Body Systems

Body Systems Created by: Melisande Penh Period: 1B Teacher: Mr. Pickett

Integumentary Vocab. Continued System -Keratin- fiber protein and is the main component of hair, skin, and nails -Callus- thickened portion of skin Key Terms -Sebaceous gland- secretes sebum/oil into hair follicles where hair shaft passes through the dermis; prevents drying skin ● dermo/o, dermat/o- skin -Stratum corneum- most superficial layer of the epidermis; has many thick ● kerat/o- hard, horny tissue dead flattened cell layers and dead cells filled w/ keratin ● xer/o- dry, dryness -Melanocyte- cells that produce melanin ● xanth/o- yellow -Basal cell carcinoma- cells of the lowest level of the epidermis invade the ● erythr/o- red dermis & hypodermis; exposed areas develop ulcer ● pedicul/o- lice -Malignant melanoma- most serious form of skin cancer; black/dark brown ● onych/o- finger/toe nails patches on skin that are uneven, jagged, or raised ● myc/o- fungus ● pil/o- hair Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● lip/o- fat, lipid ● rhytid/o- wrinkle ● Acne- skin condition that occurs when hair ● Dermatologists- a doctor ● albin/o- white follicles plug with oil and dead skin cells who has extensive training and knowledge of the skin, System Research ● Skin cancer- abnormal growth of skin cells scalp, hair and nails and treats conditions that affect ● Function: It acts as a “barrier” to protect the body ● Sunburn- type of skin burn resulting from those areas Cosmetologists- provide from the outside, eliminates waste products, too much exposure to sunlight or sunlamps personal care services that include caring for people's regulates body temp.,retains body fluid, and ● Athlete’s foot- fungal infection that usually hair, skin, and nails protects against diseases. in people whose feet have become very ● Vocabulary: sweaty while confined within tight-fitting - Epidermis- outermost layer of skin, waterproof shoes ● barrier, contains melanocytes, etc. Labeled Integumentary System: - Dermis- tough connective tissue, hair follicles & sweat glands - Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)- fat & connective tissue, insultes body

Musculoskeletal Vocab. Continued System - Ligament- connects bone to bone Key Terms - Involuntary muscle- muscle that is not under conscious ● my/o- muscle control ● myel/o- spinal cord; bone marrow - Voluntary muscle- muscle that is under conscious control ● oste/o- bone - Myocardium- muscle that makes up the heart ● cost/o- rib - Oxygen and ATP- muscle energy source ● crani/o- skull - Lactic Acid- waste that is produced when muscles become ● -pexy- fixation; to put in place ● chondr/o- cartilage tired ● arthr/o- joint ● -plegia- paralysis; palsy Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● kinesi/o-movement ● Tendinitis- condition in which the tissue ● Chiropractor- health care System Research connecting muscle to bone becomes professional focused on the diagnosis and ● Function: The musculoskeletal system is in charge of stability, inflamed treatment of neuromuscular disorders, form, support, and is responsible for movement. The muscles are ● Carpal tunnel syndrome- numbness and with an emphasis on attached to the skeleton bones, blood vessels, and internal organs. treatment through Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and connective tissue also tingling in the hand and arm caused by a manual adjustment included. and/or manipulation of pinched nerve in the wrist the spine ● Vocabulary: Orthopedist- An ● Fibromyalgia- disorder characterized by orthopedic surgeon, a - Skeletal muscle- voluntary striated muscle that is attached to physician who corrects bones and tires quickly widespread musculoskeletal pain congenital or functional abnormalities of the - Cardiac muscle- involuntary muscle only in the heart that accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory bones with surgery, doesn’t tire quickly casting, and bracing. and mood issues Orthopedists also treat - Smooth muscle- involuntary muscle in the walls of organs injuries to the bones. like the stomach, bladder, and intestines ● Muscular dystrophy- A group of genetic - Tendon- thick band that connects muscle to bone and is diseases that cause progressive weakness found at the end of muscles and loss of muscle mass Labeled Musculoskeletal System: ●

Nervous System Vocab. Continued - Grey matter- contains cell bodies and their dendrites - Myelin Sheath- fatty insulating sheath that surrounds Key Terms all but the smallest nerve fibers - Sensory/Afferent- consists of nerve fibers that convey ● neur/o- nerve impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors ● encephal/o- brain - Motor/Efferent- in the PNS and transmits impulses ● myel/o- spinal cord; bone marrow from the CNS to muscles and glands ● ambul/o- walking ● -esthesia- nervous sensation - Nissl bodies- rough ER of the neuron cell body, stains ● mening/o- meninges darkly with basic dyes, and synthesizes proteins ● psych/o- mind Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● concuss/o- shaken together; violently agitated System Research ● Multiple sclerosis- affects the CNS by ● Neurologist- doctor that specializes in treating ● Function: The nervous system is in charge of receiving gradually destroying myelin sheaths diseases of the nervous system information about the outside world and generating ● Alzheimer’s disease- affects brain Psychiatrist- medical doctor who specializes in responses to the information. function, memory, and behavior; mental health, including substance use disorders usually of the elder generations ● ● Epilepsy- nerve cell activity is ● Vocabulary: disturbed, causing seizures - CNS (central nervous system)- consists the brain and ● Bell’s Palsy- sudden temporary spinal cord weakness or paralysis of the muscles in - PNS (peripheral nervous system)- consists nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord the face - SNS (sensory nervous system)- consists the somatic Labeled Nervous System: motor nerve fibers that are voluntary - Axon- generates and conducts impulses; neurons carry impulses away from the nerve cell body; motor/efferent - Dendrites- short diffusely branching extensions that receive info from other nerve cells, and transports it to the soma

