Introduction to Python Programming

430 Solutions Chapter 5 Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 8c 9d 10 b 11 c 12 c 13 a 14 b 15 a 16 d 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 d 21 b 22 a 23 a Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 1c 2b 3c 4c 5a 6c 7b 8c 9b 10 a 11 a 12 a 13 d 14 d 15 a 16 b

Solutions 431 Chapter 6 Self-Assessment Questions Chapter 7 Question No. Answer 1d 2a 3c 4d 5c 6b 7b 8d 9c 10 d 11 b 12 c 13 d 14 d 15 c 16 a Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 1d 2b 3a 4c 5b 6b 7b 8c 9c 10 c 11 c 12 a 13 c (Continued)

432 Solutions Chapter 8 Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 14 b 15 a 16 c 17 a 18 b 19 c 20 a 21 b 22 a 23 d Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 1b 2a 3b 4b 5a 6c 7d 8a 9d 10 b 11 c 12 a 13 a 14 c 15 a 16 b 17 d 18 a 19 b 20 c 21 b 22 a 23 d 24 c 25 a

Solutions 433 Chapter 9 Self-Assessment Questions Chapter 10 Question No. Answer 1b 2b 3a 4d 5a 6b 7a 8c 9d 10 b 11 a 12 c 13 a 14 a 15 a 16 c 17 a 18 a 19 d 20 d 21 b 22 a 23 b Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 1a 2c 3d 4b 5c 6a (Continued)

434 Solutions Chapter 11 Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 7b 8b 9d 10 b 11 c 12 d 13 c 14 b 15 d 16 a 17 c 18 b 19 b 20 d 21 d 22 a Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 1a 2b 3c 4a 5d 6a 7d 8d 9d 10 a 11 b 12 a 13 d 14 b 15 c 16 d 17 c

Solutions 435 Chapter 12 Self-Assessment Questions Question No. Answer 1a 2c 3d 4a 5a 6a 7b 8d 9c 10 d 11 a 12 a 13 b 14 d 15 b 16 a 17 a 18 c



Index Note: Page numbers in italic and bold refer to figures and tables respectively. abs() function 96 Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL) 7 absolute path, file 232 binary 45; left shift operator (<<) 45, 46; ones abstraction 307, 308 addition assignment operator (+=) 41 complement operator () 45; AND addition operator (+) 39 operator (&) 45; OR operator (|) 45; add() method 218 right shift operator (>>) 45; XOR aggregate functions 393, 400 operator (^) 45 all() function 155, 180 binary files 230; reading and writing 247–9 Altair 398–409 bit 45 “a+” mode, file 234 bitwise logical operators 46 “a” mode, file 234 bitwise operators 44–7, 45 Anaconda (Python distribution) 13–15 bitwise truth table 45 AND operator: binary (&) 45; logical (and) 43 Boolean 48; array indexing 364–7; logic truth any() function 155, 180 table 43 Apache License 29–30 breakpoints 416, 417 Apache Software Foundation 29 break statements 81–4 append() method 157 broadcasting, NumPy array 371–4 application development 5 BSD license 30 application software 2 bubble sort 160–1, 161 *args 110–12 built-in functions 95–6, 96; dict() 179; for arithmetic operators 39, 39–40 dictionaries 179–81, 180; iter() 342–3; array 348 list() 151–2; for list 155, 155–6; for string array, NumPy 359–60, 360; arithmetic 122, 122–3; super() 314; tuple() 204–5; for tuple 207–8, 208 operations on 367–8; attributes 361, bytes() class method 249 361–2; broadcasting in 371–4; creation functions 362–3; indexing/slicing/ C3 linearization algorithm 320–1 iterating operations 364–7; with calling function 100; objects as arguments in initial placeholder content 362–4; shape changing 369–70; stacking and 301–3 splitting 370–1; using array() function capitalize() method 132 360–1 capturing parentheses/group 272 arrow module 99 carriage return (CR or \\r) 244 as keyword 237 casefold() method 132 assembler 3 center() method 132 assembly language 3–4 chain comparison operation 130–1 assignment operators 37, 40–2, 41 character: encoding 142; reserved 349 associative memories/arrays 175 chart 399 associativity, operator 47–8 child class 311 attribute references 293 chr() function 56 attributes 355 class(es) 291, 307; attributes versus data axes (NumPy arrays) 359 attributes 306–7; creation in Python backslash (\\) character 141 291–2; instance of 294; local precedence bar chart 402 of 320; with multiple objects 297–306; base class 311, 311–12 OOP 289–91 clear() method 181, 218 client/server architecture 346, 346–7 437

