Computer Networks and the Internet: A Hands-On Approach

Index 535 Null interface see Black hole Communications layers 13 Upper layers 22 O P Octet 61, 486 Onion Router see The Onion Router Package Update 123 Open Shortest Path First 233, 240, 271, 279, Packet 65, 181 288, 300, 324 Dropped packet 246 Adjacency 274, 275 Packet Switching 174 Advantages 279 PDU see Protocol Datagram Unit, 12, 490 Area 56, 271–273, 455 Peer–to–peer Network 7 Area 0 (zero) 271 Personal Computer 488 Area Border Router 273, 278, 282, 286, Apple MAC 181 288, 289, 293, 295 Linux 181 Backup Designated Router 275, 277, 278, Windows 181 PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor 488 287, 288 Physical Layer 11, 13–15, 33, 34, 186, 488 Convergence 279 Analog signal 8 Cost 189 Device 15 Designated Router 275, 277, 278, Digital signal 8 Repeater 472 287, 288, 457 Signal Disadvantages 280 Hello 274 Digital 9 IPv6 240 Pi Link State Announcement 274, 275, Operating System see Raspbian 277–279, 281 Ping 148 Link State Database 275, 276 Point see Vertex Point–to–Point Protocol 488 Acknowledge 276 Point–to–Point Tunneling Protocol 488 Neighbor 274, 275 POP3 see Post Office Protocol Port see Address,Port Relationship algorithm 275 Post Office Protocol 404, 489 ospf6d 240 Postfix see Email, Postfix ospfd 240 Preboot eXecution Environment 489 Overhead 280 Presentation Layer 24, 89, 489 Ring test network 282 Presentation Layer PDU 489 Star test network 284 Private Internet 489 Open Shortest Path First (IPv4) 486 Protocol 490 Open Shortest Path First (IPv6) 487 Protocol Datagram Unit 11, 490 Open Source Routing Protocol 179 Public TTY Client for Windows 490 Open Systems Interchange 7, 11, 12, 25, 89, putty see Public TTY Client for Windows 487 Q Data Link Layer 41, 43 Layer 2 42, 44 QoS see Quality of Service Operating System 21, 57, 120, 123, 126, Quagga 231 129, 131, 134, 218, 231, 345, 365, 487 babel 240 Linux 480 BGP 240 Shim 495 Configuration files 188, 240–242 Optical Carrier Contacting zebra 237 OC1 17 daemons 188 OC3 17 Enhanced Internal Gateway Routing Optical Carrier 1 487 Optical Carrier 12 487 Protocol 468 Optical Carrier 24 487 Installation 123 Optical Carrier 3 487 OSI see Open Systems Interchage OSI Model 7, 11–13

536 Index ISIS 240, 307 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 67, Log files 188 492 OSPF 240 OSPF6 240 Ring network 165 RIP 240 RIPv2 see Route Interchange Protocol, RIPng 240 Sample configuration files 239 Version 2 zebra 240 Rohan 177, 492 zebra project 186 root (Administrative user) 492 Quality of Service 490 Route Queue see also First In/First Out Best R ISIS 304 OSPF 274 RARP see Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Black hole 195 Cache 193, 248 Raspberry Pi 1, 20, 22, 124–126, 129–132, 134, 136, 138–141, 181 Update algorithm 196 Cost Contacting 130 Ethernet 135 Babel 189 Hardware 124 ISIS 189, 304 ifconfig 135 OSPF 274 Interface RIP 189 Default 179, 195, 235, 246 Ethernet 135 Dynamic 195 lo 134 Flapping 249, 323 Wireless 136 Null 195 interface 184 Static Route 195, 235 Kit 125 Table 180, 189, 193 microSD 122 Route Interchange Protocol 233, 240, netstat 26, 101, 102 Operating System see Raspbian, 119 245, 246, 248, 274, 279, 280, 283, Power 130 286–288, 290, 291, 293, 300, 493 Raspbian 126 Advantages 250 Raspberry Ping 148 Convergence 248, 249 Raspbian 119, 121, 123, 126, 129, 133, 134, Cost 189 Diameter 246 136, 138, 139, 151, 184, 186, 224, 231, Disadvantages 250 281, 321, 326, 365, 367, 405 Hop 189, 246 Custom OS 119 Horizon 246 ifconfig 135 IPv4 Network Interface 134 Configuration files 240 OS 124 IPv6 240, 245, 251 Updating 123 Configuration files 240 RD see Network Service Access Point, Pi configuration 251 Routing Domain Identifier ripd 240 Registered IP address space 333 ripngd 240 Registered Jack 45 6, 14, 20, 39, 491 RIPv2 246 Remote Host 135 Route announcements 247, 248 Repeater 38 Route updates 248 Request For Comments 491 Version 1 246 IP Versions 58 Version 2 245, 246, 251 Resolving name server see Domain name Route interchange protocol 271 service, Resolving name server Route Interchange Protocol for IPv6 493 Resource Record 492 Route Interchange Protocol, Version 1 493 Resource Reservation Protocol 492 Route Interchange Protocol, Version 2 493 Router 1, 137, 171–173, 179, 180 Layer 3 Switch 171 Best route 174

