Land of Museums

LAND OF MUSEUMS



Prepared by Nehir Nur Irmaklı. Issue Date : 2022 PREFACE This magazine you are reading has been prepared by Nehir Nur Irmaklı about museums, which are an important point of social and cultural heritage.We talked about museums that have an important place in the world.Museums contain artifacts from historical events.So,people can learn history from ancient artifacts. We have prepared an online museum so that you can see the works of museums better. I hope this magazine teaches you information about museums and is useful to you. Nehir Nur Irmaklı 1

Table of 1 Preface 3 What is a museum Contents 4 What Is The Purpose of Museums ? 9 History of Museums 10 Museology 12 Pictures 15 Museum Types 17 Sakıp Sabancı Museum 21 Zeugma Mosaic Museum 25 Pera Museum 28 Miniatürk Museum 32 Ankara Painting and Sculpture museum 37 References

WHAT IS A MUSEUM ? A museum is an institution established to display and present the achievements of science and art, and the riches of the underground and above, of societies that have historically arose and exist today. Museums are dedicated to preserving precious works and making them available to the public, and by treating these works from the scientific and artistic perspectives, they serve to illuminate our present and future. 3

WOFHMATUSISEUTHMESP?URPOSE To provide information about the history, purposes, functions and types of museology museums. To provide information on culture and civilizations, museum and art, museum and education,museum and society Gaining the habit of using museums for art education purposes To gain the ability to see the similarities and distinguish the differences in the works belonging to different cultures in the museums Ensuring interest and valuation of works of art through art education in the museum, and raising awareness of preserving the artifacts. With the art education given in the museum, enabling individuals to come face to face with works of art, to be able to make applied work and work criticism. The meaning and importance of the objects in the museums provide the visitors with the opportunity to be informed on the tours made through the guides, so that the visitors have information about the artifacts. 4

WOFHMATUSAERUEMTHS?E FUNCTIONS The functions of museums consist of collection, documentation (archiving), preservation (maintenance - repair), exhibition, communication, research and education. Addition Function It is shaped in line with the collection management policies of museums. Museums create their collections in line with the policy they have determined and choose the objects they will acquire in the museum according to this policy.Objects are acquired through purchase, donation and exchange. Documentation Function It consists of documenting, recording, archiving, researching and systematically ordering works. Exhibit Function Exhibiting is the moment when works in museums meet people.Museums are among the institutions that provide cultural services; It attracts attention with activities such as exhibitions. ~An Example of the Museum's Exhibit Function~ 5

Protection Function This function include the maintenance and preservation of artifacts collected by the museum and the creation of an appropriate storage system. Protection is also not just physically present on objects. It also includes what needs to be done to pass on knowledge of an object to future generations using information technology. As guardians of the common heritage of mankind, the museum is responsible not only for these heritage works themselves, but also for passing on their knowledge to future generations. ~An Example of the Museum's Protection Function~ 6

Education Function The museum provides people with an engaging and free learning environment. Learning is not limited to books or school. Today, museums form an important part of the “wallless classroom” by collaborating with the school and society. Within the scope of education in the museum, plays, dramas, workshops, discussion sessions, etc. activities can also be done. In addition to being an art and educational institution, museums are places that teach while having fun with their libraries, exhibitions, meetings, multifunctional halls and workshops, open spaces. ~An Example of the Educational Function of the Museum~ (Siauliai Ausros Museum, LITHUANIA) 7

Communication Function It addresses the presentation of the common heritage of humanity to society through a variety of activities such as museum education, publishing, exhibitions and virtual applications. In other words, it is the dissemination of knowledge possessed by the museum. Many museums define communication channels as part of their communication policies. Communication policies that govern communication skills and methods of communication depend on the level of education, age and physical characteristics of the target audience. Research Function Since many objects entering the museum have been detached from the place or environment in which they are located, it first starts with the identification of the source from which the object came, and then focuses on the object itself. In research, it is necessary to understand the research of other cultural elements that have been left behind, as well as the object itself. ~An Example of the Museum's Research Function (Smithsonian Museum, USA)~ 8

HMISUTSOE RUYMOSF It is accepted that the first museum was founded by Ptolemy I (323-289 BC) in Alexandria in the 300s. Valuable artifacts that were stored in the castles of kings and nobles in Europe in the Middle Ages began to be exhibited later. Because the maintenance and preservation of these collections in palaces caused problems. The Luxembourg Museum is the world's first known official museum. In England, the foundations of the British Museum were laid in 1759. In 1863, a British collector donated the collected works to Oxford University. This collection was opened to public view and use for the first time. 9