438 Index close() method 235–6 debugging 415; blue marker during 419; cloud computing 11–12 breakpoints, placing 416, 417; debugger command line arguments 112–13 session 417–19; expressions, evaluating Comma Separated Values (CSV) files 251, 251–7; 422–3; inline 419, 419 characteristics 251–2 decision control flow statements 67; if 68; if… comments 50 elif…else 71–3; if…else 69–71; nested if community, Python 12 73–4 comparison operators 42, 42–3, 204, 332 compilation 3 default parameters 108–9 compiled regular expression objects 274 def keyword 99–100 compiler 3–4 del statement 169–70, 193 complex() function 56 derived class 311, 311–12; C3 linearization 320 complex numbers 48 deserializing, Python 349, 350 compound assignment operator 40 dict() function 179, 209 concat() function 395 dictionaries 175; built-in functions for 179–81, constructor method 294–7 containers 343 180; creation 175–7; defined 175; context management protocol 238 keys 176; key:value pairs, accessing/ context manager 238 modifying 178–9; methods 181, 181–93; continue statements 81–4 nested 192; populating with key:value control flow statements 67; break statements pairs 183–5; structure 233; traversing 185–6; versus tuple 209–10 81–4; continue statements 81–4; DictReader 253 decision 67; forms of 68; loop 67; dict type 177 sequential 67 DictWriter 253 control sequences 141 difference() method 218 conversion operations 332 directories 230 cooperative multiple inheritances 325 dir() function 98, 131, 156, 181, 210, 218 count() method 132, 157, 210 discard() method 218 Creative Commons licenses 31–2 division assignment operator (/=) 41 Crockford, Douglas 347 division operator (/) 39 cross compiler 4 divmod() function 96 CSV files see Comma Separated Values (CSV) Django 11 files .iloc[] method 387, 389 csv module 252 .loc[] method 387 csv.reader() method 252 duck-typing 328 csv.writer() method 252 dump() method 250, 353 current directory 232 dynamic language 58–9 data attributes 293; class attributes versus elements: NumPy arrays 359; XML 355 306–7 empty dictionary 177 empty list 150 database connectors 11 empty set 216 DataFrame, pandas 380; assign() method 386; empty strings 120 empty tuple 202 column selection/addition/deletion encapsulation 307–11, 308 382–4; concatenate, append and merge End-of-Line (EOL) character 231 392–7; creation 380–2; data, displaying endswith() method 132 384–6; data input and output 398; equal sign (=) 37 “group by” process 389–92; indexing “equal to” operator (==) 42 and data selection 386–9; missing data Escape Sequences 141–2 397–8 exception handling 84–5; try…except…finally data science 341 data types 48–9 statements 85–9 debugger 415 exponentiation assignment operator (**=) 41

