotel. 6 ‘Where's Sue?' 'Sh e .............................................................. a shower.’ 7 T h e y .............................................................a new hotel in the city centre at the moment. 8 I ................................................................ now. Goodbye. Look at the picture. Write sentences about Jane. Use She’s -ing or She isn't -ing. 1 (have dinner) Ja n e isn 't having dinner..... 2 (watch T V ) S h e s watching TV,..................... n1 3 (sit on the floor) S h e ................................................ 4 (read a book) ................................................................ 5 (play the piano) ........................................................... 6 (laugh)................................................................................... 7 (wear a hat) .................................................................... 8 (drink coffee) ................................................................ Jane W hat’s happening now? Write true sentences. 1 (I / wash / my hair) Im no t washing my hair................................... 2 (it / snow) It ’s snowing, or It js n ’t snowing, 3 (I / sit / on a chair) .............................................................................................. 4 (I / eat) .............................................................................................. 5 (it/ ra in ).................................................................................................................................... 6 (I / learn / English) .............................................................................................. 7 (I / listen / to music) .............................................................................................. 8 (the sun / shine) .............................................................................................. 9 (I / wear / shoes) .............................................................................................. 10 (I / read / a newspaper) .............................................................................................. 17

Unit are you doing? (present continuous questions) 4 positive question 1 am am 1 he doing he doing is she working she is working going it staying it going we etc. we staying are you you are etc. they they O 'Are you feeling OK?' 'Yes, I'm fine, thanks.' O 'Is it raining?' 'Yes, take an umbrella.' O W hy are you wearing a coat? It's not cold. O 'What's Paul doing?' 'He's studying for his exams.' O 'W hat are the children doing?' 'They're watching TV.' O Look, there's Emily! Where's she going? O W ho are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue? Study the word order: is/are + subject + -ing Is he working today? Is Ben working today? (not Is working Ben today?) Where are they going? Where are those people going? (not Where are going those people?) Short answers 1 am. I'm he he's not. he isn't. she is. she's aren't. Yes, it No, it's she we are. we're it you you're No, they they're we you they O 'Are you going now?' 'Yes, I am.' O 'Is Ben working today?' 'Yes, he is.' O Is it raining?' No, it isn't.' O 'Are your friends staying at a hotel?' 'No, they aren't. They're staying with me.' f I am doing Unit 3 What are you doing tomorrow? -fr Unit 25 questions -fr Units 44-47

Exercises Make questions from these words. Put the words in the right order. 1 (is / working / Ben / today) .................................. 2 (what / the children / are / doing) W h a ta r e t M .Q h M r m .M m 3 (you / are / listening / to me) .................................................................................... 4 (w h e re /yo u r frie n d s/a re /g o in g ) ....................................................................... 5 (are / watching / your parents / T V ) .................................................................... 6 (what / Jessica / is / cooking) ..................................................................................... 7 (why / you / are / looking / at me) ........................................................................ 8 (is / coming / the bus) ................................................................................................... Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't, etc.). 1 Are you watching TV? NoJ.’m n o t, 4 Is it raining? .................................... 2 Are you wearing a watch? ........................................ 5 Are you sitting on the floor? 3 Are you eating something? ...................................... 6 Are you feeling well? ............... -♦ Additional exercise 3 (page 253) 19

Unit 5 I do/work/like etc. (present simple) They have a lot of books. He’s eating an ice cream. They read a lot. He likes ice cream. They read / he likes / 1work etc. = the present simple: l/we/you/they read like work live watch do have does has he/she/it reads likes works lives watches Remember: he works / she lives / it rains etc. O I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. My brother work) O Lucy lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland. O It rains a lot in winter. I have —>he/she/it has: O Joe has a shower every day. Spelling (—» Appendix 5): -es after -s / -sh / -ch: pass —» passes finish —>finishes watch -» watches -y — also: stu>ide-ise:s stturydy—>tries do -» does go -> goes We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the time: O I like big cities. O Your English is good. You speak very well. O Tom works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening. O The earth goes round the sun. o . We do a lot of different things in our free time. o It costs a lot of money to build a hospital. always/never/often/usually/sometimes + present simple O Sue always gets to work early, (not Sue gets always) O I never eat breakfast, (not I eat never) □ We often go away at weekends. O Mark usually plays football on Sundays. O I sometimes walk to work, but not very often. 20 I don’t ... (negative) ^ Unit 6 Do you ... ? (questions) ■ Unit 7 I am doing and I do Unit 8 always/usually/often etc. (w ord order) Unit 94

Exercises Write these verbs with -s or -es. 1 (read) sh e re ad s 3 (fly) it 5 (have) she. 6 (finish) it 2 (think) h e ........................................ 4 (dance) h e ....................................... Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures. Use: eat go live play play sleep 'CC ^ I GD, SEVEN HOURS ANIGHT r Z 1 He p la ys......................the piano. 4 ...............................................tennis. 5 ...............................................to the cinema a lot. 2 They in a very big house. 6 ...............................................seven hours a night. 3 ...............................................a lot of fruit. Complete the sentences. Use: speak teach wash boil close cost cost like like meet open 1 M aria s p e a k s four languages. 2 The shops in the city centre usually.......................................at 9 o'clock in the morning. 3 The City M useum at 5 o'clock in the evening. 4 Tina is a teacher. S h e ........................................ mathematics to young children. 5 M y job is very interesting. I ........................................ a lot of people. 6 Peter's car is always dirty. He never....................................... it. 7 Food is expensive. I t ........................................ a lot of money. 8 Shoes are expensive. T h e y a lot of money. 9 W ate r........................................ at 100 degrees Celsius. 10 Laura and I are good friends. I her and s h e .........................................me. Write sentences from these words. Use the right form of the verb (arrive or arrives etc.). (always / early / Sue / arrive) S u e alw ays.a rriye s early......................................................................... (to the cinema / never / 1/ go) I .............................................................................................................................. (work / M artina / hard / always) ............................................................................................................................. (like / chocolate / children / usually) .................................................................................................................... (Jackie / parties / enjoy / always) ............................................................................................................................. (often / people's names / 1/ forget) ....................................................................................................................... (T V / Sam / watch / never) .............................................................................. .......................................................... 8 (usually / dinner / we / have / at 7.30) ................................................................................................................. 9 (Kate / always / nice clothes / wear) ..................................................................................................................... m Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never/often/usually/sometimes. 1 (watch T V in the evening) I usually w atch TV in th e evening,................................ 2 (read in bed) I ............................................................................................................................................. 3 (get up before 7 o'clock) ....................................................................................................................... 4 (go to work/school by bus) ................................................................................................................ 5 (drink coffee in the morning) ...........................................................................................................

