Code Revamp - ebook

Diamond Drilling Hand-Held Saw Code Floor Saw of Safe Working Track Saw Practice Wire Saw Hand-Held Crusher Burster REVISED APRIL 2020 Remote 1 Control Plant



Preface to the reference section for useful information, the HSE website or by seeking This Code of Practice is published by the competent health and safety advice from Drilling and Sawing Association on behalf a health and safety consultant. of its members, who are employed: - The Association would like to acknowledge the considerable assistance As specialist sub-contractors within the in compiling and updating this Code of construction industry engaged in the Practice provided by other organisations, drilling, sawing and cutting of concrete companies and individuals. Their help has and other building materials. been invaluable. Finally, it is emphasised that ACCIDENTS As suppliers of equipment, tools and AND INJURIES ARE PREVENTABLE if accessories to firms engaged in this everybody is health and safety conscious. specialist work. Accidents are typically the result of HUMAN ERROR or MECHANICAL FAILURE. The members of The Drilling and Sawing We can all take steps to prevent these Association recognise their responsibilities situations arising and improve health and about the promotion of safe working safety standards in the industry. practices and have compiled this Code Apart from the human suffering caused as a guide to all persons involved in the by accidents, employers are often above activities. unaware of the high cost of accidents as a result of lost time, reduced productivity, The Code has been issued to member fines, increased insurance premiums and companies and to other organisations general disruption to work. It is therefore concerned with health and safety within up to everybody to make a positive the construction industry. Further copies contribution towards a healthier and safer are available on application to the Head working environment. Office of the Association. 1 Although it is hoped that this Code will make a positive contribution towards the improvement of health and safety standards, it is recognised that everyone associated with the Drilling and Sawing industry has a personal responsibility to ensure that its recommendations are followed. The Association also acknowledges that this Code cannot cover every risk that is likely to occur in the workplace, and therefore encourages individuals to come forward with suggestions for alterations or improvements which could result in additional safeguards. This Code has been prepared in good faith and is based on our understanding of relevant legislation at the time. It is updated periodically, but it must be stressed that the Association cannot be held responsible for any errors or discrepancies, particularly arising from changes to legislation. The Association is also unable to accept any responsibility for claims resulting from compliance or otherwise with the Code. Where appropriate, users should seek more detailed legal guidance by referring REVISED APRIL 2020

Contents Contents 4.6 Controlled Demolition - Bursting ............................................................. 55 Introduction................................... 4 4.7 Controlled Demolition - Crushing 1.1 The Scope Of the Code.......... 5 ............................................................. 56 1.2 Working Practices........................5 1.3 Company Responsibilities..........6 4.8 Thermic Lancing...........................57 1.4 Operator Certification.................6 1.5 Apprenticeship Training..............7 4.9 Hydraulic Power Packs................59 1.6 Reference Sources......................7 4.10 Portable Electric Tools...............60 General Operating Requirements ....................................................... 8 4.11 Diamond Chain Saws................60 2.1 Personnel......................................9 4.12 Demolition Plant-360 Pedestrian 2.2 Welfare..........................................13 for Crushing & Breaking.....................62 2.3 Mechanical &Electrical..............14 2.4 Storage..........................................19 4.13 Stability and Moving of The 2.5 Gas Cylinders...............................20 Remote Controlled 360 Pedestrian 2.6 Fire Precautions............................21 Operated Machine...........................64 2.7 Transport.......................................21 2.8 Asbestos........................................22 Core Drill Bits & Cutting Blades.... 67 2.9 Ventilation.....................................24 2.10 Access.........................................24 5.1 Drill Bits...........................................68 2.11 Statutory Documents.................26 2.12 Environment/ Pollution/ Waste.27 5.2 Cutting Blades..............................68 2.13 Tolerances..................................27 2.14 Temporary Fixation of Diamond 5.3 Diamond Blades .........................70 Cutting and Coring Equipment........27 2.15 Air Monitoring.............................28 Core Drill Bits & Cutting Blades.... 72 Site Setting Up............................... 29 6.1 The Health and Safety at Work Etc. Act. 1974.............................................73 3.1 Site Appraisal................................30 3.2 Site Working Conditions..............30 6.2 Regulations.................................77 3.3 Special Risks..................................31 6.3 EU “Six Pack”................................83 Operating Procedures................. 42 6.4 Legal Publications........................86 4.1 Drilling - Core Drills........................43 4.1.1 Introduction ..............................43 Policies.......................................... 87 4.2 Sawing - Floor Saws.....................46 4.3 Sawing - Wall Saws (Rail Mounted) Policies ................................................88 ............................................................. 50 4.4 Sawing – Handheld Saws...........52 The Drilling & Sawing Industry & The 4.5 Sawing - Wire Saws......................54 Cost Benefits of Diamond Cutting ....................................................... 89 REVISED APRIL 2020 8.1 The Drilling & Sawing Association ............................................................. 90 8.2 DSA Information Services............90 8.3 The Benefits of Diamond Cutting Techniques.......................................... 92 Appendicies................................. 93 Appendix1.................................... 94 Sources of Information......................94 Appendix 2................................... 96 9.1 Recommended Blade Speeds & Cutting Depths For Segmented Diamond Saw Blades........................96 9.2 Wet Cutting..................................97 2

9.3 Speed Conversion Table – Rpm Contents Wet Cutting Blades............................98 9.4 Cutting Depths - Operating Speeds ............................................................. 99 9.5 Tolerances and Limits For Construction Drilling and Sawing.....100 9.6 Maximum tolerances...................103 9.7 Temporary fixation of Diamond cutting and coring equipment........105 9.8 Anchoring Manufacturers current recommendations for R/Concrete* brick/block use through-bolt with plate ............................................................. 106 9.10 CSCS Cards – Drilling & Sawing Matrix................................................... 107 9.11 The Drilling & Sawing Association Air Monitoring Results.........................108 Index............................................ 109 REVISED APRIL 2020 3

01 Introduction The Scope of the code 5 Working Practices 5 Company Responsibilities 6 Operator Certification 6 Apprenticeship Training 7 Reference Sources 7

1.1 The Scope Of the Code and when required members should seek 01 the services of a competent health and The Code is designed to provide general safety practitioner. Introduction guidance on safe working practices in the Drilling and Sawing industry in relation to: - It is also stressed that legislation is constantly changing and that it is not a) Current legislation; always possible for us to incorporate changes as quickly as we would like. b) Practical experience developed Therefore, it may be necessary to by established specialist check the latest situation where legal contractors over several years; requirements are critical to a problem. c) The recommendations from Recent years have seen an increase manufacturers of specialist in the amount of health and safety equipment on safe operating legislation affecting the construction procedures. industry. Therefore, we have taken this opportunity to carry out a complete The advice contained in the Code has revision of the Code incorporating been presented in a concise, simplified legislation introduced up to the date of form for easy reference, with the hope publication. that it will be treated as a practical working book, used by management, On many occasions, members will supervisors and operatives at all levels. be working as sub-contractors on a construction site, where the client has The statutory provisions on health and complete responsibility for all health safety are incorporated into by three and safety requirements. However, as categories. There are: - employers, sub-contractors still have an obligation to carry out their own work in a) Acts of Parliament. a safe manner. Usually this will be done on consultation with the main contractor b) Regulations made under those who will, for example, be providing Acts. welfare facilities. c) Approved Codes of Practice. It is impossible for main contractors to fulfil their health and safety responsibilities These categories are covered in more unless they are aware of the presence detail in section 2.1.1, but it is important to of our members’ staff on site. Therefore, stress that the principle piece of legislation members’ employees working as sub- is the Health and safety at Work etc. Act contractors MUST REPORT THEIR ARRIVAL 1974. Where there are references in this ON SITE IMMEDIATELY TO THE SITE Code to “the Act”, this means the Health MANAGEMENT AND MUST ALSO NOTIFY and safety at Work etc. Act 1974. THEM OF THEIR DEPARTURE. They must be required to undertake induction health Every effort has been made to identify and safety training and follow site rules as all the relevant health and safety this is part of the regulatory system. legislation specifically relating to activities undertaken by Members of the 1.2 Working Practices Association. It is acknowledged that working practices However, in a document of this size, it is can change rapidly as a result of impractical to cover in depth all the legal improved methods, and to comply with aspects affecting the safe operation new legislation. Although it is the intention of a business. Members should use this of the Association that the contents of code as a general guide only. When this code will be kept under review and further or more detailed information is revised periodically; it will be appreciated required members should consult the that the contents may not always cover reference section to find details of useful the latest legislation. sources of further information. This code does not replace the requirement on 5 employers to seek competent advice, REVISED APRIL 2020

01 1.3 Company ResponsibilitiesIntroduction The Construction, Design & Management Regulations 2015 affects all the work A summary of the main legal duties of carried out by drilling and sawing firms both employers and employees are set from a health and safety point of view. out in Section 2 and 3 and 9 and 10 of this It is therefore essential that companies code covering the Act. implement the requirements of these Regulations with reference to the Attention is drawn to the need for each provision of Risk Assessments and Method company to have a formal Health and Statements for each job. Safety Policy - see Section 2.1.7. This health and safety policy are an absolute It is essential that supervisors at all levels requirement, where 5 or more persons are made aware of their responsibilities are employed, and should include a about health and safety. They must written statement of intent, organisational enforce health and safety rules and responsibilities and arrangements for standards, and make people understand managing them. In general terms, that they are designed for their management have a responsibility to protection. ensure that work is carried out in a safe manner and to prevent injury and ill Employees should also be encouraged to health to employees, the self-employed raise queries regarding health and safety, and anyone who may be affected by which should be dealt with thoroughly their undertaking. It is recommended and promptly. By the nature of this that employers designate a director industry, employees work in small groups who has specific responsibility for the and are given considerable responsibility. implementation of a safe system of work Supervisors must be sure that crews and for compliance with the statutory always have the equipment, training and requirements. competence to do the job safely. Under the Management of Health and Apart from their responsibility to their safety at Work Regulations 1999, every own employees, employers also have employer is required to appoint one a responsibility to provide protection for or more competent persons to advise other personnel working at the same on meeting the requirements of health site and for members of the public. It is and safety legislation. This person recommended that companies have a should preferably be someone from the procedure for regular health and safety employer’s organisation who is suitable inspection of all working operations by experienced and trained, but it can also a competent person, and that written be an external consultant if this is not records are kept of these inspections. possible. These regulations also require employers to carry out a general risk Finally, employers must have effective assessment for the protection of their arrangements for planning, organising, employees as described in Section 2.3.1 controlling, monitoring and reviewing of this code. their health and safety systems. The HSE reference guide HSG 65 is a useful The significant findings of the risk document and outlines the requirements assessment document must be for health and safety management. communicated and made available to employees. Any relevant details of 1.4 Operator Certification the risk and required control measures must be fully detailed and understood. The Association attaches great Where appropriate, control measure may importance to the proper training and require employees to follow a safe system assessment of operators. From 2001, of work, wear appropriate protective the DSA Scheme was integrated into equipment and receive appropriate the Construction Skills Certification information, instruction, training and Scheme (CSCS). Specific Certificates supervision. of Competence in drilling and sawing operations will now be issued by NOCN REVISED APRIL 2020 6

based on achievement of an NVQ by information on health and safety matters. 01 individual operators. Further details can be found at the HSE website www.hse.gov.uk. Introduction 1.5 Apprenticeship Training Where sources of this nature are available The DSA provide an Apprenticeship covering, for example, - the erection and Training Scheme designed for the Drilling dismantling of scaffolding - we have not and Sawing Industry. This Scheme enables covered the same ground. This enables apprentices to obtain an NVQ Diploma this Code to be kept to a manageable in Drilling and Sawing which together with size and to focus mainly on drilling and on-site assessments qualifies them for a sawing work. Specialist CSCS Card. For further information on the above The training is delivered through an publications or any other possible sources e-learning platform and practical sessions of information, please contact the DSA covering the main disciplines. Office. The Scheme involves an 18 month 7 intensive training program in all aspects of Drilling and Sawing, together with health and safety and other general considerations. Any employer or employee interested in participating in this Scheme should contact the DSA Office. 1.6 Reference Sources Within the construction industry, there is a substantial amount of published reference information on health and safety available from bodies such as The Health and safety Executive and the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB). However, there are two main publications which both provide a comprehensive and detailed manual on health and safety requirements relating to construction sites in general. These are: - “Construction Health and Safety Manual” Published by Construction Industry Publications. This is available in hard copy and online. “Construction Site Health and Safety - Health and Safety Notes” published by CITB Publications Department.” Both these publications are revised periodically, and we would recommend that members subscribe to one or more of them. The Health and safety Executive publish a wide range of free to download REVISED APRIL 2020

02 General Operating Requirements Personnel 9 Welfare 13 Mechanical & Electrical 14 Storage 19 Gas Cylinders 20 Fire Precautions 21 Transport 21 Asbestos 21 Ventilation 22 Access 24 Statutory Documents 26 Environment/Pollution/ Waste 27 Tolerances 27 Temporary Fixations of Diamond Cutting and Coring Equipment 27 Air Monitoring 28