Index 439 exponent operator (**) 39 sorted() 155, 180, 208; str() 55–6, 120; expressions, Python 36 sum() 155, 208; type() 58, 120; extend() method 157 user-defined 99; void 103–6; zip() 216 EXtensible Markup Language (XML) 346, Functional Programming (FP) 341; generators 343–4; iterators 342–3; lambda 355–8; versus JSON 359 function 341–2; languages 5; list Extensible Stylesheet Language comprehensions 344–6 Transformations (XSLT) 359 file(s): access modes 234; close() method 235–6; generators 343–4 defined 229; extension/suffix 229; get() method 181, 188 fully qualified path 232–3; handler 233, global variables 106–8 239; methods 239–40, 239–47; object glob module 282–3 attributes 239; paths 231–2; relative GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) 30–1 path 232–3; structure 233; types of “greater than” operator (>) 42 230–3; with statements 237 “greater than or equal to” operator (>=) 42 “group by” process 389–92 filename extension 229 grouped bar chart 404 find() method 132 Flask (web framework) 11 hash (#) symbol 50 float() function 55 heatmaps 408 floating point number 48 help() function 98 floor division assignment operator (//=) 41 hex() function 57 floor division operator (//) 39 high-level language 3; advantages 3–4; for loop 79–81 format() method 51–2 functional 5; imperative 4; logical 4–5; format specifiers 140 object-oriented 5 formatted strings see f-strings (formatted histogram 409 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 11, 346 strings) FP see Functional Programming (FP) identifiers 35–6 fromkeys() method 181 id() function 303 frozenset 221–2 if…elif…else statement 71–3 f-strings (formatted strings) 53–4, 138–40; if…else statement 69–71 if statement 68–9; see also nested if statement escape sequences 141–2; format immutable string 128 specifiers 140; raw string 142; unicodes imperative programming 4 142–3 import statement 97 fully qualified path, file 232–3 indentation 49, 49–50; in tuple 205–7 function(s) 51, 95; see also method(s); abs() 96; IndentationError 50 aggregate 393, 400; all() 155, 180; index 152, 205, 375 any() 155, 180; *args and **kwargs in indexing: array 364–7; in lists 152–3; pandas 110–12; built-in see built-in functions; call/calling 100; chr() 56; complex() 56; DataFrame 386–9; in string 123–4 concat() 395; definition 99–103; dir() index() method 157, 210 98, 131, 156, 181, 210, 218; divmod() 96; index number, string 123–4 float() 55; generator 343–4; header inheritance 311–12; inherited variables/methods, 100; help() 98; hex() 57; id() 303; input() 50–2; int() 54–5; isinstance() 303–4; accessing 312–14; MRO 320–8; multiple issubclass() 317; lambda 341–2; len() 317–19; super() function in 314–17 96, 122, 155, 180, 208; Magic Methods __init__() method 294 for 331–2; main() 101; max() 96; merge() inline debugging 419, 419 396; min() 96; np.array() 360–1; oct() inner merge operation, DataFrame 396, 397 57–8; open() 233–4, 239; ord() 57; input() function 50–2 pow() 96; print() 51–4; random() 98; insert() method 157 random.randint() 98; range() 79, 345; instance of class 294

