COMING SOON CAUSE OF FLOOD
A flood is an overflow of water (or rarely other fluids) that submerges land that is usually dry.[1] In the sense of \"flowing water\", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding, for example land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees, and larger environmental issues such as climate change and sea level rise. In particular climate change's increased rainfall and extreme weather events increases the severity of other causes for flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.
FLOOD Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, [4] or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals.
terrifying dangerterrifying danger FLOODS CAN ALSO OCCUR IN RIVERS WHEN THE FLOW RATE EXCEEDS THE CAPACITY OF THE RIVER CHANNEL, PARTICULARLY AT BENDS OR MEANDERS IN THE WATERWAY. FLOODS OFTEN CAUSE DAMAGE TO HOMES AND BUSINESSES IF THEY ARE IN THE NATURAL FLOOD PLAINS OF RIVERS. WHILE RIVERINE FLOOD DAMAGE CAN BE ELIMINATED BY MOVING AWAY FROM RIVERS AND OTHER BODIES OF WATER, PEOPLE HAVE TRADITIONALLY LIVED AND WORKED BY RIVERS BECAUSE THE LAND IS USUALLY FLAT AND FERTILE AND BECAUSE RIVERS PROVIDE EASY TRAVEL AND ACCESS TO COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. FLOODING CAN LEAD TO SECONDARY CONSEQUENCES IN ADDITION TO DAMAGE TO PROPERTY, SUCH AS LONG-TERM DISPLACEMENT OF RESIDENTS AND CREATING INCREASED SPREAD OF WATERBORNE DISEASES AND VECTOR-BOURNE DISESASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOOD THE FLOODS WERE SEVERE. AND DIFFERENT FORMS DEPENDING ON THE TOPOGRAPHY. AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF EACH AREA WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS FLASH FLOODS OR FLASH FLOODS USUALLY OCCURS IN THE LOW PLAINS OR PLAINS NEAR THE MOUNTAIN UPSTREAM, WHICH OCCURS DUE TO HEAVY RAIN OVER THE MOUNTAINS CONTINUOUSLY FOR A LONG TIME. MAKE THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ACCUMULATION IS SO LARGE THAT THE GROUND AND TREES CANNOT ABSORB IT. CAUSING THE WATER TO FLOW RAPIDLY INTO THE LOW PLAINS BELOW, HAVING THE POWER TO DESTROY VIOLENTLY DAMAGE TO HOMES AND CAN CAUSE DEATH.
FLOODING OR FLOODING IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY FLOODING CAUSED BY A LARGE AMOUNT OF ACCUMULATED WATER THAT RUNOFF IN A HORIZONTAL PLANE FROM HIGH TO LOW FLOODED THE HOUSES THE FARM HAS BEEN DAMAGED OR IS FLOODED IN THE BIG CITY AREA. CAUSED BY HEAVY RAIN CONTINUOUSLY FOR A LONG TIME. CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM THERE IS AN OBSTRUCTION TO THE DRAINAGE OR HIGH SEA LEVEL IN THE CASE OF AREAS NEAR THE COASTLINE OVERFLOW OF BANKS OCCURS FROM THE LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER CAUSED BY CONTINUOUS HEAVY RAIN. THAT FLOWS INTO THE RIVER OR THE RIVER IS SO LARGE THAT IT DRAINS INTO THE BASIN BELOW OR CANNOT REACH THE ESTUARY IN TIME THIS CAUSED THE CONDITION OF THE RIVER TO OVERFLOW AND FLOOD THE FARMS ALONG BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER. UNTIL DAMAGED ROADS OR BRIDGES MAY BE DAMAGED AND TRANSPORTATION MAY BE CUT OFF.