6 I don't... (present simple negative) The present simple negative is don't/doesn't + verb: No, thanks. I don’t drink coffee. She doesn't drink coffee. He doesn't like his job. positive negative 1 work i don't work we like we (do not) like you do you do they have they doesn't have (does not) works he he she likes it she does it has I drink coffee, but I don't drink tea. Sue drinks tea, but she doesn't drink coffee. You don't work very hard. We don't watch T V very often. The weather is usually nice. It doesn't rain very often. Sam and Chris don't know many people. Remember: l/we/you/they don't... O I don't like football. O He doesn't like football. he/she/it d o esn 't... O I don't like Fred and Fred doesn't like me. (not Fred don't like) O My car doesn't use much petrol. (not My car don't use) O Sometimes he is late, but it doesn't happen very often. We use don't/doesn't + infinitive (don't like / doesn't speak / doesn't do etc.): O I don't like washing the car. I don't do it very often. O Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian. (not doesn't speaks) O David doesn't do his job very well, (not David doesn't his job) O Paula doesn't usually have breakfast, (not do esn't... has) f I do/work/like etc. (present simple) Unit 5 Do you ... ? (present simple questions) Unit 7 3

Exercises Write the negative. I don't play t.ha.pian.p very well,.. A n n a ....................... ........................................ 1 I play the piano very well. T h e y ................................................................. 2 Anna plays the piano very well. 3 They know my phone number. 4 We work very hard. 5 He has a bath every day. 6 You do the same thing every day. g Q Q p Study the information and write sentences with like. Ben .and Sop hie like claesicM wu&iC:. 1 1 classical music? Ben an d Ka te Yo u I ..................................... ...........classical music. 2 boxing? S o p h ie 3 horror movies? no ? Ben and Sophie yes yes K a te .................................... no no • I yes Write about yourself. Use: I n ever... or I often ... or I d o n 't... very often. 1 (watch TV ) [d o n 't ^ t c h T )(.y ^ t y .o ft e n ,.... or Lnever w atch TV. or I o fte n w atch TV. 2 (go to the theatre) 3 (ride a bike) 4 (eat in restaurants) 5 (travel by train) g g § Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don't/doesn't + these verbs: cost go know rain see use wear 1 The weather here is usually nice. I t doesn’t rain much. 2 Paul has a car, but h e ................................................................ it very often. 3 Paul and his friends like films, but th e y to the cinema very often. 4 Amanda is married but sh e a ring. 5 I much about politics. I'm not interested in it. 6 The Regent Hotel isn't expensive. I t ................................................................much to stay there. 7 Ed lives very near us, but w e ............................................................... him very often. * 3 3 1 Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 M argaret sp e ak s four languages - English, French, German and Spanish, (speak) 2 I don t Jikc my job. It's very boring, (like) 3 'Where's Steve?' 'I'm sorry. I ................................................................' (know) 4 Sue is a very quiet person. S h e ............................................... very much, (talk) 5 A n d y ................................................................a lot of tea. It's his favourite drink, (drink) 6 It's not true! I ................................................................ it! (believe) 7 That's a very beautiful picture. I ................................................................ it very much, (like) 8 M ark is a vegetarian. H e ................................................................ meat, (eat)

Unit 7 Do you ... ? (present simple questions) A We use do/does in present simple questions: positive question ]T(po you play the guitar? J j 1 work 1 1 \" 1 \"i i ^ we like we you do do you work? they have does they like? do? works he have? he she it likes she does it has Study the word order: do/does + subject + infinitive Where Do you play the guitar? How often Do your friends live near here? Does Chris work on Sundays? What Does it rain a lot here? How much do your parents live? do you wash your hair? does this word mean? does it cost to fly to Rome? Questions with always and usually: work on Sundays? do at weekends? Does Chris always What do you usually W hat do you do? = What's your job? O 'What do you do?' 'I work in a bank.' Remember: O Do they like music? O Does he like music? do l/we/you/they... does he/she/it... Short answers l/we/you/they don't. No, l/we/you/they do. Yes, he/she/it doesn't. he/she/it does. O 'Do you play the guitar?' 'No, I don't.' O Do your parents speak English?' Yes, they do.' O Does James work hard?' Yes, he does.' O Does your sister live in London?' No, she doesn't.' ( I do/work/like etc (present simple) Unit 5 I don't... (negative) -» Unit 6 questions 4 Units 44-47 )

Exercises Write questions with Do ... ? and Does ... ? ...P.oyouJfe ....................y o u ...................... 1 I like chocolate. How about you? ....................L u c y ..................... 2 I play tennis. How about you? 3 You live near here. How about Lucy? 4 Tom plays tennis. How about his friends? 5 You speak English. How about your brother? 6 I do yoga every morning. How about you? 7 Sue goes away a lot. How about Paul? 8 I want to be famous. How about you? 9 You work hard. How about Anna? Make questions from these words + do/does. Put the words in the right order. 1 (where / live / your parents) ..Where, do your pa ren te Jive.. 2 (you / early / always / get up) ...P.oyou. alw ays.g<st.u.p.ear|y.. 3 (how often / T V / you / watch) 4 (you / want / what / for dinner) 5 (like / you / football) 6 (your brother / like / football) 7 (what / you / do / in your free time) 8 (your sister / work / where) 9 (breakfast / always / you / have) 10 (what / mean / this word) 11 (in winter / snow / it / here) 12 (go / usually / to bed / what time / you) 13 (how much / to phone New York / it / cost) 14 (you / for breakfast / have / usually / what) e Complete the questions. Use these verbs: do enjoy go like start teach work W hat doyoudo ? * .............................................................................................. it? W hat tim e ..............................................................................................in the morning? work in a bookshop. It's O K. on Saturdays? A t 9 o'clock. H o w ..............................................................................................to work? Sometimes. And your husband. W h a t..............................................................................................? Usually by bus. He's a teacher. W h a t..............................................................................................? Science. ..............................................................................................his job? Yes, he loves it. Write short answers (Yes, he does. / No, I don't, etc.). 1 Do you watch T V a lot? N oA dorit, or YesJ.da. 2 Do you live in a big city? 3 Do you often ride a bike? 4 Does it rain a lot where you live? 5 Do you play the piano? Additional exercises 4 -7 (pages 253-54)

