INTRO-TO-PSYCHOLOGY

INTRODUTION TO PSCHOLOGY

SENSATION

any concrete, TRANSDUCTION conscious ➔refers to the process in experience resulting which a sense organ changes, from stimulation of or transforms, physical energy a specific sense organ, sensory into electrical signals that nerve, or sensory become neural impulses, area in the brain. which may be sent to the brain ADAPTATION for processing. ctohrneets.imnpI utooornr eeusfsetehrloeesfvytteoahl retoehfseeesxndtpisemoecsuroeel adragtsitaoionnngsa, Sensations V.S perceptions i.npSfreroteexohmrsnorpcmaeusreeetshglaarmsatucuaittsenailoeinnoetonifamdsnsntncwn.regseeeehiP(rlnsdellaefeetegsrsnrh(rfcofesrcteoutimtegrrfhblfbieiphecisgstrtlttahaeasueibofleintrnrnioienssgasvsf)siocuieagenotrlrtannyhyeimrosaa)eenlbtstsihnaets

IMAGE REVERESED 1. . Fun fact: At the back of the eye, the giraffe appears upside down. Even though the giraffe is focused upside down in the eye, somehow the brain turns the giraffe —and all other objects we see—right side up so that we see the world as it really is.

LIGHT WAVES 1.The problem with light waves is that after they strike an object, such as a giraffe, they are reflected back in a broad beam. You cannot see the giraffe unless your eyes change this broad beam of light waves into a narrow, focused one.

CORNEA PUPIL It is the rounded, It is a round opening transparent covering at the front of your over the front of your eye that allows light eye. As the light waves to pass into the waves pass through eye’s interior. the cornea, its curved surface bends or focuses, the waves into a narrower beam. IRIS 1. This is a circular muscle that surrounds the pupil and controls the amount of light entering the eye. In the dim light, the iris relaxes, allowing more light to enter—the pupil dilates; in bright light, the iris constricts, allowing less light to enter— the pupil constricts. The iris muscle contains the pigment that gives your eye its characteristic color. LENS RETINA It is a transparent, oval structure IT IS LOCATED AT THE whose curved surface bends and VERY BACK OF THE focuses light waves into an even EYEBALL, IS A THIN narrower beam. The lens is attached to FILM THAT CONTAINS muscles that adjust the curve of the CELLS THAT ARE lens, which, in turn, adjusts the EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO LIGHT. focusing.

EAR: AUDITION SOUND LOUDNESS WAVE is your subjective ➔are the stimuli for experience of a hearing (audition), sound’s intensity. The resemble ripples of brain calculates different sizes. Similar loudness from specific to ripples on a pond, physical energy, in sound waves travel this case, the through space with amplitude of sound varying heights and waves. frequencies. PITCH is our subjective experience of a sound being high or low, which the brain calculates from specific physical stimuli, in this case, the speed or frequency of sound waves. The frequency of sound waves is measured in cycles, which refers to how many sound waves occur within 1 second

VISTABULAR SYSTEM: BALANCE POSITION AND BALANCE ➔The vestibular system, which is located MOTION SICKNESS above the cochlea in the inner ear, includes three semicircular canals, resembling bony ➔It consists of feelings of discomfort, arches, which are set at different angles nausea, and dizziness in a moving vehicle, (right figure). Each of the semicircular canals is believed to develop when there is a is filled with fluid that moves in response to sensory mismatch between the information movements of your head. In the canals are from the vestibular system—that your head sensors (hair cells) that respond to the is physically bouncing around—and the movement of the fluid. The functions of the information reported by your eyes—that vestibular system include sensing the objects in the distance look fairly steady. position of the head, keeping the head upright, and maintaining balance. Meniere’s Disease and Vertigo -It results from a malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system. Symptoms include attacks of dizziness, nausea, vomiting, spinning, and piercing buzzing sounds. -Vertigo, whose symptoms are dizziness and nausea, results from a malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system.

CHEMICAL SENSES TASTE ➔is called a chemical sense because the stimuli are various chemicals. On the surface of the tongue are receptors, called taste buds, for five basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. The function of taste buds is to perform transduction, which means transforming chemical reactions into nerve impulses. Taste Buds ➔are shaped like miniature onions, are TASTE AND SMELL the receptors for taste. Chemicals dissolved in the saliva activate the taste FOR ALL OF US, OUR buds, which produce nerve impulses that ABILITY TO TASTE IS eventually reach areas in the brain’s GREATLY AFFECTED BY parietal lobe. The brain transforms these OUR ABILITY TO nerve impulses into sensations of taste. SMELL. WE EXPERIENCE FLAVOR WHEN WE COMBINE THE SENSATIONS OF TASTE AND SMELL.

TOUCH The sense of touch includes SKIN pressure, temperature, and pain. Beneath the outer layer - It is the body’s largest organ- The outermost layer ok the of of skin are a half-dozen skin is a thin film of dead cells miniature sensors that are receptors for the sense of containing no receptors. touch. The function of the touch sensors is to change mechanical pressure or temperature variations into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for processing FREE NERVE PACINIAN ENDING Corpuscle HAIR RECEPTOR - It is located near the bottom of the outer It responds or fires with a It’s located in the burst of activity when hairs are layer of skin is a group fatty layer of skin is of threadlike extensions first bent. However, if hairs the largest touch remain bent for a period of - They have nothing sensor time, the receptors cease protecting or firing, an example of sensory -It is highly sensitive surrounding them to touch, is the only adaptation receptor that responds to vibration, and adapts very quickly.

Cultural Diversity: Disgust MIND DISGUST IS TRIGGERED OVER BY THE PRESENCE OF A BODY VARIETY OF PLACEBO CONTAMINATED OR OFFENSIVE THINGS, ❖A PLACEBO IS SOME INCLUDING FOODS, BODY PRODUCTS, AND GORE. INTERVENTION, SUCH AS WE SHOW DISGUST, TAKING A PILL, RECEIVING WHICH IS A UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED FACIAL AN INJECTION, OR EXPRESSION, BY CLOSING UNDERGOING AN THE EYES, NARROWING OPERATION, THAT THE NOSTRILS, CURLING RESEMBLES MEDICAL THE LIPS DOWNWARD, THERAPY BUT THAT, IN FACT, HAS NO MEDICAL AND SOMETIMES STICKING OUT THE EFFECTS. TONGUE. PLACEBO EFFECT ❖A CHANGE IN THE PATIENT’S ILLNESS (FOR BETTER OR WORSE) THAT IS DUE TO THE PATIENT’S BELIEFS OR EXPECTATIONS RATHER THAN THE MEDICAL TREATMENT.

\"The mind, once stretched by a new idea, never returns to its original dimensions.\" ~RALPH WALDO EMERSON~ | |Aubrey Amodia Yan Daytia Jessamae Inot |Kaye Jasmin Mamac Dominic Zane Paguia MEMBERS