Essential Grammar in Use

ssential rammar I• n se A self-study reference and practice book for elementary learners of English Fourth Edition with answers and eBook Raymond Murphy .:..~.,.\" CAMBRIDGE . ::: UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/essentialgrammarinuse Fourth Edition © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Essential Grammar in Use first published 1990 Fourth edition 2015 Reprinted 2015 Printed in China by Golden Cup Printing Co. ltd A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-48053-7 Edition with answers and Interactive eBook ISBN 978-1-107-48055-1 Edition with answers ISBN 978-1-107-48056-8 Edition without answers ISBN 978-1-107-48061-2 Edition with Supplementary Exercises ISBN 978-1-107-48060-5 Interactive eBook Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

Contents Acknowledgements VII To the student viii To the teacher x Interactive eBook xi Present 1 am/is/are 2 am/is/are (questions) 3 I am doing (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 I do/work/like etc. (present simple) 6 I don't (present simple negative) 7 Do you ? (present simple questions) 8 I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple) 9 I have ... and I've got ... Past 10 was/were 11 worked/got/went etc. (past simple) 12 I didn't ... Did you ... ? (past simple negative and questions) 13 I was doing (past continuous) 14 I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple) Present perfect 15 I have done (present perfect 1) 16 I've just ... I've already... I haven't ... yet (present perfect 2) 17 Have you ever ... ? (present perfect 3) 18 How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) 19 for since ago 20 I have done (present perfect) and I did (past) PassIVe 21 is done was done (passive 1) 22 is being done has been done (passive 2) Verb forms 23 be/have/do in present and past tenses 24 Regular and irregular verbs Future 25 What are you doing tomorrow? 26 I'm going to ... 27 will/shall 1 28 will/shall 2 IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 iii

Moda/s, imperative etc. 29 might 30 can and could 3l must mustn't don't need to 32 should 33 I have to ... 34 Would you like ... ? I'd like ... 35 Do this! Don't do that! Let's do this! 36 I used to ... There and it there will be 37 there is there are 38 there was/were there has/have been 39 It... Auxiliary verbs 40 I am, I don't etc. 4l Have you? Are you? Don't you? etc. 42 too/either so am I / neither do I etc. 43 isn't, haven't, don't etc. (negatives) Questions 44 is it ... ? have you ... ? do they ... ? etc. (questions l) 45 Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) 46 Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3) 47 What ... ? Which ... ? How ... ? (questions 4) 48 How long does it take ... ? 49 Do you know where ... ? I don't know what... etc. Reported speech 50 She said that ... He told me that ... -ingand to ... 5l work/working' go/going do/doing 52 to ... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing) 53 I want you to ... I told you to ... 54 I went to the shop to ... Go, get, do, make and have go -ing 55 go to... go on... go for... 56 get 57 do and make 58 have Pronouns and possessives 59 I/me he/him they/them etc. 60 my/his/their etc. 6l Whose is this? It's mine/yours/hers etc. 62 I/me/my/mine 63 myself/yourself/themselves etc. 64 -'s (Kate's camera / my brother's car etc.) iv IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271

A and the 65 a/an ... 66 train(s) bus(es) (singular and plural) 67 a bottle / some water (countable/uncountable l) 68 a cake / some cake / some cakes (countable/uncountable 2) 69 a/an and the 70 the ... 7l go to work go home go to the cinema 72 [like music [hate exams 73 the ... (names of places) Determiners and pronouns 74 this/that/these/those 75 one/ones 76 some and any 77 not + any no none 78 not + anybody/anyone/anything nobody/no-one/nothing 79 somebody/anything/nowhere etc. 80 every and all 8l all most some any no/none 82 both either neither 83 a lot much many 84 (a) little (a) few Adjectives and adverbs 85 old/nice/interesting etc. (adjectives) 86 quickly/badly/suddenly etc. (adverbs) 87 old/older expensive / more expensive 88 older than... more expensive than ... 89 not as ... as 90 the oldest the most expensive 9l enough 92 too Word order 93 He speaks English very well. (word order l) 94 always/usually/often etc. (word order 2) 95 still yet already 96 Give me that book! Give it to me! Conjunctions and clauses 97 and but or so because 98 When . 99 If we go If you see etc. lOO If I had If we went etc. lOl a person who ... a thing that/which ... (relative clauses l) l02 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2) IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271 v

Prepositions 103 at 8 o'clock on Monday in April 104 from ... to until since for 105 before after during while 106 in at on (places 1) 107 in at on (places 2) 108 to in at (places 3) 109 under, behind, opposite etc. 110 up, over, through etc. 111 on at by with about 112 afraid of , good at etc. of/at/for etc. (prepositions) + -ing 113 listen to , look at etc. (verb + preposition) Phrasal verbs 114 go in, fall off, run away etc. (phrasal verbs 1) 115 put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) Appendices Appendix 1 Active and passive 243 Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs 244 Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 245 Appendix 4 Short forms (he's / I'd / don't etc.) 246 Appendix 5 Spelling 248 Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (take off / give up etc.) 250 Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (put out a fire / give up your job etc.) 251 Additional exercises 252 Study guide 271 Key to Exercises 283 Key to Additional exercises 310 Key to Study guide 313 Index 315 vi IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 271

Acknowledgements Design Kamae Design Illustrations Adz, Paul Boston, Christopher Flint, John Goodwin, Katie Mac, Martina - KJA artists, Lucy Truman Digital development Datamatics Ltd. vii

To the student (working without a teacher) This is a grammar book for elementary Contents students of English. There are 115 unirs in rhe book and each unir is abour a eBook vii different point of English grammar. To the srudent viIi There is a lisr of unirs ar rhe beginning To me teacher x of rhe book (Contents). Prt'strlt Do nor study all rhe unirs in order from 1 am/is/are beginning (0 end. Ir is bener (0 choose 2 ;am/is/are (questIOns) rhe unirs rhar you need (0 do. For 3 I am doing (pr~nr COntinuous) example, if you have a problem wirh rhe -4 ue you doing? (prmnccomlnuousque5tlOns) 5 I do/workJlike etc. (pr~nr simple) present perfecr (I have been, he has done 6 I don't ... (present simple n~[lve) 7 Do you _._ ? (present simple questIOns) erc.), study Unirs 15-20. 8 t.lm doing (presenc continuous) and I do (present SImple) 9 than ... and I'ngat .. Use rhe Contents or rhe Index (ar rhe Pa\" back of rhe book) (0 find rhe unir 10 wu/were (or unirs) rhar you need. 11 worked/got/wentetc. (p.JStsimple) , id au ... ? (p.lS[ simple negative ,md questions) bt5idt 109.40 bt5t90B berter 87D between 109,., :~t,~ ~~~e'/blggtr ~c.) 88D both 82 WOrdordtr 94 but 97 by lllC ~~[~e/;SStVe(11<125blf/en by ~~~;:r~e!fef<: 63C nil/can't 30 comparuivt (older I more etc.) 87-89 bp(nsNe condiriona'(Ij...) if/do ... 99 !/fdld.,. 100 conjunctions 97-100 ondlbut/«/so!b«o/JU 97 ;~n:.~t/whdt/ofttr/vr'IU/ 98 cO~::;)Uts~tlmJtto,.,orCOI'lt\",lJt (S;;tco~r:j~~~ t'otms - rm Its. could/couldn't ~rx.4 CO~~:'t ~nd uncountlb~ nouns :t:tnd (on) 11K d~~ ~nl;~(jvt'S 12,230. 40(, dlrl;n gUtstlons 12,230, 4OC. 448, If you are nor sure SlUdYluide which unirs you need (0 study, use PlUlebequ,tl. My'''... bypbllt \"'IWO/l<I~l 81wQfl<. rhe Study guide crm\"\"\"\"\"~1- ormworl<. A N' never m.'ff'l Bh.. newr 'f1Iltf!~ed C\" n..... tr••IIl!td ar rhe back of rhe Tom .>howrrrwrymorn:~g. DlulnewrbHtltr»eIIed ENwneverm.ltf!~ed book. ANI C\"luvtnl ON.... 1tuvlnS _ _ _ _ ,N,....,..\",.n bel'OIe, but Ic.n·' ,.memDe'''''''m. viii WNt uWffktneil' ...11to II'ten crwuw OrwlHll El'w_nl \"'do)'Ol.lUlUllly 8.~youUSUl'lydomS C'~)'CIJU1U.!lydo 'Howlonl_. _ .... rnod~ 'S<nce2001' \"')lOU'\"' 8yoot-obom CN,)'OI.IDoen One)'Ol.l o do you ulU.lly do EyoudoUlUlIly EhI~e)'Ol.lbHn S,mll\"''''~,nJWffl. ~ .holdKhe. .r... \"\"\"\"\",'Ooyool:nowu...~ 'Yeo. Cltnow \"\"'fofllon.tImf.' \"'Shehne ISheNWy>( CSlwkls OSlle',goc Ol.mknowlr'll \"'ll:ntw ,.,zP'They aoydr,ld,en. RcNrd hi' bem '\" Uniw ... lot lOt mor.lhs • <:n<:. lOt montho C sa mon,flulD 0 ,n sa month!; \"'dorl'NW ldonn',havt CnoNw Ohl\"\",,',p (hI.. \"'Nhendll1T\"\",JOOUl~' _ n.e ...l1he1' Iut~ ~~';'\"\"=;\"ti. 'SoI'Icetfflnwlutft. Ct... n'IltIIlttlaF- ... \"px1 lwaltx'd C ...... p;>d Ogood ENdEPOd Why 1111<11.\"\"\"\"\"\"\", We ~~lutrw. Od,,*,~N~ \"'YOU\"'JS Id.dyou Cwuyou oyou~ (we\"'YOU \"'d\"'''lh.I~ 'ha'o...,~Nd Chwl~Nd TtfT)' \",.blnkfrcm200SwlOll ons...ncu,.tt..noon'ICOtt.dn'find)'OU. (_'YOU Awort lWOI'Ioni Cworb O~ Ewu-': 'you\"-bet'I'I CWUl'OU OhwtjOllbHn c.oWw \"'rheonom>lhfHldTInlmweet. n.houlo _ IOOro\"UF. Cps Op E_ AF 1-..: \"''''- A.buik •• buJc:lJlc Cwu~ Owalbuill lbuJI , 'docln\\ ..,,;dwd CWIlIl\"WI'I<Ched ...... tDrhepl\"Yl..,-et, \"'ddrltwxch Eddn~\"\"tc!WlS \"'ddn'trl'1WU .cfi6oI' ......ed C......... -ud OdorltWltdl (~'IDoenO\"Mlfd l-Iow ~ 'dorl·,I:N>w.ldidrI\"\"\"\"o( Al\\oppenfcIrhexocllto: 'cl.dNppenrhe~.t '\\'o'l>M bom~ 'lne-o,' \"'jOIl\",\", 'jOIl_ C_jOIl O:l\"'l'OU CdonrheKCJClMr.!'IappM Oddrhe~hIppIn E-.you Erhe~Nppenod '........... '.f'fpI:IlI\"lIMrCU.'llhep2,)f.1I: ~~ W!IIt X1UO)'ftm1ly> Chwtl>oenlf'Pll'Od O~ \"' .... youcb:nl 'wuyoudDroi Cyou-.do;ns latltfind\"\",~Idwtl< Owmyoudo Eyouwu~ '''''IIId::wu~1dinI:'boot........ h:spl>one Athei~boe\\sc'*\" .thoymStD!en Cli'loywKolon \"'NIJI\"I Cnnl Oooz...... E..... \".. Othoy'rebelnl>tolen \"\".....~ . . .waudluwLucyandStIMNr'IIOl1WlS They UrheMscop. - ................Y>~ru>ed ~ C\"\"\"UlIlI 0_........\".; E-.WI:,ed .'IO..... d<t,.'nHdlll\"\"'~ • ..-....... CdJd,,'ta.1WII OlOWlt ..... I'rtHnc~\"(I tobfcL' \"'Il.. ~ 'lusbrobn CIus~.to-d O~b'nk 11 'WI'flt\\RebKc~~' CSlwliJOft OSlwhavt!P\"t ... Shu.,.,. 'SIw~P\"t (She\\!P\"t \"lwlll\\n¥KIiI'NlhM~ \"No.dlty C~~~,\",xlyamvtd ... dorl\\an-... yfl Ihwt~nidy~rl7Wd ONwn\\.rnwd~ Study guide (pages 277-282)

