Essential Grammar in Use

an hour ago now The rain hasn't stopped An hour ago it was raining. It is still raining now. still = something is the same as before: o I had a lot to eat, but I'm still hungry. (= Iwas hungry before, and I'm hungry now) o 'Did you sell your car?' 'No, I've still got it: o 'Do you still live in Barcelona?' 'No, I live in Madrid now: yet Ben will be here soon. 20 minutes ago Twenty minutes ago they were They are still waiting for Ben. waiting for Ben. Ben hasn't come yet. yet = until now We use yet in negative sentences (He hasn't come yet.) and in questions (Has he come yet?). Yet is usually at the end of a sentence: o A: Where's Emma? B: She isn't here yet. (= she will be here, but until now she hasn't come) o A: What are you doing this evening? B: Idon't know yet. (= Iwill know later; but Idon't know at the moment) o A: Are you ready to go yet? B: Not yet. In a minute. (= Iwill be ready, but I'm not ready at the moment) o A: Have you finished with the newspaper yet? B: No, I'm still reading it. Compare yet and still: o She hasn't gone yet. = She's still here. (not she is yet here) o I haven't finished eating yet. = I'm still eating. already = earlier than expected: o 'What time is Joe coming?' 'He's already here: (= earlier than we expected) o 'I'm going to tell you what happened: 'That's not necessary. Ialready know: o Sarah isn't coming to the cinema with us. She has already seen the film. 200 _ _( already/yet + present perfect ~ Unit 16 word order (still/already) ~ Unit 94 ) ~._....:........:.-----..:._~-----_---:..- ...:...:....-_------~

Exercises • You meet Tina. The last time you saw her was two years ago. You ask her some questions with still. Tina - two years ago lH[)QYQu~t:illplgy:t.h(';pignQ? .,------..,. 2 Do you ... 3 Are ... I play (he piano. 4 2 5 6 3 • Write three sentences for each situation. Look at the example carefully. before now (before) Ih(';y.wc::mwgitingf9rthc::.~IJ~ . (sti II )Th(';ygm~ti[lwgiting. (yet )Th(';bl)~hg~n':t.i!qm(';y(';:t.. 2 (before) He was ... (still) He ... (yet) H H y e t 3 (before) She asleep. (still) (yet) 4 (before) They ... (still) (yet) 1111 Write questions with yet. 1 You and Sue are going out together. You are waiting for her to get ready. Perhaps she is ready now. You ask her:Ar(';Y9IJXc'@:iYYc::1:;f 2 You are waiting for Helen to arrive. She wasn't here ten minutes ago. Perhaps she is here now. You ask somebody: Helen .. 3 Anna did an exam and is waiting for the results. Perhaps she has her results now. You ask her: you .. 4 A few days ago you spoke to Tom. He wasn't sure where to go on holiday. Perhaps he has decided now. You ask him: • Complete the sentences. Use already. \"\"'--------.... Hc::'~glrc::gdy here. No,thc::y'y(';glmgdy~c::(';n ..... it 1 What time is Joe coming7 2 Do they want to see the film 7 It's too late. She . 3 I have to see Julia before she goes. No, thanks. I one. 4 Do you need a pen 7 No, it's OK. I.. 5 Shall I pay the bil1 7 No, he ..H.H..H.H..HH. H. H.... H.H...H. H...H....H.. I told him. 6 Shall I tell Paul about the meeting? 201

After these verbs (give/lend etc.), there are two possible structures: give something to somebody o Igave the keys to Sarah. give somebody something o Igave Sarah the keys. give something to somebody Give something to somebody give That's my book. give it to me. These are Sue's keys. Can you lent them to her7 send these Rowers to your mother? Can you showed my car to a friend of mine. I the money to Kate7 them to us. Did you We've seen these photos. You give somebody something Tom Give somebody something I gave lent me that book. It's mine. How much money did you lend his mother some Rowers. I sent Joe some money. showed him 7 Nicola pass you an email. Did you get it7 Can you us her holiday photos. me the salt, please? You can also say 'buy/get somebody something': o I bought my mother some Rowers. (= I bought some Rowers for my mother.) o I'm going to the shop. Can Iget you anything? (= get anything for you) You can say: o Igave the keys to Sarah. and Igave Sarah the keys. (but not Igave to Sarah the keys) o That's my book. Can you give it to me7 and Can you give me that book7 (but not Can you give to me that book7) We prefer the first structure (give something to somebody) with it or them: o Igave it to her. (not Igave her it) o Here are the keys. Give them to your father. (not Give your father them) 202 ( it/him/them etc. ... Unit 59 )

Exercises e l l Mark had some things that he didn't want. He gave them to different people. ~SARAH A NEIGHBOUR ~ ~-------. GARY Write sentences beginning He gave .... ......H~.g0\\1I:3.ittQ.hi~.l7r:9th.~r ... He gave ... l Whar did Mark do wirh rhe armchair? He ... 2 Whar did he do wirh rhe rennis racker? 3 Whar happened to rhe books? 4 Whar abour rhe lamp? 5 Whar did he do wirh rhe pictures? 6 And rhe ladder? You gave presents to your friends. You decided to give them the things in the pictures. Write a sentence for each person. W JOANNA (1) RICHARD @J EMMA l3J RACHEL (§) KEVIN l I.gg\\l~.F'0LlI.gi?qQk . 4 2 Igave ... 5 3 I .. 6 • Write questions beginning Can you give me ... ? / Can you pass me ... ? etc. l (you want rhe salr) (pass)C0nYQuPg~~m~thl:3~glt? 2 (you need an umbrella) (lend) Can you .... 3 (you want my address) (give) Can . . your . 4 (you need rwenty pounds) (lend) 5 (you want more informarion) (send) 6 (you want to see rhe lerrer) (show) • Which is right? l Igave to Sarah the keys. / Igave Sarah rhe keys. (I gave Sarah rhe keys is right) 2 I'll lend to you some money if you want. / I'll lend you some money if you want. 3 Did you send rhe bill me? / Did you send rhe bill to me? 4 Iwant to buy for you a present. / 1want to buy you a present. 5 Can you pass to me rhe sugar, please? / Can you pass me rhe sugar, please? 6 This is Lisa's bag. Can you give ir to her? / Can you give her ir? 7 Ishowed to rhe policeman my identiry card. / Ishowed rhe policeman my identiry card. 203

and but or so because We use these words (conjunctions) ro join two sentences. They make one longer sentence from two Tshorrer sentences: The driver gOt our. sentence B sentence A The car scopped. The car sropped and the driver got out. and/but/or sentence A sentence B We stayed at home and (we)* watched television. * It is not necessary ro My sister is married and (she)* lives in London. repeat 'we' and 'she'. He doesn't like her, and she doesn't like him. I bought a sandwich, but Ididn't eat it. It's a nice house, but it doesn't have a garden. Do you want to go out, or are you roo tired? In lists, we use commas (,). We use and before the last thing: o Igot home, had something ro eat, sat down in an armchair and fell asleep. ~~ ~ o Karen is at work, Sue has gone shopping and Chris is playing football. so (the result of something) sentence B sentence A Iopened the window. he's very fit. It was very hot, so they haven't been ro many places. Joe does a lot of sport, so They don't like travelling, so because (the reason for something) sentence A sentence B Iopened the window because it was very hot. Joe can't come ro the party because he's going away. Lisa is hungry because she didn't have breakfast. Because is also possible at the beginning: o Because it was very hot, Iopened the window. In these examples there is more than one conjunction: o It was late and Iwas tired, so Iwent ro bed. o Ialways enjoy visiting London, but Iwouldn't like ro live there because it's roo big. 204 ( when/while/before -etc. -... U-nit-98 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \") , -.- - - - -

Exercises Write sentences. Choose from the boxes and use and/but/or. I stayed at home. Ididn't have your number. I bought a sandwich. Shall I wait here7 I went to the window. I didn't eat it. I wanted to phone you. Ijumped into the river. I went by bus this morning. I usually drive to work. Do you want me to come with you7 I watched TV. I swam to the other side. I looked out. 1 I.~:t0yc;c::l0:thQmI?0nc::lWgt<:;hc;c::lTV, ... 2 I..p.qL,Jght0...'?gngWic:;h,.I:7LJtl.dl~nJI?0tjt ... 3 I .. 4 S 6 7 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use and/but/so/because. 1 It was very hot,?Qbc;QpI'WI?~:theWingQw. 2 They couldn't play tennis ... 3 They went to the museum, ... 4 Ben wasn't hungry, ... S Helen was late ... 6 Sue said ... Write sentences about what you did yesterday. Use and/but etc. 1 (and) I.n.thl?.~'l.t::ni.ngJ.~:t0y~c::lg:thQmc;.0nc::l.~:tL,Jdic;~ . 2 (because) I'vVl?nt:tQ.p.l?gyl?ryl?grly~t::<:;gL,J?t::JW0.~Jjrl?~, . 3 (but) . 205 4 (and) S (so) 6 (because)

When I went out, it was raining. This sentence has two parts: when 1went out + it was raining You can say: o When 1went out, it was raining. or It was raining when I went out. We write a comma (,) if When ... is at the beginning: o { When you're tired, don't drive. Don't drive when you're tired. o { Helen was 25 when she got married. When Helen got married, she was 25. We do the same in sentences with before/while/after: o { Always look both ways before you cross the road. Before you cross the road, always look both ways. o { While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain. It began to rain while I was waiting for the bus. o { He never played football again after he broke his leg. After he broke his leg, he never played football again. When I am ... / When I go ... etc. Next week Sarah is going to New York. She has a friend, Lisa, who lives in New York, but Lisa is also going away - to Mexico. So they won't see each other in New York. Lisa will be in Mexico when Sarah is in New York. The time isfuture (next week) but we say: ... when Sarah is in New York. (not when Sarah will be) SARAH LISA We use the present (I am / 1go etc.) with afuture meaning after when: o When [get home this evening, I'm going to have a shower. (not When I will get home) o I can't talk to you now. I'll talk to you later when [ have more time. We do the same after before/while/after/until: o Please close the window before you go out. (not before you will go) o Rachel is going to stay in our Rat while we are away. (not while we will be) o I'll wait here until you come back. (not until you will come back) 206 ( if and when ~ Unit 99 until ~ Unit 104 before/while/after ~ Unit 105 ) ,-.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

