SportsHandbook_Valena_Cunanan

BOXING BOXING| Rules, History and Notable Fighters

AUTHORS RENZ STEPHEN JOSH ROLAND CUNANAN V. VALEÑA

history Early Years The bare- knuckle era Boxing first appeared as a formal Olympic event in the Boxing history picks up again 23rd Olympiad (688 BCE), but fist- with a formal bout recorded fighting contests must certainly in Britain in 1681, and by 1698 have had their origin in mankind’s regular pugilistic contests were prehistory. The earliest visual being held in the Royal Theatre evidence for boxing appears in of London. The fighters Sumerian relief carvings from the performed for whatever purses 3rd millennium BCE. A relief were agreed upon plus stakes sculpture from Egyptian Thebes (side bets), and admirers of the (c. 1350 BCE) shows both boxers combatants wagered on the and spectators. The outcomes. These matches were few extant Middle Eastern and fought without gloves and, for Egyptian depictions are of bare- the most part, without rules. fisted contests with, at most, a There were no weight divisions; simple band supporting the wrist; thus, there was just one the earliest evidence of the use champion, and lighter men were of gloves or hand coverings in at an obvious disadvantage. boxing is a carved vase from Rounds were designated, but a Minoan Crete (c. 1500 BCE) that bout was usually fought until one shows helmeted boxers wearing a participant could no longer stiff plate strapped to the fist. continue. Wrestling was permitted, and it was common to fall on a foe after throwing him to the ground. Until the mid 1700s it was also common to hit a man when he was down.

Rules The rules of boxing vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and on whether it is an amateur or professional bout. A violation of the following rules is considered a foul, and can result in a warning, point deduction, or disqualification by the referee: • You cannot hit below the belt, hold, trip, kick, headbutt, wrestle, bite, spit on, or push your opponent. • You cannot hit with your head, shoulder, forearm, or elbow. • You cannot hit with an open glove, the inside of the glove, the wrist, the backhand, or the side of the hand. • You cannot punch your opponent's back, or the back of his head or neck (rabbit punch), or on the kidneys (kidney punch). • You cannot throw a punch while holding on to the ropes to gain leverage. • You can't hold your opponent and hit him at the same time, or duck so low that your head is below your opponent's belt line. • When the referee breaks you from a clinch, you have to take a full step back; you cannot immediately hit your opponent--that's called \"hitting on the break\" and is illegal.

• You cannot spit out your mouthpiece on purpose to get a rest. • If you score a knockdown of your opponent, you must go to the farthest neutral corner while the referee makes the count. • If you \"floor\" your opponent, you cannot hit him when he's on the canvas. • A floored boxer has up to ten seconds to get back up on his feet before losing the bout by knockout. • A boxer who is knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round, depending upon the local jurisdiction's rules. • A boxer who is hit with an accidental low blow has up to five minutes to recover. If s/he cannot continue after five minutes, s/he is considered knocked out. • If the foul results in an injury that causes the fight to end immediately, the boxer who committed the foul is disqualified. • If the foul causes an injury but the bout continues, the referee orders the judges to deduct two points from the boxer who caused the injury. • If an unintentional foul causes the bout to be stopped immediately, the bout is ruled a \"no contest\" if four rounds have not been fully completed. (If the bout was scheduled for four rounds, then three rounds must have been completed.) If four rounds have been completed, the judges' scorecards are tallied and the fighter who is ahead on points is awarded a technical decision. If the scores are even, it will be called a \"technical draw.\" • If a boxer is knocked out of the ring, he gets a count of 20 to get back in and on his feet. He cannot be assisted. • In some jurisdictions the standing eight-count or the three knockdown rule also may be in effect. • In other jurisdictions, only the referee can stop the bout.