Each unit is two pages. Exercises lit,.., \"..\". '-wo_. ..,~\"\"'-- .. The information is on III\"\"\"_\" the left-hand page and the exercises are on the ,__'>_\" \\ ....._, ..,........ right: 1\"'_\"\"'''''.......-.'''' _.\"\"\"\"\"'-::~'lo\":,~-·-~l l ... \"\"~ _ --'- ::::.~ _foot ..~::.._ .............\\000'. . , , \" - _ ~~~...... .-:.~e- _~ ,....., • _ _ ...... «:>,..... x _ '\"'..........·.\"'-\"\"I .lM>k.....__ . .\" -~ ,.=.:...~iM~-:~.::.:~ ..~§=~:w: ~,. \"_ -_... __,..W-.!O.O-\"&-{\"· .._.- .__ l1...._._1 ;r=:~l ..... _._.\\_,~ im ..,...··....,......- ..·----... .~~ :=~:~~- ~;:~::,' ~~~4;~~.,~_ \"\"\"'1\"''---1' Ht~J~l, :\"\"...-.=:- ,.:::..-..-\"':-~~ .~ Information Exercises Study the left-hand page (information), and then Key to Exercises do the exercises on the right-hand page. Use the Key to check your answers. The Key is on pages 283-309. Study the left-hand page again if necessary. Don't forget the seven Appendices at ~I~:~~t:~ular verbs (~ Unit 24) I the back of the book (pages 243-25 l). These will give you information about I ~:~e~~~v~rbs in groups active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms, spelling and phrasal verbs. »--\"\" ......... 1..., .........(..• +- - - , _ ......\"'\" .- --'-- There are also Additiona! exercises at the back of the book (pages 252-270). There is a list of these exercises on page 252. ix

To the teacher The most important features of this book are: o It is a grammar book. It does not deal with other aspects of the language. o It is for elementary learners. It does not cover areas of grammar which are not normally taught at elementary level. o It is a reference book with exercises. It is not a course book and is not organised progressively. o It is addressed to learners and intended for self-study. Organisation of the book There are 115 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grammar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Contents and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book. Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. The grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 243-251) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students' attention to these. At the back of the book there is a set of Additional exercises (pages 252-270). These exercises provide 'mixed' practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (especially those concerning verb forms). There are 35 exercises in this section and there is a full list on page 252. Also at the back of the book there is a Study guide to help students decide which units to study - see page 271 Finally, there is a Key (pages 283-309) for students to check their answers to all the exercises in the book. An edition without the Study guide and Key is available for teachers who would prefer it for their students. Level The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but not for complete beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the early stages of a beginners' course. It could also be used by low-intermediate learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of basic grammar. The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level. Using the book The book can be used by students working alone (see To the student) or as supplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book. When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice. In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for teachers to present the grammar point in their preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student. Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice. x

Interactive eBook You can buy this book with or without an eBook. The eBook has the same grammar explanations and exercises as the book. C\\\\IIIIUlltiE _~ \".-,~~1~;~'-\"·:~;\" '. :~~?~.~t~~ .~ :-~. Essentiaf' Grammar in Use eBook Raymond Murphy Using the eBook You can use your eBook on an iPad, Android tablet, PC or Mac Using the eBook you can: 0 Listen to ~ Save your 0~ Make examples answers notes t-> Highlight [!] Bookmark I I Use the text pages dictionary How to get your eBook Follow the instructions in the inside front cover of this book. e CAMBRIDGE ,:: UNIVERSITY PRESS

My favourite sports are football and swimming. My father is a doctor and my mother is a journalist. LISA positive negative I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) he (he's) he (he's not or he isn't) she is (she's) she is not (she's not or she isn't) (it's) (it's not or it isn't) it it we (we're) we (we're not or we aren't) you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) they (they're) they (they're not or they aren't) '-------v-----' shortJorms shortJorm o I'm cold. Can you close the window, please? o I'm 32 years old. My sister is 29. o Steve is ill. He's in bed. o My brother is scared of dogs. o It's ten o'clock. You're late again. o Ann and Iare good friends. o Your keys are on the table. o I'm tired, but I'm not hungry. o Lisa isn't interested in politics. She's interested in art. o James isn't a teacher. He's a student. o Those people aren't English. They're Australian. o It's sunny coday, but it isn't warm. that's = that is there's = there is here's = here is o Thank you. That's very kind of you. o Lookl There's Chris. o 'Here's your key.' 'Thank you.' 12 ( am/is/are (questions)'\" Unit 2 there is/are'\" Unit 37 a/an'\" Unit 65 short forms'\" Appendix 4 )

Exercises Write the short form (she's / we aren't etc.). 1 she is ......~h(';'~ 3 it is not ... 5 Iam not 6 you are not . 2 they are.. . 4 that is Write am, is or are. 1 The weatheri~ ..... nice today. 5 Lookl There Helen. 2 I not rich. 6 My brother and I good tennis players. 3 This bag heavy. 7 Emily at home. Her children at school. 4 These bags heavy 8 I a taxi driver. My sister a nurse. Complete the sentences. 1 Steve is ill.He;'~ in bed. 2 I'm not hungry, but thirsty. 3 Mr Thomas is a very old man. . 98. 4 These chairs aren't beautiful, but .. comfortable. 5 The weather is nice today warm and sunny. 6 ' late.' 'No, I'm not. I'm early\" 7 Catherine isn't at home at work. 8 ' your coat.' 'Oh, thank you very much.' Look at Lisa's sentences in lA. Now write sentences about yourself. 1 (name?) My... 5 (favourite colour or colours?) 2 (age?) I.. My ... 3 (from?) I.. 4 (job?) I. 6 (interested in ... ?) I. Write sentences for the pictures. Use: thirsty angry cold hot hungry scared l$h(';:~thir~:ty 3 He ... 5 4 6 2 They . Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use is/isn't or are/aren't. 1 (it / hot today)lti~n'thQttQdgy orJt'~hQttQdgy 2 (it / windy today) It ... 3 (my hands / cold) My ... 4 (Brazil / a very big country) 5 (diamonds / cheap) 6 (Toronto / in the US) Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use I'm / I'm not. 7 (tired)I'mtir(';c;L orJmrlqttir~d, 8 (hungry) I.. 9 (a good swimmer) 10 (interested in football) ... Additional exercise 1 (page 252) 13

positive question AWhat's your name?) I am am 17 (NO, I'm not.';;/ he he 7 ~How old are you?) she is is she7 ~Are you a studen(7) it it7 we we7 you are are you7 they they7 o 'Am Ilate7' 'No, you're on time: o 'Is your mother at home?' 'No, she's our: o 'Are your parents at home7' 'No, they're out: o 'Is it cold in your room 7' 'Yes, a little: o Your shoes are nice. Are they new7 We say: o Is she at home7/ Is your mother at home? (not Is at home your mother?) o Are they new7/ Are your shoes new7 (not Are new your shoes?) Where ... ? / What ... ? / Who ... ? / How ... ? / Why ... ? o Where is your mother7 Is she at home7 o 'Where are you from 7' 'Canada: o 'What colour is your car7' 'It's red: o 'How old is Joe7' 'He's 24: o How are your parents7 Are they wel17 o These shoes are nice. How much are they7 o This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive7 what's =what is who's =who is how's = how is where's = where is o What's the time7 o Who's that man 7 o Where's Lucy7 o How's your father7 Short answers 1 am. I'm he he's he she is. she's she isn't. Yes, it No, it's aren't. not. or No, it we we're we you are. you're you they they're they o 'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' o 'Are you hungry7' 'No, I'm not, but I'm thirsty.' o 'Is your friend English 7' 'Yes, he is.' o 'Are these your keys?' 'Yes, they are.' o 'That's my seat: 'No, it isn't.' 14 ( am/is/are -+ Unit 1 questions -+ Unit 44 what/which/how -+ Unit 47 ) ,--.- - - _ - - - - - . : . _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