CAUSECAUSE OF LOSS OF FLOOD
CAUSE OF Flooding occurs for many FLOODING reasons. both natural and man- made This may be caused by continuous heavy rain for a long time. Sometimes it can cause landslides. Flooding caused by sea water, dam collapse, can cause flooding. which the flood caused both damage to life property and natural environment Including economic damage as well
DEFINITION AND CAUSES OF FLOODING Flood is a danger or danger caused by flooding or danger caused by a condition in which water overflows the banks of rivers, streams, or waterways into areas that are not normally below the water level, or caused by accumulation of water on areas that cannot be drained Make it out of the place that is covered with water. In general, flooding caused by flood Which can be divided into 2 major characteristics which are
1) Flooding/overflowing river banks Occurs due to inefficient drainage systems. It usually occurs in the plains of rivers and large urban areas. It has a gradual nature. which is caused by heavy rain at that area continuously for several days or caused by overflow conditions Most of the flooding occurs downstream. and spread over a wide area due to inability to drain in time, damage to agricultural crops and mostly real estate As for the other damage, it's not that much because it can be moved to any location. safety 2) flash flood It was a flood that occurred. suddenly in the area due to heavy rain in the area which is very steep and has less water retention or resistance properties, or caused by other reasons and often occurs in The plain between the valleys which may not have heavy rain in That area before, but there was heavy rain in the upstream area stay away due to severe flash floods and moves at a very fast pace, has a chance to defend and therefore there is little escape Therefore, the damage from the flash flood So there is a lot for life and property.
Causes of natural flooding Floods are dangers and dangers caused by water conditions. flood or flash flood caused by rain heavy or continuous rain for a long time due to 1. Low pressure patch 2. Tropical cyclones include depression, tropical storm, typhoon 3. Monsoon trough or low pressure trough 4. Southwest monsoon wind 5. Northeast monsoon winds 6. Dam collapse
THE CAUSE OF FLOODING FROM THE ACTION HUMAN BEINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS 1. DEFORESTATION 2. URBAN EXPANSION INTO THE FLOOD PLAIN 3. CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURES BLOCKING NATURAL WATERWAYS 4. INSUFFICIENT DESIGN OF ROAD DRAINAGE 5. POOR WATER MANAGEMENT WHEN THERE IS FLOODING, DANGER AND DAMAGE THAT WHAT HAPPENED? CAN DIVIDE THE DANGER AND DAMAGE CAUSED BY FLOOD LIKE THIS - FLOODING OF HOUSES BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PLACES, WHICH WILL CAUSE SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC DAMAGE, HOUSES OR BUILDINGS THAT ARE NOT STRONG WILL
can be destroyed by the tides that are far away people and vehicles And pets can be fatal from drowning. - Transport and transportation routes may be intermittently cut off by the strength of the current, roads and bridges may be swept away by the current. parcel product During transportation, it will be damaged a lot. - Utilities will be damaged such as telephone, telegraph, electricity and water supply, etc. - Agricultural lands and livestock will be damaged, such as crops, fields, everything that is blooming, fruit may be flooded, animals, cattle, livestock, and stocked produce. or intended for breeding to receive damages, indirect damages will affect the general economy, epidemics, dementia of mental health, and loss of safety, etc.
1. WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF FLOODING IN THAILAND? FLOODS ARE THE DANGERS AND DANGERS CAUSED BY FLOODS OR FLASH FLOODS. CAUSED BY HEAVY RAIN OR CONTINUOUS RAIN FOR A LONG TIME DUE TO 1.1 LOW PRESSURE PATCH 1.2 TROPICAL CYCLONES, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, TROPICAL STORM, TYPHOON 1.3 MONSOON TROUGH OR LOW PRESSURE TROUGH 1.4 SOUTHWEST MONSOON 1.5 NORTHEAST MONSOON WINDS 1.6 DAM COLLAPSE
CAUSE OF FLOOD FLOODING IS A NATURAL PHENOMENON. DUE TO THE AMOUNT OF RAIN THAT FALLS IN THE WATERSHED AREA AND FALLS FOR A LONG TIME UNTIL THE WATER FLOWS ABOVE THE SOIL SURFACE DOWN INTO THE CREEK AND IN THE RIVER MORE THAN USUAL WHICH, WHILE A LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER FLOWS THROUGH CHANNELS, STREAMS, AND RIVERS IF ANY RIVER CANNOT RECEIVE THE ENTIRE AMOUNT OF WATER TO FLOW ONLY WITHIN THE RIVER BODY WILL CAUSE THE WATER TO HAVE A HIGHER LEVEL THAN THE BANK THEN OVERFLOWING ON THE SHOULDER TO COVER THE AREA ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER OR MAY FLOW TO FLOOD THE LOWLAND FAR INTO A WIDE AREA AS WELL IN ADDITION, ACCORDING TO THE LOWLAND AREA AND AREAS IN THE COMMUNITY WHICH DOES NOT HAVE A COMPLETE DRAINAGE SYSTEM WHEN THERE IS HEAVY RAIN FOR A LONG TIME EACH TIME, IT IS OFTEN A PROBLEM CAUSING FLOODING ON THE AREA. AND DAMAGE THE FARMLAND AND VARIOUS ASSETS ALWAYS AS WELL
Flooding Major causes of flooding Mostly depends on the local conditions and nature's aberration but in some areas Human action has An important part in causing the flooding situation to be more severe as follows 1. Flooding due to heavy rain 2. Characteristics and components of the watershed area 2.1 The shape of the watershed area 2.2 Geography of the watershed area 2.3 Soil type, plant cover and deterioration of the watershed area. 3. sea water support 4. Changes in environmental conditions 4.1 Expansion of community areas and destruction of existing natural drainage systems 4.2 Land subsidence
1. TO CAUSE A FLOOD UPON SEARCHING, ABSORBENTS WILL BE OBTAINED ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. THE COMMANDER OF THE EARTH OR THE PRISONER ON THE SURFACE WILL NOT HAVE TO CAUSE WATER TO FLOW ON THE SURFACE. WHICH TOTAL AMOUNT WILL BE MORE OR LESS THERE ARE ALWAYS RAINFALL AND PRECIPITATION RULES FOR THE WATER TO FLOW TO THE MARSH. THE RIVER THEN FLOWS TO THE RIVER AND THE SEA.