440 Index instance variables 293, 309–11 “lesser than” operator (<) 42 instantiation 293 “lesser than or equal to” operator (<=) 42 integer indexing 364–7 linear search 162 integers 48 line chart 405 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) linefeed (LF or NL or \\n) 244 list 149; built-in functions for 155, 155–6; 12; PyCharm 12, 16–19 interpreter 4 comprehensions 344–6; creation intersection() method 218 149–50; indexing and slicing in 152–5; int() function 54–5 items modifying in 153–5; methods isalnum() method 132 156–69, 157; mutable 153; nested 167–9; isalpha() method 132 operations 151–2; populating with isdecimal() method 132 items 158–9; slicing of 154; traversing isdigit() method 132 of 159; versus tuple 208–9 isdisjoint() method 218 list() function 151–2 isidentifier() method 132 literals 49 isinstance() function 303–4 ljust() method 133 islower() method 132 load() method 250, 352 isnumeric() method 132 local precedence of classes 320 isspace() method 132 local variables 106–8 issubclass() function 317 logical AND operator (and) 43 issubset() method 218 logical NOT operator (not) 43 issuperset() method 218 logical operators 43, 43–4 istitle() method 133 logical OR operator (or) 43 isupper() method 133 logical paradigm 4–5 item 149, 153–5, 201 loop control flow statements 67; iteration of 75; items() method 181, 209 for loop 79–81; while loop 74–8 iterable 342 lower() method 133 iteration: in arrays 364–7; statements see loop lstrip() method 133 control flow statements machine code 2 iterators 342–3 machine language 2 iter() function 342–3 Machine Learning 10 Magic Methods 331–2, 331–2 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 346–53, 347; main() function 101 versus XML 359 match objects 274–84, 275 math module 97 join() method 127 Matplotlib 10 json module 349 max() function 96, 122 Jupyter 10; dashboard 25 merge() function 396 Jupyter Notebook 23–7; in edit mode 27; Python metacharacters see special characters method(s) 291; see also function(s); attributes code in 27; renaming 26; starting command to 24 293; bytes() class 249; close() 235–6; constructor 294–7; csv.reader() 252; KeyError 181 csv.writer() 252; dictionaries 181, 181–93; keys() method 181 .iloc[] 387, 389; .loc[] 387; dump() 250, key:value pairs 175, 176, 209; accessing/ 353; files 239–40, 239–47; format() 51–2; __init__() 294; join() 127; list 156–69, 157; modifying 178–9 load() 250, 352; Magic Methods 331–2; keyword arguments 52, 109–10 mro() 320; overriding 314; re.compile() keywords 36, 36 273–4; sets 218, 218–21; signature 314; **kwargs 110–12 split() 127–8, 159; str.format() 51–3, 139; string 131–8, 132–3; tuple 210, 210–15; lambda function 341–2 writerow() 253; writerows() 253 left merge operation, DataFrame 396, 396 left shift operator (<<) 45, 46 len() function 96, 122, 155, 180, 208

Index 441 Method Resolution Order (MRO) 320–8 operations: chain comparison 130–1; list 151–2; min() function 96, 122 string 120–3 MIT license 31 mnemonics 3 operator(s) 38–9; arithmetic 39, 39–40; modules 97–9 assignment 40–2, 41; associativity modulus operator (%) 39 47–8; bitwise 44–7, 45; comparison MRO (Method Resolution Order) 320–8 42, 42–3, 204; logical 43, 43–4; Magic mro() method 320 Methods for 331–2; precedence 47, multiline comment 50 47–8; subscript 123 multiple inheritance 317–19 multiplication assignment operator (*=) 41 Operator Overloading 331–5 multiplication operator (*) 39 OrderedDict 253 multi-way decision control statement 71 ord() function 57 ORM (Object Role Modeling) 11 name mangling 309–10 OR operator: binary (|) 45; logical (or) 43 native-code compiler 4 os module 257–61, 258, 259 Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) 10 os.path module 257–61, 258–9, 259 ndarray 359 outer merge operation, DataFrame 396, 397 negative indexing 124–5, 206 nested dictionaries 192 packing, tuple 211 nested function 107–8 pandas 10, 374; DataFrame 380–98; Series nested if statement 73–4; see also if statement nested list 167–9 375–80 NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) 10 parent class 311 none (data type) 49, 103 parent directory 233 “not equal to” operator (!=) 42 parentheses in REs 272–3 NOT operator (not), logical 43 parsing errors 84 np.array() function 360–1 pass statement 136 numbers (data types) 48 %-formatting 139 NumPy (Numerical Python) 10, 359–60; array pickle module 249–50 pickling 250 see array, NumPy; mathematical pip command 98, 399 functions in 368–9 polymorphism 328–31; Operator Overloading object(s) 293; as arguments 301–3; class 312; 331–5 creation in Python 293–4; in JSON 349; popitem() method 181 OOP 289–91; as return values 303–6 pop() method 157, 169, 181, 218 populating: dictionaries with key:value pairs object-oriented programming (OOP) 5, 289; classes 289–91; encapsulation 307–11; 183–5; list with items 158–9; tuple with inheritance see inheritance; method items 212–13 overriding in 314; objects 289–91; positional arguments 52 polymorphism 328–35 pow() function 96 precedence, operator 47, 47–8 Object Role Modeling (ORM) 11 print() function 51; f-strings 53–4; str.format() oct() function 57–8 method 51–3 ones complement operator () 45 private instance variables/methods 309–11 OOP see object-oriented programming (OOP) procedural programming 4 open() function 233–4, 239 program 1–2 open source software 27–8; Apache License programming languages 2; assembly language 3; high-level language 3–5; machine 29–30; BSD license 30; Creative language 2; ranking of 9 Commons licenses 31–2; GNU GPL programming paradigm 4 30–1; licenses 29–32; MIT license 31; programming software 2 purpose of 28–9 prompt statement 51 OpenStack 11–12 proprietary software 28 operands 38 PSF (Python Software Foundation) 1, 12 PTVS (Python Tools for Visual Studio) 12