Exercises Find the right answers for the questions. 1 Where's the camera7 A London. 10 2 Is your car blue7 B No, I'm not. 3 Is Kate from London 7 C Yes, you are. 2 D My sister. 3 4 Am I late? E Black. 4 5 Where's Amy from 7 F No, it's black. 5 6 What colour is your bag7 G In your bag. 6 H No, she's American. 7 7 Are you hungry7 I Very well. 8 8 How is George7 9 9 Who's that woman 7 Make questions with these words. 1 (is / at home / your mother) I~YQLJrn1Qth~rgthQm~ . .. . 7 2 (your parents / are / well) ......Ar~yQLJr.pgr~nt~.we;II .... 3 (interesting / is / your job) 4 (the shops / are / open today) . . 7.•••••............................. 5 (from / where / you / are) 6 (interested in sport / you / are) ...................................................................................................................7. 7 (is / near here / the station) ..............................................7. 8 (at school/are / your children) ..................................................................................................................................7. 9 (you / are / late / why) ..........................................................7. Complete the questions. Use What ... / Who ... / Where ... / How ... . 1 HQwgr~ your parents7 They're very well. 2 the bus stop7 At the end of the street. 3 your children7 Five, six and ten. 4 these oranges7 £1.50 a kilo. 5 your favourite sport7 Skiing. 6 the man in this photo7 That's my father. 7 .. your new shoes7 Black. Write the questions. 1 (name7)Wh0(~yQLJrt1ii1m~? PAUL 2 (American7) Paul. 3 (how old7) No, I'm Australian. 4 (a teacher7) I'm 30. 5 (married7) No, I'm a lawyer. 6 (wife a lawyer7) Yes, Iam. 7 (from7) No, she's a designer. 8 (her name7) She's Italian. 9 (how old7) Anna. She's 27. Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't. etc.). 1 Are you married7 .. Nq,I'm..t1Qt... 4 Are your hands cold7 2 Are you thirsty7 5 Is it dark now7 3 Is it cold today7 6 Are you a teacher7 -+ Additional exercises 1-2 (pages 252-53) 15

She's eating. It's raining. They're running. She isn't reading. The sun isn't shining. They aren't walking. The present continuous is: am/is/are + doing/earing/running/wriring etc. I am (nor) -ing o I'm working. I'm not watching TV. o Maria is reading a newspaper. he she is (not) o She isn't eating. (or She's not eating.) it o The bus is coming. o We're having dinner. we o You're not listening to me. (or You aren't listening ... ) you are (not) o The children are doing their homework. they am/is/are + -ing = something is happening now: I'm working she's wearing a hat they're playing football I'm not watching TV past now future o Please be quiet. I'm working. (= I'm working now) o Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now) o The weather is nice. It's not raining. o 'Where are the children?' 'They're playing in the park.' o (on the phone) We're having dinner now. Can Icall you later7 o You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it. Spelling (~Appendix 5): come ~ coming write ~ writing dance ~ dancing run ~ running sit ~ sitting swim ~ swimming lie ~ lying am/is/are'\" Unit 1 are you doing? (questions) ... Unit 4 I am doing and I do'\" Unit 8 16 What are you doing tomorrow? ... Unit 25

Exercises What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences: -eat- have lie play sit wait l;?h~'?~aJ:;ing..... an apple. 4 on the Aoor. S breakfast 2 He ................... for a bus. 6 on the table. 3 They . football. Complete the sentences. Use these verbs: build cook go have stand stay swim -w&f'k- 1 Please be quiet l'mwQrking 2 'Where's john7' 'He's in the kitchen. He . . . 3 'You.. . on my fom.' 'Oh, I'm sorry.' 4 Look! Somebody in the river. S We're here on holiday. We at the Central Hmel. 6 'Where's Sue7' 'She . a shower.' 7 They... . a new hmel in the city centre at the moment. 8 I.. .. now. Goodbye. Look at the picture. Write sentences about jane. Use She's -ing or She isn't -ing. 1 (have dinner) .. J<:ln~i?n'th<:lyingginn~r, • 2 (watch TV) ..;?h~:;;..w.~lc;;hingIV: .. 3 (sit on the Aoor) She .... 4 (read a book) S (play the piano) 6 (laugh) 7 (wear a hat) 8 (drink coffee) jane '-- ......;;;;..._ _ What's happening now? Write true sentences. 1 (I / wash / my hair)J'mn9tW<:l,?hIngmyhg ir, 2 (it / snow)ll',?,?n9W.ing... orlti'?nl;;nQWing. 3 (I / sit / on a chair) 4 (I / eat) S (it / rain) 6 (I / learn / English) 7 (I / listen / w music) 8 (the sun / shine) 9 (I / wear / shoes) 10 (1/ read / a newspaper) 17

positive question I am am I he doing he doing is she working she is working going i( staying i( going we etc. we staying are you etc. you are (hey (hey o 'Are you feeling OK7' 'Yes, I'm fine, (hanks: o 'Is i( raining7' 'Yes, (ake an umbrella: o Why are you wearing a coa(7 I('s nar cold. o 'What's Paul doing7' 'He's studying for his exams: o 'What are (he children doing7' 'They're watching TV: o Look, (here's Emily' Where's she going? o Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue7 Swdy (he word order: is/are + subject + -ing Is he working roday7 Is Ben working roday7 (not Is working Ben roday7) Where are (hey going? Where are (hose people going? (not Where are going (hose people7) Short answers I am. I'm he he's he isn't. she is. she Yes, i( she's i( No, it's not. or No, we we're we you (hey are. you're you aren't. (hey're (hey o 'Are you going now?' 'Yes, I am.' o 'Is Ben working roday7' 'Yes, he is.' o 'Is i( raining7' 'No, it isn't.' o 'Are your friends staying a( a harel7' 'No, they aren't. They're staying with me: 18 ( I am doing ~ Unit 3 What are you doing tomorrow? ~ Unit 25 questions ~ Units 44-47 )

Exercises Look at the pictures and write the questions. (you / watch / it?) ......Arl?yQI).wgJ;0.hing)t? .... Look at the pictures and complete the questions. Use: .........j cry eat go laugh look at -read- OJ ············.D Make questions from these words. Put the words in the right order. 7 ? 1 (is / working / Ben / today) .. J~[?l?nw.Qr~ingJ;Qc.lgy 7 2 (what / the children / are / doing)Wh0tgrl?th~0.hilc.lrl?n0Qing 7 3 (you / are / listening / to me) 7 4 (where / your friends / are / going) 7 5 (are / watching / your parents / TV) 7 6 (what / Jessica / is / cooking) 7 7 (why / you / are / looking / at me) 8 (is / coming / the bus) 19 Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't. etc.). 1 Are you watching TV7Np,l'mnQL.. 4 Is it raining? 2 Are you wearing a watch7 5 Are you siuing on the Aoor7 3 Are you eating something7 6 Are you feeling wel1 7 ... Additional exercise 3 (page 253)

They have a lor of books. He's earing an ice cream. They read a lot. He likes ice cream. They read / he likes / I work ere. = rhe present simple: I/we/you/rhey read like work live watch do have does has he/she/ir reads likes works lives watches Remember: he works / she lives / it rains ere. o I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. (not My brorher work) o Lucy lives in London. Her parents live in Scorland. o It rains a lor in wimer. I have --7 he/she/ir has: o Joe has a shower every day. Spelling (--7 Appendix 5): -es after -s / -sh / -ch: pass --7 passes finish --7 finishes warch --7 warches -y --7 -ies: study --7 studies rry --7 tries also: do --7 does go --7 goes We use rhe presem simple for rhings rhar are true in general, or for rhings rhar happen somerimes or all rhe rime: o I like big ciries. o Your English is good. You speak very well. o Tom works very hard. He starts ar 7.30 and finishes ar 8 o'clock in rhe evening. o The earrh goes round rhe sun. o We do a lor of differem rhings in our free rime. o Ir costs a lor of money co build a hospiral. always/never/often/usually/sometimes + presem simple o Sue always gets co work early. (not Sue gers always) o I never eat breakfast. (not I ear never) o We often go away ar weekends. o Mark usually plays foorball on Sundays. o I sometimes walk co work, bur nor very often. I don't ... (negarive) ~ Unit 6 Do you ... 7 (quesrions) ~ Unit 7 I am doing and I do ~ Unit 8 20 always/usually/often ere. (word order) ~ Unit 94

Exercises Write these verbs with -s or -es. 1 (read) sheHHr.~g~~H 3 (Ay) i t 5 (have) she ... 6 (finish) it ... 2 (think) he ..... 4 (dance) he H. Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures. Use: eat go live -play- play sleep 1Hl3pIgy~ H. the piano. 4 tennis. 5 to the cinema a lot. 2 They ... H.HH... H.H.HH.H.H HH.HHH.H..HH ina very big house. 6 seven hours a night. 3 . HH.H.H.H..H.H. a lor of fruit. Complete the sentences. Use: boil close cost cost like like meet open --speak- teach wash 1 Maria H~F~gk~HHH four languages. 2 The shops in the city centre usually H.H.H.H.. H...H....H.H..HH...H.... at 9 o'clock in the morning. 3 The City Museum H.H..HH HHH..H.H H..HHHH.H at 5 o'clock in the evening. 4 Tina is a teacher. She HHHH.HHH.H..HHH...H..HH mathematics to young children. 5 My job is very interesting. I ..H..H..HHH a lot of people. 6 Peter's car is always dirty. He never it. 7 Food is expensive. It H.H a lor of money. 8 Shoes are expensive. They a lor of money. 9 Water at 100 degrees Celsius. 10 Laura and I are good friends. I her and she H..H..H..HH..H H. H..H..HHme. Write sentences from these words. Use the right form of the verb (arrive or arrives etc.). 1 (always / early / Sue / arrive)HB.LJ~gIWgy~gr.riYI3~~grly. 2 (to the cinema / never / I / go) I H 3 (work / Martina / hard / always) 4 (like / chocolate / children / usually) 5 (Jackie / parties / enjoy / always) 6 (often / people's names / I / forget) 7 (TV / Sam / watch / never) 8 (usually / dinner / we / have / at 7.30) 9 (Kate / always / nice clothes / wear) Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never/often/usually/sometimes. 1 (watch TV in the evening)JLJ~LJgIIYWgtYhIVJn:th~~Yl3ning. 2 (read in bed) I.H.. 3 (get up before 7 o'clock) 4 (go to work/school by bus) 5 (drink coffee in the morning) 21

The present simple negative is don't/doesn't + verb: She doesn't drink coffee. He doesn't like his job. positive negative I work I we like you do we don't they have you (do not) work they like he works he do she she likes doesn't have it does (does not) it has o Idrink coffee, but Idon't drink tea. o Sue drinks tea, but she doesn't drink coffee. o You don't work very hard. o We don't watch TV very often. o The weather is usually nice. It doesn't rain very often. o Sam and Chris don't know many people. Remember: I/we/you/they don't ... o Idon't like football. o He doesn't like football. he/she/it doesn't ... o Idon't like Fred and Fred doesn't like me. (not Fred don't like) o My car doesn't use much petrol. (not My car don't use) o Sometimes he is late, but it doesn't happen very often. We use don't/doesn't + infinitive (don't like / doesn't speak / doesn't do etc.): o Idon't like washing the car. Idon't do it very often. o Sarah speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian. (not doesn't speaks) o David doesn't do his job very well. (not David doesn't his job) o Paula doesn't usually have breakfast. (not doesn't ... has) 22 ( I do/work/like etc. (present simple) ~ Unit 5 Do you ... 7 (present simple questions) ~ Unit 7 ) , - - .- - - - \" - - - - - - - - - ' - - - ' - - - - - - - _ - . . . . : . _ - . . . . : . _ - - ' - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - ~

Exercises _ _ Write the negative. ...... 10qn~t:.plgy.t:h~.pi\"'nq.'!~ryw~Il, .... Anna .. 1 I play the piano very well. They .... 2 Anna plays the piano very well. 3 They know my phone number 4 We work very hard. 5 He has a bath every day. 6 You do the same thing every day. Study the information and write sentences with like. 1 classical music7 BEN AND KATE You HE.3t::t1\",nci$qphi~li~t::(:;10~~i(:;\",lmLJ?i(:;, 2 boxing7 SOPHIE Kate ... 3 horror movies7 no ?• I .. H classical music. yes yes no no 2 Ben and Sophie .. yes Kate.H .. I .... 3 Write about yourself. Use: I never ... or I often ... or I don't ... very often. (watch TV)10qn't:W0Ji::hTVy~ryqftt::n. orIDt::Yt::t:'w\",Ji::hTV:H or ...... IQft~n.\\A/\"'J(h.IV . 2 (go to the theatre) 3 (ride a bike) 4 (eat in restaurants) S (travel by train) Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don't/doesn't + these verbs: cost go know -l'affi- see use wear 1 The weather here is usually nice. Itdq~?n't:r\",in much. 2 Paul has a car, but he .. . it very often. 3 Paul and his friends like fllms, but they to the cinema very often. 4 Amanda is married, but she.. . a nng. S I. . much about politics. I'm not interested in it. 6 The Regent Hotel isn't expensive. It .. \"H'H' H'H\"H\"'H'\" much to stay there. 7 Ed lives very near us, but we him very often. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 MargaretH~p~0k? four languages - English, French, German and Spanish. (speak) 2 Idqntlikt:: H'H my job. It's very boring. (like) 3 'Where's Steve?' 'I'm sorry. I : (know) 4 Sue is a very quiet person. She very much. (talk) SAndy... 'H' H...H.H a lot of tea. It's his favourite drink. (drink) 6 It's not truel I.. . H' \"'H'H'H'H' itl (believe) 7 That's a very beautiful picture. I.. ..... it very much. (like) 8 Mark is a vegetarian. He meat. (eat) 23

positive question I work I we like you do we they have do you work? they like? he works he do? she likes does she have? it does it has Study the word order: do/does + subject + infinitive Where Do you play the guitar? How often Do your friends live near here? Does Chris work on Sundays? What Does it rain a lot here? How much do your parents live? do you wash your hair? does this word mean? does it cost co Ay co Rome? Questions with always and usually: work on Sundays? do at weekends? Does Chris always What do you usually What do you do? = What's your job? o 'What do you do?' 'I work in a bank.' Remember: o Do they like music? o Does he like music? do I/we/you/they ... does he/she/it ... Short answers I/we/you/they do. I/we/you/they don't. Yes, No, he/she/it does. he/she/it doesn't. o 'Do you play the guitar?' 'No, Idon't.' o 'Do your parents speak English?' 'Yes, they do.' o 'Does James work hard?' 'Yes, he does.' o 'Does your sister live in London?' 'No, she doesn't.' 24 ( I do/work/like etc. (present simple) ~ Unit 5 I don't ... (negative) ~ Unit 6 questions ~ Units 44-47 )

Exercises Write questions with Do ... ? and Does ... ? QQYQI,.Jli~~c:;bQc:;Q10t~ 7 1 I like chocolate. How about you7 ~~~~~~~you~ .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~7 2 I play tennis. How about you? ........................... Lucy 7 3 You live near here. How about Lucy7 .... ~.~.~.~.~.~~~.~.~~.~~~~~~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~.~~~~ 7 4 Tom plays tennis. How about his friends? 5 You speak English. How about your brother7 ~ .. ~ ~~~.~.~.~.~.~~~ ~.~~.~ .. ~~.~~~.. ~~ .. ~7 6 I do yoga every morning. How about you7 7 Sue goes away a lot. How about Paul7 . . . ~~.~.~.~~~~.~~.~~~.~~.~.~.~~~~.~.~~.~~.~.~.~.~.~.~~.~~~~7 8 I want to be famous. How about you? ~.~~.~.~. ~ ... ~.~.~ ~ .. ~ ... ~.~.. ~.~.~.~.~.~~.~.~.~.~.~.~~~.~~.~~ 7 9 You work hard. How about Anna7 .. ~~.~~~.~~~~.~.~.~ 7 ~.~.~.~.~.~ .. ~.~.~.~.~.~ .. ~ .. ~ .. ~.~ .. ~.~ .. ~~ .. ~.~.~.~.~.~~.~~.~~.~.~ .. ~ .. ~.7 Make questions from these words + do/does. Put the words in the right order. 1 (where / live / your parents)Wh~r:~~pypl.,lr:P0r:~t1t?liy~ ~ .~..~..~.~ ..~.~ ~. ~ ~ 7 7 2 (you / early / always / get up )[)qyQl.,l0IW0y?g~t1,Jp~0r1y ..~. ~.~ ~ 3 (how often / TV / you / watch) ~ . ~.~ . ~.~.~ 7 4 (you / want / what / for dinner) ~~ 7 5 (like / you / football) 7 6 (your brother / like / football) ~. 7 7 (what / you / do / in your free time) ~ ~.~. 7 8 (your sister / work / where) ~ ~ ~..~ 7 9 (breakfast / always / you / have) ~ . ~.~ ..~.~..~..~..~~.~~.~~~~ ..~.~ ~..~~ . ~..~ . ~ ~.~..~.~.~ ..~.~..~ 7 10 (what / mean / this word) ~ ..~ ~ ~~.~ ~.~~~~~~~.~.~ .. ~.. ~..~..~.~..~~~.~~~.~ 7 11 (in winter / snow / it / here) ~. ~ ~.~ ..~.~.~.~ ..~ 7 12 (go / usually / to bed / what time / you) 13 (how much / to phone New York / it / cost) 14 (you / for breakfast / have / usually / what) Complete the questions. Use these verbs: -Eie- do enjoy go like start teach work 1 What~QQYPLJQP 7 I work in a bookshop. . ~~~~~i~ It's OK. 2 At 9 o'clock. 3 What time.~ ~.. in the morning7 Sometimes. 4 on Saturdays? Usually by bus. 5 How .~ to work7 He's a teacher. 6 And your husband. What Science. 7 What 7 .7 Yes, he loves it. 8 his job7 Write short answers (Yes, he does. / No, I don't. etc.). 1 Do you watch TV a lot7 NQ,ldpn't.. or ~~~Y~?,JdQ,~ 2 Do you live in a big city7 3 Do you often ride a bike7 4 Does it rain a lot where you live7 5 Do you play the pian07 -+ Additional exercises 4-7 (pages 253-54) 25