WHAT IS MUSEOLOGY ? The field of scientific study, which includes the technical information necessary for the exhibition, preservation and protection of the works in the museum, is museology. Museology first emerged as a result of museums collecting various works of art or the spoils of commanders for personal enjoyment of the nobility in the west.Museums were not open to the public at first, but were used only by statesmen and scholars. Opened to the public after 1850. Museology; It operates on issues such as establishing the museum, determining from which era the works in the museum came from or by whom they were made, repairing them when necessary, and protecting them from external factors such as heat and humidity. WHMAUTSIESOMLOODGEYR? N Modern Museology is versatile and innovative.In modern museology, museums carry out activities by considering all people. Temporary exhibitions, guided tours, dia-film shows,interviews, seminars and workshop trainings are at the forefront of modern museology activities.Thus, while the education takes place in the museum, on the other hand, the public, who does not even think of coming to the museum, is reached with such activities. This is the 'Mobile Museum'a result of the understanding. 10

MUSEOLOGY IN TURKEY Museum activities in the country were started by Ahmet Fethi Pasha in the middle of the 19th century. In 1846, by the order of Sultan Abdülmecid, some ancient artifacts and old weapons were collected in the Hagia Irene Church, then in 1868, during Ali Pasha's grand viziership, the church and the works inside were opened as the first museum under the name of Hagia Irene. \"Museum-i Humayun\". During this period, the Ministry of Education ordered that all historical artifacts within the borders of the Ottoman Empire be sent to Istanbul. When Osman Hamdi Bey became the director of the museum in 1881, modern museology studies reached an advanced level. Osman Hamdi Bey prepared the “Ancient Artifacts Law” in 1883, which prevented the exodus of ancient artifacts abroad, and excavations in Anatolia were taken under control during this period. After Osman Hamdi Bey's death, Halit Eldem was appointed and the “Islamic Museum” was founded in this period, where Turkish-Islamic artifacts are exhibited. Topkapi Palace was opened in 1924 and Hagia Sophia was opened as a museum in 1934. Mevlevihane and Mevlana Tomb started to serve as a museum in 1926 under the name of \"Konya Âsâr-i Âtika Museum\". While new museums were being established, some historical artifacts and structures were accepted as museums. Again in this period, museology emerged as a separate discipline.The first museum building built in the Republican period is the Ankara Ethnography Museum, its construction started in 1925 and opened to visitors in 1930. Most of the objects and artifacts in dervish lodges, tombs and zawiyas, which were closed by the law enacted in 1925, were exhibited in the museum, and ceremonial or daily items were used to present sections from public life. On the other hand, Konya Mevlana Tomb was not closed at the request of Atatürk and was turned into a museum with its collections. 11

Hagia Irene Hagia Irene in 1912 12

Topkapı Palace Ayasofya 13

Mevlana Museum Ankara Ethnography Museum 14

MUSEUM TYPES Museums by Their Collections Archaeological Museum Geography Museums General Museums Nature and Environment Museums Art Museums Music Museums History Museums Industry Museums Ethnographic Museums Military Museums Natural History Museums Industry Museums Geology Museums Maritime Museums Painting Museum Ecomuseum Museum by Administrative Unit State Museums Local Government Museums University Museums Commercial Establishment Museums Museums by Region They Serve National Museums Regional Museums Local Museums Museums by Audience Educational Museums Specialized Museums General Society Museums Museums according to the Methods of Displaying Their Collections Traditional Museums Open Air Museums Memorial Museums 15