Unit | am doing (present continuous) and 8 I do (present simple) Jack is watching television. He is not playing the guitar. But Jack has a guitar. He often plays it and he plays very well. Jack plays the guitar, but he is not playing the guitar now. Is he playing the guitar? No, he isn't. (present continuous) Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does. (present simple) Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking: I'm doing past now future future O Please be quiet. I'm working. (not I work) O Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not Tom has) O Take an umbrella with you. It's raining. O You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it. O W hy are you under the table? W hat are you doing? Present simple (I do) = in general, all the time or sometimes: I do past now O I work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30. O Tom has a shower every morning. O It rains a lot in winter. O I don't watch T V very often. O W hat do you usually do at weekends? We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing): like want know understand remember prefer need mean believe forget Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.): O I'm tired. I want to go home, (not I'm wanting) O 'Do you know that girl?' 'Yes, but I don't remember her name.' O I don't understand What do you mean? 26 ( present continuous Units 3-4 present simple Units 5-7 present for the future Unit 25

Exercises Does he take photographs? Yes^.he d g es.. Is she driving a bus? . Is he taking a photograph? N&.he isn’t . Does she drive a bus? W hat is she doing? W hat is he doing? He’sMyinfl.a.bath.................................................. Does he clean windows? ................................... Are they teaching? Is he cleaning a window? ................................... Do they teach? .... W hat is he doing? W hat do they do? Complete the sentences with am/is/are or do/don't/does/doesn't. 1 Excuse m e , do you speak English? 2 'Where's Kate?' ' I .........................................know.' 3 What's funny? W h y ........................................ you laughing? 4 'W hat your sister do?' 'She's a dentist.' 5 I t .......................................raining. I want to go out in the rain. 6 'W h ere........................................ you come from?' 'Canada.' 7 How m u c h ..................................... it cost to stay at this hotel? Is it expensive? 8 Steve is a good tennis player, but h e ........................................ play very often. Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or the present simple (I do). 1 Excuse m e ,do you sp eak (you/speak) English? . 2 'Where's Tom?' ' H es.haying (he/have) a shower.' 3 (.don’t .w a tch (I/not/watch) T V very often. 4 Listen! Som ebody........................................................................(sing). 5 Sarah is tired (she/want) to go home now. 6 How o fte n ........................................................................(you/use) your car? Every day? 7 'Excuse me, b u t....................................................................... (you/sit) in my seat.' 'Oh, I'm sorry.' 8 I'm sorry,...................................................................................... (I/not/understand). Can you speak more slowly? 9 It's late.............................................................................(I/go) home now........................................................................... (you/come) with me? 10 W hat tim e ......................................................................................................(your father / finish) work every day? 11 You can turn off the radio............................................................................ (I/not/listen)toit. 12 'Where's Paul?' 'In the kitchen............................................................................ (he/cook) something.' 13 M a rk ......................................................................................................................(not/usually/drive) to work. He ........................................................................ (u sually/w alk). 14 S u e .................................................................... (not/like) coffee.........................................................................(she/prefer) tea. Additional exercises 8-9 (page 255)

Unit I have ... and I've got 9 You can say I have or I've got, he has or he's got: I I (I've got) we we (we've got) have or have got you you (you've got) they they (they've got) he he (he's got) she has or she has got (she's got) (it's got) it it shortform O I have blue eyes, or I've got blue eyes. O Tom has two sisters, or Tom has got two sisters. O Our car has four doors, or Our car has got four doors. O Sarah isn't feeling well. She has a headache, or She's got a headache. O They like animals. They have a horse, three dogs and six cats, or They've got a horse . I don't have / 1haven't got etc. (negative) You can say: I/you I/you don't haven't we/they we/they have or got he/she he/she doesn't hasn't it it O I don't have a car. or I haven't got a car. O They don't have any children, or They haven't got any children. O It's a nice house, but it doesn't have a garden, or ... it hasn't got a garden. O Am y doesn't have a job at the moment, or Am y hasn't got a job ... do you have? / have you got? etc. (questions) You can say: I/you have I/you do have we/they we/they he/she or got does it he/she has it O 'Do you have a camera?' 'No, I don't.' or 'Have you got a camera?' 'No, I haven't.' O 'Does Helen have a car?' 'Yes, she does.' or 'Has Helen got a car?' 'Yes, she has.' O W hat kind of car does she have? or ... has she got? O How many children do they have? or ... have they got? 28 had / didn't have (past) Units 11-12 have breakfast / have a shower etc. Unit 58 some and any Unit 76

Exercises Write these sentences with got. The meaning is the same. 1 They have two children. .Theyye.gpttwp.c.h 2 She doesn't have a key. ..She haon’t.g o t a. key......... 3 He has a new job. He 4 Do you have an umbrella? 5 We have a lot of work to do. 6 I don't have your phone number. 7 Does your father have a car? 8 How much money do we have? Write these sentences with do/does/don't/doesn't. The meaning is the same. 1 Have you got any money? ..P.oyou.have any money?. 2 I haven't got many clothes. 3 Has Tom got a brother? 4 How many children have they got? 5 Have you got any questions? 6 Sam hasn't got a job. mm Read the questions and answers. Then write sentences about Mark. Have you got a car? f -TP* \\ He h asn ’t,g o t,a car. 1 No. He. 2 Have you got a bike? Yes. 3 Have you got a dog? Mark 4 Have you got a mobile phone? Yes. 5 Have you got a watch? No. 6 Have you got any brothers or Yes, two brothers sisters? and a sister. ------------------------------------------ J v-------------------- y What about you? Write sentences with I’ve got or I haven’t got. 7 (a dog) ..................................................................................................... 8 (a bike) ..................................................................................................... 9 (brothers/sisters) ..................................................................................................... £ Q | Complete the sentences. Use have, has, don’t have or doesn’t have. 1 Sarah doesn’t.h ave a car. She goes everywhere by bike. 2 They like animals. T h e y have three dogs and two cats. 3 Charles isn't happy. H e .................................... a lot of problems. 4 They are always busy. T h e y ................................... much free time. 5 'W hat’s wrong?’ ' I ................................... something in my eye.’ 6 'Where's my pen?’ 'I don't know. I .................................... it.’ 7 A m y wants to go to the concert, but sh e .................................... a ticket. e» Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven't/hasn't got with: six legs a key a headache a lot of friends a job much time 1 I'm not feeling very well. I ye.QQt a headache,.............................................................. 2 Everybody likes Tom. H e .................................................................................................................. 3 She can't open the door. S h e ............................... ........................................................................ 4 Quick!. W e ........................ ....................................................................................................................... 5 An in sect.................................................................................................................................................... 6 I'm unemployed. I ...................................... ......................................................................................... Additional exercises 5-7 (page 254)