Exercises Write sentences beginning with when. Choose from the boxes. When + I weAE out + I turned off the TV I'm tired I always go to the same place I knocked on the door there were no rooms I go on holiday it Vias raining the programme ended there was no answer I got to the hotel I like to watch TV ......Wh~n.l.we.nt.QLJt:, . i.t..wg.\"'.rgining.. 2 3 4 5 6 Complete the sentences. Choose from the box. somebody broke into the house before they came here when they heard the news while they were away they didn't believe me before they crossed the road they went to live in New Zealand 1 They looked both waysf?e.fQr~t:he.y~rq\",,,,e.d.the.tQgd, . . 2 They were very surprised . . 3 After they got married, . . 4 Their house was damaged in a s t o r m . . . 5 Where did they live ..... 6 While we were asleep, 7 When I told them what happened, .. . Which is right? 1 --ktay- / I'll stay here until you come / you'll come back. (~and you come are right) 2 I'm going to bed when I finish / I'll finish my work. 3 We must do something before it's / it will be too late. 4 Helen is going away soon. I'm / I'll be very sad when she leaves /she'llleave. 5 Don't go out yet. Wait until the rain stops / will stop. 6 We come / We'll come and visit you when we're / we'll be in England again. 7 When I come to see you tomorrow, I bring / I'll bring our holiday photos. 8 I'm going to Paris next week. I hope to see some friends of mine while I'm / I'll be there. 9 Let's go out for a walk before it gets / it will get dark. 10 I'm not ready yet. I tell / I'll tell you when I'm / I'll be ready. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. . 7 1 Can you close the window beforeYQLJgQQqi::. . 2 What are you going to do when 3 When I have enough money, 7 4 I'll wait for you while .. 5 When I start my new job, .. 6 Will you be here when 207

If can be at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle: If at the beginning If we go by bus, it will be cheaper. If you don't hurry, you'll miss the train. have something to eat. If you're hungry, can you answer it, please7 If the phone rings, if in the middle It will be cheaper if we go by bus. You'll miss the train if you don't hurry. I'm going to the concert if I can get a ticket. if I use your phone7 Is it OK In conversation, we often use the if-part of the sentence alone: o 'Are you going to the concert?' 'Yes, if I can get a ticket: If you see Ann tomorrow ... etc. After if, we use the present (not will). We say 'if you see .. .' (not if you will see): o If you see Ann tomorrow, can you ask her to call me7 o If I'm late this evening, don't wait for me. (not if I will be) o What shall we do if it rains7 (not if it will rain) o If I don't feel well tomorrow, I'll stay at home. ifand when If I go out = it is possible that I will go out, but I'm not sure: o A: Are you going out later7 o B: Maybe. If I go out, I'll close the windows. When I go out = I'm going out (for sure): o A: Are you going out later7 o B: Yes, I am. When I go out, I'll close the windows. Compare when and if o When I get home this evening, I'm going to have a shower. o If I'm late this evening, don't wait for me. (not When I'm late) o We're going to play tennis if it doesn't rain. (not when it doesn't rain) 208 ( when ~ Unit 98 if I had / if we went ... etc. ~ Unit 100 )

Exercises Write sentences beginning with if. Choose from the boxes. you don't hurry we can have lunch now you pass the exam you can have them you fail the exam I can lend you some you don't want this magazine you'll get a certificate If + + you'll be late you want those pictures you're busy now I'll throw it away you're hungry we can talk later you need money you can do it again 1 lfyQLJgQn'thLlny,yQLJ'.III7~Jgt~ . 2 If you pass ... 3 If 4 S 6 7 8 Which is right? 1 If I'm / -+Il--I7e-late this evening, don't wait for me. (I'm is right) 2 Will you call me if I give / I'll give you my phone number? 3 If there is / will be a fire, the alarm will ring. 4 If I don't see you tomorrow morning, I call / ,'II call you in the evening. S I'm / I'll be surprised if Michael and Jane get / will get married. 6 Do you go / Will you go to the party if they invite / they'll invite you7 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 I'm going to the concert ifJc:;gtJg~:t;gti(:;k~t. 2 If you don't hurry, HHHY9LlJlmi?~:t;h~trgin. 3 I don't want to disturb you 4 If you go to bed early tonight, ... S Turn the TV off 6 Ti na won't pass her exams if .. 7 If I have time tomorrow, .H. 8 We can go to the beach tomorrow 9 I'll be surprised if ... Write if or when. 1 ...H.HIfH...... I'maI te t h'IS eveni.ng, don't wa.lt Clor me. 2 I'm going to do some shopping now. I come back, we can have lunch. 3 I'm thinking of going to see Tom. 1 go, will you come with me7 4 you don't want to go out tonight, we can stay at home. S Is it OK I close the window7 6 John is still at school. H...H.H.....H.HHH.HH he leaves school, he wants to go to college. 7 Shall we have a picnic tomorrow the weather is good7 8 We're going to Madrid next week. We don't have anywhere to stay - we hope to find a hotel ............................. we get there. I don't know what we'll do HH'.H.HHH.H\"H.H.H' we don't find a room. 209

Dan likes fast cars, but he doesn't have one. He doesn't have enough money. If he had the money, he would buy a fast car. Usually had is past, but in this sentence had is DAN not past. If he had the money = if he had the money now (but he doesn't have it). I had / knew / lived (etc.) ... , I would ... If you didn't have / didn't know (etc.) ... , you wouldn't ... it could ... were ... , it they could ... , they couldn't ... You can say: o If he had the money, he would buy a car. or He would buy a car if he had the money. I'd / she'd / they'd etc. = / would / she would / they would etc. : o Idon't know the answer. If Iknew the answer, I'd tell you. o It's raining, so we're not going out. We'd get wet if we went out. o Jane lives in a city. She likes cities. She wouldn't be happy if she lived in the country. o If you didn't have a job, what would you do7 (but you have a job) o I'm sorry Ican't help you. I'd help you if Icould. (but Ican't) o If we had a car, we could travel more. (but we don't have a car, so we can't travel much) If (I) was/were ... / wouldn't go out if I were you. You can say: if I/he/she/it was or if I/he/she/it were o It's not a very nice place. Iwouldn't go there if I were you. (or ... if I was you) o It would be nice if the weather was better. (or ... if the weather were better) o What would Tom do if he were here7 (or ... if he was here) Compare: if I have / if it is etc. if I had / if it was etc. o I must go and see Helen. o I must go and see Helen. If I have time, I will go coday. If Ihad time, Iwould go coday. (= maybe I'll have time, so maybe I'll go) (= I don't have time coday, so Iwill not go) o I like that jacket. o I like this jacket, but it's very expensive. I'll buy it if it isn't coo expensive. (= maybe it will not be coo expensive) I'd buy it if it wasn't so expensive. o I'll help you if Ican. (= maybe 1can) (= it is expensive, so I'm not going co buy it) o I'd help you if Icould, but Ican't. 210 ( if we go / if I have / if I can etc. ~ Unit 99 ) ~.-----'::..-..-_-------------------~

Exercises Complete the sentences. 1 I don't know the answer. If I ....In.e..w....... the answer, I'd tell you. 2 I have a car. I couldn't travel very much if I did.n:thi:lve. .... a car. 3 I don't want to go out. If I .. . . to go out, I'd go. 4 We don't have a key. If we . a key, we could get into the house. S I'm not hungry. I would have something to eat if I.. . hungry. 6 Sue enjoys her work. She wouldn't do it if she . it. 7 He can't speak any foreign languages. If he . speak a foreign language, perhaps he would get a better job. 8 You don't try hard enough. If you ... . harder, you would have more success. 9 I have a lot to do today. If I .. . so much to do, we could go out. Put the verb in the correct form. 1 Ifhe.hgd the money, he would buy a fast car. (he/have) 2 Jane likes living in a city.;3he...wQ.uldn':t~e. ... happy if she lived in the country. (she/not/be) 3 If I wanted to learn Italian, .. to Italy. (I go) 4 I haven't told Helen what happened. She'd be angry i f . . . . . . . . . (she/know) S If... . a map, I could show you where I live. (we/have) 6 What would you do if. . a lot of money7 (you/win) 7 It's not a very good hotel. there if I were you. (I/not/stay) 8 If nearer London, we would go there more often. (we/live) 9 It's a shame you have to go now. nice if you had more time. (it/be) 10 I'm not going to take the job. I'd take it if ...... better. (the salary/be) 11 I don't know anything about cars. If the car broke down, . what to do. (I/not/know) 12 If you could change one thing in the world, what ... 7 (you/change) Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and put the verb in the correct form. we (have) a bigger house it (be) a bit cheaper we (buy) a bigger house the air (be) cleaner we (have) some pictures on the wall I (watch) it every day (be) the same I (be) bored 1 I'd buy that jacket ifitWi:l~g~it~he.i:lpe.r . . 2 If there was a good film on TV tonight, .. . . 3 This room would be nicer if . . . . 4 If there wasn't so much traffic, . . S Life would be boring if... 6 If I had nothing to do, 7 We could invite all our friends to stay 8 If we had more money, . Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas. 1 I'd be happier ifJ~ql,ll~ge.ti:l~e.t1:&r:jQ.l7 . .. 2 If I could go anywhere in the world, . 3 I wouldn't be very happy if . . . 4 I'd buy, . . if .. S If I saw an accident in the street,... 6 The world would be a better place if . 211