DEPRESSIONS, TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS OFTEN BEGIN IN THE CENTRAL, NORTHERN AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF STORMS THAT OCCUR EVERY TIME THEY MEET WITH US. NORTHERN THAILAND, AT THE POINT WHERE THIS JUNCTION, INCLUDING THE WIND BLOWING THROUGH OTHER COUNTRIES, HAS A LOW RAIN LINE FOR THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN REGIONS. CENTRAL COLLECTS OTHER EVENTS. SAVE AS FOLLOWS BECAUSE THE AFFECTED PEOPLE OF EACH TYPE OF STORM ARE AVOIDED AND CAUSE WATER RUNOFF ON THE SURFACE AND DOWN TO THE BOTTOM AND THESE RIVERS UNTIL SOME YEARS WHICH CAUSES GREAT FLOODING AND FLOODING. BALANCE IN DIFFERENT AREAS
Precipitation conditions CAUSE Precipitation conditions in the watershed area It generally has a direct influence on the amount of water generated. in streams and rivers How much or how little is the amount? depending on the intensity of the rain period of rain and the spread of the rain in the watershed area As the details have already been mentioned. in the conservation of watersheds
2. Characteristics and components of the watershed area 2.1 Shape of the watershed area It is an important factor in causing more or less flooding as follows: 1) a watershed area that has a similar shape Rectangular shape, called \"Feather-shaped watershed\", there will be not much flooding or flooding in the lowland area because of the rain water that falls in the watershed area. of each tributary branch will gradually flow into the Sai River big at different times 2) The watershed area which has a round shape or a fan shape is called \"Round-shaped watershed\" will have tributaries flowing into the main river. at any area from the circumference to the radius of the circle This watershed area Water from various tributaries often flow together at the main river around the same time causing a great flood in the area Tributaries always converge. 3) The watershed area which consists of Two watershed areas combined, called \"parallel watersheds\", are prone to large floods. in the lower area from the confluence of the two watershed areas
2.2 Geography of the watershed area The size of the watershed area, the average length and width of the watershed area, elevation and slope of the watershed. and slope of the watershed area Including the direction of the watershed area. all have a direct influence to the occurrence of runoff and the incidence of flooding in various depressions When there is always heavy rain
2.3 Type of soil, plant condition area coverage and degradation of the watershed area type and size of soil grains nature of agglomeration and natural soil accumulation It is a factor that will cause the infiltration of water into the soil to be more or less different, for example, sand and gravel soils will be able to absorb water into the soil. more than soil with fine-grained clay type which allows water to seep through the soil surface down to very little, so when heavy rains in the basin area Most of the soil surface is clay. Most of the rain water immediately flows to the surface of the ground, into the lowlands, streams and rivers. And it's easy to cause flooding. As for the vegetation covering the soil and land use in the watershed area. It is an important factor that is associated with flooding problems. according to different localities Not less the same, such as a shinning invasion. Clearing forest, which is the main resource in the watershed area or in general watershed areas without control inevitably makes most of the soil surface Lack of covering to help absorb water or may make the soil surface firmer which will result in water flow swiftly on the surface of the ground until it erodes and collapses surface soil to deteriorate and there may be a sudden flooding problem in the lower sloping area
3. SEA WATER SUPPORT IN GENERAL, THE LOWLAND AREAS ALONG BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER FAR FROM THE MOUTH OF THE BAY. OR THE SEA IS NOT FAR AWAY WATER LEVEL IN THE RIVER IN THAT AREA OFTEN IN TIDAL INFLUENCE DUE TO SEA LEVEL SUPPORT ALL THE TIME WHEN THE WATER FLOWS DOWN THE RIVER AT ANY TIME, THERE IS A LARGE AMOUNT AND MATCHES THE SEASON. OR A TIME WHEN THE SEA LEVEL IS HIGHER THAN NORMAL IT WILL CAUSE FLOODING AND FLOODING. TO THE AGRICULTURAL AREA AND IN THE RESIDENTIAL AREA HAS ALWAYS BEEN SEVERE.