Unit t was/were Now Robert is at work. A t midnight last night he wasn't at work. He was in bed. He was asleep. am/is (present) —>was (past): I was tired last night. Where was Kate yesterday? O I am tired, (now) The weather was good last week. O Where is Kate? (now) You were late yesterday. O The weather is good today. They weren't here last Sunday. are (present) —» were (past): O You are late, (now) O They aren't here, (now) positive negative question 1 1 1? he he was not he? she (wasn't) was was she? she it it? it we were we were not were we? you you (weren't) you? they they they? O Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now. O When I was a child, I was scared of dogs. O We were hungry after the journey, but we weren't tired. O The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive. O Was the weather nice when you were on holiday? O Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive? O W hy were you late this morning? Short answers l/he/she/it wasn't. No, l/he/she/it was. Yes, we/you/they weren't. we/you/they were. O 'Were you late?' 'No, I wasn't.' O 'Was Tom at work yesterday?' 'Yes, he was.' O 'Were Sue and Steve at the party?' No, they weren't.' 30 ( am/is/are ■» Units 1-2 I was doing Unit 13

Exercises Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? 1 J o e was.in.bed.................................................................. 4 2 Jack and K a te ......................................................................... 5.. ............................. 3 Su e ............................................................................................... 6 And you? I. Write am/is/are (present) or was/were (past). 1 Last year sh e w a s 22, so sh e is 23 now. 2 Today the w eather....................... nice, but yesterday i t .......................... very cold. 3 I .......................hungry. Can I have something to eat? 4 I feel fine this morning, but I .......................very tired last night. 5 W h e re ....................... you at 11 o'clock last Friday morning? 6 Don't buy those shoes. T h e y ....................... very expensive. 7 I like your new jacket............................it expensive? 8 This time last year I ....................... in Paris. 9 'W here Sam and Joe?' 'I don't know. T h e y here a few minutes ago.' gjg| Write was/were or wasn't/weren't. 1 We weren't happy with the hotel. O ur ro o m w a s very small and i t w asn’t clean. 2 M ark at work last week because h e .......................... ill. He's better now. 3 Yesterday.........................a public holiday, so the b anks..........................closed. They're open today. 4 '.........................Kate and Ben at the party?' 'K ate there, butB e n .......................... .' 5 Where are my keys? T h e y on the table, but they're not there now. 6 You at home last night..W h e re .........................you? Write questions from these words + was/were. Put the words in the right order. \\ \\ ___________________________________ /7 (late / you / this morning / why?) Why ware.you.jate. t h is mprni.ng?.. ► The traffic was bad. (difficult / your exam?) ► No, it was easy. (last week / where / Sue and Chris?) ► They were on holiday. (your new camera / how much?) ► A hundred pounds. (angry / you / yesterday / why?) (nice / the weather / last week?) 31

Unit worked/got/went etc (past simple) 11 They watch T V every evening. (present simple) They watched T V yesterday evening. (past simple) watched is the past simple: l/we/you/they watched he/she/it The past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example: work —>worked dance —>danced clean —>cleaned stay —>stayed start —» started need —>needed O I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth. O Terry worked in a bank from 2005 to 2011. O Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime. O We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight. Spelling (—» Appendix 5): try —>tried study —>studied copy —» copied stop —» stopped plan —» planned Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs (see also Appendix 2 -3): begin —» began fall fell leave —> left sell —» sold break broke find found lose lost sit sat bring brought flew make made sleep slept build built fly forgot meet met speak spoke buy bought forget got pay paid stand stood catch caught get gave put put take took come came give went read read (red)* tell told do did had ring rang think thought drink drank go heard say said win won eat ate have knew see saw write wrote hear know * pronounced 'red' I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 9 o'clock. We did a lot of work yesterday. Caroline went to the cinema three times last week. James came into the room, took off his coat and sat down. 32 ( was/were Unit 10 I didn't / Did you ... ? (negative and questions) 4 Unit 12 ago 4 Unit 19

Exercises Complete the sentences. Use a verb from the box. rain start stay want clean die enjoy finish happen open 1 I clean ed my teeth three times yesterday. 2 It was hot in the room, so I .......................................the window. 3 The film was very long. I t .......................................at 7.15 a n d ..........................................at 10 o'clock. 4 When I was a child, I ........................................ to be a doctor. 5 The accident........................................ last Sunday afternoon. 6 The weather is nice today, but yesterday i t .......................................all day. 7 W e ........................................ our holiday last year. W e ........................................ at a very nice place. 8 Anna's grandfather........................................ when he was 90 years old. Write the past simple of these verbs. 1 gee .... .g....... 4 pay ................. ................ 7 go ..................... .............. 10 know .... 5 visit ................. ................ 8 think .............................. 11 put ....... 2 see .......................... ....... 6 buy ................. ............... 9 copy ................ .............. 12 speak ... 3 play ......................... ....... Read about Lisa's journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form. \\ CHECK-IN Y Ma d r id a ir po r t Last Tuesday Lisa (1) f e w from London to Madrid. She (2) up fty get have at 6 o'clock in the morning and (3) ................................ a cup of coffee. A t 6.30 she leave, drive get, park, walk (4) ...............................home and (5) .................................to the airport. W hen she check, have wait, depart (6)...............................there, she (7) .................................the car, (8) to the airport arrive, take building, and (9) .................................in. Then she (10) breakfast at a cafe and (11) ................................ for her flight. The plane(12) ..................................on time and (13) ...............................in Madrid two hours later. Finally she (14) a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid. W rite sentences about the past (yesterday / last week etc.). 1 James always goes to work by car. Yesterday he w an t.to work by c a r ................................................................ 2 Rachel often loses her keys. S h e ...............................................................................................................................last week. 3 Kate meets her friends every evening. S h e ......................................................................................yesterday evening. 4 I buy a newspaper every day. Yesterday I ................................................................................................................................... 5 We often go to the cinema at weekends. Last Sunday w e ............................................................................................. 6 I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Tom always has a shower in the morning. This morning h e ......................................................................................... 8 O ur friends often come to see us. T h e y .............................................................................................................last Friday. Write sentences about what you did yesterday. 1 1went to the theatre,..................................... 2 ................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................ Additional exercise 10 (page 256)