2.1 Personnel CDM 2015 states that, “Sole reliance 02 should not be placed on industry 2.1.1 Training certification cards or similar being General Operating Requirements presented to them [contractors] Employers may engage operatives as evidence that a worker has the who are inexperienced in the activities right qualities”, the guidance makes carried out by member companies. clear that “Nationally recognised As part of their induction training, qualifications (such as National it is vital that safe working methods Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) and are explained to them, including Scottish Vocational Qualifications the safe handling and operation of (SVQs)) can provide contractors with plant and equipment. In addition, assurance that the holder has the skills, new techniques, methods of working knowledge, training and experience and equipment may be unfamiliar to carry out the task(s) for which they to existing staff. Sufficient training are appointed. must be provided before staff can operate machines. The association Attention is also drawn to the DSA encourages the Apprenticeship Apprenticeship Training Scheme scheme for this duty. which is available to members and non-members. The Act places a responsibility on employers to ensure health and CDM: “Appointing workers safety at work by providing adequate information, instruction, training and When a contractor employs or supervision from a competent person. appoints an individual to work on a Where an injury or a dangerous construction site, they should make activity occurs, the employer could enquiries to make sure the individual: be liable for prosecution if they have failed on this responsibility. a) has the skills, knowledge, training and experience to carry out the Therefore, the employer should: - work they will be employed to do in a way that secures health and a) Have a comprehensive set of safety for anyone working on the health and safety policies and site; or procedures; b) is in the process of obtaining b) Provide induction training for new them. Paragraphs 163–173 give recruits; guidance on what a contractor should consider when appointing c) Give employees’ enough training anyone who has gaps in the to enable them to do their job skills, knowledge or experience safely; necessary for the work. d) Train managerial staff and health Sole reliance should not be placed on and safety representatives where industry certification cards or similar applicable; being presented to them as evidence that a worker has the right qualities. e) Keep training records. Nationally recognised qualifications The attention of members is also (such as National Vocational drawn to Section 2.4 which explains Qualifications (NVQs) and Scottish the current arrangements for the Vocational Qualifications (SVQs)) can Certification of Operators. Because provide contractors with assurance of the complexity of our cutting that the holder has the skills, equipment, it has proven beneficial knowledge, training and experience to set up facilities for the detailed to carry out the task(s) for which they training of operators. Also, suppliers are appointed. Contractors should may give limited training in the recognise that training on its own is operation of their own products. The 9 REVISED APRIL 2020

02 not enough. Newly trained individuals Under no circumstances should young need to be supervised and given persons be allowed to operate plant and equipment without adequate General Operating Requirements the opportunity to gain positive training and supervision. experience of working in a range of Limited hours of work may also be applicable to young persons. Persons conditions. under 16 years cannot apply for a CSCS related card. When appointing individuals who may be skilled but who do not have any 2.1.3 Horseplay formal qualifications, contractors may need to assess them in the working Serious accidents often result from stupid environment. acts whilst fooling around. Horseplay is to be strongly discouraged. Objects 2.1.2 Young Persons should not be thrown or dropped from heights i.e. from off scaffolding or working This is defined as somebody over platforms. school leaving age who is not yet 18. Young persons may not be employed 2.1.4 Alcohol & Drugs unless a risk assessment has been undertaken by the employer, so that Employees who are suspected of any risks have been identified and having consumed alcohol must not sorted out. Before a child (a person be allowed on site, and alcoholic not over school leaving age) is drinks must not be brought onto the employed, the parents or guardians site. Any employee suspected of must be given health and safety being under the influence of alcohol, information and sign an agreement must be escorted off site, but under for that child to be employed on no circumstances must they be the type of work assessed. This is in allowed to drive. As an employer, you addition to the general requirement to would be responsible if an accident give all employees such information. occurred. The Regulations also cover such areas Employers should also take steps to as Night Work, Daily and Weekly ensure that they are aware of any Rest Periods and Breaks. Employers employees who may be under the should also satisfy themselves that a influence of drugs which could impair young person is fit for work including their performance and ability to seeking medical advice. Employers handle machinery. Many sites now should recognise that the training have introduced random testing, but requirements may need to be more the body’s ability to retain evidence stringent for young persons. It is of some recreational drugs can be recommended that: as much a month, even though the employee’s ability to work may a) Particularly on site, young persons not at all be impaired, Refer to the should be shown round by a employer’s drugs and alcohol policy competent member of staff who can indicate health and safety 2.1.5 Unfair Dismissal hazards and the correct methods of avoiding them. The Employment Rights Act 1996 gives employees the right not to b) Induction and operational training be dismissed for several reasons in are carried out by a competent connection with their conduct related employee over 21 years of age to their health and health and safety with a Certificate of Competence. activities and actions. c) Close personal supervision is However, as far as health and safety maintained on young persons on in concerned, it is possible to dismiss an on-going basis by one or more an employee fairly as a result of their supervisors aged over 21. conduct or because of contravention REVISED APRIL 2020 10

of a requirement of the Health and risks. 02 safety at Work etc Act, although the grounds for dismissal must be fair and The general requirements have General Operating Requirements reasonable. Also, a fair procedure now been reinforced by specific must be used by the employer. regulations on Manual Handling referred to in Section 6.3.4. These Situations which may warrant dismissal Regulations incorporate the latest are: - knowledge about back injuries and how they are caused. a) An employee’s conduct, i.e. unsafe or reckless behaviour; Wherever practical, mechanical lifting should be used in reference b) The inability to do a job safely, i.e. to manual methods, i.e. hazardous without contravening the law; manual handling operations should be avoided altogether. Employees c) Refusal to obey an order should also be given adequate connected with health and safety. training in dealing with heavy loads if these arise during their work. However, the employees have the right, subject to certain qualifying The definition of what is a heavy load periods, to complain to an industrial depends on individual circumstances tribunal that they have been unfairly such as the capability of the dismissed. For example, an individual individual, the nature of the load and may claim that he is being asked the location, etc. When lifting heavy to obey an order that is unsafe, or loads operatives are advised to wear he may feel that his resignation has industrial gloves and safety footwear been brought about by employer’s with steel toecaps. Back injuries are dangerous practices i.e. constructive the most frequent. These can be dismissal. prevented by adopting the correct posture i.e. If an employer is to convince a tribunal that the dismissal was fair, - Correct position of feet, slightly apart they must follow the procedures recommended under current - Straight back employment legislation. - Arms close to body for lifting and 2.1.6 Compulsory Insurance carrying All employers are required by law - Knees bent i.e. lift using the legs. to insure against injury or disease suffered by their employees for a 2.1.8 Display of Notices recommended amount of £10 million and must make available a copy of Where members’ employees are the Insurance Certificate at the place working temporarily on construction of business so that employees can sites, the contractor will have an have access to it. It is a condition obligation to display certain notices as of joining the Drilling and Sawing laid down in the “Construction Health Association that those applicants and safety Manual”. carry adequate public liability insurance. Details are available from 2.1.9 First Aid the DSA. The Health and safety (First Aid) 2.1.7 Lifting & Carrying Regulations 1981 in conjunction with an Approved Code of Practice As the Act imposes a general duty on plus Guidance Notes lay down first employers for the health and safety of aid requirements for employers, employees, they have a responsibility employees and self-employed for ensuring that individuals can people. This Code of Practice No. handle a particular load. This involves L74 – “First Aid at Work” (third edition carrying out an assessment of such 2013) outlines the requirements. The REVISED APRIL 2020 11

02 employer has a duty to provide first g) 1 pair of disposable gloves. aid and to inform his employees of the However, for travelling first aid kits, General Operating Requirements arrangements. the following is recommended as a minimum requirement: - Although the Code gives broad guidelines, it is up to the employer a) 1 guidance card to provide equipment and facilities that are adequate in relation to the b) 6 individually wrapped sterile size and nature of the business i.e. first adhesive dressings aid rooms and equipment, first aid personnel etc. The new Code requires c) 1 large sterile un-medicated employers to make an assessment of dressing the hazards in their workplace when deciding on the level of facilities d) 2 triangular bandages and personnel, rather than basing it purely on numbers of employees, e) 2 safety pins although the considered norm for up to 5 employees is 1 Appointed f) Individually wrapped moist Person, and over 5, 1 fully trained First cleaning wipes. Aider (Emergency First Aid at work). The Guidance Notes also lay down g) 1 pair of disposable gloves. amended recommendations on training. 2.1.10 Personal Protective Equipment Where members’ employees are regularly working away from base, Section 2.3.3. of this Code sets out the there should be an assessment as to legal requirements under the latest whether first aid equipment should Regulations on Personal Protective be provided. Members may feel that Equipment. There is therefore it is appropriate for vans to carry a a requirement on employers to “travelling first aid kit” as outlined in undertake a Risk Assessment of every the Code of Practice. task and if the hazard to Health or safety cannot be eliminated, then to First aid boxes should contain an provide suitable P.P.E. This includes enough quantity of first aid materials clothing designed to protect against and nothing else. The contents adverse weather conditions. The should be replenished as used and prime duty of employers is to take expiry dates on packets must not be steps to prevent a hazard i.e. cutting exceeded. The box must be properly machines may have to be fitted with marked and for 10 people in most dust control equipment. If this proves normal cases will contain: -1 guidance impractical, personal protective card equipment must be supplied. a) 20 individually wrapped sterile The latest P.P.E. Regulations also adhesive dressings make provision for the introduction of common manufacturing standards b) 2 sterile eye pads with attachment across the EU. Under the P.P.E. Regulations 2002 (regarding design c) 6 individually wrapped triangular and manufacture), P.P.E. for all bandages activities must now have a CE mark of conformity. Purchasers of P.P.E. should d) 6 safety pins only use reputable manufacturers and should ensure that the equipment is e) 6 medium sized individually suitable for the hazard against which wrapped sterile un-medicated it provides protection. Compatibility wound dressings of PPE must be assessed where there in an interface with each other when f) 2 large sterile individually wrapped worn. un-medicated wound dressings 12 REVISED APRIL 2020

The provision of safety helmets is also and/or fume extraction equipment, 02 covered in Section 2.3.7. In addition, operatives must be provided with there are also Regulations covering: - face masks or respirators. Face General Operating Requirements masks must conform to EN 149 and a) Ear Protection - The Control of Noise respirators to EN 136,140 or 405. This at Work Regulations 2005 (which is explained further in appendix came into force on 6 April 2006), 11.10 Air monitoring if activities lay down when hearing protection require masks and respirators. is to be supplied i.e. noise over 80dB(A) – now the first action level. N.B. Masks and respirators are Ear plugs must conform to EN 352-2 designed to reduce the concentration and Ear Defenders to EN 352- of a pollutant, but they can leak, and most leakages occur around the face b) Drilling and sawing of concrete seal. To reduce this risk, new legislation are typical activities where such requires that all tight-fitting respirators, protection must be worn. full face masks, half masks and disposables are face fit tested. Eye Protection - Regulation 4 of The Personal Protective Equipment 2.1.11 General Appearance & at Work Regulations 1992, requires Clothing employers to have the responsibility to equip workers involved in certain Operatives must be made aware of processes with eye protection or, the hazards associated with wearing where appropriate, a shield. These loose clothing which may become processes could cause damage to trapped in moving machine parts. the eyes through the impact of dust Avoid wearing rings, jewellery or and/or chemicals and include the watches when working near moving use of cartridge guns, cold chisels, machinery, and ensure that long hair grinding wheels and discs, drilling etc. is kept tucked out of harm’s way. of building materials, welding and Elasticated wrists on long sleeved cutting. clothing should be used to avoid entanglement in moving machinery. The P.P.E. Regulations lay down the requirements for the specification Operatives should be encouraged and issue of personal protection to use safety footwear and heavy- equipment generally. Eye protectors duty industrial gloves Footwear should must meet the European Standard comply with the relevant British laid down for the job for which they Standard. Available gloves can vary are being used i.e. EN 166, in respect from PVC industrial to chrome leather. of impact risks. Welding goggles must Special leather gauntlets and flame- comply with EN 166 and EN 175, for resistant clothing must be used for fusion welding and must be fitted with welding. the appropriate grade of lens. Filters are covered by EN 169. 2.2 Welfare Where a person is supplied with eye 2.2.1Welfare Arrangements protectors to deal with a specific task, they are under an obligation to On construction sites, it is necessary make use of them. Loss or damage to make proper welfare provision as to an item of equipment must also be laid down in the Construction (Design reported, and a replacement issued. and Management) Regulations 2015 including the provision of a) Dust Protection - Under the suitable and enough sanitary, rest C.O.S.H.H. Regulations 2002, where and other facilities. Schedule 2 of drilling and sawing processes result these Regulations lays down specific in the release of dust and/or fumes recommendations, i.e. the numbers into the air because of practical of conveniences and wash stations difficulties in providing suitable dust based on the numbers of employees. On most sites, members’ staff will REVISED APRIL 2020 13

02 use facilities provided by the main 2.3 Mechanical &Electrical contractor. 2.3.1 Air Receivers General Operating Requirements 2.2.2 Vibration White Finger The Pressure Systems Safety Workers continually using power Regulations 2000 came into operation tools such as breakers hammer drills together with the associated and angle grinders, where there is Approved Code of Practice L122 (this persistent vibration, risk VWF - Vibration has been updated for 2009). Unless White Finger. This results in blanching, action is taken, if there is an accident, numbness and pain in the fingers. members could experience problems Claims have already been received with insurance cover. by members from former employees for compensation for injury. For member companies owning air compressors or compressed air If there is a risk that employees will installations of any sort, at present be exposed to vibration from, for it is important that the records kept example, use of an angle grinder under the previous arrangements whilst chasing, members should ensure covering testing and inspection are that this exposure is limited to periods maintained up to date. However, recommended by the HSE and the the latest Regulations lay down new machine manufacturers. Care should requirements regarding Operation, also be taken that tools have proper Examination and Maintenance. vibration protection/devices. Regular or continual users must monitor The responsibility for compliance with closely the condition of their hands the Regulations rests with the Owner, and fingers. If in any doubt, seek who is required to arrange for a medical advice. Continual monitoring Written Scheme of Examination to be i.e. rotation logs, have meters etc. drawn up or certified by a competent HSE guidance: Vibration exposure person as defined in the Approved monitoring Q&A released 18/08/2011 Code of Practice. This applies to air indicates that this practice is not receivers or pressure vessels used at necessary, planning of the activity a greater pressure than 0.5bar. The so as not to exceed exposure is what equipment should also be submitted is required to comply with the Regs, for regular tests by a competent based on the information available person at appropriate intervals. The and should be the basis of a risk owner is responsible for ensuring assessment. that the person who draws up the Scheme and examines the equipment The HSE publish several documents is suitably qualified. Written reports providing information on hand/arm shall be kept of all examinations, vibration. These are available from maintenance etc. The regulations do HSE Books. The Supply of Machinery not lay down specific requirements on (safety) Regulations as amended “appropriate intervals”. These should 2011 require instructions for handheld be agreed with the manufacturer or equipment to indicate whether the person who draws up the Scheme the operator will be subjected to a for Examination. specified level of vibration. If necessary, consult your equipment REVISED APRIL 2020 manufacturer and insurance company regarding implementation of the requirements. The British Compressed Air Society can provide information plus Guidance/ Interpretation Notes on the implementation of the new legislation. When hiring a compressor, ensure that the hire company is required to 14

supply machines that comply with the to reduce the supply to 110 volts, 02 latest Regulations. This is best done by especially if it is to be used as a power the endorsement of hire orders with a source for small plant and tools. Ensure General Operating Requirements suitable clause. Portable Appliance Test is in date. User checks must be conducted 2.3.2 Diesel Fumes weekly, Formal Visual Inspection to be completed monthly and Combined There is a risk of carbon monoxide Inspection and Testing every 12 poisoning from exhaust fumes when months. machines are operated in enclosed space. It is therefore vital that there 110-volt single phase - This is commonly is adequate ventilation. There have used for small plant and tools and is been several cases of drilling and the recommended voltage for smaller sawing operators being overcome machines and hand tools. However, with fumes whilst operating machines 110-volt 3 phase is being increasingly within an enclosed area and great used for light movable plant. All portable care should be taken with ventilation equipment should be equipped for arrangements. 110-volt supply. Plant and tools with 240- volt motors must not be used. 25 volts 2.3.3 Electrical Requirements and below - Where damp operating conditions prevail, it may be advisable to Electrical equipment and installations use extra low voltage equipment. form one of the major sources of risk in the construction industry. Remember that Handheld tools should be of the double- electricity can kill. insulated variety or properly earthed. When other electrically operated Therefore, equipment must be maintained machines such as core drills or saws are to the highest standards and operatives used with water, they must be properly must be trained in its installation and use. earthed unless they are of double If operatives are concerned about the insulated construction. Electric shock can condition or safety of electrical systems, result when metalwork becomes alive as they should be encouraged to report the a result principally of loose wires, wrong problem and cease working. connections, faulty earth connections, damaged plugs or sockets, cable The general requirements under the damage or makeshift repairs. Act on electrical safety have been supplemented by the Electricity at Work Repairs must only be carried out by a Regulations 1989, mentioned in section qualified electrician. 6.2.2. Electrical equipment is also covered by the general requirements of PUWER. All electrical equipment should be thoroughly checked and tested at Electrical power supplies can come in the appropriate intervals (now usually 3 following basic forms: monthly) and prior to use on site, and plant and tools should be labelled to 415 volt 3 phase - This is only to be this effect. All cables and connections used for major items of plant. It is not must be of a type suitable for outside a safe voltage and its installation and work and must always be maintained in use must only be arranged through good condition. The risk of shock through a competent electrician. Ensure damage to cables and bad connections Portable Appliance Test is in date. can be minimised using a residual current User checks must be conducted protection device. The use of such a weekly, Formal Visual Inspection to be device is strongly recommended for completed monthly and Combined voltages above 110 volts. Inspection and Testing every 3 months. Site electrical installations should be 240 volt single phase - This is also not a treated with the utmost care and only safe voltage and must only be used in touched under the supervision of a areas such as office accommodation. competent and experience electrician. Where 240 volts is the only supply available a transformer must be used 15 REVISED APRIL 2020

02 Machines must never be wired direct to wall saws, etc. Any member requiring a mains distribution board or other source specific guidance on the use of larger generators on site should contact the General Operating Requirements of electricity supply except by a qualified DSA. electrician. Electrical equipment and installations form a complex subject and we can Where transformers are used to reduce only provide a practical introduction the supply to 110 volt these should be to this subject. If in doubt, seek centre tapped and conform to BS 3535. professional advice. Plugs and sockets manufactured to BS 4343 should only be removed or fixed by User checks must be conducted a competent person. For a 110 volt supply weekly, Formal Visual Inspection to be the plug/socket should be of the “c” type completed monthly and Combined and coloured yellow. 200/230-volt plugs Inspection and Testing every 3 months. etc should be coloured blue and 400/440- volt coloured red. No appliance should 2.3.4 Lifting Equipment be connected to an electrical system other than by the correct plug, and fuses In 1998, the Lifting Operations and of the correct capacity must be used. Lifting Equipment Regulations were Temporary makeshift fuses must not be introduced and replaced previous fitted. legislation. These latest regulations cover the use of cranes, hoists, Cables should not be left trailing in winches and other lifting equipment positions where they can be damaged. within the construction industry, Worn, damaged and severed cables including chains, ropes and other must be replaced immediately. Great lifting gear. They lay down the care must be taken when using water in intervals at which this equipment an area where there are electrical cables must be examined and tested by a or installations. Any fault in an electrical competent person. Full details of the appliance or system must be reported to testing and examination requirements a responsible person immediately. are laid out in the “Construction Health and safety Manual”. Fire extinguishers for use on electrical equipment must be of the appropriate Lifting equipment must not be used approved type. unless the relevant current records can be produced by the owner. In Where a mains electrical supply is not general, all lifting equipment must available, the machine user may decide also be marked with its safe working to make use of a temporary supply via a load and means of identification. generator. Because most small generators Under no circumstances must this are mobile by design, it is impractical to load be exceeded except for testing expect users to connect them to earth. purposes. However, if a generator is in one Lifting equipment should only be used place for any length of time it is for the job for which it is intended i.e. advisable to have the machine chain slings should not be used for earthed correctly. Where this cannot towing vehicles. be done, steps should be taken to ensure that the user is protected. Owners and suppliers of all lifting Only accept generators of the single equipment must possess current voltage 110-volt variety for powering records, and where appropriate a small tools etc. Preferably, users should copy should be kept on the machine. also specify machines that are centre Where equipment is being hired in, tapped to earth and should ensure the hire company must be asked that an earth leakage circuit breaker to furnish copies of the relevant is fitted. records and the hire order endorsed accordingly. Larger generators supplying 415-volt 3 phase may be required for powering 16 REVISED APRIL 2020

All lifting accessories must be Assessment must also be prepared 02 inspected before it is used to check for each specific drilling or sawing for damage and wear and tear. operation. General Operating Requirements If there is any doubt concerning the Parts of an engine can become very condition of an item, it must be taken hot, particularly the exhaust. There is a out of service and reported to the risk of severe burns if they are touched owner. Proper provision must be made before they cool off. for the secure storage of lifting tackle when it is not being use, particularly All machinery and equipment must on site. Equipment that is left lying not be operated by persons that have around will get damaged or used for not been appropriately trained in their the wrong purposes. operation. 2.3.5 General Machinery 2.3.6 Maintenance & Servicing Hazards Mechanical and electrical The Provision & Use of Work Equipment appliances must be maintained in Regulations 1998 now cover all work accordance with the manufacturer’s equipment whether owned, hired recommendations with reference to or leased. This equipment must health and safety checks and tests. be suitable, properly maintained, The service intervals recommended inspected where necessary. In by the manufacturer should be addition, employers must provide complied with. information and training. Where equipment poses a specific risk, its Equipment must be thoroughly use may be restricted to designated checked and tested prior to issue persons. Most machines and to site personnel, even though it power tools can be dangerous if may only previously have been used improperly. Manufacturers out on site for a day or two. Before of machines should be asked to any maintenance or repair work provide detailed operating safety is undertaken, an engine driven instructions, and copies of these machine must be turned off and documents should be made available electrical units must be disconnected to the operator. It is essential that from the mains. all operatives are trained in the safe use of equipment. Some items, Unauthorised repairs or modifications i.e. grinding wheels, are inherently to plant and equipment must be dangerous and must be properly forbidden. Repairs must only be fenced and guarded. Machines must undertaken by suitably qualified fitting be fitted with fences and guards to staff, and only proper spare parts and prevent operators meeting exposed lubricants must be used. moving parts. Under no circumstances must machines be operated unless Much of the plant and equipment the fences or guards specified by the used in the drilling and sawing manufacturers are fitted. processes operates at high speeds. Failure to maintain and service Clearly there are situations in the equipment properly can result in drilling and sawing industry where incidents with a high risk of injury. it is considered impractical and possibly unsafe to guard items such 2.3.7 Refuelling as drill bits. Therefore, it is imperative that operators are trained and This should only take place in a well- experienced in the use of machines, ventilated area where there is no are aware of the risks from moving smoking and from a double bonded parts, and wear appropriate bowser. The tank should not be protective clothing and PPE. A Risk overfilled, and the tank cap must be securely closed. Spillage of fuel should REVISED APRIL 2020 be avoided, and the area must be 17

02 dry before the engine is started. Either and wearing long sleeves. Tongs and a proper pump or a suitable funnel pliers should be used for handling hot material. General Operating Requirements should be used. The fuel should not be Welding must not take place in poured direct from a can. Wherever an enclosed space unless there is adequate ventilation, as toxic practicable all portable wheeled fume is produced, which can be both visible and invisible. In order plant should have a drip tray placed to minimise fume, avoid welding of material that has a protective underneath and always have spill kits coating, or remove the coating before welding. Also adhere to the available to reduce impact on the correct welding operating data in line with recommendations published by environment should a spillage occur. suppliers such as BOC, which includes the measurement of fume. The correct 2.3.8 Welding & Cutting design of helmet will also help reduce the risk of inhaling fume. During welding and burning processes there is a danger from burns, electric Dust or fumes arising during these shock, eye damage and fire. The two processes are subject to the COSHH most common welding processes are Regulations. gas welding and electric arc welding. Flammable materials must be This work must only be carried out by removed from the welding area, operatives who have undergone an and welding must not be carried out approved course of training, which where the air may contain flammable includes procedures for storage, gas or vapours i.e. petrol. handling and use of cylinders, for testing leaks, for dealing with It is dangerous to expose gas cylinders explosion danger, for lighting up and to abnormal temperatures, and an shutting down and for coping with arc must not be struck on or near a blowbacks/flashbacks. gas cylinder. Do not pierce or burn a cylinder even when empty. Long Regulators must always be fitted hose runs should be avoided, and to gas cylinders to control the gas hoses examined regularly for wear pressure. Equipment must also be and leaks. Ensure that the correct fitted with non-return valves attached regulator is used and only allow to the hose/blow pipe connections. the manufacturer to repair a faulty Flashback arrestors must be attached regulator. Cylinders should always to regulators. Hoses should be colour be handled with care and not hit or coded, i.e. red for acetylene, orange struck. The name of the appropriate for LPG and blue for oxygen. gas is to be marked on each cylinder. It is essential that the operator and As far as electric welding is any bystanders are protected from concerned, do not weld under wet or damage to the eyes through infra-red damp conditions, and use an earth light when gas welding or ultraviolet leakage device (RCCB). The earth radiation during arc welding. cable should be connected to the work piece as close as possible to Proper welding face shields should the welding area. The possibility of therefore be worn, and welding the welding current passing through goggles and helmets must conform to pipework or building frames should BS 1542 with the appropriate filters. As be avoided. Live metal parts must not an additional precaution, wherever be allowed to touch the skin or wet practicable a flame-resistant black clothing. All cables must be checked screen around the work should be constructed. Special clothing 18 such as leather gauntlet gloves, hat, flame resistant non-synthetic overalls and safety boots will provide protection against heat and sparks. Burns can also be avoided by simple precautions such as buttoning collars REVISED APRIL 2020

frequently for wear and damage. documentation. 02 A risk assessment of any risks that may As far as small tools and equipment General Operating Requirements arise during welding or cutting should are concerned, the HAE (Hire be made under the Management of Association of Europe) makes Health and safety Work Regulations available for its member companies 1999. a range of operating leaflets entitled “Operating Instructions & Health and 2.3.9 Reporting safety Notes” covering most common tools. These leaflets give detailed Arrangements should exist for health and safety guidelines. When reporting defective machinery, hiring tools, DSA members should equipment and vehicles promptly, ensure that the relevant operating and staff should be instructed to leaflets are made available by the remove defective items from service hire company. immediately. 2.3.11 Air Tools 2.3.10 Hired Plant Where air tools are used, it should be Where plant and equipment are hired remembered that they are powerful in, the hire transaction will usually and should be handled with care. The take place under the Conditions of air supply must be turned off before Hire published by the Construction working on a tool for maintenance or Plant - hire Association (CPA) or repair purposes. Whip cords must be the Hire Association Europe (HAE). used on all couplings. These conditions should be printed on the hire contract document. The 2.3.12 Noise hire company has an obligation to supply an item that is safe to When buying or hiring mechanical use and to ensure that the hirer’s plant and equipment, users should representative knows how to operate insist that the machine suppliers it safely. However, the hirer does provide items that comply with the have a responsibility for ensuring that requirements of the Noise at Work only experienced personnel use the Regulations. All plant is affected by equipment. Also, the user carries a these Regulations which are covered responsibility for ensuring that hired in more detail in Section 6.2.3. equipment is properly maintained and not maltreated. 2.4 Storage Whilst hired equipment is under the 2.4.1 General control of the hirer, there may be a contractual obligation on the hirer Plant and tools used in the drilling and to indemnify the owner against any sawing processes can be dangerous if claims arising out of its use. they fall into the wrong hands and are operated by inexperience people. Hired electrical equipment such as Therefore, when work is stopped for electric tools should be tested and any length of time, i.e. overnight, checked by the hire company prior to equipment must be stored away use and a label should be attached securely either in the operatives’ van confirming this together with the next or in lockable accommodation. If test / inspection date. It is up to the necessary, arrangements should be user to ensure that the tool is returned made with the main contractor for prior to this deadline. When hiring secure storage. items such as lifting equipment, which fall within statutory requirements on 2.4.2 Highly FlammableLiquids examination and inspection, the and Liquefied PetroleumGases hirer should decide for ensuring that the owner has complied with the Highly flammable liquids are now regulations and possesses the relevant more commonly used on construction sites in solvents and adhesives etc. REVISED APRIL 2020 19

02 They can normally be recognised must be stored on site. Although by the presence on containers the regulations specify petrol, diesel fuel should be treated in the same General Operating Requirements of a “Highly Flammable” Label or way although greater quantities are permissible in double bunded Sign. Also liquefied petroleum gas containers, usually of either 500 or 1000 litre capacity. Containers in the form of propane or similar of fuel and lubricants must be clearly labelled to avoid confusion. is used for heating and burning. Containers for petrol, diesel and two stroke mixture must be clearly Both these groups are covered by distinguished. Putting neat petrol in a two-stroke engine could result in an the Dangerous Substances and accident. Explosive Atmospheres regulation Fuel is not to be used for unauthorised purposes and great care must be 2002 (commonly referred to as DSEAR) exercised when filling cans and machines. Smoking is not allowed an assessment must be carried out where fuel is being stored or handled. Engines must be stopped and allowed under these regulations, which govern to cool down prior to filling. their storage, handling and use. 2.5 Gas Cylinders Both substances should be stored Gas cylinders containing substances such as Liquid Petroleum, Oxygen, in the open air in a special fenced Nitrogen etc. are now commonly used on site for processes such as compound which can be made welding, heating etc. It is essential that operatives understand the health and secure from unauthorised access. The safety requirements for the transport and use of cylinders. Safe storage compound should be marked with is dealt with in a previous section. Major suppliers of gas such as BOC the appropriate notices covering ‘No can provide handbooks and other documentation on the safe use and Smoking’ etc. The HSE publish several transport of their products. Guidance Notes on the storage Prior to starting work, staff must check that the cylinders they are using are and use of these commodities. Gas properly labelled and contain the correct gas. Combustible and non- cylinders should be stored in an combustible gases require different fittings based on left- and right- upright position in a ventilated and hand threads, in order to prevent the interchange of fittings between appropriately signed lockable cage, cylinders containing different types of gases. Therefore, ensure that you but steps must be taken to ensure have the right equipment for the job. If in any doubt, consult the gas supplier that they cannot fall. If it is necessary regarding suitable regulators and hoses, and follow the manufacturer’s for a member company to store such instructions concerning correct operation. All oxygen fittings must be liquids or gases on a site where they kept free of oil, grease and any other combustible material. are working as a sub-contractor; they 20 must consult the main contractor regarding the provision of safe storage facilities. 2.4.3 Petrol & Diesel It is sometimes necessary to use petrol or diesel for powering machines. Up to 275 litres or less may be stored without a licence subject to certain provisions involving the Petroleum Licensing Authority. If these provisions cannot be met, a maximum of 14 litres can be stored without a licence. If the member must make their own supply available, the Petroleum - Spirit (Plastic Containers) Regulations 1982, together with the accompanying Code of Practice, lay down the specification for containers that may be used without a licence. Where larger storage facilities are necessary these are covered by the Regulations. Consultation should take place with the main contractor where fuel REVISED APRIL 2020

Prior to use, all cylinder fittings and Members’ employees should co- 02 equipment must be checked for leaks operate with the requirements in and operators must wear protective force, and employers should adopt General Operating Requirements clothing including eye protection. the following safe practices: - Once work is completed, regulators etc. should be disconnected prior to - Ensure that all employees are aware storage or transport. In the event of of the arrangements for reporting a fire involving gas cylinders, the fire a fire on a site. Normally, this will brigade must be notified immediately, involve stopping work, notifying a and people should be kept well person immediately and tackling clear. Cylinders which are not directly the fire, if this can be done without affected should be moved away personal danger and assuming that from the area as quickly as possible, the correct equipment and materials providing this can be done without are available. risk. Care must still be taken once a fire has died down, as there is still the - Employees should be aware of the risk of cylinder explosion. location of fire extinguishers and how to operate them, together with the The transport of cylinders by road is location of fire exits and alarm points. covered by the Road Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous Substances in Packages - Ensure that employees follow etc.) Regulations 1986. Where instructions regarding ‘NO SMOKING’ cylinders of 5 litres or more of LPG are areas. carried, vehicle operators must ensure that the driver has had adequate - Insist that combustible waste training concerning the hazards of is not left lying about i.e. good LPG and emergency procedures. housekeeping. Drivers of vehicles carrying LPG must also have a “Trem Card” in the cab - Ensure that the regulations regarding detailing the hazards of the load and flammable liquids, petroleum gases emergency action. A suitable fire and spirits are known and adhered extinguisher must also be carried. to. Also, that proper precautions are taken over welding and cutting. 2.6 Fire Precautions - Place the emphasis on FIRE Normally members’ operatives will PREVENTION be working on premises controlled by the main contractor or client who - All temporary operations involving will be responsible for fire precaution open flames or producing heat and/ requirements under the Regulatory or sparks, this includes, but is not reform (Fire Safety) order 2005. It limited to, Brazing, Cutting, Grinding, defines health and safety measures Soldering, Thawing, and Welding. including the means of detecting and VALIDITY. Hot works permits are only fighting fire, escape from workplaces valid for a maximum of 1 working and the need for a fire assessment. day. However, every employer has a 2.7 Transport duty under the Act to provide a safe place of work, including safe Transport is used principally for means of access to and exit from his delivering and collecting operatives, premises. Therefore, there should be material and equipment to and from consultation with the main contractor site. Employers should protect the regarding access, instruction and health and safety of their staff by training, practice fire drills and fire ensuring: - instruction notices. a) That vehicles are maintained REVISED APRIL 2020 in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations and are always roadworthy; 21

02 b) That vehicles are only driven by major refurbishment work. The use of employees of the proper age power tools and equipment can be especially hazardous, in view of the General Operating Requirements and with the appropriate driving high dust levels. licence; refer to towing i.e. who As an employer, you are required by the Control of Asbestos Regulations can tow, what category licence is 2012 to protect employees and others who may be affected by exposure to required. Refer to VoSA. asbestos. The golden rule is: - c) That vehicles are not loaded over Always assume that asbestos is the manufacturer’s recommended present until it is proven to you that capacity; it is not. It’s also the law! Refer to the different types of asbestos works as d) That proper safe means of loading defined in the Regulations. and offloading are provided; If your employees come across e) That vehicles are properly licensed something during construction or and insured in accordance with refurbishment work which they think statutory requirements; may be asbestos, stop work and tell their supervisor and/or the health f) That the requirements of the Road and safety representative. Otherwise Traffic Act are fulfilled; contact your own immediate supervisor/manager who should, g) That consideration is shown to other by law, have had the information road users. passed on to them by the Client. Consideration should also be given h) Employees must be encouraged to ensuring that contract terms place to report all vehicle defects the responsibility on the client for immediately, particularly where checking that asbestos is not present these affect the safety of the in the materials being cut. See vehicle. paragraph d). 2.8 Asbestos A client is required by law to provide details of asbestos in a building to 2.8.1 Introduction anyone who may come across it. Always ensure you know. Asbestos is the largest single cause of fatal disease and ill-health caused All persons who may come into by work in the UK. The toxic effects contact in their normal work activity of breathing in asbestos fibres are should undertake formal asbestos irreversible. The HSE report that over awareness training, as should their 2500 people die each year from supervisors and managers. Detailed cancer as a result of breathing in guidance is available from the Health asbestos fibres. Refer to the legal and Safety Executive website www. requirement for a R&D survey to be hse.gov.uk. carried out prior to any demolition or refurbishment works and that it 2.8.2 About Asbestos should be provided to the contractor carrying out the works If your work There are three most used types - involves the maintenance and Chrysotile, Amosite and Crocidolite repair of buildings, particularly those - usually called white, brown and built or refurbished before 2000, blue asbestos respectively. However, your employees need to be aware they cannot be identified just by that they could meet asbestos. their colour as this refers to their pure Previous refurbishments may not crystalline state and not how the have removed asbestos but could product would appear. All asbestos have concealed it. There is no legal requirement to remove asbestos 22 provided that the material is in good condition except where buildings are to be demolished or will be subject to REVISED APRIL 2020

products, even those, like roofing - compressed asbestos cement 02 sheets that have become second products - flat or corrugated sheets hand from demolition/removal are used for roofing and wall cladding; General Operating Requirements prohibited from use or re-use. also gutters, pipes and tanks; Brown and blue are the two most - Certain textured products; dangerous and have not been imported since 1985. They are - Asbestos cement sheets and now banned by law. However, insulating board used as shuttering construction workers may still come for concrete in any type of location. across them in: If there is any doubt about the - Stripping out old insulation presence of asbestos, then stop work and insist that specialist advice is - The demolition of former industrial sought. It’s the law! sites and premises including power stations b) The Law - Fire doors and ceiling tiles The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 places duties on employers to protect In fact, there are still over 4000 employees and others as mentioned materials and products known to above. This includes self-employed contain asbestos present in millions of persons. All work with asbestos is covered buildings throughout the UK. by the Regulations. These Regulations also cover the precautions required from any Asbestos insulation board is especially employer carrying out work with asbestos common in buildings constructed i.e. assessments, planning, training and before 1980 and was used in fire equipment. They are also supported by doors, ceiling tiles, internal walls and a new Approved Code of Practice L143 panels. (2012). If asbestos products remain intact The Control of Asbestos Regulations and are in good condition, they do prohibits contractors from working on not pose a risk to health, but if the asbestos coating or insulation (sprayed, asbestos is in poor condition or is likely lagging/insulation and board) unless to be damaged or disturbed, there is they have a licence issued by the HSE. cause for concern. Work with asbestos This is specialist work undertaken only releases fine fibres which can remain by licensed contractors and requires airborne for some time and cause special precautions, including periodic fatal disease. There is no cure. attendance by a UKAS Accredited independent analytical organisation for a) Where is asbestos found in buildings? It air monitoring and inspections before, is most likely in: - during and after the work has been carried out. The independent analyst also - Sprayed asbestos and loose packing issues the final clearance certificate and - used as packing in ceiling voids; the certificate stating that the area is fit for re-occupation so that normal activities - Moulded coatings and laggings - may be resumed. pipe and boiler insulation; There are exceptions to the requirement - Sprayed asbestos mixed with for a licence, but these are complicated, asbestos cement - fire protection in and it is suggested that drilling and sawing ducts, firebreaks, panels, partitions operatives should refuse to work on and around structural steelwork; materials containing asbestos. - Insulating boards and some ceiling c) Conclusion tiles; It is now thought that repeated low - Asbestos paper - used for insulation exposures to asbestos dust can lead on electrical equipment; 23 REVISED APRIL 2020

02 to illness. Therefore, precautions 2.10 Access should be taken to prevent exposure 2.10.1 The Health andsafety at Work General Operating Requirements or to keep it to as low a level as etc. Act 1974 requires employers to provide safe access and systems is reasonably practicable. Trades of work whilst the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations such as Drilling and Sawing may not require employers to provide safe, suitable equipment including access consider that they work with asbestos, equipment. but they might regularly drill, cut and Where members or their employers are not satisfied with the standards of handle materials containing asbestos access, they should take the matter up with the main contractor or with and need to be protected. whoever is responsible for providing access under the contract. The Health and Safety Executive publish a wide range of information Where ladders are used as a means of on Asbestos. If you require further access, under the above regulations, details, contact the DSA office. Refer including compliance with Schedule 6 to “EM1 What to do if you uncover or of the new Work at Height Regulations damage materials that may contain 2005, no ladder may be used unless: - asbestos. a) Where it is more than 3 metres in The bottom line is: Don’t disturb length, it is securely fixed near its asbestos and don’t spread asbestos! upper resting place or in the case It’s the Law. of a vertical ladder near its upper end, unless this is impractical, in 2.9 Ventilation which case a person must be stationed at the foot of the ladder Wherever the employer considers that when in use to prevent it slipping; the presence of dust or fumes during drilling or sawing operations would b) It has a firm and level footing; represent a hazard to health and safety, then provision must be made c) It is secured where necessary to for suitable ventilation. Generally, prevent undue swaying or sagging; this entails arrangements for fitting extraction equipment to the machine d) It is equally and properly supported or tool involved, but it is also possible on each stile or side to install a hood or cowl at the point of dust or fume extraction. The regulations also specify the requirements for the extension of the Particular attention is drawn to the ladder above the stepping off point. use of diesel/ petrol driven machines Where practical this height is 1.05 metres. in enclosed spaces where fumes can The maximum distance between landing build up. These machines must have places must not exceed 9 metres, where arrangements for dispersing fumes a ladder or run of ladders is being used. in a safe manner. There have been numerous cases of drilling and sawing In general terms ladders must be carefully operatives who have been badly inspected for damage prior to use. If affected by such fumes. there is any doubt that a unit is in a safe working condition, it is not to be used and REVISED APRIL 2020 must be removed from the site to prevent somebody using it by mistake. It must then be returned to the supply source with a record of the damage. A ladder must only be used as a means of 24

access and not as a base for operating a 1. Any scaffold tower from which 02 power tool. people can fall must have double handrails. There must be General Operating Requirements 2.10.2 Scaffolding a main guard rail at least 950 mm above the platform height Where work cannot safely be carried and out from the ground or from some permanent structure, a properly 2. Intermediate guard rails maintained scaffold is to be provided. positioned so that the Wherever practicable all scaffolding unprotected gap does should be erected in accordance not exceed 470mm. This with BS EN 128-1:2003 and make requirement for double reference to the NASC guidance handrails on towers and TG:20. Scaffolding must only be staging’s applies to both erected by suitable experienced working platforms and rest scaffolders (preferably trained under platforms. All working platforms guidance SG4:05 issued by The must still be fitted with toe National Access and Scaffolding boards at least 150mm high. Confederation), under the supervision of a competent person to ensure 3. Staging’s being used as that it is stable and properly secured. working platforms must now be Under no circumstances should other a minimum of 600mm wide. If operatives erect or in any way alter staging’s under this width are a scaffold. Care must be taken to to be used, they should be ensure that scaffold platforms are doubled up. fitted with the toe boards and guard rails required by the regulations. 4. Rest platforms must be provided at 4 metres. The contractor responsible for the provision of scaffolding must ensure 5. These regulations should not be that it is not used unless it has been confused with the European inspected within the previous seven Standard BS/EN1004 (1994) days. A record of inspections should which covers the design and be available. manufacture of towers. This is purely a standard, and Where the employee of a member compliance is voluntary. has any doubts concerning the Towers to this standard are stability or safety of scaffolding, they still quite legal to use but they should stop work and seek advice must comply with the above from their employers. Regulations. 2.10.3 Scaffold Towers a) Access to Towers These guidelines cover the legislation Any scaffold tower with a platform height on the use of Scaffold Towers and of 2m or more above the ground must give recommendations regarding have a safe means of access to the their use and erection/dismantling. platform. This means ladder access must be used within the tower. This has been done in some detail, as members’ employees are often asked This can be done for example by ladders to work off scaffold towers, and, in built into the tower frames, clip-on vertical some cases, the member may have or inclined ladders or ladders fixed to the to provide and erect the tower. tower. Ladders must be entirely supported by the tower and should not be allowed a) Latest Design Regulations to lean against the tower whilst resting on the ground. The Work at Height Regulations (2005) contains some specific requirements b) Erection, Dismantling & Inspection regarding scaffold towers. 25 REVISED APRIL 2020

02 Under current regulations, towers must - Climbed from the outside be erected by a competent person. - Used as a support General Operating Requirements Clearly this means that they should A tower should have a proper purpose- have been trained and that there built internal access ladder. should be a permanent record of this d) Moving a Tower training/competence. Towers must Before moving a tower check that: also be inspected by a competent - There are no overhead power lines or obstructions person after any alteration or any - The ground is firm and level event likely to affect its stability. In - It is only pushed or pulled manually addition, if the tower remains erected from the base in the same place for more than 7 - It is never moved in windy conditions or while there are days it must be regularly inspected people or materials on the platforms. by a competent person and a written Supervisors should ensure that any report made. A Proprietary system public rights of way across a site are maintained in a safe condition with by Scafftag is a very useful means of free and unobstructed access plus signposts. visually checking that the tower is safe The HSE and Prefabricated Access to use and the inspection is in date. Suppliers’ and Manufacturers’ Association (PASMA), have produced The manufacturer or supplier detailed guidance on the erection, should provide a proper instruction use and dismantling on mobile access manual giving details of the erection towers. Details can be found on the sequence and bracing requirements. HSE website www.hse.gov.uk. If a tower has been hired, the hire company should provide this 2.11 Statutory Documents information which must be made available to the erector. Certain forms, notices, registers and other records and signs must c) Stability be kept and used by construction employers and must be produced The manufacturer’s instruction leaflet to an HSE inspector. This can include should give the maximum safe height such documents as Risk Assessments. to which the tower can be erected In the case of the majority of without being tied into the building drilling and sawing companies, this i.e. free standing. Although this is documentation will be maintained at no longer a legal requirement, as their main depots. a guide, the height of the working platform should not exceed more However certain documents may than 3 times the minimum base need to be carried by operatives who dimension where the unit is being travel out to site in a van on a daily used in exposed conditions or outside. basis, i.e. copies of risk assessments Used inside on level ground, this ratio and safe systems of work. may be 3.5. Although copies of inductions, The erection leaflet should also show maintenance records, toolbox talks, the safe working load of the tower PPE register should also be carried by and the platforms. Before a Tower is operatives, it is recognised that these used, check that it is vertical and that the wheel brakes are on. 26 The overall stability of a Tower will also be affected if it is: - - Sheeted - Exposed to strong winds - Loaded with heavy equipment - Used as a hoist REVISED APRIL 2020

documents may be available from their offices are given in Appendix 10.1 02 the depot / office. Where members are required to General Operating Requirements From site operations point of view furnish an Environmental Policy the main contractor will maintain Document, the DSA provides a draft their own documentation which layout. Under the Waste Management governs the site as a whole and Regulation 2011 companies that use details of which are contained in waste carriers, brokers and disposal the “Construction Health and safety facilities must obtain copies of their Manual”. licences. As legislation is changing constantly, 2.13 Tolerances members should refer any queries regarding new requirements to the Maximum tolerances are presented DSA. in tables organized by the particular type of work involved: which includes 2.12 Environment/ Pollution/ core drilling; diamond cutting of Waste ceilings and walls; diamond cutting of floors, with one set of tolerances When planning or undertaking a job, for rail- mounted equipment and a proper consideration must be given slightly different set for wheel-driven to environmental factors such as saws; wire sawing, in both horizontal noise, fumes and dust etc. related to and vertical structures. the area in which the work is being undertaken. Where a flow of water Depending on their applicability, is being used for cooling purposes, different measurements are operatives must ensure that there are addressed for those sawing and proper arrangements for channelling drilling activities. For example, core the contaminated water away into drilling and diamond cutting include the nearest suitable drainage system. tolerances for alignment accuracy and for hitting the target depth, The Environmental Protection Act 1990 whereas wire sawing do not. All also introduced procedures for the include tolerances for some form control of waste. of directional accuracy, for vertical and horizontal levelness, and for As from the end of 1999, the 1990 surface roughing. See Appendix 11.5 Act is now being gradually replaced for the Drilling & Sawing Tolerances by the Pollution Prevention and document Control Act 1999 and a new system of integrated pollution control. Finally, a tolerance is given for hole diameter deviations in core drilling, Also, the Waste Management and width of cut deviations for wire Licensing Regulations 2011 set out a sawing and diamond cutting. scheme for the handling and disposal of waste. Association members 2.14 Temporary Fixation of have already found it necessary to Diamond Cutting and Coring comply with these Regulations when Equipment disposing of waste material following cutting processes, i.e. the disposal of Diamond applications requiring the concrete cores. This can involve the use of anchors are characterized by need for registration as waste carrier the following communalities: and the use of waste transfer notes depending on the nature of the waste - The specification of base material under current regulations. which is cut is mostly poorly defined. Type and Condition of concretes in From 1996, the Environment the application Agency was the main enforcer of environmental legislation. Details of - Varies strongly. The use of an anchor REVISED APRIL 2020 27

02 type coveringGeneral Operating Requirements track sawing. All task based respirable dust exposures were 0.27 mg/m³ or - a wide range of concrete types is less, and all RCS exposures were 0.016 advised. mg/m³ or less. The data was used to estimate typical - For temporary fixation on masonry 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) or on lean concrete other types of exposures. The 8-hour TWA respirable anchors must be used. dust exposures were calculated to be 0.1 mg/m³ or less, and the 8 hour - The conditions of the diamond tool TWA RCS exposures were calculated in use (core bit, saw blade) are to be 0.008 mg/m³ or less. All RCS critical for the maximum loads to results were less than one tenth be expected. If the diamond tool the corresponding GB workplace is blunt, the forces which can be exposure limit value (WEL). exerted by the user or the machine The controls used during the tasks itself are factors higher than with a were assessed. Exposure was sharp tool. principally controlled by water suppression but also included - Damaged and poorly maintained segregation and use of respirable equipment or diamond tools can protective equipment (RPE) for some cause very strong vibrations and tasks. Job rotation was also reportedly dynamic loads on the anchor. No used for some tasks during normal safe working is possible under these working operations on site. conditions. Lose rebar or other irregular conditions may lead to 28 high vibrations even with properly maintained equipment. Under such conditions the use of larger anchor sizes is advisable. For more information visit Appendix 11.8 Anchoring - The anchor load in diamond applications is dominated by tensile load. 2.15 Air Monitoring When concrete is cut using power tools, airborne dust is emitted and workers may be exposed to respirable dust, which includes respirable crystalline silica (RCS). Exposure to RCS can cause silicosis and lung cancer. The Drilling and Sawing Association (DSA) asked the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) to help to assess inhalation exposure to respirable dust and RCS from activities involving power-cutting of reinforced concrete with water suppression. Task based exposure measurements were made for respirable dust and RCS during six tasks chosen and performed by the DSA: hand-held sawing, ring sawing, hand-held and rig mounted drilling, floor sawing and REVISED APRIL 2020

03 Site Setting Up Site Appraisal 30 Site Working Conditions 30 Special Risks 31

03 3.1 Site AppraisalSetting Up Site hole must not be moved away from the location marked by the client On receipt of an enquiry, an appraisal without advising them and obtaining of site conditions must be undertaken, formal permission for such a variation. in order to establish safe methods of working by agreement with the Where the machine must be fixed to client’s representative, particularly the base material prior to drilling or as the drilling contractor may be sawing, consideration should be given responsible for providing a specialist to one of the following methods of risk assessment and health and safety fixing i.e.: - method statement. It will also be necessary to supply the operators with - Using acrow props against the details of the working method and the structure above; appropriate equipment. - Securing via anchoring systems Ideally this appraisal will be the recommended by manufacturers; subject of a site visit, but it is recognised that there are situations - By using a vacuum unit; however, where the drilling contractor may there are restrictions to diameter and consider that a visit is unnecessary position and that it is practical to work from information supplied by the client. A secure fixing is critical to the success of the operation. A badly fixed Examples would be an extension machine represents a health and to existing work, repeat work or an safety hazard. urgent requirement. Of importance is the location of For all enquiries it is recommended services such as gas, water and that, at the outset, detailed electricity, in order to prevent information is obtained from the client damage during working. In addition, based on a standard questionnaire the drilling contractor needs to and that the client is aware: - be advised of the location of any sensitive areas adjacent to the work - That they are responsible for setting which could suffer damage as a result out the work; of vibration, dust, fumes or water from the cooling process. One example - That they are responsible for would be a computer installation. The supplying information on the availability of services is also necessary specification of the materials to be to determine the most suitable drilled or sawed. power source for the contractor’s equipment. The client must be responsible for marking out the location of cuts The client’s representative should and drilling points. Before work is make this information available. If in commenced, operators should ensure doubt, ask before commencing work. that the client’s representative i.e. the site agent or engineer shows 3.2 Site Working Conditions them where each hole or saw cut is clearly marked on the material. The Before commencing operations, the client’s representative should also drilling contractor must check the indicate the position, size and type of following points in the working area: - any reinforcing bars in the material. Longitudinal bars can be a hazard a) The presence of water and grease when sawing. If necessary, small test on the floor in as far as this affects holes can be drilled to establish the safe working; location of the bar prior to sawing. Test drilling can be cheaper and safer b) The provision of adequate lifting than taking chances. A saw cut or drill facilities; REVISED APRIL 2020 c) The existence of satisfactory access 30

and freedom from obstructions; or by a specialist sub-contractor, with 03 attention being paid to guard rail d) There must be adequate natural barriers and toe boards. Setting Up Site ventilation; Roofs are a serious source of e) The area must be tidy and free accidents and there must be: - from rubbish; - Safe access on to the roof f) Freedom from extremes of temperature in the working area. - Safe means of moving across the Undue cold or heat can make the roof handling of tools hazardous; - Safe means of working on the roof g) Areas behind and underneath the material being cut must be For short term, the minimum checked for risks of damage or requirements are purpose made falling debris. crawling boards and roof ladders. h) The area should be adequately lit. In hazardous, aerial working locations, personnel must be trained to use and 3.3 Special Risks be provided with a safety harness. They must be able to undertake Before commencing work, any special proper inspections of the harness high-risk working areas must be daily, and prior to undertaking any identified. Common examples are: - work. Machines must be tethered with safety chains to prevent them falling. 3.3.1 Carriageway and Street Ladders must be undamaged and works properly secured, and are only to be used for access, not as a working Special care must be taken on roads, platform, refer to harness training. streets and carriageways where there is moving traffic. The main contractor 3.3.3 Confined Spaces will be responsible for ensuring that the work is being carried out in Many working areas can become accordance with current legislation. dangerous because of the difficulty of access and the limited ventilation For example, work on services laid in within a confined space. The area the carriageway is covered by the can become gas filled or oxygen requirements of the New Roads and deficient due either to the nature of Street Works Act 1991 whereas the the work process being carried out; for construction and maintenance of example, exhaust gases from engines. roads are dealt with by the Highways Alternatively, problems can arise from Act 1980. a natural danger i.e. a gas build up in sewers. A confined space must have Operatives must wear suitable high enough ventilation so that the air is fit visibility safety clothing and must be to breathe. protected from traffic by proper safety barriers and signs. Traffic control must Otherwise it will be necessary to follow laid down standards and is the provide breathing apparatus. Meters responsibility of the main contractor. are available for checking and monitoring air quality. 3.3.2 Walls and Roofs There is a general requirement to Operations on the external surfaces carry out an assessment of any risks of buildings i.e. roofs or walls above associated with the employer’s work ground level require proper safety under the Management of Health measures. A safe means of access and safety Regulations. In addition, must be provided by means of the Confined Spaces Regulations scaffolding, access towers or powered 1997 have been supplemented with platforms. Scaffolding must only be L101 (third edition 2014) which outline erected by authorised personnel 31 REVISED APRIL 2020

03 specific areas and activities which will 3.3.5 Night Working lead to the space being designated Proper temporary floodlighting must Setting Up Site as ‘confined’. be provided, so that working areas and access routes can be used safely. The Confined Spaces Regulations define what is a confined space 3.3.6 Over Water which includes chambers, vats, tanks, silos, pits, trenches, pipes. sewers, flues, The Construction (Design and wells or other similar spaces. They Management) regulations 2015 also define the likely risks including (regulation 26) deals with the fire and explosion, increased body precautions for persons working temperature, asphyxiation, drowning over water. As each situation can etc. vary, the regulations should be consulted for specific jobs, together The duties of employers are set out with the appropriate section in the including the provision of immediate “Construction Health and safety emergency rescue arrangements Manual”. and should, where necessary include the provision of resuscitation 3.3.7 Electric Power Lines equipment. Work should never be attempted unless there are two Special care must be taken when or more persons present and they working near or under power lines. should be adequately trained in As a guide, no vehicles, plant or Confined Spaces. The person working equipment should be moved closer in the confined space should wear a than 15 metres of lines suspended harness and lifeline and one person from steel towers or 9 metres of lines should then keep watch and know supported on wooden poles. what to do in an emergency. Where vertical access is available a rescue 3.3.8 Exclusion Zones tripod must be installed complete with a competent operator and trained Designed for non-essential persons first aider. Provision must be made for and non-operational plant and undertaking emergency procedures. machinery are excluded from entry of work. It is stressed that work in confined spaces should only be undertaken Systems used for exclusion zones will where there is no practical alternative depend on hazards identified in the and where there is a safe system of risk assessment. work. A permit-to-work system will be required. The HSE publish a Code of The employer must assess the risk of Practice and other information on the entanglement and introduce control practical aspects of such work. measures including but not limited to (bullet pointed list) 3.3.4 Lone Working Selection of appropriate PPE i.e. A lone worker (LW) is an employee elasticated wristband where long who performs an activity that is sleeves are used, gloves that will tear if carried out in isolation from other entangled etc. workers without close or direct supervision. Such staff may be - Selection of the correct equipment exposed to risk because there is for the task. Selection of the correct no-one to assist them and so a risk operating speeds. assessment may be required. - Use of self-feed, automated or REVISED APRIL 2020 remote controls. - Use of guarding where appropriate. Minimum requirement should be chapter 8 barrier systems. These systems should be used as a 32

minimum for all types of work within systems 03 our industry. - Temporary stair and ladder access Setting Up Site 3.3.9 Entanglement towers We are advising to include a barrier - Support systems/propping system around the drilling and sawing operations. This should ensure that - Shores (flying and raking) people passing by does not get entangled with the rotating core bit. - Facade Retention Systems & Party wall support Whilst drilling into floors the method statement should include a barrier - Edge Protection system positioned around the danger zone removing the entanglement - Tower Crane Bases factor of anyone passing by the operating drill rig. - Anchors and Ties Operators should be positioned - Working platforms used for cranes, in a safe working position away high reach machines or drilling/piling from rotating parts whilst operating rigs machinery. Attention should be paid to lose fitting garments such as Hi-Viz - Support work to party walls, floors Vests and excavations. 3.3.10 Temporary Works All items of temporary works are classified Procedures in BS5975 for the purposes of Design checking as Class 0, 1, 2 or 3. As defined by the general procedures of BS5975:2008. Temporary Works Class 0 at one end of the scale involves are an ‘engineered solution’ used to standard equipment and arrangements support or protect either an existing (‘standard solutions’) in straightforward structure or the permanent works situations; and Class 3 at the other end of during construction, or to support the scale involves complex and difficult an item of plant or equipment, or situations where novel solutions may be the vertical sides or side-slopes of needed. an excavation during construction operations on site or to provide Class 0 to 3 temporary works must be temporary access. managed in accordance with the Temporary works procedures. The following lists typical temporary works seen on demolition projects. All temporary works must be recorded Note this list is not exhaustive: on the project Temporary Works Register together with their classification. - Hoardings and site fencing It may at times be necessary to increase - Traffic and Pedestrian barriers the class due to site conditions causing a greater risk. Where doubt exists consult - Site welfare and offices (includes your TWC in consultation with the TWD, temporary units as well as change all temporary works shall be designed of use of part of the structure to be (including Class 0). demolished) The design checking requirements for the - Signage classes are as follows: - Ramps Class 0 - temporary works may be checked by another member of the site - Exclusion Zones or design team. Standard solutions often come with manufacturer calculated - Scaffolding working or ultimate capacities but still need to be checked for compliance with - Tower scaffolds and similar access the design criteria to ensure they will be fit REVISED APRIL 2020 33

03 for purpose.Setting Up Site independent from the design team (not involved in or consulted by the Basic Construction Methods - lower risk original design team). This type of work includes, but not limited Departures from catalogue design for to: standard components – medium to high risk - Shallow trenches and pits, not exceeding 1.2m depth with no This type of work includes, but not significant surcharge or groundwater. limited to: - Low-rise formwork at ground/ - Propping involving multiple props on excavation level, max 2.4m double multiple levels. sided, 0.9m single sided, - Demolition/dismantling methods and - Standard scaffolds to TG20:13 tables, temporary conditions – generally. - Site hoarding and fencing up to 2m - Back-propping designs high. - Special designed scaffolds. - Single storey welfare cabins. - Excavation using waling frames Class 1 - temporary works can be design checked by another member of the - Piling, demolition and craneage design team. platforms; outrigger foundations in good ground crane exceeds 50T. Routine Construction Methods - low to medium risk - Designed lifting equipment. This type of work includes, but not limited - Barge mounted equipment. to: - Conventional tower crane bases - Use of standard components to unless of complex design catalogue design for support in pits and trenches to CIRIA 97 Trenching - Routine stress cases in the Practice. permanent works resulting from temporary conditions. - Designed scaffolds and loading platforms to TG20:13 tables or - Back-propping designs software. - Any class 1 method used in an - Double sided formwork with access unusual or high risk situation. platforms at ground/excavation level. Single sided formwork to 2.4m. - Small facade retention schemes not close to public areas. - Formwork/ falsework at not more than 6m height, Permanent formwork - Large basement excavation and e.g. metal decking. propping schemes. - Mobile crane outrigger pads and Class 3 - temporary works must be design foundations in good ground crane checked by a third party organisation to 50t. independent from the design team organisation. - Concrete pumps on outriggers/pads with good access / good ground Complex, unusual, bespoke construction conditions. methods - high risk - Site hoarding and fencing greater This type of work includes, but not limited than 2m high. 2 storey welfare to: cabins. - Temporary works combining inter- Class 2 - temporary works must acting multiple design be design checked by someone - Unusual concepts REVISED APRIL 2020 34

- Façade retention schemes close to projects each of the subcontractors 03 public areas may be required to appoint one or more Temporary Works Supervisor/s Setting Up Site - Bridge demolition (TWS). - Partial demolition or modification of Temporary Works - Designated existing structures Individual (DI) The overall responsibility for the control of Temporary Works - Excavations and cofferdams in tidal within any contracting organisation conditions will lie with the ‘Designated Individual (DI)’. This is set out in Clause 6.3.1.1 of - Excavations and cofferdams in poor BS 5975:2008. ground The Designated Individual has, - (e.g. weak clay fill to deeper than unless formally passed on, overall 5m, water bearing fill deeper than accountability. The DI is a role defined 5m). in BS5975:2008 as the individual within the contracting organisation - Demolition plant operating on a who is responsible for establishing suspended slab where more than and implementing a procedure for the immediate bay floor is vulnerable controlling temporary works. - Use of the existing structure as The procedure should cover the anchorage for cutting away and management of the design process lowering large steel or concrete and include measures for ensuring cantilevered sections the design function and the roles of the Temporary Works Co-ordinator - Pre-weakening and collapse and Temporary Works Supervisor are schemes for explosive demolition carried out by competent individuals. where the surrounding clear area is less than 1x building height in all 3.3.12 Temporary Works Co- directions. ordinator (TWC) - Any class 2 method used in an The TWC should be appointed by and unusual or high risk situation. is responsible to the DI as appointed in writing. The TWC should have the 3.3.11 Roles, Responsibilities & authority to stop works at any time if it Training is not being carried out satisfactorily. For all sites it is important to establish The TWC is responsible for ensuring management procedures and roles the temporary works design is that are suitable for ensuring that all implemented in accordance with temporary conditions are understood, the drawings and specification. It and temporary works used where is preferable that the TWC is not needed. responsible for the day to day progress of the temporary works under The procedures must ensure that consideration. experienced and knowledgeable persons and organisations specify, It is the Temporary Works Coordinator’s design, plan and oversee each responsibility to ensure that: stage of the work. Where several organisations are involved the - He/she is point of contact between procedures for communication and the designer and the site team. cooperation between the parties are critical. - The organisation’s procedure is being adhered to on site. The Principal Contractor should appoint a Temporary Works - Temporary work activities are co- Coordinator (TWC) for every site who ordinated. is responsible for implementing the organisation’s procedures. On large 35 REVISED APRIL 2020

03 - Responsibilities are allocated and This should include the supervision accepted. of erection, use, maintenance and dismantling of the temporary works Setting Up Site - The design brief has been prepared as applicable. This may also include in accordance with and is adequate carrying out checks of the scheme for the actual site situation. during demolition/construction on site recording and reporting to the - Any residual risks are included in the TWC to ensure any modifications design brief. to the scheme or differences from the envisaged conditions (use or - That a satisfactory temporary works environmental) are drawn to the design is carried out. attention of the TWD designer. It is imperative that when there is more - That a design check is carried out than one TWS that the processes of which should include: communication are established, and areas of responsibility defined. - Concept 3.3.14 Temporary Works - Structural adequacy Designer (TWD) - Compliance with the brief The Temporary Works Designer is usually appointed by the TWC. The - Make the design available to other designer must be assessed and be interested partied such as the competent with Demolition contract CDM Co-ordinator or designer of experience to carry out the design permanent works. required. The Temporary Works Designer will as a minimum: - Record all drawings, calculations and other relevant documentation. - Provide advice to sites on all aspects of Temporary Works and construction - Give full details to those carrying methods/sequence out on-site supervision - including full details of the design and limitations - Assist sites in developing safe and plus sequence and timing aspects, economical systems of temporary and information about the influence support of other work taking place nearby. - Assist sites in developing safe and - All checks are made at appropriate economical methods of construction stages and maintained. - Liaise with the Permanent Works - In consultation with the TWD, assess Designer to ensure both that the the implications of design changes temporary works do not overload the and accept or reject these. permanent works; and that where needed the permanent works can - Issue formal permission to load/bring provide enough support for the in to use. temporary works - Issue formal permission to unload/ - Provide Temporary Works schemes dismantle. and construction information to assist estimators in producing tender prices 3.3.13 Temporary Works Supervisor (TWS) - Develop alternative designs through value engineering On larger contracts the TWC may need assistance or may not be based - Provide background information on on site full time. In these cases, one materials and construction methods or more Temporary Works Supervisors (TWS) may be appointed to oversee - Carry out their design work in the temporary works on site. The TWS accordance with the “Designers are responsible to the TWC. The TWS will assist the TWC in the supervision 36 and checking of the temporary works. REVISED APRIL 2020

Duties” as set out in the Construction - Ensure a Design Risk Assessment has 03 (Design and Management) been carried out and mitigation Regulations. Design risk must be responses are known to all parties. Setting Up Site considered and mitigated as far Where applicable ensure that as possible during design. For all detailed Risk Assessments/Method significant residual risks involving Statements (RAMS) for the erection, the temporary works designs this use and dismantling of Temporary should be a formal Design Risk Works are prepared. The Checker Assessment with residual risks being may require the RAMS form part of communicated to site. the documentation signed for on the Check Certificate - This is particularly important where unusual arrangements or sequences - Ensure that the design is of work are involved independently checked for: - Carry out the design works in - Concept accordance with the programme of the works - Structural adequacy - In addition, the Temporary Works - Compliance with the brief; and a Designer will normally assist the TWC design check certificate is issued with the following: - Where appropriate, ensure that the - Produce outline methods of design is made available to other working as guidance to be used interested parties, e.g. the structural in the preparation by the project designer, the Architect, the Resident team of detailed working method Engineer, the Client’s representative statements. and the CDM Coordinator. - Give advice on and assist with The roles and duties set out the production of Temporary above are based on the model Works schemes and methods of given in BS5975:2008/2011 for the construction generally. management of temporary works. - Provide an onsite inspection of Temporary Works Designers need temporary works where requested to specific training and experience of do so by the TWC temporary works. Especially in the demolition industry as temporary - Check that Designers/Checkers have works tend to experience regular enough resources to comply with the loading that is close to their design Temporary Works programme. limit - i.e. they work under high loading for a higher percentage of their life - Advise the permanent works than most permanent works. designer of any temporary conditions or loads that should be In addition, temporary works can considered in the permanent works be subject to more unintentional design. This is particularly important dynamic loading - especially to in partial demolition work where the horizontal loading - than permanent remaining structure may have been works. For these reasons it is important affected by the temporary works; that the Temporary Works Designer and in full demolition work where has knowledge and experience of temporary works may be left in-situ construction and demolition working - e.g. crane platforms; stockpiles of practices and can plan for each arisings; sheet piling; etc. stage of each task. - Ensure that a satisfactory Temporary 37 Works design is carried out and where appropriate a design certificate is issued. REVISED APRIL 2020

03 3.3.15 Temporary Works the requisite documentation and Management material lead-in times for successful installation on site. This will need to Setting Up Site Contractors must be aware of all be in accordance with the project available information including programme. surveys, follow on predicted Temporary works loadings, party 3.3.16 Design Process (per item wall agreements etc. As part of the on temporary works schedule) contract handover the appointed contract team including the TWD All items of temporary works in and TWC are to be briefed on the Category 1 and above must be allowances included for temporary designed and checked and the works. This will, where appropriate, design output should normally be include the preliminary Temporary presented in the form of uniquely Works Register. The DI will review the numbered sketches or drawings proposals and appoint the TWC if Compile and issue a Design Brief suitable and maintain a register of including where appropriate such appointments (usually in the site conceptual solutions, method quality plan). statements and material lists to aid design development for each of the The TWS may be appointed at site items on the Temporary Works register. level and notified to the DI. Each TWC The TWC will have overall responsibility will be given a Class level to sign-off for the accuracy and updating of the to and must arrange for a suitable temporary works register at all stages competent person to inspect and of the works on site. sign-off higher Classes. The TWD carries out the design and When TWS’s are appointed the DI delivers the design output in the form must be notified by copy for record of sketches or drawings to the TWC. purposes. Some larger projects As part of his duties the TWD should with distinct sections of work, or carry out a Design Risk Assessment distinct phases involving different (DRA). A formal written Design Risk types of work, may each have their Assessment is required where there own controlling TWC appointed, are still significant residual risks The responsible to the DI and closely TWC reviews, with the TWD, the liaising with the project manager or completed design package for contracts manager as appropriate. compliance with the original brief and new information or changes to The TWC should prepare a more situation and constraints. The TWC detailed Temporary Works Register (this may also be carried out by the and maintain an up-to-date copy TWD) issues the design for review and on site. The control and record of or approval to the permanent works this will remain with the TWC but can designer and any other third parties be assisted by other project team required under the contract. At an members. The project team must early stage the TWC should list in ensure each item is on the Temporary the TWR who this is allocated to and Works Register and the Temporary ensure it is carried out, with the TWR Works Category has been correctly updated accordingly. (At this stage identified. drawings should still be marked e.g. ‘not for construction’.) Planning of temporary works items must be undertaken in good time The TWC issues the final design to suit the overall project delivery documents, method statements schedule and the requisite periods and risk assessments to the site team for investigations, designs, approvals marked e.g. ‘issued for construction’ and checking. Adequate periods will and follows the standard procedures also be allowed to communicate to for briefing the workforce about the interested parties and to generate 38 REVISED APRIL 2020

chosen system of work and sequence Once complete the TWC will arrange 03 for carrying out each part of the task. the final inspection and if satisfactory in all respects issue the final permit Setting Up Site For most situations this will involve use to load. The permit to load must be of a prepared method statement. For issued by a competent person who clarity this should ideally be based has physically inspected the works around a sequence of sketches or on site, this may therefore range from photos illustrating the process step the TWC/TWD depending on the by step. Any questions and any complexity of the specific element of concerns raised by the workforce the work being carried out. should be considered and dealt with. This aspect is particularly TWC’s will be allocated an important on demolition and structural appropriate class of authorised refurbishment jobs where the detailed sign-off by the DI when appointed experience of some workers may based on the relevant qualifications, give additional insight to the situation experience and training they hold. and arrangement of the structures Over this level or for specialist sign- involved. off the TWC must arrange for an appropriate competent person to Where any temporary works systems attend site, inspect and sign-off. are to remain in-situ on completion the design must be issued to the Instigate an inspection regime in permanent works designer for accordance with legal requirements inclusion in the site health and safety (such as those for scaffolds and file. excavations) or other periods determined by the TWC/TWD. The 3.3.17 Erection, Use and inspection arrangements for each Dismantling (For each item of location and type of temporary temporary works) works should be identified on the temporary works register. Some types Erect the temporary works in of temporary works and the structures accordance with the prepared they support are very sensitive to design and method statement. This the sequence in which they are will be monitored by the TWC and if dismantled. This includes some the scale of the project is relatively falsework and propping schemes. small this may be a visiting role for All temporary works dismantling inspections. Interim inspections may or striking should be carried out to be carried out on site by the TWS. an agreed and checked method statement, specifying constraints (e.g. Report or identify any non- concrete strength to be achieved conformances to the TWC who should before commencing; or e.g. do not consult the Temporary Works Designer remove until bay ahead had been (TWD) to review the non-conformance demolished and arisings cleared) and and any requests for changes to sequence of dismantling. In some the design. On a complex or difficult instances, sections of e.g. scaffold, job, the procedures should include or propping, or additional back- a permit or authorisation to alter the propping need to be either left in or design. added. Loading of the temporary works This may need additional ties or should also be based around formal bracing and following the design to authorisation to load which may an agreed sequence can be critical. use a permit based arrangement. This can also be used to create hold Obviously, it is good design practice points. An example of this would be for the designer to devise a scheme the inspection of a propping scheme that is as straightforward and robust as before the demolition moves onto the possible, but in some cases a precise next bay. 39 REVISED APRIL 2020

03 sequence must be followed, and this 3.3.18 Checking should be set out on the drawings and The TWC shall be responsible Setting Up Site paperwork. for ensuring that all checks and inspections are carried out and The complexity of the arrangements, recorded, inspections may be carried including briefing, stage checks, out by the TWS as directed by the permits, etc should be based on TWC. the complexity and sensitivity of the situation. Sensitive temporary works Frequency of checking will depend on need an authorisation or permit to the nature of the temporary works, but strike procedure to be in place the in general checking should be carried appropriate permit should be issued out at sufficiently frequent intervals by the TWC/TWD. to enable any faults to be rectified before they can have an impact on In some situations, the temporary the safety of the task or project. works are sacrificial and demolished in-situ - i.e. typically used to prevent To be effective, inspections must be an unplanned sequential ‘domino’ conscientious and thorough, even collapse occurring. Temporary works though on some contracts the same materials recovered from the arisings temporary works methods may be are unlikely to be suitable for reuse for repeated several times. their original purpose unless they have been overdesigned to cope with 3.3.19 Statutory Notifications collapse and impact damage. Any and Compliance with Safety reuse must only be after full checking Legislation and maintenance. Statutory regulations have been Reuse must not be allowed where any complied with including: damage - especially hidden damage - could cause premature failure during - Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 use for structural support. Items, such as acrows, recovered from areas of - CDM Regulations 2015 planned collapse may need to be cut up to prevent the temptation of sale - Lifting Operations and Lifting back into the industry. Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) The TWC will file all documents (Brief, - Provision and Use of Work Equipment Drawings, Check Certificates, RAMS, Regulations 1998 (PUWER) Permit’s etc.) with the Temporary Works Register. - Company Safety Policy has been complied with (including design risk When project works are completed assessments) the final completed version of the TWR must be sent to the DI for record - The construction methods about to purposes. The managing contractor be employed are consistent with should also send relevant records to those envisaged in the design the CDM Coordinator for inclusion in the site Health and Safety File. - All calculations and drawings have Relevant records are those relating to been checked (including those of the permanent situation on site - e.g. any subcontractors) temporary works left in situ. - The materials are as specified REVISED APRIL 2020 - The actual loading conditions are within the limits set out in the design - The site conditions are as used in the design, for example: - - Soil types and properties - Exposure to wind, water etc. 40

- site restrictions - including other works 03 underway nearby Setting Up Site - Any proposed changes to the temporary works have been checked with and approved by the designer and have been recorded. - All structural members are correctly positioned, and no unintended eccentricities are present - No ad-hoc solutions to site problems have been incorporated without reference to the designer and/or the TWC and their agreement (in writing for all situations) - Tolerances have not been exceeded - The quality of any welding is adequate and meets the design specification - Temporary props etc have been fixed in place to prevent them being knocked or e.g. vibrated and moving or falling out - No part of the temporary works is being used for any purpose other than that for which is was designed. REVISED APRIL 2020 41

04 Operating Procedures Drilling - Core Drills 43 Sawing - Floor Saws 46 Sawing - Wall Saws (Rail Mounted) 50 Sawing - Hand-held Saws 52 Sawing - Wire Saws 54 Controlled Demolition- Bursting 55 Controlled Demolition - Crushing 56 Thermic Lancing 57 Hydraulic Power Packs 59 Portable Electric Tools 60 Diamond Chain Saws 60 Demolition Plant -360 Pedestrian for Crushing & Breaking 62 Stability and Moving of the 360 Pedestrian Operated Machine 64

4.1 Drilling - Core Drills may be a handheld drill, suitable for 04 smaller diameter holes, but general 4.1.1 Introduction drilling work will normally be carried Operating Procedures out using a purpose-built drilling Diamond drilling rigs can vary in rig fitted with a drilling motor. Most design, but the basic principal is the drills are suitable for drilling holes same. through various building materials and into floors and walls. Where The base plate of the drill stand must drilling is required vertically upwards, be secured by anchoring systems into ceilings for example, there is a recommended by the manufacturer. hazard of residue water from the drilling process flowing back into The power unit / drill motor is either the motor. Therefore, protection electric, hydraulic or rarely air is required or alternatively use a powered. Drilling bits start at 6mm motor where water will not affect and can go to as large as 1500mm or the mechanics, such as hydraulic or even larger. Drilling depths are virtually pneumatic. Where ceilings must be unlimited using barrel extensions. drilled, consult the drill manufacturer. The smaller the diameter, the greater - The electricity supply on construction the speed of rotation, and except for sites should normally be 110 volt and a few special types, all have a water equipment should be designed to feed through the driving shaft, to operate from this supply. If the supply keep the diamonds cool, the cutting is 240 volts, then suitable transformer face free of grit, and the core drill should be used. If a 240 volt supply bit cutting effectively. Water also does have to be used a residual eliminates dust, but this does cause current device must be fitted to the residue slurry that can be removed by source of supply. Electrical power using an industrial vacuum cleaner. leads should be kept as short as possible to avoid voltage drop. Also This technique is used when precise ensure the cable is fully unwound circular cuts are needed, as holes and routed to prevent a fire hazard. of almost any diameter can easily be drilled to create openings for - A physical check should be example, for plumbing, electrical and carried out to confirm the nature heating / ventilation installations. Core of the material being drilled and drilling is commonly used to create the presence of any services or the holes for routing cables, placing ACM’s. Never cut through steel anchor bolts, installing load carrying reinforcement or structural steelwork devices or concrete sample analysis. without the client’s permission. Water, gas and electricity lines near A core drill bit consists of a steel tube work should be turned off. with diamond segments brazed or laser welded on the drilling end. The - Where drilling takes place through core bit is mounted on a rotating shaft walls, the rear side must be checked of various types of drilling machines. as there may be electrical or other Core rill machines can be operated in hazardous installations against either vertical or horizontal direction the wall. If it is a locked room, and can be powered by electric, arrangements must be made to hydraulic or air-powered sources. obtain access to the room and inspect the rear of the wall before 4.1.2 Installation work commences. When drilling through floors, the cores can drop - The contractor must select a drilling from the bit into the space below. machine that has the capacity to Therefore, protection must be drill the size of hole required, and provided for people and property which has a suitable power unit in relation to available power supplies 43 i.e. air, electric or hydraulic. This REVISED APRIL 2020

04 below the drilling area which should - The threads on the motor arbour are be cordoned off. Where there clean and free from dirt; Operating Procedures is risk of falling cores, it is good - The motor unit is mounted square to the column; practice to position a sentry (Core - The core drill runs true to the Watcher) outside the cordoned area machine arbour; with ensure unauthorised access - The motor r.p.m. are set as near as possible to the manufacturer’s alternatively the use of an acrow recommendation prop and tray maybe suitable. 4.1.3 Operating Procedures - Determine the exact location by The basics for successful core drilling drilling a pilot hole to ensure control are having a rigidly set up drill rig; measures are accurate. diamond core bits with adequate clearances on the outside diameter - A check must then be carried out and inside diameters; constant water to determine the best method flow and the right speed, range and of fixing, in order to hold the rig power for the bit. down securely. This can be by vacuum pad, bracing column, or The performance of any diamond anchor. Anchor fixings provide the core bit depends heavily on the use safest method as the vacuum and of proper drilling techniques. Although bracing systems have less stability. drilling conditions and materials may A smooth surface is essential when vary, the following specific guidelines using a vacuum pump and a ensure faster drilling speed and longer bracing column must have a strong bit life: - correctly use the specification supporting wall or ceiling opposite. of segment to the material being drilled. - Drilling can be carried out wet or dry depending on the application, a) Secure the core drill rig to the although wet drilling is the most work surface so that there is no common type of operation. The drill movement that would allow bit must be suitable for whichever the bit to bind in the hole. method is appropriate. In the case of dry drilling, there must be b) Level the drill rig by use of the adequate dust extraction facilities base levelling bolts or vacuum and operators must be provided with pump and use a small spirit suitable RPE protection equipment. level attached to the column permanently or by a magnetic - In most cases, the drilling rig will be strip on the level. This procedure provided with a constant flow of will ensure a perpendicular water for cooling the drill bit and to hole. minimise the creation of dust. The supply should be at mains pressure c) Use an enough supply of with a flow between 4 - 10 litres per water to ensure that the minute. When drilling into hollow segments are kept cool and structures, i.e. hollow pot floor, the the hole is constantly being means of dispersing the cooling flushed of abrasive cuttings. water must be checked in order to avoid water damage. Collector Attach drill motor to rig carriage and rings can be used to keep the water drill bit to drill motor spindle. contained and a wet vacuum cleaner employed to remove water Connect 110-volt power supply to drill build-up. motor using correct amperage plug, i.e. 32 Amp. - Having ensured that the drill is securely and squarely fixed to the rig, 44 check that: - - The slides have free movement; REVISED APRIL 2020

Before turning on the power, ensure - Upon removal inspect the barrel for 04 that the machine is isolated by an damage and segment lose. on/off switch so that it does not accidentally start up. Some drills do - For best practice it is advised to Operating Procedures not have a built-in switch, in which include jamming of cores into the risk case the supply cable must be fitted assessment. with an in-line switch. Under no circumstances should a drill motor be - If the bit encounters steel reinforcing used without an on/ off switch. bars, relax pressure about one third and allow the bit to cut at its own The water supply should be turned rate. Do not push the bit. Certain on and adjusted for volume i.e. the manufacturers drill motors are fitted water should flow continually around with a Rebar button to engage the the core bit circumference without speed to suit diameter and material splashing. Do not allow the water supply to stop whilst drilling. Failure to - When drilling high PSI concrete or do this will result in drying of the core concrete with very hard aggregate bit and damage or loss of segments. (i.e. river gravel, flint, etc.) the bit will sometimes glaze over. To open - Slowly lower the bit onto the surface or redress the bit, do one of the so that there is no skidding or lateral following: - movement of the drill bit. - Reduce water flow by half and pour - Exert steady downward pressure on masonry sand into the hole until the the bit while drilling. Do not force the bit starts to increase speed, then bit into the material. gradually increase the water flow until back to original state. - Do not stop the flow of water or the rotation of the bit if the bit is in the - Drill the bit into a soft concrete block, hole. soft vitrified grinding wheel or cinder block. Repeat the procedure until - If the drilling rate decreases, check the diamond is open again. the core bit. The slower penetration generally means that segments are - At the completion of drilling, the glazing and need to be redressed. core bit should be withdrawn whilst It is important that the diamond the motor is running, and the water segments keep their sharpness. turned off. The motor can then be switched off. Should the core be - During drilling the core barrel can lodged in the barrel, caution must become lodged between the outer be exercised when removing the casing and the material causing the core from the bit, as it can drop out motor to cease rotating. unexpectedly causing an injury. - Immediately turn the motor off to - When working on the machine with prevent damage the drill at the top of the column, ensure that it is locked in position so - Turn water off that it cannot drop and injure fingers. Before replacing a drill bit, the - Isolate power supply machine must be unplugged from the power source. - With the correct spanner fitted to the core barrel attempt to turn anti- 4.1.4 Dry Drilling clockwise to dislodge the material causing the jam. - When dry drilling, the drill hole should be cleaned out regularly, - Alternatively, if this is unsuccessful use to clear dust and debris. When a dedicated tool commonly known dry drilling, the drill hole as a sparrow core puller to dislodge the barrel from the material - By using a hand-held variable speed electric drill with clutch, REVISED APRIL 2020 45

04 the coring action is totally rotary 4.1.5 Trailer Mounted Drill Rigs enabling the operating noise and - A purpose-built drill rig unit can also Operating Procedures vibration to be reduced to the be fitted to a mobile two-wheel trailer to form a specialist trailer minimum. drilling rig capable of being towed behind a van or car. These drilling - Choose between a slotted and rigs are used for specialist operations an un-slotted dry diamond core. such as core sampling in roads, The un-slotted cores are designed drilling and installation of motorway to be used with a dust extraction barriers and runway lights, etc. They system. If slotted cores are are generally self-contained with used without a dust extraction their own water tank and power system, this can have adverse source, being engine driven for such effects for a dry core, namely operations. shorter segment life and the core binding or jamming in the hole. - Where a trailer mounted core drill is being used, the manufacturer’s - Pilot drill the structural material instructions must be followed first with a 13mm (1/2”) masonry regarding the use of stabilising jacks drill. and the stability of the machine whilst drilling. For example, the - Locate the 12mm ‘A’ taper guide machine must be level. The drilling rod down through the core and plate must not leave the ground ‘push fit’ the rod into an ‘A’ taper during operation, and the operator’s adaptor. Drill the hole. feet must be kept well clear of the machine, both whilst setting up and - Use a rotary drill fitted with clutch drilling. Where the trailer is being and variable speed control. used on soft or uneven ground, suitable pads must be fitted beneath - Do not use hammer action when the stabiliser jacks. drilling with a dry diamond core drill. 4.2 Sawing - Floor Saws - Set the drill motor at the correct 4.2.1 Introduction r.p.m. Remember the harder the material and larger the diameter The floor saw is either pushed by the of core, the slower the r.p.m. The operator or more generally a self- softer the material and for smaller propelled unit, powered by either diameter cores, the higher the a diesel or petrol engine or electric r.p.m. ultimately, faster rotational motor. speed does not always mean better penetration. Floor saws vary in power from 13 HP to in excess of 84 HP. They are used - Clear / dust at regular intervals, as extensively on roads and motorways a build-up will cause overheating, to cut asphalt and concrete cleanly extensive clutch wear and a and quickly to enable efficient repairs possible loss of segment. Use of and alterations to be carried out to dust extraction equipment is highly these surfaces. recommended. The advantages of the floor saw over - Rotate core bit when entering and the track/ wall saw is that it does not leaving hole. require any setting up time has its own power unit and is a very rapid cutting - Keep machine level. machine. - Do not force the bit. Let it do the For roads, runways, warehouse aprons work. This will prolong its life and and ground floors, this machine is reduce the chance of failure. ideal. Cutting depths can reach REVISED APRIL 2020 46

550mm, although greater depths instructions that you have the correct 04 have been cut, depending on the size of guard and pulley. Guards blade and guard size. must always be kept in place. Operating Procedures Some of the more specialised companies are now using laser - It is essential that the speed marked guided machines in factories and on the blade is greater than the shaft warehouses to obtain straight and speed of the machine. accurate lines. - A standard diamond blade is used With this unit a good operative is a for most conventional cutting and great asset as he can saw straight and is operated WET. An inadequate accurate lines over any length, obtain water supply can result in destruction good blade wear and maintain a of the blade with a consequent high speed of cut. risk to anybody nearby. A constant supply of water of between 10 - 25 4.2.2 Installation litres per minute must therefore flow over the blade during sawing. - Be sure to select the floor saw that Where a water cut-out switch is will cut the appropriate material to fitted, this must always be in an the depth required. If necessary, operational condition when using check with the manufacturers. Also wet cut blades. Dry cutting diamond avoid sawing any deeper than the blades are also available, but they required specification. should only be used for applications designated by the manufacturers. - Cutting into road stone or loose materials can increase blade wear - Reinforced abrasive blades are and sawing costs. primarily designed for dry cutting although they may be capable of - Ensure that you have the correct wet cutting for certain applications. diamond or abrasive reinforced blade to match the nature of the - Abrasive blades are only to be material that you are cutting and to used on materials specified by the suit the required depth of cut. Use of manufacturers. the wrong blade can be dangerous. Further information on blades is - When fitting or replacing a blade, contained in section 4. the engine must be stopped. Ensure that the blade is fitted on to the - It is preferable that the proper pulley flange outer guard plate locating sizes are fitted to match the diameter pin and that the flange outer guard of the blade being used, as it can plate is secured tightly. The machine be dangerous and uneconomical must not be operated where a to operate the machine at incorrect locating pin has been sheared off or engine and shaft speeds. This is removed. Otherwise there is a risk of particularly important where the size considerable premature blade wear of the blade is being changed. The to the blade centre. Where there is fitting of a larger or smaller blade provision for fitting a blade on either will alter the peripheral speed, side of the machine, the shaft on the unless the correct fittings are used. unused side must have a cover. Excessive blade speed could result in breakage and serious injury. A table - Floor saws are generally diesel or of recommended blades speeds petrol engine driven. Therefore, care is shown in Appendix 11.1. Always must be taken to ensure that exhaust consult the machine manufacturer. fumes do not constitute a hazard. To overcome this problem, electrical - Incorrect shaft speed can also cause or gas driven saws are available inefficient cutting. The blade guard operated from either an LPG or must also be changed to suit the size 415-volt supply. A residual current of blade. Check with the operating protection device must be used with REVISED APRIL 2020 47

04 415-volt models.Operating Procedures - DO NOT operate this machine without the blade guard, or other - A combustion engine powered floor protective guards in place. saw must not be used in an area where there is combustible material - Blade Guard – designed to protect because of the risk of sparks causing operator and others in area. a fire or explosion. Contains water to blade. - Ideally a machine should be loaded - DO NOT use without the latch on to a vehicle or trailer using a engaged and the bolt installed. winch and purpose-built ramps. However, if the machine does have - DO NOT use machine if guard is to be loaded under its own power up damaged or down a ramp, the manufacturer’s instructions should be followed - DO NOT allow blade exposure from regarding forward or reverse drive. the guard to be more than 180 The blade must never be fitted until degrees. cutting is about to commence and must be removed immediately after - DO NOT operate this machine with cutting finishes. The machine must the belt guards or blade guard never be left unattended with its removed blade fitted. 4.2.4 Operator - The surface to be cut must be free Operator must be Behind Machine from debris; small particles (stones) when in use. can either stop or deflect the drive wheels. The line of the saw cuts must Operators & bystanders must wear be clearly marked out on the floor. appropriate PPE including: Head, eye, The working area must be cordoned hearing & respiratory protection. off to prevent unauthorised access. DO NOT Operate if uncertain how to - Ear Protection must always be used use. while operating the machine, no matter which type is being used. DO NOT allow other people to be Fellow workers and pedestrians may around the machine when starting, also be at risk from noise. Check risk refuelling or when in operation. assessment and method statements in place to reduce these risks. Only use in ventilated areas. Breathing Poison Exhaust can be deadly. Read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. Have services undertaken by competent service personnel only When operating the saw on an incline always work uphill and consider the DO move the machine at least 10 camber when cutting. feet (3 meters) from the fuelling point before starting the engine and make 4.2.3 Splash Guard- designed sure the fuel cap is on the machine to contain dust/slurry within the and properly tightened. area of the guard. DO NOT operate this machine in the - Operating the machine without the vicinity of anything that is flammable. Splash guard is a violation of the Sparks could cause a fire or an manufactures guide. explosion. 4.2.5 Transport - NOT using the splash guard puts the operator at high risk of developing - Use caution when lifting and Cancer, skin irritation or respiratory transporting machine. diseases due to exposure to dust/ slurry. - ALWAYS tie down the machine when transporting REVISED APRIL 2020 - DO NOT transport machine 48