4. CHANGES FOR STATUS THIS ALLOWS THE DEMAND TO BE EXPLOITED BASED ON THE EXACT CONDITIONS OF THE AREA. WHICH MUST BE FROM THE ORIGINAL CONDITION FIRST, AN EXAMPLE OF A COMMUNITY AREA AND THE COMBINATION OF THESE SYSTEMS. MOST OF THE LAND THAT USED TO BE OCCUPIED BY THE VILLAGERS FOR AGRICULTURE CONSISTED OF LOWLAND AREAS WITH MARSHES AND NATURAL CANALS FOR WATER IN AND OUT OF HUNTING AREAS OR LACKING THE NECESSARY NATURAL GOOD CONDITIONS. WATER IT IS FULL OF OVERWHELMED PEOPLE WHEN CONSIDERING THE AREA DESIGNATED AS A COMMUNITY, INDUSTRY OR SOFTWARE DEVELOPER THAT WILL SAVE THE NEED TO FILL THE LAND TO ADJUST THE AREA TO BUILD ROADS AND BUILDINGS. OUT INTO A WIDE AREA FOR MAKING PONDS, SWAMPS AND VARIOUS NATURAL CANALS. WHEN IT'S GONE, AND THE MAIN REASON IS THAT ALL COMMUNITY DISTRICTS ARE NEWLY REGISTERED AND OFTEN DO NOT CREATE SEPARATE COMMISSIONS FROM THE AREA THAT WAS CREATED BY CANNES INSTEAD. IMPRISONED FOR A LONG TIME AND KEPT IN IT WILL FOLLOW.
Time 2.2 land Urban or community boundaries must be examined by the inspectors such as that requirement. Can I ask for the amount of water? The next test will be required after the water is drilled due to the large number of customer requirements. Large volumes, which saves time, make the water ranger in keywords at that depth less valuable. It flows as much as the bottom sandstone strata as the water in that soil gap increases more and more. Unless permitted in the case of prohibition in Bangkok and Samutprakarn provinces where there will be water for a long time.
FLOOD PROTEC TION
flood protection 1. The first method does not reduce the amount of water in the river but try to remove water from the flood plain by building levees using sand bags, concrete or other materials. Caution is that the levees are broken. When the dyke breaks, water flows through cracks (crevas) in the dyke, making the flood worse. 2. Make the water level lower by digging a channel parallel to the river. When the water rises during the flood The water will pass through the overflow into the parallel channels. Into the water source that collects water, swamp, or continues into the lake. 3. Try to reduce the amount of water flowing into the river after heavy rains. by building dams to block the upstream and tributaries of the river and collect excess overflowing water down to the reservoir and reforestation to replace natural plants destroyed by humans
reducing damage from flooding 1. Listen to the weather news of the Meteorological Department and the warning announcements of the National Disaster Warning Center. When the National Disaster Warning Center issued a warning to evacuate Should evacuate to a high place or a strong building. both people and pets because of being flat Wild water that flows down from mountains or plateaus The strong currents are very fast. 2. It should be noted that when heavy rains continue on the mountain for several days, be prepared to evacuate and move your belongings and pets to higher places. 3. If it's on the water, take the boat to hide ashore in order to use it. when the flood for transportation 4. Have an evacuation plan where to go and where to meet because when there is a flood will destroy building materials Transportation routes, trees, crops, and beware of the flow of water. 5. Do not drive the car through the flood. even on the road don't swim because the tides can be violent It could cause other accidents. 6. After flooding, there will be waterlogging. There will be an epidemic in the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals. Be careful with drinking water, it should be clean and boiled first.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN THE EVENT OF A FLOOD BEFORE DISASTER • LEARN HOW TO SURVIVE IN A FLOOD SITUATION. AND PREPARE NECESSARY EQUIPMENT IN THE FLOOD SITUATION, INCLUDING DRINKING WATER, MEDICINE, CANNED FOOD, RADIO, FLASHLIGHT AND FLASHLIGHT. • PREPARE A FAMILY EMERGENCY PLAN. AN EVACUATION PLAN SHOULD BE PREPARED FROM YOUR HOME, WORK OR SCHOOL TO AN EVACUATION SITE OR A FLOOD-SAFE LOCATION. BY SETTING A MEETING POINT TOGETHER IN ADVANCE • MOVE DOCUMENTS, IMPORTANT ITEMS, VALUABLES TO A SAFE PLACE. TO PREVENT DAMAGE FROM FLOODING • CONSIDER FLOOD INSURANCE. CHOOSE INSURANCE THAT COVERS DAMAGE FROM FLOODS. TO PROTECT YOUR PROPERTY