Unit I didn't... Did you ... ? (past simple negative and questions) 12 We use did in past simple negatives and questions: infinitive positive negative question play 1 played 1 did not play 1 play? start we started we (didn't) start we start? watch you watched you watch you watch? have they had they have did they have? see he saw he see he see? do she did she do she do? went it go? go it it go do/does (present) —» did (past): O I don't watch T V very often. I didn't watch T V yesterday. O Does she often go away? Did she go away last week? We use did/didn't + infinitive (watch/play/go etc.): I watched but I didn't watch (not I didn't watched) they went did they go? (not did they went?) he had he didn't have you did did you do? O I played tennis yesterday, but I didn't win. O 'Did you do the shopping?' 'No, I didn't have time.' O We went to the cinema, but we didn't enjoy the film. Study the word order in questions: did + subject + infinitive Did your sister call you? What did you do last night? How did the accident happen? Where did your parents go for their holiday? Short answers l/we/you/chey did l/we/you/they ^ he/she/it he/she/it O 'Did you see Joe yesterday?' 'No, I didn't.' O 'Did it rain on Sunday?' 'Yes, it did.' O Did Helen come to the party?' No, she didn't.' O Did your parents have a good holiday?' Yes, they did.' f worked/got/went etc. (past simple) Unit 11

-xeroses m Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative. 1 I saw Barbara, but I didn’t se e jane. 2 They worked on Monday, but th e y ........................................................................on Tuesday. 3 We went to the post office, but w e ........................................................................to the bank. 4 She had a pen, but sh e ........................................................................any paper. 5 Jack did French at school, but h e ........................................................................German. o Write questions with Did ... ? I watched T V last night. How about you? Did you w a tch ..TV. la s t night... I enjoyed the party. How about you? ........................................................................ I had a good holiday. How about you? ........................................................................ I finished work early. How about you? ........................................................................ I slept well last night. How about you? ........................................................................ CD What did you do yesterday? Write positive or negative sentences. 1 (watch TV ) !.w atched.TV.... or !.didn’t watch TV.......... 2 (get up before 7 o'clock) I ............................................................................................................ 3 (have a shower) ............................................................................................................... 4 (buy a magazine) ............................................................................................................... 5 (eat meat) ......................................................................................... ..................... 6 (go to bed before 10.30) ............................................................................................................... t Z l Write B's questions. Use: happen have a nice time sta y win arrive cost go go to bed late 1 a : We went to New York last month. 5 a : We came home by taxi. b: W h e re....did.you s t a y .........................................? b: How m u ch .................................................................? a : With some friends. a : Ten pounds. 2 a : 1was late for the meeting. 6 a : I'm tired this morning. B: W hat tim e .................................................................. ? b: ...................................................................................? a : Half past nine. a : No, but 1didn't sleep very well. 3 a : 1played tennis this afternoon. 7 a : We went to the beach yesterday. B: .................................................................................. ? b: ...................................................................................? a : No, 1lost. a : Yes, it was great. ^ a : 1had a nice holiday. 8 a : The window is broken. B. Good. W h e re ...........................................................? b: H o w ................................................................................? a : To the mountains. a : 1don't know. \"ut the verb in the correct form - positive, negative or question. We went to the cinema, but the film wasn't very good. W e didn’t enjoy it. (enjoy) 1 T o m ................................................. some new clothes yesterday - two shirts, a jacket and a pullover, (buy) ............ yesterday?' 'No, it was a nice day.' (rain) - .Ve were tired, so w e ................................................................ long at the party, (stay) : : was very warm in the room, so I ................................................................a window, (open) r Did you phone Chris this morning?' 'No, I ................................................................time.' (have) I cut my hand this morning.' 'H o w ................................................................. that?' (do) • .Vhy weren't you at the meeting yesterday?' ' I ................................................................about it.' (know) I exercises 10-13 (page 256) 35

Unit It is 6 o'clock now. Paul is at home. 13 I was doing (past continuous) He is watching TV. m A t 4 o'clock he wasn't at home. He was at the sports club. He was swimming in the pool. He wasn't watching TV. was/were + -ing is the past continuous: positive negative question 1 doing 1 doing 1 doing? he was watching he was not watching he watching? she playing she (wasn't) playing was playing? swimming swimming she swimming? it living it living it living? we were etc. we were not etc. we you you (weren't) were you they they they etc. O W hat were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working? O 'What did he say?' 'I don't know. I wasn't listening.' O It was raining so we didn't go out. O In 2009 we were living in Canada. O Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers. O I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing Spelling (live -» living / run —>running / lie -» lying etc.) —» Appendix 5 am/is/are + -ing (present) —>was/were + -ing (past): I'm working (now). past I was working at 10.30 last night. It isn't raining (now). It wasn't raining when we went out. W hat are you doing (now)? O W hat were you doing at 3 o'clock? O O 36 ( was/were Unit 10 I was doing and I did (past continuous and simple) Unit 14

Exercises Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? And what were fM'Vthey doing? Write two sentences for each picture.PLATFC5R' ^ ^ S II L; , r / V 111 1 i^ RACHEL JACK KATE TOM TRACEY MR AND MRS HALL at hom e at the cinem a in his ca r at the station in th e p ark w atch a film drive w ait for a train w alk watch TV 1 Rachel, was a t home. She was watching TV............................................................................................... 2 Jack and Kate........................................................................ T h e y ....................................................................................................... 3 T o m ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 And you? I ................................................................................................................................................................................................ Sarah did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 7 .1 0 - 7 .2 5 7 .3 0 -8 .1 0 8.30 - 9.00 1 At 8.45 she w as washing her car. 2 A t 10.45 she breakfast 3 At 8 o'clock 4 A t 12.10......... 9 .2 0 - 1 0 .0 0 5 A t 7.15............ 6 A t 9.30............ Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing. Use what/where/why if necessary. Look at the picture. You saw Joe in the street yesterday afternoon. What was he doing? Write positive or negative sentences. 1 (wear / a jacket) He w asn Y wearing a ja c k e t,........................ 2 (carry / a bag) .................................................................................................. 3 (go / to the dentist) ..................................................................................... 4 (eat / an ice cream) ...................................................................................... 5 (carry / an umbrella) ................................................................................... 6 (go / home) ...................................................................................................... 7 (wear / a hat) ................................................................................................... 8 (ride / a bicycle) ............................................................................................. 37