NOW LET'S GET TO KNOW SOME MUSEUMS IN TURKEY

SAKIP SABANCI MUSEUM

SABANCI MUSEUM Sakıp Sabancı Museum is an art museum that hosts a rich collection of calligraphy and painting, and the works of many famous artists with its temporary exhibitions. The museum, which was opened to visitors in 2002, serves at the Atlı Köşk in Emirgan, one of the oldest settlements on the Bosphorus. In recent years, it has managed to attract attention in the international arena with the exhibitions \"Picasso is in Istanbul\" and \"Great Sculptor Rodin is in Istanbul\". These and similar exhibitions brought the Istanbul Tourism Award to Museum Director Nazan Ölçer in the event category. HISTORY OF THE MANSION The first owners of the mansion, which was built by the Italian architect Edouard De Nari in 1927, are the Khedive family of Egypt. The villa, which was used as a summer residence for many years, served as the Montenegrin Embassy for a short time. The mansion, which was bought by Hacı Ömer Sabancı in 1950, started to be called the \"Atlı Köşk\" because of the 1864 horse sculpture by the French sculptor Louis Doumas, which was placed in its garden in the same year. The second horse statue inside the mansion is a cast of one of the 4 horses taken from Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, which was looted by the Crusaders during the 4th Crusade in 1204, and placed in front of the Venetian San Marco church. 18

Sakıp Sabancı, who has been living in the mansion since 1966, allocated the mansion with its rich calligraphy and painting collection to Sabancı University in 1998 to be converted into a museum. The exhibition areas of the museum, which was opened to visitors in 2002 with the addition of a modern gallery, were expanded with the arrangement in 2005 and reached international standards at the technical level. COLLECTIONS The Ottoman Calligraphy Collection, which is exhibited on the upper floor of the Atlı Köşk and consists of important works of Ottoman calligraphy, also includes rare Quran manuscripts. In addition, 96 works selected from the collection consisting of stanzas, murakkas, plates, hilyes, edicts, edicts and prose and calligraphy instruments were exhibited in 2008 at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid, Spain. The collection is on display at the Real Alcázar Palace in Seville from April 4 to June 15, 2008. The painting collection of the museum consists of examples of early Turkish painting and the works of foreign artists such as Fausto Zonaro and Ivan Ayvazovski, who worked in Istanbul in the last period of the Ottoman Empire. Local artists whose works are in the collection include names such as Osman Hamdi Bey, Şeker Ahmed Pasha, Süleyman Seyyid, Fikret Mualla and İbrahim Çallı. 19

Three rooms on the ground floor of the Atlı Köşk, used by the Sabancı Family when they lived in the mansion, 18-19. century decorative art and furniture. Archaeological and stone artifacts from the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods are exhibited in the garden of the museum. Atlı Köşk You can reach the online Sakıp Sabancı Museum, which we have prepared for you, using this qr code. 20

ZEUGMA MOSAIC MUSEUM

ZEUGMA MOSAIC MUSEUM Zeugma Mosaic Museum is the second largest museum that was opened in Gaziantep on September 9, 2011 and is a museum museum with 1700 square meters of mosaics. For about 3 years, the biggest museum of the \"world mosaic museum\" has transferred this title to the Hatay Archeology Museum, which was held on 28 December 2014. The museum is concentrated over 3000 during the first day it is open to visitors. It is a leading museum in the world, both in terms of architecture and technology. The parts of the two thousand-year-old mosaics, which have been lost by treasure hunters over the years, are completed as images with the laser system. The mosaics in Zeugma consist of thirteen color harmonies. Zeugma Mosaic Museum, built in three blocks, will serve as an exhibition and conference hall with mosaic and archeology museums. Mosaics from Zeugma are exhibited in the museum. In addition, the world- famous \"Gypsy Girl\" mosaic is exhibited here. Zeugma Mosaic Museum, located on the historical Silk Road in Gaziantep, gained a large exhibition area as a result of the completion of the new museum building, which was started by Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality in 2008, in 2010. It was officially opened on 9.9.2011. The total seating area of ​ Zeugma Mosaic Museum is 30,000 m2. In the complex consisting of 3 building groups; 22

In the building called Zeugma Culture and Congress Center, there are 5 conference halls consisting of 1 big hall for 510 people, 2 medium size halls for 150 people (up to 300 people if necessary), 2 small halls for 75 people. (up to 150 people if needed). Again, there are 2 foyer halls in front of the conference halls. There are 3500 m2 of sitting area and 7000 m2 of administrative units and exhibition halls on 3 floors. The design of the new museum was based on a script. The basis of this scenario is the artistic and cultural aspects of Zeugma and the details of daily life. Zeugma Mosaic Museum is shaped around this basic idea. For this reason, in the exhibition held at the Zeugma Mosaic Museum; At that time, the beliefs, cultures and daily lives of the people living in the city were tried to be presented to the visitors in a real sense with its street, fountain, wall and all building blocks suitable for its architecture. Headphones in the exhibition halls, which provide information about the pavilions on the excursion route of the exhibition hall and the works in different languages, inform the visitors about the history of the mosaics, the excavation site and their location in the museum. touch screen. In addition, there are information plates next to each work. Included in the Zeugma Mosaic Museum collection; 2748 m2 of mosaics, 140 m2 of frescoes, 4 Roman fountains, 20 columns, 4 limestone statues, bronze Mars Statue, funerary stelae, sarcophagi and architectural pieces belonging to Roman and Late Antiquity were restored and exhibited. 23