Vocab. Continued Sensory System - Taste buds- sense receptors in the tongue that respond to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat Key Terms - Chemoreceptor cell- detects chemical changes in ● irid/o- iris environment and is located in the medulla ● -cusis- hearing ● -opia- refers to eyes - Afferent nerve pathway- ascending spinal cord pathway that ● ot/o- ear transmits sensory impulses to the brain ● tympan/o- eardrum; middle ear ● opthalm/o- eye - Efferent nerve pathway- descending spinal cord pathway ● -metry- process of measuring that transmits sensory impulses from the brain System Research - Perception- ability to experience, recognize, organize, and interpret sensory stimuli ● Function: The sensory system is part of the nervous system Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers and is responsible for processing sensory information from the body's receptors to the CNS. ● Anosmia- the complete inability to ● Ophthalmologist- MD ● Vocabulary: detect odors who specializes in eye ● Glaucoma- group of eye conditions that care - Sensory receptor cell- translates messages into neural impulses that are sent to the brain damage the optic nerve, which is vital - Receptor protein- transmits information in and out of cells, for good vision ● Otolaryngologist (ENT)- and allows communication between cells ● Meniere’s disease- inner ear disorder doctors who are ear, - Rod- located in the periphery of the retina; are sensory that causes episodes of vertigo nose and throat receptors for vision that work best in reduced illumination; specialists only allow perception of achromatic colors, low sensitivity to ● Hypogeusia- reduced ability to taste detail sweet, sour, bitter, or salty things - Cone- responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the Labeled Sensory System: fovea; cone-shaped visual receptor cells - Retinal pigment- most responsible for nourishing the photoreceptors and is located under the rods and cones

Cardiovascular System Vocab. Continued ● cardi/o-heart Key Terms - Arteries- large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart ● angi/o- vessel (blood) - Veins- large blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart - Aorta- largest single artery in the body - Capillaries- tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules ● hem/o, hemat/o- blood Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● Brady- slow Cardiologist- doctor with special training ● Tachy- fast and skill in finding, treating and preventing ● thromb/o- clot ● Cardiac arrest- sudden, ● diseases of the heart and blood vessels ● -emia- blood condition unexpected loss of heart function, Cardiovascular surgeon- medical ● leuk/o- white breathing, and consciousness doctor who specializes in surgical procedures ● erythr/o- red ● Arrhythmia- improper beating of of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other ● arteri/o- artery the heart, can be too fast or slow organs in the chest System Research ● Stroke- damage to the brain from ● Function: The cardiovascular system circulates oxygen and interruption of its blood supply ● ● Congenital heart disease- removes CO2, provides cells with nutrients, removes the waste products of metabolism, amd protects the body against disease abnormality in the heart that and infection. develops before birth ● Vocabulary: Labeled Cardiovascular System: - Arterioles- smaller branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries - Venules- small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins - Valves- prevents backflow of blood in the veins - Pulmonary circulation- circulation of blood between the heart and lungs - Systemic circulation- circulation that supplies blood to all of the body except to the lungs - Arch of the aorta- most superior portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending segments of the aorta

Respiratory System Vocab. Continued Key Terms - Intercostal muscles (rib muscles)- muscles between ribs that help lift the rib cage outward and upward during inhaling ● bronch/o- bronchial tube ● cyan/o- blue - Diaphragm- large muscle that contracts in order to make ● laryng/o- larynx (voice box) more room from the lungs during inhaling ● -oxia- oxygen ● Oxy-- swift, acid - Epiglottis- flap that covers the larynx while swallowing ● pleur/o- pleura - Pharynx- throat; where air travels before entering the larynx ● pneum/o- lung, air, gas ● pulmon/o- lung Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● thorac/o- chest ● trache/o- trachea/windpipe ● Pneumonia- infection that inflames air ● Pulmonologist- System Research sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill physician specially with fluid trained to treat ● Function: The respiratory system is responsible for gaseous ● Lung cancer- cancer that begins in the exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and lungs and most often occurs in people diseases and environment. who smoke conditions of the ● Vocabulary: ● Cystic fibrosis- inherited chest ● Respiratory - Bronchi- passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the life-threatening disorder that damages therapist- work with lungs the lungs and digestive system patients who have ● Pleural Effusion- buildup of fluid breathing or other - Lungs- 2 spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the between the tissues that line the lungs diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration and the chest - Alveoli- tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases Labeled Respiratory System: cardiopulmonary between air and blood disorders - Mucus- protective secretion of the mucous membranes - Respiration- the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules - Larynx- voice box, passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea, contains vocal cords

Digestive System Vocab. Continued Key Terms - Liver- processes nutrients absorbed from small intestines ● cholecyst/o- gallbladder ● enter/o- (small) intestines - Amylase-enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical ● col/o, colon/o- colon (large intestines) bonds in starches ● hepat/o- liver ● gastr/o- stomach Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● or/o- mouth ● -pepsia- digestion ● Gastroesophageal reflux disease ● Gastroenterologist- ● chol/e- bile; gall ● proct/o- anus & rectum (GERD)- long-term condition where specialist in acid from the stomach comes up into diagnosis and System Research the esophagus treatment of ● Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)- ● Function: The digestive system is in charge of the digestion and intestinal disorder causing pain in the conditions involving breakdown of food. belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation the ● Hemorrhoids- Swollen and inflamed digestive/gastrointes ● Vocabulary: veins in the rectum and anus that cause - Mastication- chewing, food is crushed & ground by teeth discomfort and bleeding tinal (GI) tract - Peristalsis- contraction & relaxing of wave-like muscle to move ● Constipation- occurs when bowel ● Dietitian- food down digestive tract movements become less frequent and board-certified food - Defecation- pooping, discharge of feces from the body stools become difficult to pass and nutrition expert - Deglutition- action/process of swallowing - Stomach- stores food & releases it to intestines Labeled Digestive System: - Pancreas- exocrine helps in digestion and endocrine regulates blood sugar - Small intestines- breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and gets rid of waste - Large intestines- absorbs water and electrolytes, produces and absorbs vitamins

Urinary System Vocab. Continued Key Terms - Renin- hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction ● -cele- hernia (narrowing of blood vessels) ● -lysis- breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening ● cyst/o- urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid - Trigone- triangular area in the urinary bladder ● nephr/o- kidney ● ren/o- kidney Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● -uria- urination, condition of urine ● -pexy- fixation, to put in place ● Nocturia – frequently getting up and ● Urologists- provide ● -ectasis-dilation; dilatation; widening ● pyel/o- renal pelvis urinating during the night medical and surgical ● Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)- management for System Research disorders of the age-associated prostate gland ● Function: The urinary system filters blood and creates urine as a enlargement that can cause urination waste by-product. difficulty urinary tract in both ● Vocabulary: ● Interstitial cystitis- chronic condition men and women causing bladder pressure, bladder pain - Kidneys- removes waste and extra fluid ● Nephrologists- - Renal pelvis- acts as a funnel for urine and sometimes pelvic pain - Ureters- tubes connected to kidneys - Bladder- sac that stores urine ● Kidney or urinary tract stones- small, kidney doctors, - Urethra- exports urine from bladder to the exterior of the body - Creatinine- nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. hard deposit that forms in the study the kidneys - Creatinine clearance- a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys kidneys/urinary tract and is often and any diseases that painful when passed affect them in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood - Reabsorption- process whereby renal tubules return materials Labeled Urinary System: necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

Reproductive System Vocab. Continued Key Terms - Progesterone- A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle ● cervic/o- neck; cervix (neck of uterus) ● salping/o- fallopian/eustachian tubes - Mammary glands- specialized organs in mammals that ● ov/o- egg produce milk to nourish the young ● orchid/o- testis ● oophor/o- ovary - Amnion- Innermost membranous sac surrounding the ● men/o- menses; menstruation developing fetus ● mamm/o- breast ● gynec/o- woman, female Diseases/Disorders Healthcare Careers ● colp/o- vagina ● prostat/o- prostate gland ● Endometriosis- painful disorder in ● Gynecologists- System Research which tissue similar to the tissue that medical specialty normally lines the inside of your uterus focused on the ● Function: The reproductive system produces egg and sperm cells and — the endometrium — grows outside transports & substains these cells, and nurtures developing offspring. your uterus treatment of women ● Vocabulary: ● Interstitial Cystitis- chronic condition and their - Gametes- reproductive cells that have only half the number of causing bladder pressure, bladder pain reproductive system chromosomes as body cells and sometimes pelvic pain ● Obstetrician- a - Interstitial cells- in the testes that lie between the seminiferous ● Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)- tubules and produce the hormone testosterone hormonal disorder causing enlarged doctor who - Ovarian follicle- developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary ovaries with small cysts on the outer specializes in edges pregnancy, - Oogenesis- the production, growth, and maturation of an egg or ● AIDS- chronic, potentially ovum life-threatening condition caused by childbirth, and a - Estrogens- stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics the human immunodeficiency virus woman's - Fetus- the developing human organism from 9 weeks after Labeled Reproductive Systems: reproductive system conception to birth - Parturition- the process of giving birth