442 Index PyCharm 12, 16–19, 415 repetition statements see loop control flow Python: for academia 9–10; Anaconda statements 13–15; classes creation in 291–2; replace() method 133 cloud computing 11–12; code in Requests HTTP library 11 Jupyter Notebook 27; comments 50; requests module 353–4 community 12; creating and running REs see regular expressions (REs) 19–23; data analysis 10; database reserved characters 349 connectors/ORM/NoSQL connectors return statement 103–6 11; data types 48–9; debugging in 415; reverse() method 157 defined 1, 8; distributions 12; duck-typing right merge operation, DataFrame 396, 397 in 328; as dynamic language 58; right shift operator (>>) 45 expressions 36; history of 7–8; HTTP rjust() method 133 library 11; IDE available 12; identifier “r+” mode, file 234 35–6; indentation 49, 49–50; input() “r” mode, file 234 function 50–1; JSON and XML 346–59; root directory 232 keywords 36, 36; logo 7; Machine r prefix for REs 272 Learning 10; versus Matlab 9; NLTK rstrip() method 133 10; objects creation in 293–4; operators run-time errors 85 see operator(s); print() function 51–4; PyCharm 12, 16–19; scientific tools 10; scatterplot 406 stack in industry 12–13; statements 36; scientific tools 10 see also statements, Python; statistics Scikit-Learn 10 11; as strongly typed language 58–9; SciPy library 10 thrust areas of 8–13; type conversions scope of variables 106–8 54–8; variables 37–8; versions 8; web SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) frameworks 11 Python 3.6 version 13, 53, 177 5, 5–6 Python Software Foundation (PSF) 1, 12 seek() method 240, 243–4 Python Tools for Visual Studio (PTVS) 12 separator 128 sequential control flow statements 67 random() function 98 serializing, Python 349, 350 random.randint() function 98 Series, pandas 375–80 range() function 79, 345 setdefault() method 181 Raspberry Pi 9–10 sets 216–17; methods 218, 218–21; traversing of “rb+” mode, file 234 “rb” mode, file 234 219–20 readline() method 239 simple assignment operator 40 readlines() method 239 single line comment 50 read() method 239, 240–1 \\b escape sequence 142 re.compile() method 273–4 \\n escape sequence 142 regexes/regex patterns 267 \\t escape sequence 142 regular expressions (REs): backreference in slicing: array 364–7; DataFrame 389; list 154; 272; compiling using compile() method string 124–7; in tuple 205–7 273–4; defined 267; with glob module software 1–2; development 5–6; open source 282–3; match objects 274–84, 275; methods 273–81; named groups in 27–32 282; parentheses in 272–3; pattern 267; Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) r prefix for 272; special characters in 267–73 5, 5–6 relative path, file 232–3 sorted() function 155, 180, 208 remainder assignment operator (%=) 41 sort() method 157 remove() method 157, 218 source program/code 3, 27 special characters 267–73 splitlines() method 133 split() method 127–8, 159 startswith() method 133