BOXING WEIGHT DIVISIONS There were traditionally eight weight divisions in men’s boxing. More divisions were added, and professional governing bodies now recognize a total of 17 weight classes, which had their current names established by the major boxing organizations in 2015. The upper limits of these classes are delimited as follows: •minimumweight, 105 pounds (48 kg) •light flyweight, 108 pounds (49 kg) •flyweight, 112 pounds (51 kg) •super flyweight, 115 pounds (52 kg) •bantamweight, 118 pounds (53.5 kg) •super bantamweight, 122 pounds (55 kg) •featherweight, 126 pounds (57 kg) •super featherweight, 130 pounds (59 kg) •lightweight, 135 pounds (61 kg) •super lightweight, 140 pounds (63.5 kg) •welterweight, 147 pounds (67 kg) •super welterweight, 154 pounds (70 kg) •middleweight, 160 pounds (72.5 kg) •super middleweight, 168 pounds (76 kg) •light heavyweight, 175 pounds (79 kg) •cruiserweight, 200 pounds (91 kg) •heavyweight, unlimited

In Olympic-style amateur boxing the weight divisions for men are: •light flyweight, not more than 108 pounds (49 kg) •flyweight, 115 pounds (52 kg) •bantamweight, 123 pounds (56 kg) •lightweight, 132 pounds (60 kg) •light welterweight, 141 pounds (64 kg) •welterweight, 152 pounds (69 kg) •middleweight, 165 pounds (75 kg) •light heavyweight, 178 pounds (81 kg) •heavyweight, 201 pounds (91 kg) •super heavyweight, any weight over 201 pounds (91 kg)

BOXING STYLES \"Style\" is often defined as the strategic approach a fighter takes during a bout. No two fighters' styles are alike, as each is determined by that individual's physical and mental attributes. Boxer/out-fighter Counter puncher A classic \"boxer\" or stylist (also known as an \"out-fighter\") seeks to maintain Swarmer/in-fighter Counter punchers are slippery, defensive style fighters who often rely distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range on their opponent's mistakes in order to gain the advantage, whether it punches, most notably the jab, and gradually wearing his opponent down. Due to be on the score cards or more preferably a knockout. They use their this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions well-rounded defense to avoid or block shots and then immediately rather than by knockout, though some out-fighters have notable knockout catch the opponent off guard with a well placed and timed punch. A records. They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their fight with a skilled counter-puncher can turn into a war of attrition, ability to control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically where each shot landed is a battle in itself. Thus, fighting against wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse than a brawler counter punchers requires constant feinting and the ability to avoid telegraphing one's attacks. To be truly successful using this style they Boxer-puncher In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called \"pressure must have good reflexes, a high level of prediction and awareness, fighters\") attempt to stay close to an opponent, pinpoint accuracy and speed, both in striking and in footwork. A boxer-puncher is a well-rounded boxer who is able to fight at close throwing intense flurries and combinations range with a combination of technique and power, often with the ability to of hooks and uppercuts. Brawler/slugger knock opponents out with a combination and in some instances a single Mainly Mexican, Irish, Irish-American, Puerto Rican, shot. Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter and Mexican-American boxers popularized this A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks finesse and footwork in the (although they are generally not as mobile as an out-fighter) style. A successful in-fighter often needs a good ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power. Many \"chin\" because swarming usually involves being hit brawlers tend to lack mobility, preferring a less mobile, more stable with many jabs before they can maneuver inside platform and have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their where they are more effective. feet. They may also have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favor of continuous beat-downs with one hand and by throwing slower, more powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts).

Techniques Stances Upright stance Semi-crouch Full crouch

Punches Jab Cross Hook Uppercut A quick, straight punch thrown with the lead hand from the A powerful, straight punch thrown with the rear hand. A semi-circular punch thrown with the lead A vertical, rising punch thrown with the rear hand. guard position. The jab extends from the side of the torso and From the guard position, the rear hand is thrown from hand to the side of the opponent's head. From From the guard position, the torso shifts slightly to typically does not pass in front of it. It is accompanied by a the chin, crossing the body and traveling towards the the guard position, the elbow is drawn back the right, the rear hand drops below the level of the small, clockwise rotation of the torso and hips, while the fist target in a straight line. The rear shoulder is thrust with a horizontal fist (palm facing down) opponent's chest and the knees are bent slightly. rotates 90 degrees, becoming horizontal upon impact. As the forward and finishes just touching the outside of the though in modern times a wide percentage of From this position, the rear hand is thrust upwards in punch reaches full extension, the lead shoulder can be chin. At the same time, the lead hand is retracted and fighters throw the hook with a vertical fist a rising arc towards the opponent's chin or torso. brought up to guard the chin. The rear hand remains next to tucked against the face to protect the inside of the chin. (palm facing themselves). The rear hand is the face to guard the jaw. After making contact with the For additional power, the torso and hips are rotated tucked firmly against the jaw to protect the target, the lead hand is retracted quickly to resume a guard counter-clockwise as the cross is thrown. A measure of chin. The torso and hips are rotated position in front of the face. an ideally extended cross is that the shoulder of the clockwise, propelling the fist through a tight, striking arm, the knee of the front leg and the ball of the clockwise arc across the front of the body front foot are on the same vertical plane. and connecting with the target.