during disaster • Leave areas prone to flooding such as low places, valleys, evacuate to higher areas. • Avoid areas that are already flooded. Especially when the water is turbulent. do not cross rivers Fast currents can knock us down even at shin-level depths. • Do not drive a vehicle through the flood. The water flows fast and the force from the depths of the thighs can push the lifted truck up and down the stream. • Do not approach electrical equipment and wires. Should be at least 2 meters away from electric poles, sockets and other electrical equipment. • Follow up on events closely, such as follow up on weather warnings from the Thai Meteorological Department. and warning announcements from the National Disaster Warning Center
after disaster • Check the damage and safety of the house before returning to the house, such as electrical systems, water pipes, gas, including poisonous animals that may come to live in the house. • Throw away moldy items. Get rid of any of the following wet items as soon as you return home. These include wet carpets, furniture, mattresses, and items that collect moisture that can cause mold within 24 to 48 hours. • Try to keep the house completely dry, such as using a dehumidifier (if available), using an air conditioner. or a fan to help reduce humidity in the room or building • Clean and disinfect all flooded items. All flooded food should be thrown away. do not eat If you use tap water for consumption, bring it to a boil first. (In the event that tap water is declared contaminated) • Plan before repairing the house. Before you clean and repair the house You should assess the damage. By following the steps as follows: Check and take pictures of the house that has been damaged by the flood. Call your insurance company and local authorities to assess the damage. Planning any repairs that need to be done before-after to save time and cost
4. Self-protection and flood relief practices How can you do this? 4.1 Efficient land use planning Town planning should be established. to support the growth of the city not to obstruct the flow of water Determine the use of land in the flooded area. to be a lowland area that receives water in order to delay or delay the occurrence of flooding 4.2 Designing various buildings to have a height above the flooded level, such as Thai-style elevated houses, etc. 4.3 Removing materials from places that will be damaged by flooding. Go to a safe place or a high place. 4.4 Bringing sand bags to build a dam to prevent flooding 4.5 Flood Forecasting and Preparedness to inform the public in advance in order to prepare and prevent 4.6 Construction of dams, weirs, embankments and roads to store water or to block the passage of water.
When receiving a warning about flood from the Thai Meteorological Department how to behave Before flooding, you should do the following: 1. Strictly obey the warnings. 2. Continuously follow up the reports of the Thai Meteorological Department. 3. Move people, pets such as cows, buffaloes and things to a higher place. which is above the water level that used to flood before 4. Build an embankment or wall around the water. 5. Move vehicles such as cars or wheels to a higher place. or make a raft for car accommodation Maybe use a 200-liter bucket of water, tied together and using a plank. 6. Prepare a sack of soil or sand. to strengthen the embankment that blocks the water higher When the high water level flooded the embankment that was built 7. A wooden boat, rubber boat or wooden raft should be prepared for use as well. To use as a vehicle in the flood for a long time These ships can save lives when flooding threatens.