Index 443 statements, Python 36; break 81–4; continue 81–4; accessing/modifying 178–9; lambda control flow 67; decision control flow function 342; list creation 150; list 67; del 169–70, 193; if 68–9; if…elif…else item, accessing 152; list methods 157; 71–3; if…else 69–71; loop control flow list slicing 154; loads() method 352; for 67; nested if 73–4; pass 136; prompt 51; loop 79; merge() function 396; method return 103–6; sequential control flow attribute 293; mro() method 320; named 67; with 237 groups in REs 282; nested if statement 73; nested lists 167; open() function 233; Statsmodels 11 os module 258; os.path module 258–9; str.format() method 51–3, 139 random.randint() function 98; range() str() function 55–6, 120 function 79; return statement 103; set string 48–9, 119; built-in functions for 122, 122–3; methods 218; split() method 127–8; str() function 120; string characters comparison 122; concatenation 120–1; accessing 123; string methods 132–3; creating and storing 119–20; empty string slicing 124; super() function 314; 120; formatting 138–43; immutable 128; try…except…finally statement 86; tuple() index number, characters accessing by function 204; tuple item, accessing 205; 123–4; literal 48; methods 131–8, 132–3; tuple methods 210; tuples creation 201; operations 120–3; slicing and joining tuple slicing 206; type() function 58; 124–7; spliting 127–8; traversing 128–9 while loop 74; with statements 237; XML strongly typed language 58–9 document 355–6 structured programming 4 sys.argv 112 subclass 311 sys.modules 257 subscript operator 123 system software 2 substring 125 subtraction assignment operator (−=) 41 tags, XML 355 subtraction operator (–) 39 tell() method 240, 244 sum() function 155, 208 text data 233–9 superclass 311 text files 230–1; creating and opening 233–5 super() function 314–17, 325 TIOBE Programming Community Index 9 swapcase() method 133 title() method 133 Symbolic Programming Language 3 transpose of matrix 168 symmetric_difference() method 218 traversing: dictionaries 185–6; list 159; sets SymPy library 10 syntax: base class 312; bytes() class method 219–20; string 128–9; tuple 211 249; class instantiation 293; close() try…except…finally statements 85–9 function 235; compiled regular tuple: built-in functions for 207–8, 208; expression objects 274; concat() function 395; data attribute 293; comparison operators, use of 204; derived class 312; dict() function 179; creation 201–3; defined 201; versus dictionary creation 176; dictionary dictionaries 209–10; indexing and slicing methods 181; dump() method 353; 205–7; versus lists 208–9; methods 210, dumps() method 353; empty dictionary 210–15; operations 203–5; packing 177; empty list 150; empty tuple 202; 211; populating with items 212–13; errors 84; file methods 239–40; format() traversing 211; unpacking 104, 211 method 52; f-string formatting 140; tuple() function 204–5 function call/calling function 100; type conversion functions 54; chr() 56; complex() function definition 99; glob method 56; float() 55; hex() 57; int() 54–5; oct() 282; id() function 303; if…elif…else 57–8; ord() 57; str() 55–6 statement 71; if…else statement 70; type() function 58, 120 if statement 68; import statement 97; input() function 50; isinstance() unary operators 332 function 303–4; issubclass() function unicodes 142–3 317; join() method 127; key:value pairs, Unicode Standard 142–3

444 Index Unicode Transformation Formats 143 while loop 74–8 union() method 218 Windows 10 OS: Anaconda installation in unpacking, tuple 211 unpickling 250 13–15; PyCharm installation in update() method 181, 183, 218 16 –19 upper() method 133 with statements 237–9 urllib.request 11 “w+” mode, file 234 user-defined functions 99 “w” mode, file 234 writelines() method 240 value 36 write() method 239, 242–3 ValueError exception 87 writerow() method 253 values() method 181 writerows() method 253 van Rossum, Guido 7, 7 variables, OOP 290–1 XML see EXtensible Markup Language (XML) variables, Python 37; legal variable names 37; “x” mode, file 234 XOR operator (^) 45 scope and lifetime 106–8; values to, XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language assigning 37–8 Vega-Lite 398; online editor 403 Transformations) 359 void function 103–6 The Zen of Python 8 “wb” mode, file 234 ZeroDivisionError exception 87–8 web frameworks 11 zfill() method 133 zip() function 216