I can speak six languages. I met a woman. She can speak six languages. l. . . 2 sentences . J I she -7 who I [------------------------ 7 sentence------------------------j I met a woman who can speak six languages. .Ljack was wearing a hat. It was roo big for him. 2 . sentences . i. I it -7 that or which I [------------------------------ 7 sentence-----------------------------) jack was wearing a hat that was roo big for him. or jack was wearing a hat which was roo big for him. JACK who is for people (not things): A thief is a person who steals things. didn't give his name. Do you know anybody who can play the piano? are very friendly. who phoned The man who work in the office The people that is for things or people: An airplane is a machine that Aies. are very friendly. Emma lives in a house that is 400 years old. The people that work in the office You can use that for people, but who is more usual. which is for things (not people): An airplane is a machine which Aies. (not a machine who ... ) Emma lives in a house which is 400 years old. Do not use which for people: o Do you remember the woman who was playing the piano at the party? (not the woman which ... ) 212 who and which in questions ~ Units 45, 47 the people we met (relative clauses 2) ~ Unit 102

Exercises GIlt Choose from the boxes and write sentences: A ... is a person who .... Use a dictionary if necessary. ~ a dentist doesn't tell the truth is ill in hospital a fool takes care of your teeth steals things a butcher a genius is very intelligent does stupid things a mUSICian a liar plays a musical instrument sells meat a patient 1 .....A. :t;hi~fi?0p~r?qn.whq.?:t;~0Is:t;hing.q,., .... 2 A butcher is a person . 3 A musician .. 4 5 6 7 8 • Make one sentence from two. 1 (A man phoned. He didn't give his name.) .. Th~m0nwh9ph9n~ggign':t;giY~hiq,n0m~. 2 (A woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress.) ........................................... a yellow dress. The woman . 3 (Some students took the exam. Most of them passed.) Most of the students ... 4 (A policeman stopped our car. He wasn't very friendly.) The .. Write who or which. 1 I met a woman ... whQ..... can speak six languages. 2 What's the name of the man has just started work in your office7 3 What's the name of the river Rows through the town 7 4 Where is the picture was hanging on the wal1 7 5 Do you know anybody wants to buy a car7 6 You always ask questions are difficult to answer. 7 I have a friend is very good at repairing cars. 8 I think everybody went to the party enjoyed it very much. 9 Why does he always wear clothes are too small for him? CD Right or wrong? Correct the mistakes. 1 A thief is ~ things. ...?lpe.rq,QnWh9?te.?lI? 2 An airplane is a machine that Ries. 3 A coffee maker is a machine who makes coffee. 4 What's happened to the money that was on the table7 5 Idon't like people which never stop talking. 6 I know somebody that can help you. 7 I know somebody who works in that shop. 8 Correct the sentences who are wrong. 9 My neighbour bought a car who cost £40,000 213

The man is cIta,srrvyeinryg a bag. } 2 sen tences heavy. I The bag (that) he is carrying is very heavy. .. L_______________________. 1 sentence .------------------------! . Kate w.on some m.on.ey. } 2 sentences What IS she gOing to do with It7 I What is Kate going to do with the money KATE (that) she won7 \"----------------------_. 1 sentence-----------------------, You can say: o The bag that he is carrying... or The bag he is carrying ... (with or without that) o ... the money that Kate won 7 or ... the money Kate won 7 You do not need that/who/which when it is the object: subject verb object The man was carrying a bag -7 the bag (that) the man was carrying Kate won some money -7 the money (that) Kate won You wanted some books -7 the books (that) you wanted We met some people -7 the people (who) we met o Did you find the books you wanted7 (or ... the books that you wanted7) o The people we met were very friendly. (or The people who we met ... ) o Everything Isaid was true. (or Everything that Isaid ... ) We say: o The film we saw was very good. (not The film we saw it was ... ) Sometimes there is a preposition (to/in/at etc.) after the verb: Eve is talking to a man. -7 Do you know the man Eve is talking to7 We stayed at a hotel. -7 The hotel we stayed at was near the station. Itold you about some books. -7 These are the books Itold you about. We say: ... the books Itold you about. (not the books I told you about them) You can say '(a place) where ...': o The hotel where we stayed was near the station. (= The hotel we stayed at ... ) You must use who/that/which when it is the subject (-7 Unit lOl): o I met a woman who can speak six languages. (who is the subject) o Jack was wearing a hat that was too big for him. (that is the subject) 214 ( a person who . . ,a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1) -+ Unit 101 )

Exercises 7. ..............................................................................................................• l i t Make one sentence from two. l (Helen took some piccures. Have you seen them7) H0Y(';YQLJ~(';(';n:th(';pictwr(';~HI(I(';n:tQQk? 2 (You gave me a pen. I've lost it.) I've lost the . 3 (Sue is wearing a jacket. I like it.) I like the .. 4 (I gave you some flowers. Where are they7) Where are the .. S (He told us a story. Ididn't believe it.) I 6 (You bought some oranges. How much were they7) How . _ _ Make one sentence from two. l (I was carrying a bag. It was very heavy.) ......Th(';.l7c:1g.I.Wg~(c:1rrying.Wc:1~.yery.bl(c:1yy. .... 2 (You cooked a meal. It was excellent.) The . 3 (I'm wearing shoes. They aren't very comfortable.) The shoes . 4 (We invited some people to dinner. They didn't come.) The ... You ask your friend some questions. Complete the sentences. Your friend stayed at a hotel. You ask: What's the name of:thl(hQ:tI(IYQL1~:tc:1Yl(dc:1:t 2 Your friend was talking to some people. You ask: Who are the people . ..... . 7..•...•...•........................................• 3 Your friend was looking for some keys. You ask: Did you find the .. 7..... ...................................................................................................•...•.•••• 4 Your friend is going to a party. You ask: Where is the ..... S Your friend was talking about a film. You ask: What's the name of ... .......................................................................7. 6 Your friend is listening to some music. You ask: What's that .. 7.. .........................................................................................................................••• 7 Your friend applied for a job. You ask: Did you get .. CD Complete the questions. Use where. l John stayed at a hotel. You ask him: .................................~. ~. ~ ? Did you like:thl(,hQ:t(';IWhl(rI(YQW~:tgy(';et 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 2 Sue had dinner in a restaurant. You ask her: What's the name of the restaurant .. 3 Sarah lives in a village. You ask her: How big is the . 4 Richard works in a factory. You ask him: Where exactly is .. 215

at o I start work at 8 o'clock. o The shops close at 5.30. 8 o'clock at 10.30 midnight etc. on Sunday(s) / Monday(s) etc. 0 Byel I'll see you on Friday. on 25 April /6 June etc. 0 What do you usually do on New Year's Day etc. Sundays? 0 The concert is on 22 November. April/June etc. 0 I'm going on holiday in October. in 2013/1988 etc. 0 Emma was born in 1995. 0 The park is beautiful in spring. summer/spring etc. We say: o Are you going away at the weekend? at the weekend o I can't sleep at night. at night o Where will you be at Christmas? (but on Christmas Day) at Christmas at the end of ... o I'm going on holiday at the end of October. at the moment o Are you busy at the moment? in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening o I always feel good in the morning. o Do you often go out in the evening? but on Monday morning / on Tuesday afternoon / on Friday evening / on Saturday night etc. : o I'm meeting Jackie on Monday morning. o Are you doing anything on Saturday night? We do not use at/on/in before: o Are you going out this evening? o We go on holiday every summer. Last summer we this (this morning / this week etc.) last (last August / last week etc.) went to Canada. next (next Monday / next week etc.) every (every day / every week etc.) o I'm leaving next Monday. (not on next Monday) in five minutes / in a few days / in six weeks / in two years etc. o Hurryl The train leaves in five minutes. _ _.~ (= it leaves five minutes from now) 0 Byel I'll see you in a few days. (= a few days from now) now in five minutes 216 ( in/on/at (places) ~ Units 106-107 )

Exercises • Write at/on/in. lQt16 june 7 24 September l3 Friday morning 2 pin the evening 8 Thursday l4 .. PP P. Saturday night 3 half past two 9 llA5 l5 night 4 Wednesday lO P.PP.p..p Christmas Day l6 the end of the day 5 2007 II P. Christmas l7 the weekend 6 . P. September l2 the morning l8 winter CD Write at/on/in. l Byel See youQn Friday. II Ioften go away the weekend. 2 Where were you 28 February7 l2 I'm starting my new job P3 july. 3 Igot up 8 o'clock this morning. l3 We often go to the beach P P summer. 4 I like getting up early the morning. l4 George isn't here the moment. 5 My sister got married p May. l5 jane's birthday is .. pPP December. 6 jessica and Ifirst met P P.P.PP.. 2006. l6 Do you work Saturdays7 7 Did you go out Tuesday7 l7 The company started 1999. 8 Did you go out Tuesday evening7 9 Do you often go out l8 I like to look at the stars P night. the evening7 19 I'll send you the money P.PP.pp the end of lO Let's meet... . 7.30 tomorrow evening. the month. • Look at Lisa's diary for next week and complete the sentences. l Lisa is going to the cinema .pQnW~grw?ggY~Vl3.ning 2 She has to phone Chris ... 3 She isn't doing anything special .. 4 She's got a driving lesson . 5 She's going to a party ... 6 She's meeting Sam . Write sentences with in .... . Tht:::tr.ain.legVt::.~.. in..flVt::.minvt(C;?, . days. I'll .. . ··········P P. P lit's 8.25 now. The train leaves at 8.30. My ... 2 It's Monday today. I'll call you on Thursday. Tom . 3 Today is l4 june. My exam is on 28 june. 4 It's 3 o'clock now. Tom will be here at 3.30. _ Write at/on/in if necessary. Sometimes the sentence is already complete, and no word is necessary. l I'm goingQP .P Friday. 7 What are you doing .P.PP.PPP..... the weekend7 2 I'm going . next Friday. (already complete) 8 I phone Robert every Sunday. 3 Ialways feel tired the evening. 9 Shall we play tennis next Sunday7 4 Will you be at home this evening7 lO Ican't go to the party Sunday. 5 We went to France last summer. II I'm going out. I'll be back PP.P...Ppan hour. 6 Laura was born p 1997. l2 Idon't often go out P.PPP.PPP night. 217