YOU CAN REACH THE ONLINE ZEUGMA MOSAIC MUSEUM, WHICH WE HAVE PREPARED FOR YOU, USING THIS QR CODE. 24

PERA MUSEUM 25

PERA MUSEUM Pera Museum, Istanbul's Tepebaşı warehouse is a private museum. It was built by the Irrigation Foundation in 2005 for a wide and comprehensive cultural and artistic service. It operates in the building, which was built as a contemporary and well-equipped museum, preserving the facade of the historical Bristol Hotel in Tepebaşı, within the framework of the project prepared by the restorer architect Sinan Genim during the 2003- 2005 period. Pera Museum, Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation's \"Orientalist Painting\", \"Anatolian Weights and Measures\" and \"Kütahya Tiles and Ceramics\" collections and the values represented by these collections, exhibitions, publishing products, oral activities, educational activities and scientific studies It aims to share it with the public and transfer it to future generations. BUILDING HISTORY The construction of the Bristol Hotel, which was designed by the architect Achille Manoussos in accordance with the general architectural character of the period and owned by the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate, was completed in 1893 Considered among the important hotels of the city and hosting high-level foreign guests, the Bristol Hotel remained in service until the early 1980s. 26

Bristol Hotel has had famous operators over the years such as Logothetti, Adamapoulos, Ciras and Hacara. Ömer Lütfi Bengü, who bought the building reflecting the changing demographic structure of the region in the early 1930s, continued his hotel management until the 1980s. becomes unable to compete with new hotels. After the death of the last owner of the hotel, Ömer Lütfi Bengü, in 1983, Yıldız Lastikcilik and then Esbank bought the building, which his heirs put up for sale. To turn the Bristol Hotel into Esbank's headquarters, architect Doğan Hasol renovates the building. The façades of the hotel and the five-storey residential building facing Meşrutiyet Street right next to it were preserved, and two parcels were combine The building served as Esbank General Directorate until 2002. The original façade of Manoussos and the confluence of Hasol were preserved, and it was redesigned as a contemporary and well- equipped museum in line with the project prepared by Mimar Sinan Genim. YOU CAN REACH THE ONLINE PERA MUSEUM, WHICH WE HAVE PREPARED FOR YOU, USİNG THİS QR CODE. 27

MINIATURK MUSEUM

MINIATURK Bringing together the rich architectural heritage of the cultures of every civilization that ruled and left traces on these lands, from the Ancient Age to Rome and Byzantium, from the Seljuk to the Ottoman Empire, Miniatürk, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Culture A.Ş. It was completed on May 2, 2003 and opened to the public. SETTING OUT WITH THE SLOGAN OF \"SMALL MODEL OF THE BIG COUNTRY\", MINIATURK BECAME TURKEY'S SHOWCASE. In Miniatürk, among thousands of historical artifacts, 60 works from Istanbul, 63 works from Anatolia and 13 works from the Ottoman geography, which are outside the borders of Turkey today, selected from Turkey and the Ottoman geography according to their awareness and ability to represent the period, 136 architectural works, 1/25 Miniature models with reduced ratio were included. 29

Miniatürk carries the traces of a whole experience in the nearby geography, together with all the values that make Anatolia Anatolia, not limited to Turkey and Turkish culture. Traces left by civilizations where peace, tolerance and justice reigned from 3,000 years ago to the Golden Horn meet in this park. On the one hand, caravanserais, complexes, madrasas, bridges, stations, piers, castles, walls, tombs, mosques, churches, synagogues, palaces, mansions, obelisks, monuments, statues, on the other hand, unique natural formations from Pamukkale to Fairy Chimneys, selected by a team of experts meticulously. The Temple of Artemis and the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, which were built in Anatolia and are not in place today, and considered among the seven wonders of the world in ancient times, are also exhibited in the area. Everything in Miniatürk is so true to its originality that you feel as if you have traveled the whole country at once, from east to west, from north to south. Of course, seeing the original works is not the same as seeing the originals, but aside from yearning to see the originals when seeing the miniatures, it is another pleasure to be able to watch those unique structures from this perspective. 30