jack is watching television. He is not playing the guitar. But jack has a guitar. He often plays it and he plays very well. jack plays the guitar, but he is not playing the guitar now. Is he playing the guitar7 No, he isn't. (present continuous) Does he play the guitar7 Yes, he does. (present simple) Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking: I'm doing past now future future o Please be quiet. I'm working. (not I work) o Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not Tom has) o Take an umbrella with you. It's raining. o You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it. o Why are you under the table7 What are you doing7 Present simple (I do) =in general, all the time or sometimes: Ido past now o I work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30. o Tom has a shower every morning. o It rains a lot in winter. o I don't watch TV very often. o What do you usually do at weekends7 We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing): like want know understand remember prefer need mean believe forget Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.): o I'm tired. I want to go home. (not I'm wanting) o 'Do you know that girl?' 'Yes, but I don't remember her name.' o I don't understand. What do you mean 7 26 present continuous ~ Units 3-4 present simple ~ Units 5-7 present for the future ~ Unit 25

Exercises Answer the questions about the pictures. Does he take photographs7Y~?,h~c;jq?? Is she driving a bus7 Is he taking a photograph 7 Nq,h?i?n't, Does she drive a bus7 What is he doing7 What is she doing7 ...... H?'?.hi:lying.i:l.p\"'Jh, .... Does he clean windows7 Are they teaching7 Is he cleaning a window7 Do they teach 7 What is he doing7 What do they d07 Complete the sentences with am/is/are or do/don't/does/doesn't. 1 Excuse me,c;jp you speak English7 2 'Where's Kate7' 'I know.' 3 What's funny7 Why you laughing7 4 'What... . your sister do7' 'She's a dentist.' S It . raining. I want to go out in the rain. 6 'Where . you come from 7' 'Canada.' 7 How much .. . it cost to stay at this hotel 7 Is it expensive7 8 Steve is a good tennis player, but he play very often. • Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or the present simple (I do). 1 Excuse me,c;jqYQLJ?pl?gk .. (you/speak) English 7 2 'Where's Tom7' 'H?'?.hi:lying .... (he/have) a shower.' 3 .1c;jpn'tw\",Jc;h (I/not/watch) TV very often. 4 Listen l Somebody (sing). S Sarah is tired. . (she/want) to go home now. 6 How often (you/use) your car7 Every day7 7 'Excuse me, but (you/sit) in my seat.' 'Oh, I'm sorry.' 8 I'm sorry, (I/not/understand). Can you speak more slowly7 9 It's late. . (I/go) home now. (you/come) with me7 10 What time . (your father / finish) work every day7 11 You can turn off the radio (I/not/listen) to it. 12 'Where's Paul7' 'In the kitchen (he/cook) something.' 13 Mark (not/usually/drive) to work. He .............................................................. (usually/walk). 14 Sue . (not/like) coffee (she/prefer) tea. -. Additional exercises 8-9 (page 255) 27

You can say I have or I've got, he has or he's got: I I (I've got) we have or we (we've got) you you have got (you've got) (hey (hey ((hey've got) he he (he's got) she has or she has got (she's got) i( i( (i('s got) '----------v--- shortform o Ihave blue eyes. or I've got blue eyes. o Tom has (WO sis(ers. or Tom has got (WO sis(ers. o Our car has four doors. or Our car has got four doors. o Sarah isn'( feeling well. She has a headache. or She's got a headache. o They like animals. They have a horse, (hree dogs and six cars. or They've got a horse ... I don't have / I haven't got e(e. (nega(ive) You can say: I/you don't I/you haven't we/(hey we/rhey have or he/she he/she got i( i( doesn't hasn't o Idon't have a car. or I haven't got a car. o They don't have any children. or They haven't got any children. o I('s a nice house, bur i( doesn't have a garden. or ... i( hasn't got a garden. o Amy doesn't have a job a( (he moment or Amy hasn't got a job ... do you have? / have you got7 e(e. (ques(ions) You can say: do I/you have I/you we/rhey we/rhey have or got he/she he/she does i( has i( o 'Do you have a camera7' 'No, I don't.' or 'Have you got a camera?' 'No, I haven't.' o 'Does Helen have a carl' 'Yes, she does.' or 'Has Helen got a carl' 'Yes, she has.' o Wha( kind of car does she have7 or ... has she got7 o How many children do (hey have? or ... have (hey got7 had / didn't have (past) -+ Units 11-12 have breakfast / have a shower etc. -+ Unit 58 28 some and any -+ Unit 76

Exercises Write these sentences with got. The meaning is the same. 1 They have two children.Th~y'y~gQ:t;tWQ<:;hilgr~rl. 2 She doesn't have a keY'HH$h~Hhi3l?n'tgQ:t;i3lJ~y, 3 He has a new job. He H 4 Do you have an umbrella7 S We have a lot of work to do. 6 [don't have your phone number. 7 Does your father have a car7 8 How much money do we have7 Write these sentences with do/does/don't/doesn't. The meaning is the same. 1 Have you got any money7HHPQYQI.,JHhi3lYI3.i3ltJYl!.1Qn~yL 2 [haven't got many clothes. I. 3 Has Tom got a brother7 4 How many children have they got7 S Have you got any questions7 6 Sam hasn't got a job. Read the questions and answers. Then write sentences about Mark. 1 Have you got a car7 No. 1 Hl3.h<:l?rl::t;gQtg(<:l[. . 2 Have you got a bike7 Yes. 2 He .. 3 Have you got a dog7 No. Mark 3 4 Have you got a mobile phone7 Yes. 4 S Have you got a watch 7 No. S 6 Have you got any brothers or Yes, two brothers 6 sisters7 and a sister. What about you? Write sentences with I've got or I haven't got. 7 (a dog) 8 (a bike) 9 (brothers/sisters) Complete the sentences. Use have, has, don't have or doesn't have. 1 SarahdQ~?rl't:hgy~ a car. She goes everywhere by bike. 2 They like animals. Theyh<:lV~ ..... three dogs and two cats. 3 Charles isn't happy. H e a lot of problems. 4 They are always busy. They H Hmuch free time. Hsomething in my eye: S 'What's wrong7' 'I.. . 6 'Where's my pen?' 'I don't know. IHH' HH.'H'HHHHHH'H'H'H\" it: 7 Amy wants to go to the concert, but she H.H.H.H a ticket. Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven't/hasn't got with: six legs a key a headache a lot of friends a job much time 1 I'm not feeling very well. IH:v~HgQt:i3lhl3.<:lgi3l(h~, 2 Everybody likes Tom. He H 3 She can't open the door. She H 4 QUick!. We .... S An insect 6 I'm unemployed. I.. -+ Additional exercises 5-7 (page 254) 29

last night now Now Robert is at work. At midnight last night he wasn't at work. He was in bed. He was asleep. am/is (present) ---7 was (past): I was tired last night. Where was Kate yesterday7 o Iam tired. (now) The weather was good last week. o Where is Kate7 (now) o The weather is good today. You were late yesterday. They weren't here last Sunday. are (present) ---7 were (past): o You are late. (now) o They aren't here. (now) positive negative question I I 17 he he was not he 7 she was she (wasn't) was she7 it it it7 we we we7 you were you were not were you7 they they (weren't) they7 o Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now. o When Iwas a child, Iwas scared of dogs. o We were hungry after the journey, but we weren't tired. o The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive. o Was the weather nice when you were on holiday7 o Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive7 o Why were you late this morning7 Short answers I/he/she/it was. I/he/she/it wasn't. Yes, No, we/you/they were. we/you/they weren't. o 'Were you late7' 'No, Iwasn't.' o 'Was Tom at work yesterday7' 'Yes, he was.' o 'Were Sue and Steve at the party?' 'No, they weren't.' 30 ( am/is/are -+ Units 1-2 Iwas doing -+ Unit 13 ) ~.----------'-----------------~