His phone rang. He stopped reading. He answered his phone. W hat happened? His phone rang, (past simple) he answered W hat was Jack doing when his phone rang? (past continuous) his phone He was reading a book. ______ i W hat did he do when his phone rang? He stopped reading and answered his phone. (past simple) Jack began reading before his phone rang. So when his phone rang, he was reading. he started his phone he stopped reading rang reading he was reading pastsimple past continuous O a: What did you do yesterday morning? O a: W hat were you doing at 10.30? b: W e played tennis, (from 10 to 11.30) b: We were playing tennis. start finish start | 10 o'11c..l..o..c..k........ ....... 111.130 10 o'iclock \\ \\ t/ / we were playing we played unfinished action complete action O Jack read a book yesterday. (= from O Jack was reading a book when his beginning to end) phone rang. Were you watching T V when I phoned O Did you watch the game on T V last you? night? It wasn't raining when I got up. O It didn't rain while we were on holiday. O I started work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was working. O It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out) O I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop. O Kelly fell asleep while she was reading. 4 )38 ( I did (past simple) Units 11-12 I was doing (past continuous) ■» Unit 13 while Unit 105

Exercises Look at the pictures. Put the verbs in the correct form, past continuous or past simple. L u c y broke (break) her arm last week. I t ................................................................(happen) when sh e ................................................................(paint) her room. S h e .............................................................. (fall) off the ladder. The tra in ................................................................(arrive) at the station and Paula................................................. (get) off. Two friends of hers, Jon and Rachel, ..........................................................................(wait) to meet her. 3 Yesterday Sue............................................... (walk) along the road when she............................. (meet) James. H e................................................................ (go) to the station to catch a train and he ..........................................................(carry) a bag. Th ey........................................................... (stop) to talk for a few minutes. Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple. 1 a: What was the weather like when yo u g o t (get) up this morning? b: It was raining (rain). 2 a : Was Jane busy when you went to see her? b: Yes, she........................................................... (study). 3 a : ........................................................... (Paul/call) you this morning? b: Yes, h e ........................................................... (call) while.I .............................................................(have) breakfast. 4 a : Was Tracey at work today? b: No, she...........................................................(not/go) to work. She was ill. 5 a : How fast........................................................................ (you/drive) when the police ........................................................... (stop) you? b: I'm not sure, but I ........................................................................ (not/drive) very fast. 6 a : ..........................................................................(your team / win) the football match yesterday? b: The weather was very bad, so w e ........................................................... (not/play). 7 a : Ho w ........................................................................(you/break) the window? b: W e (play) football... I ........................................................... (kick) the ball and i t ........................................................... (hit) the window. 8 a : ..........................................................................(you/see) Jessica last night? b: Yes, she..........................................................................(wear) a very nice jacket. 9 a : W h at..........................................................................(you/do) at 2 o'clock this morning? b: I was asleep. 10 a : I ..........................................................(lose) my key last night. b: Ho w ........................................................... (you/get) into your room? a : I ..........................................................(climb) in through a window. A dditional exercises 1 4-15 (pages 257-58)

Unit 15 I have done (present perfect 1) j cleaned my shoee^ His shoes are dirty. He has cleaned his shoes. 3 (= his shoes are clean now) They are at home. They are going out. They have gone out. (= they are not at home now) has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle): I have ('ve) cleaned hhaavvee I cleaned? [ regular verbs we have not (haven't) finished hhaacs wwee ffiinniisshheedd?? you started you started? I irregular they has ('s) lost they lost? \\ verbs has not (hasn't) done done? he been hhee been? she gone she gone? it it past participle Regular verbs The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple): clean —>I have cleaned finish —» we have finished start —>she has started Irregular verbs The past participle is not -ed. Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same: buy —> I bought / 1have bought have —> he had / he has had Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different: break —> I broke / 1have broken see -» you saw / you have seen fall —>it fell / it has fallen go —>they went / they have gone We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now: O I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport now) O 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now) O We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now) O It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= I don't have a present for her now) O 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he now?) O Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?) present perfect Units 16-19 present perfect and past simple Unit 20 irregular verbs Unit 24, Appendix 2-3______________________________________

Exercises www.languagecentre.ir fO Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from the box. go to bed c lean his shoes stop raining have a shower close the door fall down —> M They. Hi 1 M M He. —> The. H g | Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. break buy decide finish forget go go invite lose see not/see take tell not/tell 1 I y e j o s t my keys. I don't know where they are. 2 I ........................................................................some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3 'Where is Helen?' 'She's not here. S h e ...................................................................... out.' 4 I'm looking for Paula...................................y o u ................................................. her? 5 Look! Som ebody........................................................................that window. 6 'Does Lisa know that you're going away?' 'Yes, I ........................................................................ her.' 7 I can't find my umbrella. Som ebody........................................................................it. 8 'Where are my glasses?' 'I don't know. I ...................................................................... them.' 9 I'm looking for Sarah. W h e re ...............................sh e ..................................................? 10 I know that woman, but I ........................................................................ her name. 11 Sue is having a party tonight. S h e a lot of people. 12 W hat are you going to do? ............................... y o u ..................................................? 13 a : Does Ben know about the meeting tomorrow? B: I don't think so. I ........................................................................him. 14 I with this magazine. Do you want it?

16 I've ju st... I’ve already... I haven't... yet (present perfect 2) % mk I've j u s t ... They have just arrived. ju s t = a short time ago Yes, I know. We’ve already met. O a: Are Laura and Paul here? b: Yes, they've ju s t arrived. O a : Are you hungry? b: N o, I've j u s t had dinner. O a : Is Tom here? b: N o, I'm afraid he's j u s t gone. (= he h a s just gone) I've alre a d y ... already = before you expected / before I expected O a: W hat time are Laura and Paul coming? b: They've already arrived. (= before you expected) O It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already gone to bed. (= before I expected) O a : Jon, this is Emma. b: Yes, I know. We've already met. I h aven 't... yet / Have you ... yet? yet = until now We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. yet in negative sentences (I haven't... yet) The film hasn't started yet. O a: Are Laura and Paul here? b. No, they haven't arrived yet. (but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon) O a: Does James know that you're going away? b: N o, I haven't told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon) O Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet. yet in questions (Have you ... yet?) O a: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet? b: N o, not yet. We're still waiting for them. O a: Has Nicola started her new job yet? b: No, she starts next week. O a : This is my new dress. b: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet? 442 ( present perfect Units 15,17-20 word order Unit 94 still, yet and already 4 Unit 95 )