Equipment Boxing gloves are cushioned gloves that A hand wrap or a wrist wrap or Kumpur is a strip of cloth A boxing ring, often referred to simply as fighters wear on their hands used by boxers (and participants in other combat sports) to a ring or euphemistically the squared circle, is the space in during boxing matches and practices. Unlike protect the hand and wrist against injuries induced which a boxing match occurs. A modern ring consists of a \"fist-load weapons\" (such as the by punching. It is wrapped securely around the wrist, the square raised platform with a post at each corner. Four ropes ancient cestus) which were designed as a palm, and the base of the thumb, where it serves to both are attached to the posts and pulled parallel under tension lethal weapon, modern boxing gloves are non- maintain the alignment of the joints, and to compress and with turnbuckles to form the boundary of the competition lethal, designed to protect both the opponent's lend strength to the soft tissues of the hand during the area. head and the fighter's hand during a bout. impact of a punch. Sparring and other forms of boxing training have their own specialized gloves.

NOTABLE FIGHTERS

MUHAMMAD ALI Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American boxer. He became one of the most famous boxers in the world with his \"rope-a- dope\" technique. He was also well known for his clever rhymes. In 1999, Ali was named \"Sportsman of the Century\" by Sports Illustrated magazine. He won the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times. Ali also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Ali was also known as “The Greatest”. “I’mma show you how great I am” -ali

Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. Nicknamed \"Iron Mike\"[3] and \"Kid Dynamite\" in his early career, and later known as \"The Baddest Man on the Planet\",[4] Tyson is considered one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time.[5] He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion from 1987 to 1990. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. Claiming his first belt at 20 years, four months, and 22 days old, Tyson holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title.[6] He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, as well as the only heavyweight to unify them in succession. “I'm a dreamer. I have to dream and reach for the stars, and if I miss a star then I grab a handful of clouds.” -Tyson

Sugar Ray Leonard Ray Charles Leonard (born May 17, 1956), best known as \"Sugar\" Ray Leonard, is an American former professional boxer, motivational speaker, and occasional actor. Often regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time, he competed from 1977 to 1997, winning world titles in five weight divisions; the lineal championship in three weight divisions;[3] as well as the undisputed welterweight title.[4] Leonard was part of \"The Fabulous Four\",[5] a group of boxers who all fought each other throughout the 1980s, consisting of Leonard, Roberto Durán, Thomas Hearns, and Marvin Hagler. “ I'm not religious, but I believe that what I have is a gift, and I respect it and live up to it.” -Leonard

Oscar De La Hoya Oscar de la Hoya (born February 4, 1973[), also known as the \"Golden Boy\", is a former boxer. He is Mexican- American. He won a gold medal for the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics. “There is always space for improvement, no matter how long you've been in the business.” - De La Hoya

Manny Pacquiao Manny Pacquiao is the only eight-division world champion in the history of boxing and has won twelve major world titles. He was the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes, the first boxer to win major world titles in four of the eight \"glamour divisions\": flyweight, featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight, and is the only boxer to hold world championships across four decades (1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). “I consider myself a student of boxing, a philosopher so to speak, and my philosophy is to keep learning.” -Pacquiao

“Learning is a gift, even when pain is your teacher.”

SOURCES: https://www.insure4sport.co.uk/blog/boxing-equipment-essentials-kit-bag/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page https://www.britannica.com/sports/boxing/Weight-divisions https://www.tagmuaythai.com/post/martial-arts-motivation-25-quotes-for-fighters https://www.britannica.com/sports/boxing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing