UNIT III- PART A -BASIC ICT SKILLS SESSION 1: KNOWING ABOUT OPERATING SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM: An operating system acts as an interface between user and computer system. Its primary goal is to make computer system convenient to use and secondly to use computer hardware efficiently. The way in which user communicates with computer is called ‘Interface’. Depending on interface operating systems are of two types. 1) CLI(Command Line Interface) 2) Interactive operating system interfaces 1. Command line Interfaces: in this type of interfaces user normally type command using keyboard. This is an old style operating system. 2. Interactive operating system interfaces: it provides the graphics to interact with computer. a) GUI (Graphical User Interface) (WIMP [windows, icons, menu, and pointers] interface): It uses graphics for interaction. b) Touch screen Interface (post-WIMP interface): it provides graphical interface along with touchscreen technology. COMMONLY USED OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE: 1. Linux 2. Windows 3. Boss Linux 4. Solaris 5. Mobile operating system WORKING WITH WINDOWS 10 The first screen that appears when we start windows 10 is called ‘Desktop’. Its components are: 1. Recycle bin 2. Taskbar 3. Background 4. Icons FILES AND FOLDERS Files: A file is a common storage unit in a computer and programs and data are stored into it. A file has name and extension, which tells the type of file. Folder: A folder is a container that holds one or more files and another folder which is known as subfolder.
FILE ORGANIZATION AND DIRECTORY STRUCTURE File Structures is the Organization of Data in Secondary Storage Device in such a way that minimize the access time and the storage space. The organized file structure is referred to as multilevel or hierarchical directory system. Draw above figure. OPERATIONS ON FILE: 1) Opening file explorer: this is an important window which is used to explore files and folders stored in your computer. To start file explorer: click start -> file explorer or right click on start -> file explorer or press Win+E. 2) Creating a folder a) Go to the desired location right click on free space -> folder. b) Home tab -> new group-> new folder. 3) Copying o moving the files or folder: a) Right click on the file which you want to move or copy -> select copy/cut -> go to desired location-> right click on the free space - > select paste option. 4) To select all the files or folders of a particular location press ctrl+A. 5) To rename a file or folder, right click on the file or folder-> select rename option-> type new name and press enter. 6) To delete a file or folder, right click on the file or folder-> select delete option or select the file or folder which you want to delete and press delete key from keyboard.
7) To delete the file or folder permanently right click on recycle bin and select empty recycle bin. 8) To restore the deleted file or folder, open recycle bin folder right click on the file or folder which you want to restore and select restore option. Clipboard is a temporary memory provided by the operating system to store the data for short time in a computer application.
SESSION 2: WORKING WITH LINUX OS Linux is an open source operating system created by a Finnish student Linus Torvalds. To use Linux you need to login with user name and password or as a Guest. USER INTERFACE OF LINUX: 1) Favourites panel: It contains shortcut to frequently used application. 2) Top right corner of grey bar following options are present: a) Network settings : b) System language c) Audio volume d) System date and time e) Power menu 3) To launch an application we need to click on Ubuntu launcher icon on the top left corner of the screen. 4) To browse files, click on Home folder of favourite panel and to browse web we need to click on firefox icon. 5) To launch terminal emulator click on Ubuntu launcher icon and type gnome-terminal in the search box. To exit terminal emulator press ctrl+d key. LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE A computer system organizes its files in a directory structure. Linux stores everything as file on the directory structure. The directory structure of Linux is a tree structure and is composed of the following folders/directories and subdirectories. ROOT
THE HOME DIRECTORY: The /home directory is a place where by default all users home directories are created. These directories are kind of personal space for all the users to work other than root. SOME LINUX COMMANDS: 1) To check current working directory: $ pwd 2) To create a directory: $ mkdir <name_of_directory> 3) To remove the directory: $ rmdir < name_of_directory> 4) To create an empty file: $ touch <filr_name> 5) To delete file: $ rm <file_name> 6) To change working directory: $ cd <dir_name> 7) List of contents of folder/directory: $ ls 8) To switch to home directory: $ cd ~
SESSION 3: BASIC COMPUTER MAINTENANCE Computer maintenance refers to the action carried to keep a computer in a good state of working. It includes: 1) Physical cleaning 2) Internal cleaning 3) Keeping backup and updated software IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER MAINTENANCE: A computer which is not maintained properly may not run properly or stop some program to run or may not run at all. COMPUTER MAINTENANCE IS IMPORTANT FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS: 1) Computer maintenance detects issues, before it becomes problem. 2) Computer maintenance prevents computer from virus and malware. 3) It maintains the computers speed. 4) It keeps operating system and all-important software up-to-date like antivirus. It maximizes the software efficiency. CLEANING COMPUTER COMPONENTS: Physical cleaning of computer is done by switching off the computer after shutting down. Commonly used cleaning tools for physical components of computer: a) Cotton cloth b) Rubbing alcohol c) Portable vacuum d) Cotton swabs e) Foam swabs f) Cleaning brush GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CLEANING: a) Never spray any liquid onto any of the computer, if it is necessary to spray, then spray onto a cloth. Turn off the computer before cleaning. b) While cleaning a computer be careful, do not adjust any knob or control accidently. Do not use harsh or wired brush for cleaning. c) For cleaning internal circuits of computer like motherboard etc. use a natural bristle brush and can use compressed air blower to blow off the dust.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPUTER MAINTENANCE: 1) Keep your computer in a cool and dust free place and make sure that the CPU fan is working properly. 2) Always use good quality UPS and batteries. Shutdown computer after using. Keep magnet away from computer. 3) Never use unfamiliar Wi-Fi networks. 4) Regularly delete extra/ temporary/unwanted files. Keep backup of existing useful files in an external hard disk. 5) Run anti-virus daily and anti-malware software. Don’t overcharge your laptop batteries. PREPARE A MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE: A computer maintenance schedule may include: a) Making physical cleaning schedule to clean peripherals of computer like keyboard, mouse, speakers, monitors etc. using a cleaning tool. b) Making internal cleaning schedule, which includes deleting junk files weekly, empty recycle bin weekly, removing unwanted files weekly, run defragmenter utility monthly and shut down the computer daily after using it. c) Making backup and update schedule and this includes taking backups weekly, updating software like operating systems, anti-virus etc. monthly. PROTECTING COMPUTER FROM VIRUS: It is very important to protect computer from virus. A virus is a malicious software that cause damage to data. Virus can attack in any part of computer like boot area, operating system, system files, files and application etc. There are two similar programs causes same effect as virus: a) Worms: a worm is self-replicating program which eats up disk space. b) Trojan horse: this is program which appears to be harmless but damages important files of computer. DAMAGE CAUSED BY VIRUS: 1. Damaging or deleting important files. 2. Slow down the computer. 3. Invade your e-mails programs. We can use good antivirus programs like Nortan Anti-virus, QuickHeal security, Kasper sky etc. for cleaning and scanning our computer.
A GOOD ANTI-VIRUS WILL CLEAN MOST TROUBLESOME ITEMS LIKE: 1) Computer virus 2) Worms 3) Malware 4) Spam 5) Temporary files 6) Junk files PATH TO SCAN AND CLEAN THE COMPUTER USING WINDOWS DEFENDER Settings->Update and Security -> Windows defender-> virus and threat protection-> hit Quick Scan button-> Windows will report the result. ***************
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