Exercises www.languagecentre.ir Write a sentence with just for each picture. 1 Theyyeju s t arrived 3 T h e y ...... 4 The race 2 H e ............................................ Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect. | g g } Write a sentence with just (They've ju s t ... / She's ju s t ... etc.) or a negative sentence with yet (They haven't... yet / She h asn't... yet etc.). CD a few minutes now {2} a few minutes now o/ew minutes go uM< « .r ago (OUT • * H lV - (she / go / out) (the bus / go) (the train / leave) The b u s............ Sha hasn’t.gpne out yet... © o/ew minutes now | GD o/ew minutes now © o/ew minutes ago ago ago (they / finish / their dinner) (it / stop / raining) u Write questions with yet. 1 Your friend has a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her: Have you s.ta.rtad.your naw .......... ..................................................................... 2 Your friend has some new neighbours. Perhaps he has met them. You ask him: ....................... y o u .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Your friend has to pay her electricity bill. Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her: 4 Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom:

Unit Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3) 17 Have you been Yes, I have. to Rome? Many times. Have you ever No, I've never been to Japan? been to Japan. We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from the past until now - for example, a persons life: Have you ever been to Japan? — time from the past until now - past now O 'Have you been to France?' 'No, I haven't.' O I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States. O Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places. O I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember where. O How many times has Brazil won the W orld Cup? O 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times) present perfect + ever (in questions) and never: O 'Has Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time) O 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I play a lot.' O My sister has never travelled by plane. O I've never ridden a horse. O 'W ho is that man?' 'I don't know. I've never seen him before.' gone and been two weeks later , Ben. ^ Hi. I've been on holiday. I've been to Spain. BEN Ben has gone to Spain. Ben has been to Spain. (= he is in Spain now) (= he went to Spain, but now he is back) Compare: O I can't find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?) O Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been? 44 ( present perfect 4 Units 15-16,18 present perfect and past simple 4 Unit 20

Exercises www.languagecentre.ir You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you e v e r... ? Write the questions. Helen 1 (be / London?) Have you ever ^ No, never. 2 (play/golf?) Have you.ever playedj o l f ? ........... Yes, many times. 3 (be / Australia?) H ave.................................................................. Yes, once. 4 (lose / your passport?) No, never. 5 (fly / in a helicopter?) 6 (win / a race?) Yes, a few times. 7 (be / New York?) 8 (drive / a bus?) No, never. Yes, twice. 9 (break / your leg?) No, never. Yes, once. Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.) 1 (be / New York) S t e 's bean, to Naw York tw ice ........................................ 2 (be / Australia) S h e ........................................................................................................... 3 (win / a race) ........................................................................................................................ 4 (fly / in a helicopter) ........................................................................................................ Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things? 5 (be / New York) I ........................................................................................................... 6 (play / tennis) ................................................................................................................... 7 (drive / a lorry) ................................................................................................................ 8 (be / late for work or school) ................................................................................. Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done? J1v1uaVmv be all over the world a lot of interesting things do write many different jobs a lot of interesting people Mary travel meet ten books married three times 1 Sh e has. had. m anydifferentj'pbs.. 2 She................................................................... 3 .................................................................................. 4 ........................................................................... 5 ..................................................................... 6 ........................................................................ | Write gone or been. 1 Ben is on holiday at the moment. He's gone to Spain. 2 'Have you e ve r..................................... to Mexico?' 'No, never.' 3 M y parents aren't at home at the moment. They've ..................................... out. 4 There's a new restaurant in town. Have y o u ........................................ to it? 5 Rebecca loves Paris. She's........................................ there many times. 6 Helen was here earlier, but I think she's.........................................now. 7 'Where's Jessica?' 'She's not in the office. I think she's.........................................home.' 8 Hello, Sue. I was looking for you. Where have y o u .......................................? -> Additional exercises 16,18 (pages 258-60)

Unit 18 How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) Helen is on holiday in Ireland. She is there now. She arrived in Ireland on Monday. Today is Thursday. How long has she been in Ireland? since Monday. She has been in Ireland for three days. Compare is and has been: She is in Ireland is = present now. since Monday, has been = present perfect She has been in Ireland for three days. Monday now Thursday Compare: present simple present perfect simple (have been / have lived / have known etc.) Dan and Kate are married. They have been married for five years. Are you married? (not They are married for five years.) Do you know Lisa? How long have you been married? I know Lisa. (not How long are you married?) Vicky lives in London. How long have you known her? I have a car. (not How long do you know her?) I've known her for a long time. (not I know her fo r ...) How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life. How long have you had your car? I've had it since April. present continuous present perfect continuous (have been + -ing) I'm learning German. How long have you been learning German? David is watching TV. (not How long are you learning German?) It's raining. I've been learning German for two years. How long has he been watching TV? He's been (= He has been) watching T V since 5 o'clock. It's been (= It has been) raining all day. ( for and since 4 Units 19,104

Exercises www.languagecentre.ir I Q ) Complete these sentences. 1 Helen is in Ireland S h e has been in Ireland since Monday. 2 I know Lisa. I have known her for a long time. 3 Sarah and Andy are married. T h e y ................................................................ married since 2005. 4 Ben is ill. H e ................................................................ ill for the last few days. 5 We live in Scott Road. W e ................................................................there for a long time. 6 Catherine works in a bank. S h e ................................................................there for five years. 7 Alan has a headache. H e a headache since he got up this morning. 8 I'm learning English. I ................................................................ English for six months. < f g j Make questions with How lo n g . lo o k at the pictures and complete the sentences with: for ten minutes all day all her life for ten years since he was 20 since Sunday 1 Thay have.been marrjed.for.i^nyears............................................................................................... 2 S h e .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 T h e y ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 The su n .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 S h e .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 H e ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... w h ic h is right? 1 M ark lives / has lived in Canada since April, ( has lived is right) 2 Jane and I are friends. I know / I've known her very well. 3 Jane and I are friends. I know / I've known her for a long time. 4 a: Sorry I'm late. How long are you waiting/ have you been waiting? b: Not long. Only five minutes. 5 Luke works / has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job a lot. 6 Ruth is reading a newspaper. She is reading / She has been reading it for two hours. 7 'How long do you live / have you lived in this house?' A bout ten years.' 8 'Is that a new coat?' 'No, I have / I've had this coat for a long time.' 9 Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / He has been there for the last three days.

Unit for since ago 19 for and since We use for and since to say how long: for three days, Helen is in Ireland. She has been there since Monday. We use for + a period of time We use since + the start of the period (three days / two years etc.): (Monday / 9 o'clock etc.): start of the period for three days Monday since Monday past now past now for since three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday an hour two hours 9 o'clock 12.30 a week four weeks 24 July Christmas a month six months January I was ten years old five years a long time 1985 we arrived O Richard has been in Canada for six O Richard has been in Canada since months. (not since six months) January. (= from January to now) We've been waiting for two hours. (not since two hours) O We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. O I've lived in London for a long time. (= from 9 o'clock to now) O I've lived in London since I was ten years old. ago ago = before now: O Susan started her new job three weeks ago.(= three weeks before now) O 'W hen did Tom go out?' Ten minutes ago.' (=ten minutes before now) O I had dinner an hour ago. O Life was very different a hundred years ago. We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.). Compare ago and for: O When did Helen arrive in Ireland? She arrived in Ireland three days ago. O How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland for three days. SitlllSfl 48 ( present perfect + for/since -> Unit 18 from/until/since/for ^ Unit 104 for and during^ Unit 105 )

Exercises www.languagecentre.ir | Write for or since. 1 Helen has been in Ireland sin ce Monday. 2 Helen has been in Ireland fo r three days. 3 M y aunt has lived in A ustralia................................ 15 years. 4 Tina is in her office. She has been there ............................... 7 o'clock. 5 India has been an independent co u n try...............................1947. 6 The bus is late. We've been w aiting...............................20 minutes. 7 Nobody lives in those houses. They have been e m p ty.................................many years. 8 Michael has been ill................................ a long time. He has been in hospital.................................October. Answer these questions. Use ago. 1 When was your last meal? T h rcc.h cu rs ago............................................................... 2 When was the last time you were ill?..................................................................................................................................... 3 W hen did you last go to the cinema?.................................................................................................................................... 4 W hen was the last time you were in a car? .......................................................................................................... 5 W hen was the last time you went on holiday? .......................................................................................................... Com plete the sentences. Use for or ago w ith these words. ^ i (three days) 1 Helen arrived in Ireland Thraa d a y s ago............................................................................................ (three days) 2 Helen has been in Ireland f o r th re e d a y s......................................................................................... (20 years) 3 Lynn and Mark have been m arried........................................................................................................... (20 years) 4 Lynn and Mark got m arried........................................................................................................................... (anhour) 5 Dan arrived.............................................................................................................................................................. (a few days) 6 I bought these shoes.......................................................................................................................................... (sixmonths) 7 Silvia has been learning English.................................................................................................................... (a long time) 8 Have you known Lisa........................................................................................................................................ ? Com plete the sentences w ith for or since. 1 (Helen is in Ireland - she arrived there three days ago) Hejen has boon j.n.lrcland.fo^ ........................................... ............................ L ............ 2 (Jack is here - he arrived on Tuesday) Jack h as............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 (It's raining - it started an hour ago) It's b een........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 (I know Sue - I first met her in 2008) I've............................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................... 5 (Claire and M att are married - they got married six monthsago) Claire and M att have.............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 (Laura is studying medicine at university - she started threeyears ago) Laura h as.................................................................................................................................................’...................................................... 7 (David plays the piano - he started when he was sevenyears old) David h a s........................................................................................................................................................................................................ cm W rite sentences about yourself. Begin your sentences w ith: I've lived ... I've been ... I've been learn ing... I've known ... I've had ... 1 IVeJivcdjn th is town .fp.rthree^aars. ............................... 2 ................... 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... -*• Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 258-60)

Unit I have done (present perfect) and I did (past) 20 W ith afinished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc.): past + finished time We arrived yesterday. yesterday last week. last week at 3 o'clock. six months ago in 2002. finished time six months ago. past now Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time: O I saw Paula yesterday. (not I have seen) O Where were you on Sunday afternoon? (not Where have you been) O We didn't have a holiday last year (not We haven't had) O 'W hat did you do last night?' 'I stayed at home.' O William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems. Use the past to ask When ... ? or W hat time ... ?: O When did you buy your computer? (not When have you bought) O W hat tim e did Andy go out? (not W hat time has Andy gone out) Compare: present perfect past O I have lost my key. O I lost my key last week. O Ben went home ten minutes ago. (= I can't find it now) O Did you see Kate on Saturday? O Ben has gone home. (= he isn't here now) finished time .................... O Have you seen Kate? (= where is she now?) time until now past now past now O Have you ever been to Spain? O Did you go to Spain last year? (= in your life, until now) O M y friend is a writer. He has written O Shakespeare wrote many plays and many books. poems. O Sam hasn't phoned me yet. O Sam didn't phone me yesterday. O We've lived in Singapore for six years. O We lived in Glasgow for six years, but (= we live there now) now we live in Singapore. ( past simple ^ Units 11-12 present perfect ^ Units 15-18

Exercises www.languagecentre.ir Q ) Complete the answers to the questions. Are these sentences OK? Correct the verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.) 1 JVeJost my key. I can't find it. O K ................ 2 Have you seen Kate yesterday? ..Qidyousee.. 3 I've finished my work at 2 o'clock. 4 I'm ready now. I've finished my work. 5 W hat time have you finished your work? 6 Sue isn't here. She's gone out. 7 Steve's grandmother has died two years ago. 8 Where have you been last night? £ £ } Put the verb in the present perfect or past. 1 My friend is a writer. H e has w ritte n (write) many books. 2 W e didn’t have (not/have) a holiday last year. 3 I .............................................................. (play) tennis yesterday afternoon. 4 W hat tim e .............................................................. (you/go) to bed last night? 5 ................................................................ (you ever meet) a famous person? 6 The w eather.............................................................. (not/be) very good yesterday. 7 Kathy travels a lot. S h e (visit) many countries. 8 I .............................................................. (switch) off the light before going out this morning. 9 I live in New York now, but I (live) in Mexico for many years. 10 'What's Canada like? Is it beautiful?' 'I don't know. I ................................................................(not/be) there.' ^ut t^ie verk *n t^ie Present perfect or past. 1 a : tta y e y m .e y e r been, (you/ever/be) to Florida? b: Yes, w e w ent (go) there on holiday two years ago. a : (you/have) a good time? b: Yes, i t (be) great. 2 a : Where's Alan? .............................................................. (you/see) him? b: Yes, h e ................................................................(go) out a few minutes ago. a : And Rachel? b: I don't know. I .............................................................. (not/see) her. 3 Rose works in a factory. S h e ................................................................ (work) there for six months. Before that sh e (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She (work) there for two years, butsh e ................................................... (not/enjoy) it very much. 4 a : Do you know Mark's sister? b: I ...........................................................(see) her a few times, but.I ........................................................... (never/speak) to her. ........................................................................................ (you/ever/speak) to her? a : Yes. I (m eet) her at a party last week. She's very nice. Additional exercises 19-23, 29-31 (pages 260-62, 265-67)