Exercises Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? o 1 HJQ~W0~it:1p~d, 4 2 Jack and Kate ... 3 Sue .. 5 6 And you 7 I .. Write am/is/are (present) or was/were (past). 1 Last year sheW0.~ .H. 22, so she ..i? ..... 23 now. 2 Today the weather H.H.H..H...H..H...H.H nice, but yesterday it .H.H...H.H...H.H..H.. very cold. 3 I hungry. Can [ have something to eat7 4 I feel nne this morning, but I very tired last night. 5 Where you at 11 o'clock last Friday morning7 6 Don't buy those shoes. They very expensive. 7 I like your new jacket. it expensive7 8 This time last year I.. . in Paris. 9 'Where.. 'H '.H'.HH' Sam and Joe7' 'I don't know. They '.H.H'.H'.H'H'H'.H'.' here a few minutes ago.' Write was/were or wasn't/weren't. 1 We weren't happy with the hotel. Our room.HW0.~ very small and itH\"Y<::l?t:1::t. .... clean. 2 Mark at work last week because he ill. He's better now. 3 Yesterday ..H..HH..H.H H. a public holiday, so the banks H.H..H H..H. closed. They're open today. 4 ' H'H HKate and Ben at the party7' 'Kate .'H..'H.'H'H'HHH.H.H there, but Ben ..HH 5 Where are my keys7 They 'H.H...H.H.'H..H'H.'H on the table, but they're not there now. 6 You at home last night. Where you 7 Write questions from these words + was/were. Put the words in the right order. ~__-J/1L.....- __ (late / you / this morning / why7) ..... H.H..H . ' H - I - \" The traffic was bad. ......Whyw~r~yQLlJ<::l:t.~.thi.?mQrning? .. 2 (difficult / your exam7) .....HHHH.HH.H HH..H.H.H..H.H HH H..H.H..H.H'H.'H.-I-\" No, it was easy. .. 3 (last week / where / Sue and Chris7) .......... ...HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH-I-\" They were on holiday. 4 (your new camera / how much7) ..... .......H .....-I- .. A hundred pounds. 5 (angry / you / yesterday / why7) . .. .. . . - 1 - \" Because you were late. 6 (nice / the weather / last week7) Yes, it was beautiful..................................................................................................................................................................................... - 1 - ~ 31

They watch TV every evening. I (present simple) They watched TV yesterday evening. (past simple) watched is the past simple: I/we/you/they watched he/she/it The past simple is often -ed (regular lJerbs). For example: work ~ worked dance ~ danced clean ~ cleaned stay ~ stayed start ~ started need ~ needed o Iclean my teeth every morning. This morning Icleaned my teeth. o Terry worked in a bank from 2005 to 20ll. o Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime. o We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight. Spelling (~ Appendix 5): try ~ tried study ~ studied copy ~ copied stop ~ stopped plan ~ planned Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs (see also Appendix 2-3): begin ~ began fall ~ fell leave ~ left sell ~ sold break broke find found lose lost sit sat bring brought Ay flew make made sleep slept build built forget forgot meet met speak spoke buy bought get got pay paid stand stood catch caught give gave put put take took come came go went read read (red)* tell told do did have had ring rang think thought drink drank hear heard say said won eat ate know knew see saw Win wrote write * pronounced 'red' o I usually get up early, but this morning Igot up at 9 o'clock. o We did a lot of work yesterday. o Caroline went to the cinema three times last week. o James came into the room, took off his coat and sat down. 32 ( was/were'\" Unit 10 Ididn't / Did you ... 7 (negative and questions) ... Unit 12 ago'\" Unit 19 ) '-,------_------.:_--'-----\"---~---'-----=-----~

Exercises Complete the sentences. Use a verb from the box. -€teafl-. die enjoy finish happen open rain start stay want 1 1c:;I~gn~d my teeth three times yesterday. 2 It was hot in the room, so I the window. 3 The film was very long. It at 7.15 and at 10 o'clock. 4 When Iwas a child, I to be a doctor. 5 The accident last Sunday afternoon. 6 The weather is nice today, but yesterday it all day. 7 We .. our holiday last year. We at a very nice place. 8 Anna's grandfather when he was 90 years old. Write the past simple of these verbs. 1 get got 4 pay 7 go 10 know 8 think 11 put 2 see 5 visit 9 copy 12 speak 3 play 6 buy Read about Lisa's journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form. CHECK-IN Last Tuesday Lisa (l)fkw from London to Madrid. She (2) up Ay, get have at 6 o'clock in the morning and (3) a cup of coffee. At 6.30 she leave, drive get, park, walk (4) home and (5) to the airport. When she check, have wait, depart (6) there, she (7) the car, (8) to the airport arrive, take building, and (9) in. Then she (10) breakfast at a cafe and (11) for her Aight. The plane (12) on time and (13).. . in Madrid two hours later. Finally she (14) a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid. Write sentences about the past (yesterday / last week etc.). 1 James always goes to work by car. Yesterdayh~w~nttQWQr~f:7yc:;gr .. 2 Rachel often loses her keys. She . last week. 3 Kate meets her friends every evening. She yesterday evening. 4 I buy a newspaper every day. Yesterday I. last Friday. 5 We often go to the cinema at weekends. Last Sunday we .... 6 Ieat an orange every day. Yesterday I.. 7 Tom always has a shower in the morning. This morning he . 8 Our friends often come to see us. They Write sentences about what you did yesterday. 4 5 1Iw~nttQ ..th~th~gtr~... 6 2 3 ... Additional exercise 10 (page 256) 33

• . . I didn't ... Did you ... ? . . . . (past simple negative and questions) -~:\"lW A We use did in past simple negatives and questions: infinitive positive negative question play ,------,-----, I play I play7 Start start we Start7 watch played we watch you watch7 have have did they . have7 see we started you did not see he see7 do (didn't) do she d07 go you watched they go they had it go? he he saw she did she it went it do/does (present) ~ did (past): o Idon't watch TV very often. Ididn't watch TV yesterday. o Does she often go away? Did she go away last week7 We use did/didn't + infinitive (watch/play/go etc): I watched but I didn't watch (not Ididn't watched) they went did they go7 (not did they wem7) he had he didn't have you did did you do7 o Iplayed tennis yesterday, bur Ididn't win. o 'Did you do the shopping7' 'No, I didn't have time: o We went (0 the cinema, but we didn't enjoy the film Swdy the word order in questions: did + subject + infinitive What Did your sister call you 7 How did you do last night? Where did the accidem happen7 did your parems go for their holiday7 Short answers Yes, I/we/you/they did. No, I/we/you/they didn't. he/she/it he/she/it o 'Did you see Joe yesterday7' 'No, I didn't: o 'Did it rain on Sunday7' 'Yes, it did: o 'Did Helen come (0 the party?' 'No, she didn't: o 'Did your parents have a good holiday7' 'Yes, they did: 34 ( worked/got/went etc. (past simple) ~ Unit 11 )

Exercises Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative. 1 Isaw Barbara, but IHHdidn':t:.H?e.t?HH Jane. H on Tuesday. 2 They worked on Monday, but they H' to the bank. 3 We went to the post office, but we 4 She had a pen, but she HH any paper. S Jack did French at school, but he . German. Write questions with Did ... ? ...... QidyqL,Jw<:rt;.chTYJg~tnigb:t;. H H..H.H..H..H 7 1 Iwatched TV last night. How about you? __._. .__. H._. _._._._.H. H._._.H.H. H._._.....H._.H._.H. H._. _. H7 2 I enjoyed the party. How about you7 3 I had a good holiday. How about you7 .................................................................................................................................................7. 4 I finished work early. How about you7 ........................................................................................................................................7. S I slept well last night. How about you? .... ... .................................. '.................................... ..... 7.•.•.••..•...••..•................................. ... What did you do yesterday? Write positive or negative sentences. 1 (watch Tv)lw;,rt:;((he.dTY or [didn':t:.wg\"t:;((hT'1, 2 (get up before 7 o'clock) I.. 3 (have a shower) 4 (buy a magazine) S (eat meat) 6 (go to bed before 10.30) Write B's questions. Use: happen have a nice time -5tay- win arrive cost go go to bed late A: We went to New York last month. S A: We came home by taxi. s: wheredjdYQL,J?:J:;gy H..H..HH.HH. 7 s: How muchHHHHHHH'H'HHH'HH\" 7 A: With some friends. A: Ten pounds. 7 7 2 A: I was late for the meeting. 6 A: I'm tired this morning. s: What time .. s: 7 A: Half past nine. A: No, but Ididn't sleep very well. 3 A: I played tennis this afternoon. 7 A: We went to the beach yesterday. s: . s: A: No, I lost. A: Yes, it was great. 4 A: I had a nice holiday. 8 A: The window is broken. s: How s: Good. Where ... A: I don't know. A: To the mountains. Put the verb in the correct form - positive, negative or question. 1 We went to the cinema, but the film wasn't very good. WeHHdidnJt?njqYH it. (enjoy) 2 Tom some new clothes yesterday - two shirts, a jacket and a pullover. (buy) 3 ' yesterday7' 'No, it was a nice day.' (rain) 4 We were tired, so we long at the party. (stay) S It was very warm in the room, so I a window. (open) 6 'Did you phone Chris this morning7' 'No, I time.' (have) 7 'I cut my hand this morning.' 'How that7' (do) 8 'Why weren't you at the meeting yesterday?' 'I... . about it.' (know) ~ Additional exercises 10-13 (page 256) 3S

4 o'clock now (6 o'clock) It is 6 o'clock now. Paul is at home. 3.30 He is watching TV. he started sWimming At 4 o'clock he wasn't at home. He was at the sports club. He was swimming in the pool. He wasn't watching TV. T~. ~77~--------'· 4.15 he was swimming he finished swimming was/were + -ing is the past continuous: positive doing negative doing question doing? watching watching watching? I playing I playing I playing? he swimming he was not swimming he swimming? she was living she (wasn't) living was she living? it it it etc. etc. etc. we we we you were you were not were you they (weren't) they they o What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working? o 'What did he say7' 'I don't know. Iwasn't listening.' o It was raining so we didn't go out. o In 2009 we were living in Canada. o Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers. o Iwoke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing. Spelling (live ~ living / run ~ running / lie ~ lying etc.) ~ Appendix 5 am/is/are + -ing (present) ~ was/were + -ing (past): present past Iwas working at 10.30 last night. It wasn't raining when we went out. o I'm working (now). o What were you doing at 3 o'clock? o It isn't raining (now). o o What are you doing (now)? o 36 (_w.-as-/we-re-....-Un-it 10 I was doing and I did (past continuous and simple) .... Unit 14 - ' - - - - - ) ~ -- =- -----'------- ---- '-- --