o We lived in Japan from 2003 to 2010. J from Monday to Friday L o Iwork from Monday to Friday. Monday Friday You can also say from ... until ... : o We lived in Japan from 2003 until 2010. until ... Friday o They're going away tomorrow. December 3 o'clock LThey'll be away until Friday. Icome back - -o Iwent to bed early, but Iwasn't tired. until Friday until I read a book until 3 o'clock. Friday o Wait here until I come back. You can also say till (= until): o Wait here till Icome back. Compare: o 'How long will you be away?' 'Until Monday.' o 'When are you coming back?' 'On Monday: since + a time in the past (to now) We use since after the present perfect (have been / have done etc.): since Monday 0 joe is in hospital. He has been _I since Monday L 1998 2.30 in hospital since Monday. Monday now I arrived (= from Monday to now) 0 Sue and Dave have been married since 1998. (= from 1998 to now) 0 It has been raining since I arrived. Compare: o We lived in japan from 2003 to 2010. We lived in japan until 2010. o Now we live in Canada. We came to Canada in 2010. We have lived in Canada since 2010. (= from 2010 until now) We use for (not since) + a period of time (three days / ten years etc.): o joe has been in hospital for three days. (not since three days) for + a period of time three days o Gary stayed with us for for three days ten years for five minutes three days. a long time o I'm going away for Sunday Monday Tuesday a few weeks. '-------------------' o I'm going away for the weekend. o They've been married for ten years. 218 ( presem perfect + for/since -+ Units 18-19 presem perfect (I have lived) and past simple (I lived) -+ Unit 20 )

Exercises l i t Read the information and complete the sentences. Use from ... to / until/since. ALEX KAREN CLARE ADAM I live in England now. I live in Swiczerland I work in a hocel now. I'm a journalisc now. I lived in Canada now. I worked in a rescauranc I was a ceacher before. I lived in France before. before. before. I came to England in I came to Swiczerland I scarred work in che I scarced work as a 2009 in 2011 hocel in 2012. Journalisc in 2008. 1 (Alex / Canada / 2001 ---72009) Alex lived inC0rJ0ct::iJr9m20Qlto20Q9 2 (Alex / Canada / ---7 2009) 3 (Alex / England / 2009 ---7) Alex lived in Canada.. . 2009. 4 (Karen / France / ---7 2011) 5 (Karen / Switzerland / 2011 ---7) Alex has lived in England .... . 6 (Clare / a restaurant / 2010 ---7 2012) . 7 (Clare / a hotel /2012 ---7) Karen lived in .. . 8 (Adam / a teacher / 2002 ---7 2008) 9 (Adam / a journalist / 2008 ---7) Karen has lived in .. Clare worked 201 0 Clare has worked Adam was a... . Adam has been .. Now write sentences with for. 10 (Alex / Canada)All3xliveginC::0110c:l0Jorl3ightYi?gr.~ 11 (Alex / England) Alex has lived in England .. 12 (Karen / Switzerland) Karen has 13 (Clare / a restaurant) Clare worked.. . . . 14 (Clare / a hocel) Clare 15 (Adam / a teacher) Adam .. 16 (Adam / a journalisc) Adam .. II» Write until/since/for. 1 Sue and Dave have been married~in(:i? 1998. 2 I was tired chis morning. I stayed in bed 10 o'clock. 3 We waited for Sue half an hour, buc she didn't come. 4 'Have you just arrived7' 'No, I've been here.. ... . half past seven.' 5 'How long did you stay at the party last night7' midnight.' 6 Dan and I are good friends. We have known each other ....... ten years. 7 I'm tired. I'm going to lie down a few minutes. 8 Don't open the door of the train the train stops. 9 This is my house. I've lived here I was seven years old. 10 Jack has gone away. He'll be away Wednesday. 11 Next week I'm going to Paris three days. 12 I usually finish work at 5.30, but sometimes I work SIX. 13 'How long have you known Anna7' we were at school together.' 14 Where have you been 7 I've been waiting for you twenty minutes. 219

before the film during the film after the film o Everybody feels nervous before exams. o Ifell asleep during the film. o We were tired after our visit to the museum. before, while and after before we played while we were playing after we played o Don't forget to close the window before you go out. o Ioften fall asleep while I'm reading. o They went home after they did the shopping. during while and for We use during + noun (during the film). We use while + verb (while I'm reading): o We didn't speak during the meal. but We didn't speak while we were eating (not during we were eating) Use for (not during) + a period of time (three days / two hours / a year etc.): o We played tennis for two hours. (not during two hours) o I lived in London for a year. (not during a year) You can use before/after + -ing (before going / after eating etc.): o Ialways have breakfast before going to work. (= before Igo to work) o After doing the shopping, they went home. (= after they did) We say before going (not before to go), after doing (not after to do) etc.: o Before eating the apple, Iwashed it carefully. (not before to eat) o Istarted work after reading the newspaper. (not after to read) 220 past continuous (I was -ing) ~ Units 13-14 before/after/while/when ~ Unit 98 for ~ Unit 104 prepositions + -ing ~ Unit 112

Exercises • Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes. lunch the end they went to Australia after during + the concert the exam you're waiting before while the course the -night- - - - ) 1 Everybody was nervousHQl';f9r(';HthI';H(';><a.rn 2 I usually work four hours in the morning, and another three hours ... 3 The film was really boring. We left ..H\" H\"H\"'H\"HH .H . 4 Anna went to evening classes to learn German. She learnt a lot . S My aunt and uncle lived in London .. . . 6 A: Somebody broke a window... Did you hear anything7 B: No, I was asleep all the time. 7 Would you like to sit down ... 8 A: Are you going home ... ........................7. B: Yes, I have to get up early tomorrow CD Write during/while/for. 1 We didn't speakWhil1'; .... we were eating. 2 We didn't speakc::il,Jring ..... the meal. 3 Gary called you were out. 4 Amy went to Italy and stayed in Rome five days. S I didn't check my email H I was away. 6 The students looked very bored H the lesson. 7 I fell out of bed 1 was asleep. 8 Last night I watched TV three hours. 9 I don't usually watch TV the day. 10 Do you ever watch TV you are having dinner7 • Complete the sentences. Use -ing (doing, having etc.). 1 Afterc::iping the shopping, they went home. 2 I felt sick after too much chocolate. 3 I'm going to ask you a question. Think carefully before .\"H' H..H H it. 4 I felt awful when I got up this morning. I felt better after a shower. S After ... ..H HH my work, I left the office and went home. 6 Before to a foreign country, it's good to try and learn a little of the language. CD Write sentences with before + -ing and after + -ing. 1 They did the shopping. Then they went home. After c::ipingJhl';.?nQpping,.tn§y.went.npm('; . 2 John left school. Then he worked in a bookshop for two years. John worked .. 3 I read for a few minutes. Then I went to sleep. Before .. 4 We walked for three hours. We were very tired. After ... S Let's have a cup of coffee. Then we'll go out. Let's .. 221

in a room in a garden in a shop in a wwn in a car in the city cemre in the water in Brazil o 'Where's David?' 'In the kitchen. / In the garden. / In London.' o What's in that box / in that bag / in that cupboard? o Rachel works in a shop / in a bank / in a factory. o Iwem for a swim in the river / in the pool/in the sea. o Milan is in the north of Italy. Naples is in the south. o I live in a big city, bur I'd like w live in the coumry. at at the bus swp at the door at the traffic lights o There's somebody at the bus stop / at the door. at the rap (of the page) at the botwm (ofrhe page) o The car is waiting at the traffic lights. o Vicky is working at her desk. at the top / at the bottom / at the end (of ... ): o Write your name at the top of the page. o My house is at the end of the street. on on a wall on a door on a shelf on the ceiling on a plate on a balcony etc. on the Aoor etc. o There are some books on the shelf and some picwres on the wall. stamp o There are a lor of apples on those trees. o Don't sit on the grass. It's wee. o There is a stamp on the envelope. on a horse / on a bicycle / on a motorbike: o Who is that man on the motorbike? 222 ( the top / the bottom ~ Unit 70 at/on/in (time) ~ Unit 103 in/at/on (places) ~ Unit 107 ) ~.---'----------------------'----------~