Index 537 Cache 195 Route Cache 196 Directly connected route 194 Route flapping 493 Interface 185 Route Interchange Protocol IP Forwarder 171–173, 179–181, 192, 194 Layer 3 Switch 172, 173, 180, 181 RIPng 260 Network Address Translation 172 Route Table 193, 196 Onion 125 Static 189 Quagga 123, 188 Static route 193, 194 Route Routing Domain Identifier 493 Routing Engine 186 Cache 181, 192, 195 Rsvd see Network Service Access Point, Table 180, 181, 192 Router on a Stick 180, 181 Reserved Small Office/Home Office 172, 179, 181, Runt see Frame, Runt 185, 192 S Software 123, 188 Zebra 188 SD Association 494 Routing 173, 175 Secondary Name Server 338 Administrative distance 234, 254, 286 Secure Data Card Format 127 Babel 457 Secure Domain Name Service 494 Best route 175 Secure Hyper–Text Transfer Protocol 494 Secure Shell (ssh) 139, 140, 494 Babel 323 RIP 246 Enable 121 Default route 194, 254, 286 Security 195, 242, 494 Dynamic 180, 189 Dynamic Route 193, 196 DNS 369 Free Range Routing 470 SEL see Network Service Access Point, Hop 175, 279, 472 ISP Protocols 299 Selector BGP 299 SELECT 116 ISIS 299 Sendmail see Email, Sendmail Loop 194, 195, 250 Sequenced Packet Exchange 495 Metric 254, 286 Serial Line Internet Protocol 495 Neighbor Server 364, 462, 495 OSPF 287 Service 495 RIP 255 Open Shortest Path First Restart 260, 292 OSPFv3 280, 281 Status 260, 292 Protocol 1, 193 Session Layer 24, 89, 495 Babel 234, 321 Session Initialization 495 Border Gateway Protocol 234, 312, Session Maintenance 495 Session Termination 495 315, 316, 318 Session Layer PDU 495 Enhanced Internal Gateway Routing Shared media 16, 38 Shim see Operating System, Shim Protocol 232, 468 Shortest Path First 495, see Graph, Shortest Intermediate System to Intermediate Path First System 300, 307, 317 Dijkstra’s Algorithm 465 Internal Gateway Routing Protocol 232 Signal Open Shortest Path First 233, 273, Analog 7, 8 Attenuation 7–9 300, 301, 304, 305 Digital 9 Proprietary 231 Signal fire 177 RIPng 245, 246, 251 Gondor 471 RIPv1 246 Rohan 492 RIPv2 246, 251 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol see Email, Route Interchange Protocol 245, 246, 496 251, 300 Slash notation see CIDR

538 Index Small Office/Home Office 420, 496 Telnet 2, 100, 123, 421 Router 179, 181, 185, 192 TFTP see Trivial File Transfer Protocol The Onion Router 499 Snail Mail 496 TIA see Telecommunications Industry Sneaker Net 496 Socket 27, 100, 237, see Address,Socket, Association TIA/EIA 568 499 420, see also Port Time Division Multiplexing 16–18, 51, 499 Software Time To Live 194, 500 Router 123 Domain Name Service 357 SOHO see Small Office/Home Office Token Ring SONET see Synchronous Optical Network spam see Email, spam 802.5 451 SPF see also Shortest Path First, see Graph, Tools (DNS) Shortest Path First dig 365, 367 SPX see Novell, Sequenced Packet named-checkconf 349 named-checkzone 358 Exchange nslookup 365, 367 Spy Ware 135 Top Level Domain 501 SQL see Standard Query Language Top Level Domain name server 337 Standard Query Language 123, 497 TOR see The Onion Router Star network 165 Transaction Control Protocol 11, 501 Start Of Authority 497 Transaction Control Protocol over IP 501 Static addressing 185 Transport Subnet Connection oriented 23 Connectionless 23 Mask 60 Transport Layer 1, 23, 89, 246, 501 Natural Mask 61, 64 Connection oriented 23 Connectionless 23 Subnetwork 459 Transport Layer PDU 501 sudo 148, 243, 497 Trivial File Transfer Protocol 100, 218, 502 Super–frame see Ethernet, Super–Frame Tunneling 502 Switch Typo–squatting 502 Ethernet 124, 125 U Layer 2 46 Layer 3 172 U.S. Government OSI Profile 302, 471 Switchboard model 271 UDP see User Datagram Protocol Synchronous 9, 10 UDP/IP 92 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 498 Unicast 13, 15, 34, 35, 41, 502 Synchronous Optical Network 10, 17, 153, Universal Resource Locator 502 Universal Serial Bus 20, 125, 126, 502 498 URL see Universal Resource Locator OC1 17 User Datagram Protocol 503 OC3 17 System Identifier (NSAP) 498 V T Variable Envelope Return Paths 503 Variable Length Subnet Mask 64, 232, 233, T–Carrier 1 498 6, T–Carrier 2 498 251, 503 T–Carrier 3 498 Internet Gateway Routing Protocol 232 T1 17 Vertex 206, 504 T2 17 vi 139, 140 T3 17 vi text editor 504 TCP 25 Virtual LAN 157 TCP/IP 91 Virtual Local Area Network 504 TDM see Time Division Multiplexing Telecommunications Industry Association 37, 40, 499 Telephone 90

Index 539 Virtual Private Network 504 Class Image 127 505 Virtual Terminal Shell 236–238, 504 Windows web server 505 VLAN see Local Area Network, Virtual Wireless 136 Wireless Access Point 505 Local Area Network Wireless Local Area Network Voice Over Internet Protocol 504 Wireless Network 505 VPN see Virtual Private Network World Wide Web 506 vtysh see Virtual Terminal Shell, 241, 245 W X WAP 459 131 Xerox 18 Warning 39, 51, 195, 237 Media Access Control address 469 Changing the root password Z Powering the Pi 130 Web services see httpd Zebra 231, 240, 243 Wide Area Network 505 Configuration file 239 WiFi 6, 14 deamon zebra 240 802.11x 14, 451 Quagga 186 Windowed flow control Socket 237 Fixed 110, 111 Sliding 111, 112 Zone file Windows 126 NS Resource Record 483 BIND 344