The total area of Miniatürk is 60,000 square meters. In addition to an area of 15,000 square meters where the models are located, there is a parking lot, restaurant, cafeteria, gift shop, open-air show area, children's playground, ferry, control boat, sightseeing train, fairy tale tree, 4 adults in the Mini Stadium, chess in the 300-car ISPARK facility. and labyrinth area, Inverted House and Turkey-Istanbul simulation helicopter tour, everything necessary for the visitors to have a good time and learn while having fun has been considered in Miniatürk, which is a giant complex. YOU CAN REACH THE ONLINE MINIATURK MUSEUM, WHICH WE HAVE PREPARED FOR YOU, USING THIS QR CODE. 31

ANKARA PAINTING AND SCULPTURE MUSEUM

ANKARA PAINTING AND SCULPTURE MUSEUM Ankara Painting and Sculpture Museum building, one of the most magnificent buildings of the I. National Architectural Period, was built as the “Turkish Hearths Headquarters” between 1927-1930. In the competition opened in 1926, the project of Architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu, who built the Ethnography Museum on Namazgah Hill with Atatürk's directives, won first place and the construction of the building began. Thus, the silhouette of Tepe, which is located in the very heart of Ankara, is also shaped. The Turkish Hall decorated with ornaments made by the architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu himself, the magnificent concert hall decorated with traditional motifs, and the Ankara Painting and Sculpture Museum, where priceless works exhibited with modern methods, have also hosted many principles; In 1931, the first Turkish History Congress was held in this building. The first Turkish Opera \"Özsoy\" was staged for the first time in 1934 in the magnificent concert hall. 33

In December 1975, the building was officially allocated to the Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Fine Arts, to be used as a painting and sculpture museum. In those years, under the supervision of the architect of the building, Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu, with the project of Architect Abdurrahman Hancı, it began to be restored in accordance with its original and new purpose; It was opened as a museum with a ceremony on April 2, 1980. COLLECTIONS The museum building, in 1976, four valuable paintings from the Ministry of National Education -Osman Hamdi Bey's \"Arms Dealer\", V. Vereshchagin's \"At Timur's Grave\", Zonaro's \"Young Girl Portrait\", Emel Cimcoz (Korutürk )'s “Turkish Child's Gratitude to Atatürk”-; These works were recorded as the first pieces of the museum collection. The collection provides the opportunity to witness the changing understanding of art and major historical processes in Turkey from the end of the 19th century to the present day in the field of visual arts. 34

The collection, which consists of paintings, sculptures, ceramics, original prints, Turkish ornament art and photography, is one of the most important archives of Turkey's history of visual arts, which spans over a century; The works that won awards in the State Painting and Sculpture Exhibitions were created from the works brought into the inventory through transfers, purchases and donations from public institutions and organizations. YOU CAN REACH THE ONLINE ANKARA PAINTING AND SCULPTURE MUSEUM, WHICH WE HAVE PREPARED FOR YOU, USING THIS QR CODE. 35

After reading the magazine, you can fill out our survey using this qr code. 36

REFERENCES https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/muze-nedir-ve-cesitleri-nelerdir-muze-ozellikleri-ve-fonksiyonlari- hakkinda-bilgi-41815252 https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Müze https://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-69904/turkiye39de-muzecilik.html https://nefissanatlarhapishanesi.wordpress.com/2016/12/04/muzelerin-amaci-ve-islevi/ https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/galeri/turkiyenin-ilk-muzesi-628718 https://turkishmuseums.com/blog/detail/turkiye-nin-ilk-muzesinin-hik-yesini-biliyor-musunuz/10037/1 www.artsteps.com www.miniaturk.com.tr arhm.ktb.gov.tr https://guzelsanatlar.ktb.gov.tr/TR-2411/ankara-resim-ve-heykel-muzesi-mudurlugu.html https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/ankara/gezilecekyer/ankara-resm-ve-heykel-muzes www.peramuzesi.org.tr howtoistanbul.com artsandculture.google.com https://www.sakipsabancimuzesi.org/ https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_M%C3%BCzesi sabanci.com http://www.zeugma.org.tr kulturportali.gov.tr 37

land of museums