Exercises Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? And what were they doing? Write two sentences for each picture. RACHEL JACK KATE TOM TRACEY MR AND MRS HALL at home at the cinema in his car at the station in the park watch TV watch a film drive wait for a train walk 1 Ra.c;hc::lw.g.~.gt.hQmc::,. $h~.w.g~.w.0t9hingTV, . 2 Jack and Kate ... . They .... 3 Tom .. 4 5 6 And you7 I.. Sarah did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 7.1 0 - 7.25 7.30-8.10 8.30 - 9.00 1 At 8,45?.h~W.g~W0?hjngh~r90r 2 At 10,45 she ... 3 At 8 o'clock ..... 4 At 12.10 5 At 7.15 6 At 9.30 ...... Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing. Use what/where/why if necessary. , - _ - - 1\\ \" . in 20127 /!L....-_ __.. at 2 o'c1ock7 1 (you/live)Wh~r~w.~rC::YQLJ)iyil1g In London. 2 (you/do) Iwas asleep. 3 (it/rain) when you got Up7 No, it was sunny. 4 (Sue/drive) so fast7 Because she was late. 5 (Tom/wear) a suit yesterday7 No, a T-shirt and jeans. Look at the picture. You saw Joe in the street yesterday afternoon. What was he doing? Write positive or negative sentences. 1 (wear / a jacket) ....Hc::W0?I1:tw~gril1g0j0c;~~t, 2 (carry / a bag) 3 (go / to the dentist) 4 (eat / an ice cream) 5 (carry / an umbrella) 6 (go / home) 7 (wear / a hat) 8 (ride / a bicycle) 37

jack was reading His phone rang. He scopped reading. He answered his a book. phone. What happened7 His phone rang. (past simple) What was jack doing when his phone rang7 } (past contm.uo)us readm' g bk He was a 00. What did he do when his phone rang7 }. I He stopped reading and answered his phone. (past simp e) jack began reading before his phone rang. So when his phone rang, he was reading. he started his phone he stopped he answered J_in_g ~_ g ~II h_i_S_p_~_on_e_ he was reading ra:_ past simple past continuous o A: What did you do yesterday morning7 o A: What were you doing at 10.307 B: We played tennis. (from 10 to 11.30) B: We were playing tennis. start finish start t 10 o'clock 17.30 10 o'clock I I I we played' we were playing complete action unfinished action o jack read a book yesterday. (= from o jack was reading a book when his beginning to end) phone rang. o Did you watch the game on TV last o Were you watching TV when I phoned night7 you? o It didn't rain while we were on holiday. o It wasn't raining when Igot up. o Istarted work at 9 o'clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 Iwas working. o It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out) o Isaw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop. o Kelly fell asleep while she was reading. 38 ( I did (past simple) -+ Units 11-12 I was doing (past continuous) -+ Unit 13 while -+ Unit lOS )

Exercises Look at the pictures. Put the verbs in the correct form, past continuous or past simple. Lucy~rQ~c; (break) her arm last week. It (happen) when she (paint) her room. She (fall) off the ladder. 2 The train (arrive) at the station and Paula . (get) off Two friends of hers, jon and Rachel, ....................................... (wait) to meet her. 3 Yesterday Sue . (walk) along the road when she (meet) james He . (go) to the station to catch a train and he .................................................................... (carry) a bag. They (stop) to talk for a few minutes. I I I Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple. l A: What was the weather like when yougQ:!< (get) up this morning? B: ItWg~rginir1g (rain). 2 A: Was jane busy when you went to see her? B: Yes, she . (study). 3 A:. . (Paul/call) you this morning? B: Yes, he (call) while I..... . (have) breakfast. 4 A: Was Tracey at work today? B: No, she . (not/go) to work. She was ill. S A: How fast . (you/drive) when the police ........................... (stop) you? B: I'm not sure, but I.. . (not/drive) very fast. 6 A:. . (your team / win) the football match yesterday? B: The weather was very bad, so we . (not/play). 7 A: How... . (you/break) the window? B: We . (play) football. I.. . (kick) the ball and it . (hit) the window. S A: (you/see) jessica last night? B: Yes, she (wear) a very nice jacket. 9 A: What (you/do) at 2 o'clock this morning? B: Iwas asleep. lOA: I.. . (lose) my key last night. B: How... .. (you/get) into your room? A: I (climb) in through a window. ... Additional exercises 14-15 (pages 257-58) 39

His shoes are dirty. He is cleaning his shoes. He has cleaned his shoes. (= his shoes are clean now) They are at home. They are going out. They have gone out. (= they are not at home now) has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle): I cleaned I cleaned? we have ('ve) finished we finished? ) regular verbs have you you have not (haven't) started started? they lost they lost? Iirregular verbs he has ('s) done he done? she been has she been? it has not (hasn't) gone it gone? t past participle Regular verbs The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple): clean -7 I have cleaned finish -7 we have finished start -7 she has started Irregular verbs The past participle is not -ed. Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same: buy -7 I bought / I have bought have -7 he had / he has had Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different: break -7 I broke / I have broken see -7 you saw / you have seen fall -7 it fell / it has fallen go -7 they went / they have gone We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now: o I've lost my passport. (= Ican't find my passport now) o 'Where's Rebecca7' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now) o We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now) o It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= Idon't have a present for her now) o 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone7' (= where is he now7) o Can Itake this newspaper? Have you finished with it7 (= do you need it now7) presenc perfect ~ Units 16-19 presenc perfect and pasc simple ~ Unit 20 40 irregular verbs ~ Unit 24, Appendix 2-3

Exercises Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from the box. l( go to bed clean his shoes stop raining have a shower ./ close the door fall down now 2 She ... 3 They ... 4 It ... 5 He ... 6 The ... • Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. break buy decide finish forget go go invite -lese- see not/see take tell not/tell ) l I:Ve;:JQ~tH my keys. Idon't know where they are. 2 I. H' H..H some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3 'Where is Helen?' 'She's nO( here. She our: 4 I'm looking for Paula. H.H.H.H H you her? 5 Lookl Somebody HH that window. 6 'Does Lisa know that you're going away?' 'Yes, I H H..H..H.. H\" her: 7 1can't find my umbrella. Somebody H.. H.. H.. H it. 8 'Where are my glasses?' 'I don't know. . H H H H.H them: 9 I'm looking for Sarah. Where H.H H.H.H.H..Hshe . H.H ? lO I know that woman, but I H..H.H.. H H her name. I I Sue is having a party tonight. She a lot of people.H ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l2 What are you going to do? you ? l3 A: Does Ben know about the meeting tomorrow? B: Idon't think so. I him. l4 I with this magazine. Do you want it? 41

just = a short time ago They have just arrived. o A: Are Laura and Paul here? B: Yes, they've just arrived. o A: Are you hungry? B: No, I've just had dinner. o A: Is Tom here? B: No, I'm afraid he's just gone. (= he has just gone) I've already ... already = before you expected / before I expected o A: What time are Laura and Paul coming? B: They've already arrived. (= before you expected) o It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already gone to bed. (= before I expected) o A: Jon, this is Emma. B: Yes, I know. We've already met. I haven't ... yet / Have you ... yet? yet = until now We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. yet in negative sentences (I haven't yet) . The film hasn't started yet. o A: Are Laura and Paul here? B: No, they haven't arrived yet. (but Bexpects Laura and Paul to arrive soon) o A: Does James know that you're going away? B: No, I haven'ttold him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon) o Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet. yet in questions (Have you ... yet?) o A: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet? B: No, not yet. We're still waiting for them. o A: Has Nicola started her new job yet? B: No, she starts next week. o A: This is my new dress. B: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet? 42 ( present perfect ~ Units 15, 17-20 word order ~ Unit 94 still, yet and already ~ Unit 95 ) ,-,-.--'----------------=----_-.:....-_---~

Exercises l Thl?y'y(':jw~t..0rriv~d, . 3 They ... 2 He ... 4 The race ... Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect. ,..- -J/!L....-_---.... l What time is Paul arriving7 ...... HI?'~.glm0dyBrriy(':d . it. 2 Do your friends want to see the film 7 No, they 3 Don't forget to phone Tom. I 4 When is Mark going away7 He ... 5 Do you want to read the newspaper7 I 6 When does Sarah start her new job7 She ... Write a sentence with just (They've just ... / She's just ... etc.) or a negative sentence with yet (They haven't ... yet / She hasn't ... yet etc.). (she / go / out) (the bus / go) ...... $h~..h0~n't.gQn(':.Qwtyl?t .... The bus ... now (iJ afew minutes ago CD Write questions with yet. l Your friend has a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her: ...... HgVI?yQq.\"t0rt(':dyQwron(':w.jQry~t? .. 2 Your friend has some new neighbours. Perhaps he has met them. You ask him: ................... you ..... 3 Your friend has to pay her electricity bill. Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her: 4 Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom: 43