Exercises _ _ Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use in/at/on. OJ (the kitchen) I1J (the box) (l) (the box) G.l (the wall) l Where is he? .. .In.t..hl?kitchl?n, 7 Where are they standing? 2 Where are the shoes? . 8 Where is she swimming? 3 Where is the pen? 4 Where is the clock? 9 Where is he standing? 5 Where is the bus? lO Where is the spider? 6 Where are the horses? II Where is he sitting? l2 Where is she sitting? Write in/at/on. l Don't sit on the grass. It's wet. 2 What do you have your bag? 3 Lookl There's a man the roof. What's he doing? 4 There are a lot of fish this river 5 Our house is number 45 - the number is the door. 6 'Is the hospital near here?' 'Yes, turn left the traffic lights: 7 It's difficult to park the centre of town. It's better to take the bus. 8 My sister lives Brussels. 9 There's a small park the top of the hill. lO I think I heard the doorbell. There's somebody the door II Munich is a large city the south of Germany. l2 There are a few shops the end of the street. l3 It's difficult to carry a lot of things a bike. l4 I looked at the list of names. My name was the bottom.H •••••• l5 There is a mirror the wall the living room.H •••••••• H 223

in bed o 'Where's Kate?' 'She's in bed.' in hospital o David's father is ill. He's in hospital. in the sky in the world o I like to look at the stars in the sky at night. in a newspaper / in a book in a photo(graph) / in a picture o What's the largest city in the world? in a car / in a taxi in the middle (of ... ) o I read about the accident in the newspaper. o You look sad in this picture. o Did you come here in your car? o There's a big tree in the middle of the garden. at o Will you be at home this evening? o 'Where's Kate?' 'She's at work.' at home o Helen is studying law at university. at work / at school o I'll meet you at the station, OK? at university / at college at the station / at the airport o A: Where were you yesterday? at Lisa's (house) / at my sister's (house) / B: At my sister's. at the doctor's / at the hairdresser's etc. o Isaw Tom at the doctor's. at a concert / at a party / at a football o There weren't many people at the party. match etc. Often it is possible to use in or at for buildings (hotels, restaurants etc.): o We stayed at a nice hotel. or We stayed in a nice hotel. on on a bus on the first Aoor on the way from A to B on a bus / on a train / on a plane / o Did you come here on the bus? on a ship o The office is on the first floor. on the ground Aoor / on the first Aoor o I met Anna on the way to work / on the way home. etc. on the way (to ... ) / on the way home 224 ( in/at/on (places) ~ Unit 106 to/in/at ~ Unit 108 on the left/right ~ Unit 109 )

Exercises _ _ Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use in/at/on. CD (hospital) W (the airport) W (bed) GJ (aship) 1 Where is she?lnhQ?pi1:;i;lL 7 Where is Steve? 2 Where are they? 8 Where is the restaurant? 3 Where is he? 9 Where is she? 4 Where are they? 10 Where are they? 5 Where are the stars? 11 Where are they? 6 Where are they? 12 Where are they? Write in/at/on. 1 Helen is studying lawi;l1:; ..... university. 2 There was a big table the middle of the room. 3 What is the longest river the world? 4 Were there many people the concert last night? 5 Will you be home tomorrow afternoon? 6 Who is the man this photo? Do you know him? 7 Where are your children? Are they school? 8 Gary is coming by train. I'm going to meet him the station. 9 Charlie is hospital. He had an operation yesterday. 10 How many pages are there this book? 11 'Are you hungry after your journey?' 'No, I had something to eat the train.' 12 I'm sorry I'm late. My car broke down the way here. 13 'Is Tom here?' 'No, he's his friend's house.' 14 Don't believe everything you see the newspaper! 15 Iwalked to work, but Icame home the bus. 225

to in/at (~ Units l06-l07) be/stay/do something (etc.) in ... go/come/return/walk (etc.) to ... TO ~ o Piccadilly Circus is in London. LONDON o My brother lives in Italy. o The main shops are in the centre of o We're going to London on Sunday. o Iwant to go to Italy next year. town. o We walked from my house to the o I like reading in bed. centre of town. be/stay/do something (etc.) at ... o What time do you go to bed? o The bus is going to the airport. o The bus is at the airport. o Karen didn't go to work yesterday. o Sarah wasn't at work yesterday. o Iwent to a party last night. o You must come to our house. o I met a lot of people at the party. o Helen stayed at her brother's house. home be/stay/do something (etc.) at home: go/come/walk (etc.) home (without to): o I'm staying at home tonight. o Dan doesn't work in an office. o I'm tired. I'm going home. He works at home. (not to home) o Did you walk home? arrive and get arrive in a country or town (arrive in Italy / arrive in Paris etc.): o They arrived in this country last week. (not arrived to this country) arrive at other places (arrive at the station / arrive at work etc.): o What time did you arrive at the hotel? (not arrive to the hotel) get to (a place): o What time did you get to the hotel? o What time did you get to Paris? get home / arrive home (no preposition): o Iwas tired when I got home. or Iwas tired when Iarrived home. 226 (,--b.-ee-n t-o'-\"-Un-it-17-=g-et -(to-..-)'-\" :Un.it.56..in-/a-t'\"-U:n.its.10-6--10-7 -------------~ )

Exercises Write to or in. 1 I like readingilJ bed. 2 We're going ... . Italy next month. 3 Sue is on holiday Italy at the moment. 4 I have to go the hospital tomorrow. S Iwas tired, so Istayed bed late. 6 What time do you usually go bed? 7 Does this bus go the centre7 8 Would you like to live another country7 Write to or at if necessary. One sentence is already complete, and no word is necessary. 1 Paula didn't go .. :t.Q .. work yesterday. 2 I'm tired. I'm going . home. (already complete) 3 Tina is not very well. She has gone . .. the doctor. 4 Would you like to come a party on Saturday? S 'Is Lisa home7' 'No, she's gone work: 6 There were 20,000 people the football match. 7 Why did you go home early last night7 8 A boy jumped into the river and swam the other side. 9 There were a lot of people waiting the bus stop. lOWe had a good meal a restaurant, and then we went back the hotel. Write to, at or in if necessary. One sentence is already complete, and no word is necessary. 1 I'm not going out this afternoon. I'm stayingg:t. home. 2 We're going . a concert tomorrow evening. 3 Iwent New York last year. 4 How long did you stay New York? S Next year we hope to go..... ... Canada to visit some friends. 6 Do you want to go the cinema this evening7 7 Did you park your car the station7 8 After the accident three people were taken hospital. 9 How often do you go the dentist? 10 'Is Sarah here?' 'No, she's Helen's: 11 My house is the end of the street on the left. 12 Iwent Maria's house, but she wasn't home. 13 There were no taxis, so we had to walk home. 14 'Who did you meet the party7' 'I didn't go the party: Write to, at or in if necessary. Sometimes the sentence is already complete, and no word is necessary. 1 What time do you usually get work? 4 When did you arrive London? 2 What time do you usually get home? 3 What time did you arrive the party? S What time does the train get Paris7 6 We arrived home very late. Complete these sentences about yourself. Use to/in/at. . . . 1 At 3 o'clock this morning Iwas .. in bed . 2 Yesterday Iwent .. . 3 At 11 o'clock yesterday morning Iwas .. . 4 One day I'd like to go.. S Idon't like going 6 At 9 o'clock yesterday evening Iwas 227

opposite / in front of A is next to B. or A is beside B. B is between A and C. D is in front of B. Eis behind B. also A is on the left. C is on the right. Bis in the middle (of the group). A is sitting in front of B. A is sitting opposite C. C is sitting opposite A. by (= next to / beside) o Our house is by the sea. (= beside the sea) o Who is that man standing by the window7 o If you feel cold, why don't you sit by the fire7 by the window under o The cat is under the table. o The girl is standing under a tree. o I'm wearing a jacket under my coat. ::. under a tree under the table above and below AD A is above the line. The pictures are (= higher than the line) above the shelves. 8 B is below the line. (= lower than the line) The shelves are below the pictures. 228 ( up/over/through etc. ~ Unit 110 by ~ Unit 111 )

Exercises l i t Where are the people in the picture? Complete the sentences. ALAN BECKY CARL 1 Carl is standing ......t.e..hind Frank. Emma. 2 Frank is sitting.. . Becky. Daniela and Frank. 3 Emma is sitting . Emma. Carl. 4 Emma is sitting . Daniela. left. S Daniela is sitting . middle. 6 Frank is sitting 7 Alan is standing 8 Alan is standing DANIELA EMMA FRANK 9 Becky is standing . • Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. OJ 2 1 The cat isJJnd.e..r. the table. 7 The switch is the window. 8 The cupboard is the sink. 2 There is a big tree the house. 9 There are some shoes the bed. 10 The plant is 3 The plane is Aying . the clouds. 11 Paul is sitting the piano. 12 In Britain people drive Fiona. 4 She is standing .. the piano. the left. S The cinema is the right. 6 She's standing the fridge. • Write sentences about the picture. 1 (next to )Jht;:l7gnkj~nt;:>:<tJQJht;:I7QQk~hQp. 2 (in front of) The in front of 3 (opposite) 4 (nextto) S (above) 6 (between) 229

~ IitnJ up, over, through etc. ~. o Jane is going to France next week. .~ o We walked from the hotel to the station. o A lot of English words come from Latin. out of into (in) o We jumped into the water. l~own o A man came out of the house and got • into a car. under round o Why are you looking out of the window? o I took the old batteries out of the radio. round the town We say put something in ... (not usually into): o I put new batteries in the radio. 0 0n o Don't put your feet on the table. o Please take your feet off the table. o I'm going to hang some pictures on the wall. o Be careful l Don't falloff your bike. o We got on the bus in Princes Street. o We walked up the hill to the house. o Be careful! Don't fall down the stairs. over o The plane Aew over the mountains. o Ijumped over the wall into the garden. ii~ o Some people say it is unlucky to walk under through a ladder. o A bird Aew into the room through a window. o The old road goes through the village. o The new road goes round the village. o The bus stop is just round the corner. o I walked round the town and took some photographs. You can also use around (= round): o We walked around the town. o I was walking along the road with my dog. o Let's go for a walk along the river. o The dog swam across the river. o They walked past me without speaking. hospital o A: Excuse me, how do I get to the hospital? / ' \"cinema B: Go along this road, past the cinema, ---_/ under the bridge and the hospital is on bridge the left. 230 (get in/on ere. .... Unit 56 in/on .... Units 106-107 to .... Unit 108 fall off / run away ere. .... Unit 114 )