prevent 8. Prepare some carpentry tools, planks and ropes for connecting the raft. to save lives in times of need when more floods will use carpentry tools to open the roof and remove the wooden cover to be able to help support yourself in the water 9. Prepare canned food. or some reserve food There was enough food to eat when the water flooded for many days. Food was scarce and there was no place to cook. 10. Prepare some drinking water in tightly closed bottles and containers because clean water that is normally used is scarce. The water supply system may be interrupted for a long time. 11. Prepare some medical supplies such as antidote to the bites of scorpions, centipedes, snakes and other animals because when the flood occurs, the animals are poisonous. These will escape the water to live on houses and roofs. 12. Prepare Manila rope, not less than 10 meters long, use one end to tie it to the tree as an anchor. In case of rapids and a big wave sweeping and sweeping people into the sea It will help not to float along with the current. 13. Prepare a battery operated radio. in order to keep track of weather news reports from the Thai Meteorological Department 14. Prepare a flashlight, batteries and candles for use when the power goes out.
In the event of a flood, one should remain calm. Don't panic or panic. Should be prepared to face events with discretion and should do the following. 1. Cut off the power bridge and turn off the cooking gas completely. 2. Stay in a strong building. and at a height above the water level that had previously flooded 3. Always keep your body warm. 4. Do not drive vehicles through the flood. 5. Should not play in the water or swim during the flood. 6. Beware of poisonous animals that escape the flood to stay in the house. and house bites such as snakes, scorpions, centipedes, etc. 7. Follow events closely, such as observing the weather. and follow the warnings about Weather characteristics from the Thai Meteorological Department 8. Be prepared to evacuate to a safe place when the situation arises. or follow the advice of the government 9. When in the vicinity, consider the safety of life rather than wealth.
Types of natural disasters and floods
Areal Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can either infiltrate or run off. The excess accumulates in place, sometimes to hazardous depths. Surface soil can become saturated, which effectively stops infiltration, where the water table is shallow, such as a floodplain, or from intense rain from one or a series of storms. Infiltration also is slow to negligible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paving, or roofs. Areal flooding begins in flat areas like floodplains and in local depressions not connected to a stream channel, because the velocity of overland flow depends on the surface slope. Endorheic basins may experience areal flooding during periods when precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Riverine (Channel) Floods occur in all types of river and stream channels, from the smallest ephemeral streams in humid zones to normally-dry channels in arid climates to the world's largest rivers. When overland flow occurs on tilled fields, it can result in a muddy floodwhere sediments are picked up by run off and carried as suspended matter or bed load. Localized flooding may be caused or exacerbated by drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, debris, or beaver dams. Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large catchment areas. The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt, monsoons, or tropical cyclones. However, large rivers may have rapid flooding events in areas with dry climate, since they may have large basins but small river channels and rainfall can be very intense in smaller areas of those basins. Rapid flooding events, including flash floods, more often occur on smaller rivers, rivers with steep valleys, rivers that flow for much of their length over impermeable terrain, or normally-dry channels. The cause may be localized convective precipitation (intense thunderstorms) or sudden release from an upstream impoundment created behind a dam, landslide, or glacier. In one instance, a flash flood killed eight people enjoying the water on a Sunday afternoon at a popular waterfall in a narrow canyon. Without any observed rainfall, the flow rate increased from about 50 to 1,500 cubic feet per second (1.4 to 42 m3/s) in just one minute. Two larger floods occurred at the same site within a week, but no one was at the waterfall on those days. The deadly flood resulted from a thunderstorm over part of the drainage basin, where steep, bare rock slopes are common and the thin soil was already saturated. Flash floods are the most common flood type in normally-dry channels in arid zones, known as arroyos in the southwest United States and many other names elsewhere. In that setting, the first flood water to arrive is depleted as it wets the sandy stream bed. The leading edge of the flood thus advances more slowly than later and higher flows. As a result, the rising limb of the hydrographbecomes ever quicker as the flood moves downstream, until the flow rate is so great that the depletion by wetting soil becomes insignificant.
Estuarine and coastal Flooding in estuaries is commonly caused by a combination of storm surges caused by winds and low barometric pressure and large waves meeting high upstream river flows. Coastal areas may be flooded by storm surges combining with high tides and large wave events at sea, resulting in waves over-topping flood defenses or in severe cases by tsunami or tropical cyclones.A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extratropical cyclone, falls within this category. Research from the NHC (National Hurricane Center) explains: \"Storm surge is an additional rise of water generated bya storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tides. Storm surge should not be confused with storm tide, which is defined as the water level rise due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. This rise in water level can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas particularly when storm surge coincides with spring tide, resulting in storm tides reaching up to 20 feet or more in some cases.