Have you been to Rome7 No, I've never been to Japan. We use rhe present perfect (have been / have had / have played ere.) when we ralk abour a rime from rhe pasr umil now - for example, a person's life: Have you ever been to Japan? - - - - - - - - - - time from the past until now -----I past now o 'Have you been (Q France7' 'No, I haven't.' o I've been (Q Canada, bur I haven't been (Q rhe Unired Srares. o Mary is an imeresring person. She has had many differem jobs and has lived in many places. o I've seen rhar woman before, bur I can'r remember where. o How many rimes has Brazil won rhe World CUp7 o 'Have you read rhis book7' 'Yes, I've read ir rwice.' (twice = rwo rimes) present perfect + ever (in quesrions) and never: o 'Has Ann ever been (Q Ausrralia7' 'Yes, once.' (once = one rime) o 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I playa lor.' o My sisrer has never travelled by plane. o I've never ridden a horse. o 'Who is rhar man 7' 'I don'r know. I've never seen him before.' gone and been two weeks later Hi. I've been on holiday. I've been to Spain. BEN Ben has gone (Q Spain. Ben has been (Q Spain. (= he wem (Q Spain, bur now he is back) (= he is in Spain now) Compare: o I can'r find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now7) o Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been 7 ( present perfect -+ Units 15-16, 18 present perfect and past simple -+ Unit 20 )

Exercises You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever ... ? Write the questions. Helen 1 (be / London7) \"''-----------.... No, never. 2 (play / golf7) Yes, many times. 3 (be / Australia7) ..Hg'v'~yQl1~Y~rp~fnkQL.pngQn?.. Yes, once. 4 (lose / your passport?) No, never 5 (Ay / in a helicopter?) ...Hg'v'fYQl1.fY.~.Lplgy~g.gQIE. Yes, a few times. 6 (win / a race7) No, never 7 (be / New York?) Have ... Yes, twice. 8 (drive/abus7) No, never. 9 (break / your leg7) Yes, once. Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.) 1 (be / New York)$hf';;Pfc::nkQNfWYQI::ktwiqc::, .. 2 (be / Australia) She .... 3 (win / a race) 4 (Ay / in a helicopter) Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things? 5 (be / New York) I.. 6 (play / tennis) 7 (drive / a lorry) 8 (be / late for work or school) Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done? Mary -Rave- be all over the world a lot of interesting things write many different jobs a lot of interesting people do meet ten books married three times travel 1 $hf.h\"l.<:i.hgg.mgnygi.ff~rc::.ntjQP;;, . 2 She ..... 3 4 5 6 Write gone or been. 1 Ben is on holiday at the moment. He'sgqnf ..... to Spain. 2 'Have you ever.. to Mexico?' 'No, never.' 3 My parents aren't at home at the moment. They've.......... out. 4 There's a new restaurant in town. Have you..... to it? 5 Rebecca loves Paris. She's there many times. 6 Helen was here earlier, but I think she's now 7 'Where's Jessica?' 'She's not in the office. I think she's home: 8 Hello, Sue. Iwas looking for you. Where have you ? -+ Additional exercises 16, 18 (pages 258-60) 45

~8in.· ---. . How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4) A Helen is on holiday in Ireland. She is rhere now. She arrived in Ireland on Monday. Today is Thursday. How long has she been in Ireland7 She has been in Ireland { fSincehMOndday. or tree ays. Compare is and has been: She is in Ireland is = present now. . { since Monday. has been = present perfect She has been In Ireland L h d lor tree ays. Monday now Thursday Compare: present simple present perfect simple (have been / have lived / have known erc) Dan and Kare are married. They have been married for five years. Are you married7 Do you know Lisa? (not They are married for five years.) I know Lisa. Vicky li\\'es in London. How long have you been married7 I have a car. (not How long are you married?) How long have you known her? (not How long do you know her?) I've known her for a long time. (not I know her for ... ) How long has she lived in London? She has lived rhere all her life. How long have you had your car7 I've had ir since April. present continuous present perfect continuous (have been + -ing) I'm learning German. How long have you been learning German 7 David is watching TV. (not How long are you learning German 7) Ir's raining. I've been learning German for two years. How long has he been watching TV7 He's been (= He has been) watching TV since 5 o'clock. Ir's been (= Ir has been) raining all day. 46 ( for and since ~ Units 19, 104 )

Exercises Complete these sentences. 1 Helen is in Ireland. She Hha.?I:7I?I?t1 in Ireland since Monday. 2 I know Lisa. IHha.\\I~k.t1Qw.t1H her for a long time. 3 Sarah and Andy are married. They... H'H'\" married since 2005. 4 Ben is ill. He.. . ill for the last few days. 5 We live in Scott Road. We H there for a long time. 6 Catherine works in a bank. She .... there for five years. 7 Alan has a headache. He ... .. H H...H.H ... 'H \"H\"H\"H'H\"H'H\"'HHH' a headache since he got up this morning. 8 I'm learning English. I.. H\"H'H\"'HH\" English for six months. Make questions with How long ... ? \"'---------.... ,..- ---J/!L....-_-----... 1 Helen is on holiday. HQ\\IIIIQt1gha.??h~HI?~l?nQnhQliija.y .'HHH H 7 2 Steve and Nadia are in Brazil. How long . 3 I know Amy. How long \"'HH you .. 4 Emily is learning Italian. 5 My brother lives in Canada. 6 I'm a teacher. ... 7 7 It is raining. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with: for ten minutes all day all her life for ten years since he was 20 since Sunday 1 Th~yh0\\1~..b..~.~n.r110rrie.c:i.fQrt~nyl?a.r?, . 2 She .. 3 They ... 4 The sun .. 5 She .. 6 He .. Which is right? 1 Mark --ltves-I has lived in Canada since April. (has lived is right) 2 Jane and I are friends. I know I f've known her very well. 3 Jane and I are friends. I know I I've known her for a long time. 4 A: Sorry I'm late. How long are you waitingl have you been waiting7 B: Not long. Only five minutes. 5 Luke works I has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job a lot. 6 Ruth is reading a newspaper. She is reading I She has been reading it for two hours. 7 'How long do you live I have you lived in this house?' 'About ten years.' 8 'Is that a new coatt 'No, I have I I've had this coat for a long time.' 9 Tom is I has been in Spain at the moment. He is I He has been there for the last three days. 47

We use for and since CO say how long: O He Ien .. Ire Ia nd. Sh e has been there { fso.inr ctehrMeoe nddayays.. IS In We use for + a period of time We use since + the start of the period (three days / two years etc.): (Monday / 9 o'clock etc.): < for three days > start of the since Monday Monday I Tuesday I Wednesday period ~ Monday past now past now for since three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday an hour two hours 9 o'clock a week four weeks 24 july 12.30 a month six months january five years a long time 1985 Christmas Iwas ten years old we arrived o Richard has been in Canada for six o Richard has been in Canada since months. (not since six months) January. (= from january co now) o We've been waiting for two hours. o We've been waiting since 9 o'clock. (not since two hours) (= from 9 o'clock co now) o I've lived in London for a long time. o I've lived in London since Iwas ten years old. ago ago = before now: o Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now) o 'When did Tom go out7' 'Ten minutes ago.' (= ten minutes before now) o I had dinner an hour ago. o Life was very different a hundred years ago. We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.). Compare ago and for: o When did Helen arrive in Ireland7 She arrived in Ireland three days ago. o How long has she been in Ireland7 She has been in Ireland for three days. 48 ( present perfect + for/since ~ Unit 18 from/until/since/for ~ Unit 104 for and during ~ Unit 105 )

Exercises Wrire for or since. l Helen has been in Ireland ......~.i.nt:;.e. ..... Monday. 2 Helen has been in IrelandJQI:~ rhree days. 3 My aunt has lived in Ausrralia lS years. 4 Tina is in her office. She has been rhere 7 o'clock. 5 India has been an independent country 1947. 6 The bus is lare. We've been wairing 20 minures. 7 Nobody lives in rhose houses. They have been em pry .. many years. 8 Michael has been ill.. .. a long rime. He has been in hospiral October. Answer these questions. Use ago. l When was your lasr meaI7Thre.e.hQl,Jr~ggQ: .... 2 When was rhe lasr rime you were il17 3 When did you lasr go to rhe cinema7 4 When was rhe lasr rime you were in a car7 5 When was rhe lasr rime you went on holiday? Complete the sentences. Use for or ago with these words. ---\". LI (rhree days) (rhree days) l Helen arrived in Irelandthre.e.qgy~ggQ, (20 years) 2 Helen has been in IrelandJQrthre.e.c:igy~, (20 years) 3 Lynn and Mark have been married.. (an hour) 4 Lynn and Mark gO( married . (a few days) 5 Dan arrived ..... (six months) 6 I boughr rhese shoes ... (a long rime) 7 Silvia has been learning English ..... 8 Have you known Lisa.. Complete the sentences with for or since. (Helen is in Ireland - she arrived rhere three days ago) .. He.Ie.f1hg;;i?e.e.n inlre.lgndfQrt.hme.c:igy;;,.. 2 (Jack is here - he arrived on Tuesday) Jack has ... 3 (It's raining - ir started an hour ago) It's been ..... 4 (I know Sue - I first met her in 2008) I've .. 5 (Claire and Matt are married - they gO( married six months ago) Claire and Matt have .. 6 (Laura is studying medicine at university - she started three years ago) Laura has ... 7 (David plays the piano - he started when he was seven years old) David has ... Write sentences about yourself. Begin your sentences with: I've had ... I've lived ... I've been ... I've been learning ... I've known ... l I.'y.e...liYe.c:i..in.thi;;.tQwn.fQrth.re.e.ye.gr:~ . 2 3 4 5 ~ Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 258-60) 49