Exercises Somebody asks you how to get to a place. You say which way to go. Look at the pictures and write sentences beginning Go .... Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. 1 The dog SWamHHgC.rQ~~ .. the river. 6 Suddenly a car came the corner. 2 A book fell H the shelf. 7 They drove the village. 3 A plane Aew \"H\" H'H'H'HH\"H\"H'HHH\" the village. 8 They got . the train. 4 A woman got 'HH' the car. 9 The moon travels HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH the earth. S A girl ran the road. 10 They got ..H H the house H.H..HH.HHHH a window. Complete the sentences. Use over/from/into etc. 1 I looked .....HH..HH..... 'HH\"HH'H'\" the window and watched the people in the street. 2 My house is very near here. It's just ..H.H.H.H..H the corner. 3 'Where's my phone7' 'You put it your bag.' the airport7 4 How far is it here S We walked.. . the museum for an hour and saw a lot of interesting things. 6 You can put your coat .. the back of the chair. 7 In tennis, you have to hit the ball.. 'HH\"HH'H'HH'H'H'H' the net. 8 Silvia rook a key... ..H her bag and opened the door. 231

on holiday o Jane isn'r ar work rhis week. She's on holiday. on television on the radio o We warched rhe news on TV. on the phone on fire o We lisrened (0 rhe news on the radio. on time (= nar lare) o I spoke (0 Rachel on the phone lasr night o The house is on fire' Call rhe fire brigade. o 'Was rhe rrain lare?' 'No, ir was on time: at at (the age of) 21 / at 50 kilometres an hour / at 100 degrees ere. : o Lisa gar married at 21. (or ... at the age of21.) o A car uses more perrol at 120 kilometres an hour rhan at 90. o Warer boils at 100 degrees Celsius. by by bus by car / by bus / by plane / by bike ere. : o Do you like rravelling by train? o Jane usually goes (0 work by bike. but on foot: o You can'r ger rhere by car. You have (0 go on foot. (= you have (0 walk) a book by ... / a paiming by ... / a piece of music by ... ere. : o Have you read any books by Charles Dickens? o Who is rhar paiming by? Picasso? by afrer rhe passive (~Unir 21): o I was birren by a dog. with/without a man a woman with a beard with glasses o Did you sray ar a harel or with friends? o Wair for me. Please don'r go without me. o Do you like your coffee with or without milk? o I cur rhe paper with a pair of scissors. a man with a beard / a woman with glasses ere. : o Do you know rhar man with the beard? o I'd like (0 have a house with a big garden. about talk/speak/think/hear/know about ... : o Some people talk about their work all rhe rime. o I don'r know much about cars. a book / a question / a programme / information (ere.) about ... : o There was a programme about volcanoes on TV lasr night Did you see ir? 232 -+ -+ -+( by Units 21, 63, 109 at/on Units 103, 106-107 preposicion + -ing Unit 112 ) ,-.-'---------------'----'------=-------~

Exercises caD Complete the sentences. Use on + these words: holiday the phone the radio TV time l We heard the news.. on the radio 2 Please don't be late. Try to be here . . 3 Iwon't be here next week. I'm going . 4 'Did you see Linda?' 'No, but Italked to her 'Nothing that Iwant to watch.' S 'What's this evening?' Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with at/by/with etc. Icut the paper ... w.ith ..... a pair of 6 She's listening to some music Mozart. scissors. 7 The plane is Aying 600 miles an hour. 2 She usually goes to work car. 8 They're holiday. 3 Who is the woman short hair? 9 Do you know the man sunglasses? 4 They are talking the weather. lO He's reading a book grammar S The car is... . fire. .................. Vera P. Bull. Complete the sentences. Use at/by/with etc. l In tennis, you hit the ball a racket. 2 It's cold today. Don't go out a coat. 3 Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth are plays William Shakespeare. 4 Do you know anything computers? S My grandmother died the age of 98. 6 How long does it take from New York to Los Angeles plane? 7 Ididn't go to the football match, but Iwatched it TV 8 My house is the one the red door on the right. 9 These trains are very fast. They can travel very high speeds. lO Idon't use my car very often. I prefer to go bike. II Can you give me some information hotels in this town? l2 Iwas arrested. ......... two policemen and taken to the police station. l3 The buses here are very good. They're nearly always time. l4 What would you like to drink your meal? lS We travelled from Paris to Moscow trai n. l6 The museum has some paintings Rembrandt. 233

(He's afraid of me') ~ d afraid of ... / scared of ... o Are you afraid of dogs7 angry with somebody o Why are you angry with me7 Whar have I done? angry about somerhing o Are you angry about lasr nighr7 (= somerhing rhar different from ... happened lasr nighr) or different to ... o Lisa is very different from (or to) her sisrer. fed up with ... o I'm fed up with my job. I wam (0 do somerhing differem. full of ... (= I've had enough of my job) good at ... interested in ... o The room was full of people. married to ... o Are you good at marhs7 o I'm nor interested in sporr. nice/kind of somebody ro ... o Sue is married to a demisr. (= her husband is a demisr) be nice/kind to somebody o Ir was kind of you ro help us. Thank you very much. sorry about a situarion o David is very friendly. He's always very nice to me. sorry for/about doing somerhing o I'm afraid I can'r help you. I'm sorry about rhar. be/feel sorry for somebody o I'm sorry for/about nor phoning you yesrerday. (or I'm sorry I didn'r phone you) o I feel sorry for rhem. They are in a very difficulr situarion. of/at/for (erc.) + -ing Afrer a preposirion (of/at/for erc.), a verb ends in -ing: I'm nor very good at telling srories. Are you fed up with doing rhe same rhing every day7 nor phoning you yesrerday. I'm sorry for helping me. Than k you for buying a new car. Mark is rhinking of saying goodbye. (= he didn'r say goodbye) Tom lefr without doing rhe shopping, rhey wem home. After 234 ( before/after -ing'\" Unit 105 think about/of'\" Unit 113 )

Exercises Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with of/with/in etc. (3) I I II I I J @ \\\\ \\ It{ I speak German, Russian, Spanish ... l He's afraidQf dogs. 4 She's very good languages. 2 She's interested sCience. 5 He's fed up the weather. 3 She's married a footballer. 6 A: Can I help you7 B: Thanks, that's very kind you. Complete the sentences with in/of/with etc. l I'm not interested in sport. 2 I'm not very good sport. 3 I like Sarah. She's always very kind .. me. 4 I'm sorry your broken window. It was an accident. 5 He's very brave. He isn't scared anything. 6 It was very nice Jane to let us stay in her apartment. 7 Life today is very different Iife SO years ago. 8 Are you interested politics7 9 Ifeel sorry her, but Ican't help her. lO Chris was angry what happened. II These boxes are very heavy. They are full books. l2 I'm sorry getting angry you yesterday. Complete the sentences. l I'm not verygQQggt1;;~lling stories. (good/tell) 2 Iwanted to go to the cinema, but Paula wasn't... . (interested/go) 3 Sue isn't very... . up in the morning. (good/get) 4 Let's go! I'm.. (fed up / wait) 5 I'm.. . you up in the middle of the night. (sorry/wake) 6 Sorry I'm latel (thank you / wait) Complete the sentences. Use without -ing. l (Tom left / he didn't say goodbye) ..TQmJ?f:t;withQllt;.?gyit1g..gQQ~l?y?, .. 2 (Sue walked past me / she didn't speak) Sue walked ... 3 (Don't do anything / ask me first) Don't ... 4 (I went out / Ididn't lock the door) I .. Write sentences about yourself. l (interested)Jmjnt~r:??1;;~~it1?pQ[t 2 (scared) I'm .... 3 (not very good) I'm not ... 4 (not interested) 5 (fed up) 235

ask (somebody) for o Don't ask me for money. I don't have any. belong to o This house doesn't belong to me. (= it's not mine) happen to. listen to . o I can't find my phone. What's happened to it? talk to somebody (about ... ) speak to somebody (about ... ) o listen to this music. It's great. thank somebody for ... think about ... or think of ... o Did you talk to Paul about the problem? wait for ... o I'd like to speak to the manager, please. o Thank you very much for your help. o He never thinks about (or of) other people. o Mark is thinking of (or about) buying a car. o Wait for me. I'm nearly ready. Note that we say call/phone/text/email somebody (no preposition): o I have to phone my parents today. (not phone to my parents) o Shall I text you or email you? look at / look for / look after o He's looking at his watch. look at ... o look at these Aowersl They're beautiful. look for ... o Why are you looking at me like that? (= try to find) o She's lost her key. She's looking for it. o I'm looking for Sarah. Have you seen her? look after ... o When Emily is at work, a friend of hers (= take care of, keep safe) looks after her children. o Don't lose this book. look after it. (= Keep it safe.) 236 depend ) We say depend on ... : o A: Do you like eating in restaurants? B: Sometimes. It depends on the restaurant. (not it depends of) You can say it depends what/where/how (etc.) with or without on: o A: Do you want to come out with us? B: It depends where you're going. or It depends on where you're going. ( wait'\" Unit S4 preposition + -ing ... Unit 112