Urban flooding Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers. Although sometimes triggered by events such as flash flooding or snowmelt, urban flooding is a condition, characterized by its repetitive and systemic impacts on communities, that can happen regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water. Aside from potential overflow of rivers and lakes, snowmelt, stormwater or water released from damaged water mains may accumulate on property and in public rights-of-way, seep through building walls and floors, or backup into buildings through sewer pipes, toilets and sinks. In urban areas, flood effects can be exacerbated by existing paved streets and roads, which increase the speed of flowing water. Impervious surfaces prevent rainfall from infiltrating into the ground, thereby causing a higher surface run-off that may be in excess of local drainage capacity. The flood flow in urbanized areas constitutes a hazard to both the population and infrastructure. Some recent catastrophes include the inundations of Nîmes (France) in 1998 and Vaison-la-Romaine (France) in 1992, the flooding of New Orleans (USA) in 2005, and the flooding in Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Brisbane during the 2010–2011 summer in Queensland (Australia). Flood flows in urban environments have been studied relatively recently despite many centuries of flood events. Some recent research has considered the criteria for safe evacuation of individuals in flooded areas.
Catastrophic riverine flooding is usually associated with major infrastructure failures such as the collapse of a dam, but they may also be caused by drainage channel modification from a landslide, earthquake or volcanic eruption. Examples include outburst floods and lahars. Tsunamis can cause catastrophic coastal flooding, most commonly resulting from undersea earthquakes.
Effects Floods can also be a huge destructive power. When water flows, it has the ability to demolish all kinds of buildings and objects, such as bridges, structures, houses, trees, cars... For example, in Bangladesh in 2007, a flood was responsible for the destruction of more than one million houses. And yearly in the United States, floods cause over $7 billion in damage.
Primary effects The primary effects of flooding include loss of life and damage to buildings and other structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals.
A dog sitting on top of 2 feet of mud deposited by flooding in the 2018 Kerala floods in India. Flooding not only creates water damage, but can also deposit large amounts of sediment. Floods also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation, which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power. This includes loss of drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination. It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters raises the risk of waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, giardia, cryptosporidium, cholera and many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood. Damage to roads and transport infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilize aid to those affected or to provide emergency health treatment. Flood waters typically inundate farm land, making the land unworkable and preventing crops from being planted or harvested, which can lead to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals. Entire harvests for a country can be lost in extreme flood circumstances. Some tree species may not survive prolonged flooding of their root systems.
Health effects Fatalities connected directly to floods are usually caused by drowning; the waters in a flood are very deep and have strong currents. Deaths do not just occur from drowning, deaths are connected with dehydration, heat stroke, heart attack and any other illness that needs medical supplies that cannot be delivered. Injuries can lead to an excessive amount of morbidity when a flood occurs. Injuries are not isolated to just those who were directly in the flood, rescue teams and even people delivering supplies can sustain an injury. Injuries can occur anytime during the flood process; before, during and after.[39] During floods accidents occur with falling debris or any of the many fast moving objects in the water. After the flood rescue attempts are where large numbers injuries can occur.
Benefits Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring many benefits, such as recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year and kills pests in the farming land. Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity.Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead to increased biomass and improved fisheries for a few years. For some fish species, an inundated floodplain may form a highly suitable location for spawning with few predators and enhanced levels of nutrients or food.[48] Fish, such as the weather fish, make use of floods in order to reach new habitats. Bird populations may also profit from the boost in food production caused by flooding.
Minor flooding in a parking lot off Juniper street Atlanta on Christmas Eve from thunderstorms caused by an El Nino event. The same El Nino caused recorded highs for January in Atlanta Flash flooding caused by heavy rain falling in a short amount of time. Dozens of villages were inundated when rain pushed the rivers of northwestern Bangladesh over their banks in early Octoberต 2005. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite captured the top image of the flooded Ghaghat and Atrai Rivers on October 12, 2005. The deep blue of the rivers is spread across the countryside in the flood image. Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding. The impact on those affected may cause psychological damage to those affected, in particular where deaths, serious injuries and loss of property occur. Urban flooding also has significant economic implications for affected neighborhoods. In the United States, industry experts estimate that wet basements can lower property values by 10–25 percent and are cited among the top reasons for not purchasing a home.[44] According to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), almost 40 percent of small businesses never reopen their doors following a flooding disaster.[45] In the United States, insurance is available against flood damage to both homes and businesses.
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