Exercises Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with to/for/at etc. 1 She's looking elk .... her wacch. 4 Paul is calking ................... Jane. 2 He's liscening ................... che radio. 5 They're looking ................... a piccure. 3 They're waicing ................... a caxi. 6 Sue is looking ................... Tom. Complete the sentences with to/for/about etc. Two sentences are already complete, and no word is necessary. 1 Thank you very muchfQr ..... your help. 2 This isn'c my umbrella. Ic belongs a friend of mine. 3 I saw Sceve, buc I didn'c speak him. 4 Don'c forgec co phone your mocher conighc. 5 Thank you che presenc. Ic was lovely. 6 What happened Ella lasc nighc7 Why didn'c she come co che parcy7 7 We're chinking going co Auscralia nexc year. 8 We asked che waicer coffee, buc he broughc us cea. 9 'Do you like reading books7' 'Ic depends che book.' 10 John was calking, buc nobody was liscening whac he was saying. 11 We waited Karen uneil 2 o'clock, buc she didn'c come. 12 I cexced Lisa co cell her Iwould be lace. 13 He's alone all day. He never calks anybody. 14 'How much does ic cosc co scay ac chis hocel7' 'Ic depends che cype of room.' 15 Cacherine is chinking changing her job. Complete these sentences. Use at/for/after. 1 I looked .. . ... che leerer, but Ididn'c read ic carefully. 2 When you are ill, you need somebody co look you. 3 Excuse me, I'm looking Hill Screec. Is ic near here? 4 Byel Have a greac holiday and look yourself. 5 Iwane co cake a piccure of you. Please look che camera and smile. 6 Ben is looking . a job. He wanes co work in a hocel. Answer these questions with It depends .... ...J/!L....-_---... \"''--------... ,- . . 1 Do you wane co go ouc wich us? ....Jkc;j.~p~nd?wh~r~yQl,I'r~gQing, 2 Do you like eacing in rescauranes? .....J:t.c;j~p~nd?.Qt1kh~J'~?k0l,1rgn:t: 3 Do you enjoy wacching TV? Ic depends ... 4 Can you do someching for me? Ic ... 5 Are you going away chis weekend? 6 Can you lend me some money? 237

A phrasal verb is a verb (go/look/be etc.) + in/out/up/down etc. in o Iwaited outside the shop. Ididn't go in. o Iwent to the window and looked out. o The car stopped and a woman got out. o Sarah opened the door of the car and (= out of the car) got in. (= into the car) on off FALL OFF 0 The bus came, and Igot on. 0 Be careful' Don't fall off. up ldown ~ . STAND UP t o He stood up and left the room. o The picture fell down. o I usually get up early. (= get out of o Would you like to sit down7 bed) o Lie down on the Aoor. o We looked up at the stars in the sky. back GO away or off •• o The thief ran away. (or ... ran off) o Go away and don't come back' o We went out for dinner and then went o Emma got into the car and drove away. back to our hotel. (or ... drove off) be back be/go away (= in/to an ocher place) 0 Tom is away. He'll be back on Monday. o Tom has gone away for a few days. round (or around) ~~ ii' Lover 0 c( .j\\iI);;~\\ROLOUONKD I 0 Somebody shouted my name, so I CLIMB OVER TURN OVER looked round (or around). o The wall wasn't very high, so we 0 We went for a long walk. After an hour climbed over. we turned round (or around) and o Turn over and look at the next page. went back. 238 ( get ~ Unit 56 put on / take off etc. (phrasal verbs 2) ~ Unit 115 more phrasal verbs ~ Appendix 6 )

Exercises am Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use these verbs + in/out/up etc. got got loolEed looked rode sat turned went 1 I went to the window and[QQke:c:iQLr~ 5 Isaid hello, and he. . 2 The door was open, so we . 6 The bus stopped, and she . 3 He heard a plane, so he . 7 There was a free seat, so she . 4 She got on her bike and . 8 A car stopped, and two men Complete the sentences. Use out/away/back etc. 1 'What happened to the picture on the wa11 7' 'It fell .. 0QWIJ... 2 Wait a minute. Don't go Iwant to ask you something. 3 Lisa heard a noise behind her, so she looked to see what it was. 4 I'm going now to do some shopping. 1'[1 be at 5 o'clock. 5 I'm feeling very tired. I'm going to lie on the sofa. 6 When you have read this page, turn and read the other side. 7 Mark is from Canada. He lives in London now, but he wants to go.. . to Canada. 8 We haven't got a key to the house, so we can't get . 9 Iwas very tired this morning. Icouldn't get . 10 A: When are you going.. 7 B: On the 5th. And I'm coming on the 24th. Before you do this exercise, study the verbs in Appendix 6 (page 250). Complete the sentences. Choose a verb from the box + on/off/up etc. If necessary, put the verb into the correct form. break fall give hold speak -wake- + on/off/up/down/over ... carry __g_e_t_ _go s_lo_w_ take 1 Iwent to sleep at 10 o'clock andWQke:LJP at 8 o'clock the next morning. 2 'It's time to go.' a minute. I'm not ready yet.' 3 The train and finally stopped. 4 I like Aying, but I'm always nervous when the plane .. 5 How are your children 7 How are they... . at schooP 6 It's difficult to hear you. Can you a linle7 7 This car isn't very good. It has many times. 8 When babies try to walk, they sometimes . 9 The hotel isn't far from here. If you along this road, you'll see it on the left. 10 [tried to find a job, but I It was impossible. 11 The fire alarm .. . and everyone had to leave the building. 239

Sometimes a phrasal verb (put on / take off etc) has an object. verb object verb object take off your shoes ....put on your coat PUT ON You can say: You can say: put on your coat take off your shoes or put your coat on or take your shoes off But it/them (pronouns) always go before on/off etc: pUt it on (not pUt on it) take them off (not take off them) o It was cold, so Iput on my coar. o I'm going (0 take off my shoes. or ... I put my coat on. or ... take my shoes off. o Here's your coar. Put it on. o Your shoes are dirty. Take them off. Some more phrasal verbs + object: turn on / turn off (lights, machines, taps etc): ON OFF SWITCH o It was dark, so Iturned on the lighr. or ... Iturned the light on. o Idon't want (0 watch this programme. You can turn it off. also switch on / switch off (lights, machines etc): o Iswitched on the light and switched off the television. pick up / put down: o Those are my keys on the Aoor. Can you pick them up for me7 o Isropped reading and put my book down. or ... put down my book. bring back / take back / give back / put back: BRING BACK o You can take my umbrella, but please bring it back. o Itook my new sweater back (Q the shop. It was (00 small for me. o I've gar Rachel's keys. I have (0 give them back (0 her. o Iread the letter and then put it back in the envelope. 240 ( go in / fall off etc. (phrasal verbs 1) -+ Unit 114 more phrasal verbs + object -+ Appendix 7 ) ,-=.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - ' - - ' - - - - - - ~

Exercises Look at the pictures. What did these people do? 1 HetLJrni3gqnth/';light . 4 She.. . . 2 She .. 3 He .. 5 He . 6 She......................... You can write these sentences in three different ways. Complete the table. I rurned on the radio. ......Ii:;urni3g.thi3.rggiQ.Qn, ... ...... Ii:;urni3g.it9n, .... 2 He put on his jacker. He ....... He ... 3 She She took her glasses off 4 I picked up the phone. 5 They gave back the key. We rurned the lights off 6 Complete the sentences. Use these verbs with it or them. bring back pick up switch off take back turn on 1 I wanted to watch something on TV, so 1 .. i:;urx1I3gitQn 2 My new lamp doesn't work. I'm going to.. . to the shop. 3 There were some gloves on the Aoor, so I and put them on the table. 4 The heating was on but it was too warm, so 1 ...............................................................................................• 5 Thank you for lending me these books. 1 won't forget to . . Before you do this exercise, study the verbs in Appendix 7 (page 251). Complete the sentences. Use a verb from the box. Sometimes you will also need to use it/them/me. fill in ImodE do...m look up show round turn down put out throwaway tryon give up knock over 1 They .knQ9ki3g ..... a lor of houses.gQWrJ.. when they built the new road. 2 That music is very loud. Can you .. tLJrnitgQWn 3 I.. . a glass and broke ir. 4 'What does this word mean 7' 'Why don't you.. 7' 5 Iwant to keep these magazines. Please don't . 6 I a pair of shoes in the shop, but Ididn't buy them. 7 I visited a school last week. One of the teachers . 8 'Do you play the piano7' 'No, Istarted to learn, but I after a month.' .. 9 Somebody gave me a form and told me to . 10 Smoking isn't allowed here. Please your cigarette 241



Appendix 1 Active and passive Present and past passIve active 0 Butter is made from milk. present 0 We make butter from milk. 0 These rooms are cleaned every day. simple 0 Somebody cleans these rooms 0 Iam never invited to parties. 0 How is butter made? every day. 0 My car was stolen last week. 0 My keys were stolen yesterday. 0 People never invite me to parties. 0 I wasn't invited to the party. 0 How do they make butter? 0 When were these houses built? past 0 Somebody stole my car last week. simple 0 Somebody stole my keys yesterday. 0 They didn't invite me to the party. 0 When did they build these houses? present 0 They are building a new airport at 0 A new airport is being built at the continuous the moment. (= it isn't finished) moment. 0 They are building some new houses 0 Some new houses are being built near the river. near the river. past 0 When Iwas here a few years ago, 0 When I was here a few years ago, a continuous they were building a new airport. new airport was being built. (= it wasn't finished at that time) present 0 Lookl They have painted the door. 0 Look' The door has been painted. perfect 0 These shirts are clean. Somebody 0 These shirts are clean. They have past perfect has washed them. been washed. 0 Somebody has stolen my car. 0 My car has been stolen. 0 Tina said that somebody had stolen 0 Tina said that her car had been her car. stolen. will / can / must / have to etc. passIve active o The office will be cleaned tomorrow. o Somebody will clean the office tomorrow. o The office must be cleaned. o Somebody must clean the office. o I think you'll be invited to the party. o Ithink they'll invite you to the party. o They can't repair my watch. o My watch can't be repaired. o You should wash this sweater by hand. o This sweater should be washed by hand. o They are going to build a new airport. o A new airport is going to be built. o These clothes have to be washed. o Somebody has to wash these clothes. o The injured man had to be taken to o They had to take the injured man to hospital. hospital. 243

Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs (~ Unit 24) infinitive past simple past participle infinitive past simple past participle be was/were been let let let beat beat beaten lie lay lain become became become light lit lit begin began begun lose lost lost bite bit bitten make made made blow blew blown mean meant meant break broke broken meet met met bring brought brought pay paid paid build built built put put put buy bought bought read (reed)* read (red)* read (red)* catch caught caught ride rode ridden choose chose chosen ring rang rung come came come rise rose risen cost cost cost run ran run cut cut cut say said said do did done see saw seen draw drew drawn sell sold sold drink drank drunk send sent sent drive drove driven shine shone shone eat ate eaten shoot shot shot fall fell fallen show showed shown feel felt felt shut shut shut fight fought fought sing sang sung find found found sit sat sat Ay flew flown sleep slept slept forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken get got got spend spent spent give gave given stand stood stood go went gone steal stole stolen grow grew grown sWim swam swum hang hung hung take took taken have had had teach taught taught hear heard heard tear tore torn hide hid hidden tell told told hit hit hit think thought thought hold held held throw threw thrown hurt hurt hurt understand understood understood keep kept kept wake woke woken know knew known wear wore worn leave left left win won won lend lent lent write wrote written * pronunciation Some verbs can be regular (-ed) or irregular (-t): infinitive past simple / past participle infinitive past simple / past participle burn burned or burnt learn learned or learnt dream dreamed or dreamt smell smelled or smelt 244

Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups The past simple and past participle are the same: The past simple and past participle are different: 1 cost -7 cost let -7 let break -7 broke broken cut -7 cut put -7 put choose -7 chose chosen hit -7 hit shut -7 shut speak -7 spoke spoken hurt -7 hurt steal -7 stole stolen wake -7 woke woken 2 lend -7 lent lose -7 lost 2 drive -7 drove driven send -7 sent shoot -7 shot ride -7 rode ridden spend -7 spent get -7 got rise -7 rose risen build -7 built light -7 lit write -7 wrote written sit -7 sat beat -7 beat beaten burn -7 burnt keep -7 kept bite -7 bit bitten learn -7 learnt sleep -7 slept hide -7 hid hidden smell -7 smelt feel -7 felt 3 eat -7 ate eaten leave -7 left fall -7 fell fallen meet -7 met forget -7 forgot forgotten dream -7 dreamt (dremt)' give -7 gave given mean -7 meant (ment)* see -7 saw seen take -7 took taken 3 bring -7 brought (brort)' buy -7 bought (bart)' 4 blow -7 blew blown fight -7 fought (fort)' grow -7 grew grown think -7 thought (thort)* know -7 knew known throw -7 threw thrown catch -7 caught (kart)' Ay -7 flew flown teach -7 taught (tort)* draw -7 drew drawn show -7 showed shown 4 sell -7 sold tell -7 told find -7 found 5 begin -7 began begun have -7 had drink -7 drank drunk hear -7 heard sWim -7 swam swum hold -7 held read -7 read (red)* ring -7 rang rung say -7 said (sed)* sing -7 sang sung pay -7 paid run -7 ran run make -7 made stand -7 stood 6 come -7 came come become -7 became become understand -7 understood * pronunciation 245

Appendix 4 Short forms (he's / I'd / don't etc.) In spoken English we usually pronounce 'I am' as one word. The shorr form (I'm) is a way of wriring rhis: lam ---7 I'm o I'm feeling rired rhis morning. it is ---7 it's they have ---7 they've o 'Do you like rhis jacker7' 'Yes, it's nice.' o 'Where are your friends?' 'They've gone home.' erc. When we wrire shorr forms, we use' (an apostrophe): IXm ---7 I'm he~ ---7 he's you have ---7 you've she 91411 ---7 she'll We use rhese forms wirh I/he/she erc. : am ---7 'm I'm IS ---7 's he's she's it's are ---7 're we're you're they're have ---7 've I've we've you've they've has ---7 's he's she's it's had ---7 'd I'd he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd will ---7 '11 I'll he'll she'll we'll you'll they'll would ---7 'd I'd he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd 0 I've goc some new shoes. 0 We'll probably go our rhis evening. 0 Ir's 10 o'clock. You're lare again. 's = is or has: o She's going our rhis evening. (she's going = she is going) o She's gone out. (she's gone = she has gone) 'd = would or had: o A: Whar would you like (0 ear? B: I'd like a salad, please. (I'd like = Iwould like) o I (Old rhe police rhar I'd losr my passport. (I'd losr = Ihad losr) Do nor use 'm/'sl'd erc. ar rhe end of a sentence (---7 Unir 40): o 'Are you rired?' 'Yes, Iam.' (not Yes, I'm.) o She isn'r rired, bur he is. (not he's) We use shorr forms wirh I/you/he/she erc., bur you can use shorr forms (especially's) wirh ocher words (00: o Who's your favourire singer? (= who is) o What's rhe rime? (= whar is) o There's a big rree in rhe garden. (= rhere is) o My sister's working in London. (= my sisrer is working) o Paul's gone out. (= Paul has gone our) o What colour's your car? (= Whar colour is your car?) 246

Appendix 4 Negative short forms (-7 Unit 43): isn't (= is not) don't (= do not) can't (= cannot) aren't (= are not) doesn't (= does not) couldn't (= could not) wasn't (= was not) didn't (= did not) won't (= will not) weren't (= were not) wouldn't (= would not) hasn't (= has not) shouldn't (= should not) haven't (= have not) mustn't (= must not) hadn't (= had not) o We went to her house, but she wasn't at home. o 'Where's David?' 'I don't know. Ihaven't seen him: o You work all the time. You shouldn't work so hard. o Iwon't be here tomorrow. (= Iwill not) • 's (apostrophe + s) 's can mean different things: (1) 's = is or has (-7 section 4.2 of this appendix) o It's raining. (= It is raining) o It's stopped raining. (= It has stopped) (2) let's = let us (-7 Units 35,53) o It's a lovely day. Let's go out. (= Let us go out.) (3) Kate's camera = her camera my brother's car = his car the manager's office = his/her office etc. (-7 Unit 64) Compare: o Kate's camera was very expensive. (Kate's camera = her camera) o Kate's a very good photographer. (Kate's = Kate is) o Kate's got a new camera. (Kate's got = Kate has got) 247

Appendix 5 Spelling Words + -s and -es (birds/watches etc.) noun + s (plural) (~ Unit 66) bird ~ birds mistake ~ mistakes hotel ~ hotels remember ~ remembers verb + s (he/she/it -s) (~ Unit 5) think ~ thinks live ~ lives but + es after -s / -sh / -ch / -x bus ~ buses pass ~ passes address ~ addresses finish ~ finishes dish ~ dishes wash ~ washes sandwich ~ sandwiches watch ~ watches teach ~ teaches box ~ boxes also tomato ~ tomatoes potato ~ potatoes go ~ goes do ~ does -f / -fe ~ -ves kn ife ~ kn ives but roof ~ roofs shelf ~ shelves Words ending in -y (baby ~ babies / study ~ studied etc.) -y ~ -ies study ~ studies (not studys) family ~ families (not familys) baby ~ babies story ~ stories city ~ cities Ay~ Aies try ~ tries marry ~ marries -y ~ -ied (~Unit 11) study ~ studied (not studyed) try ~ tried marry ~ married copy ~ copied -y ~ -ier/-iest (~Units 87, 90) lucky ~ luckier/luckiest easy ~ easier/easiest (not easyer/easyest) funny ~ funnier/funniest happy ~ happier/happiest heavy ~ heavier/heaviest -y ~ -ily (~ Unit 86) lucky ~ luckily easy ~ easily (not easyly) happy ~ happily heavy ~ heavily y does not change to i if the ending is -ay/-ey/-oy/-uy: buy ~ buys key ~ keys holiday ~ holidays (not holidaies) enjoy ~ enjoys/enjoyed stay ~ stays/stayed but pay~ paid (irregular verbs) say ~ said 248

Appendix 5 -ing dance ---7 dancing Verbs that end in -e (make/write/drive etc.) ---7 -)(ing: make ---7 making write ---7 writing come ---7 coming Verbs that end in -ie ---7 -ying: lie ---7 lying die ---7 dying tie ---7 tying stop ---7 stopped, big ---7 bigger etc. Vowels and consonants: Vowel letters: a e ou Consonant letters: b c d gk mn p s wy Sometimes a word ends in a vowel + a consonant. For example: stop, big get. Before -ing/-ed/-er/-est, p/g/t etc. become pp/gg/tt etc. For example: stop V+C P ---7 pp stopping stopped V:= vowel run ST 0 P n ---7 nn running C := consonant get t ---7 tt getting biggest sWim RUN m ---7 mm swimming hottest big G ET g ---7 gg bigger thinnest hot SW I M t ---7tt hotter thin BI G n ---7 nn thinner HOT TH I N This does not happen (1) if the word ends in two consonant letters (C + C): help C+C helping helped work HE l P working worked fast WO R K faster fastest FA S T (2) if the word ends in two vowel letters + a consonant letter (V + V + C): need V+V+C needing needed wait NEE D waiting waited cheap WAIT cheaper cheapest CH E A P (3) in longer words (two syllables or more) if the last part of the word is not stressed: happen stress ---7 happening/happened (not happen ned) visit HAP-pen ---7 visiti ng/visited VIS-it ---7 remembering/remembered remember re-MEM-ber but (stress at the end) ---7 preferring/preferred prefer pre-FER (stress at the end) ---7 beginning begin be-GIN (4) if the word ends in -y or -w. (At the end of words, y and ware not consonants.) enjoy ---7 enjoying/enjoyed snow ---7 snowing/snowed few ---7 fewer/fewest 249