Social Studies - 9

सामािजक अ यन तथा जनसङ् ा  िश ा क ा८                 नेपाल सरकार   िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय पा म िवकास के     सानोिठिम, भ पुर     

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jm| = ;= zLif{s k[i7 ;ªV\\ of PsfO ^ M xfdf| ] ljut (^ kf7 ! g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf (* !)) kf7 @ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f !)@ !)$ kf7 # PsLs/0fsf] lg/Gt/tf / cGTo !)^ !)* kf7 $ ;u' fn} L ;lGwkl5sf] /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d !!) !!@ kf7 % /f0ff sfnLg /fhgLlts ljm| ofsnfk !!$ kf7 ^ /f0ff sfnLg cfly{s / ;fdflhs sfox{ ¿ !!^ !!* kf7 & @))& ;fnkl5sf] kd| 'v /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d / pknlAw !@) !@@ kf7 * lu;| / /fd] sf] ;Eotf !@$ !@^ kf7 ( k'ghf{u/0f !@* !#) k'g/jnf]sg cEof; !#@ PsfO & M xfd|f] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk !#$ !#^ kf7 ! ko{6g pBf]u !#* kf7 @ jb} ]lzs Jofkf/ !$) kf7 # d'b|f !$@ kf7 $ a}ªs\\ kf7 % j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwf{/0f / dN\" o jl[ 4 kf7 ^ kh'“ L lgdf0{ f / ;xsfl/tf kf7 & gk] fndf /fh] uf/Lsf] cj:yf kg' /jnfs] g cEof; PsfO * M xfdf| ] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xofu] kf7 ! xfdf| ldq /fi6x« ¿ kf7 @ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3 / o;sf cªu\\ x¿ kf7 # ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 / gk] fn kf7 $ s\"6gLlts lgofu] kf7 % cGt/f{li6o« Ifq] df gk] fnsf] ofu] bfg k'g/jnf]sg cEof;

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PsfO M ! xfdL, xfd|f] ;db' fo / /fi6« l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\\ M k|bz] / ;ª3\\ Lo /fHosf] cjwf/0ff JoSt ug{ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff atfO{ ljsf;sf k\"jfw{ f/x¿sf ¿kdf /x]sf vfg] kfgL, pmhf{ tyf hgzlStsf] kl/ro, dxŒj / ljsf;sf] cj:yf j0f{g ug{ xfd|f] bz] df ePsf kd| v' ljsf; sfo{x¿sf] vfh] L u/L ljsf;sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf kQf nufpg ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 1

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kf7 M @ ;8\\3Lo /fHo / kb| ]z cfh sIffdf ;8\\3Lo /fHo / k|b]zsf af/]df ePsf] 5nkmnsf s]xL c+z tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{ M gk] fndf kb| z] sf] cjwf/0ff s;/L cfPsf] xf], ;/ < lzIfs M b]znfO{ :yfgLo :t/af6} ;Ifd, cfTdlge/{ agfO{ ;dfgk' flts, Gofofl] rt / ;Gt'lnt 9ª\\uaf6 ljsf;nufotsf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ kb| ]zsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . o;}cg'¿k g]kfnnfO{ ;ª3\\ Lo 9f“rfcg';f/ ;ft kb| z] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{ M ;/, k|b]zsf af/]df t hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] . k|fb]lzs If]qsf] dxŒjsf af/d] f sx] L atfOlbg'x'G5 ls < lzIfs M /fd|f] lh1f;f /fVof} . k|fb]lzs Ifq] sf] dxŒjnfO{ ab'“ fut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ eGg ;lsG5 M b]zsf ;a} :yfgdf ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug{' kf| bl] zs ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{ P]ltxfl;s, eflifs tyf ;f:+ s[lts w/fx] /x?sf] klxrfg, ;/+ If0f / k|j4g{ ug'{ ;z' f;g sfod u/L hgd}qL zf;g Joj:yf sfod ug'{ . ljBfyL{ M lxhf]cfh kqklqsf, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgdf ;ª\\3Lotfsf af/]df ljleGg s'/fx¿ ;'lgG5 . cfh xfdLnfO{ ;ª3\\ Lotf eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] ljifodf k|:6 kfl/lbgx' f];\\ g, ;/ . lzIfs M ;ª\\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf l;ª\\uf] Ps /fi6«nfO{ ljleGg k|b]z jf /fHodf ljefhg ul/Psf] xG' 5 . /fHodf sG] bL| o jf ;ª3\\ Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf ;/sf/ xG' 5g\\ . sG] bd| f ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/ / x/s] k|b]zdf kb| ]z ;/sf/ xG' 5 . o:tf] zf;g Joj:yfdf sG] b| / kb| ]z b'j} txdf ;dfgfGt/ lzIf0f ;´' fj M g]kfndf Ifq] Lo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] dfq ljsf;sf] kmn b]zsf s'gf s'gfsf hgtf;Dd kU' g g;ss] f] ug' f;f] 5 . To;}n] ;ª\\3Lotfsf] sfofG{ jogdf 5 . afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ ;ª\\3Lotfsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff hfgsf/L u/fpg JofVofeGbf k|ofu] fTds lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 4 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

¿kdf sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksf klg /xG5g\\ . tL b'O{ txlar clwsf/ / lhDdj] f/Lsf] af8“ kmf8“ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . :yfgLo txdf ljsf; lgdf0{ fnufotsf sfd ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljBfyL{ M ;/ sG] b|, kb| ]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/n] s] s] sfd u5g{ \\ < lzIfs M ltdLn] l7s eGof} . ;ª\\3 / kb| ]zsf] xs / bfloTj bz] sf] ;l+ jwfgdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd af“8kmf“8 x'g] u5{ . ;Ldf ;'/Iff, jb} ]lzs dfldnf, ;]gf kl/rfng, /fli6o« cyg{ Llt lgdf0{ f / sfofG{ jog h:tf sfo{ ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf x'G5 . cfÇgf] kb| ]zleqsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg], b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ kb| z] cfkmn}“ ] u5{ . ljsf; gLltx¿ agfpg,] sfofG{ jog ug{] / kf| sl[ ts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ko| fu] ug]{ clwsf/ klg k|bz] nfO{ g} xG' 5 . :yfgLo txdf cfjZostf adf]lhd gLlt thd'{ f u/L sfof{Gjog xG' 5 . xfdf| ] bz] df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;83\\ Lo zf;g k0| ffnL nfu' ePsf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿ sDtLdf rf/ ;dx\" df ljefhg xfp] m . k|To]s ;d\"xaf6 Ps hgf ;d\"x g]tf, pkg]tf / ;b:o 5fg . ;d\"xsf] gfd klg /fv . ;d\"xsf] cfkm\\ g} lgod agfpm / lhDdj] f/L klg tfs] . sIff dlg6/, ;xfos dlg6/ / tLg hgf ;xof]uL klg 5fgL lhDdj] f/L tfs] / sIffsf] lgod agfpm . sIffnfO{ b]z / sIffsf ;d\"xx¿ kb| z] eP dlg6/sf] ;ldltnfO{ sG] b|Lo ;/sf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . @= ljZjdf ;ª\\3fTds zf;g k0| ffnL ePsf bz] x¿ ljleGg ;f| t] af6 vfh] L tLgLx¿sf] cjl:ylt P6n;df kQf nufpm . cEof; != ;ª3\\ Lotf egs] f] s] xf] < 5 @= ;ª\\3Lo /fHosf] dxŒjaf/] 5nkmn u/L nv] . #= ;ª\\3Lo /fHosf :j¿kx¿ pNnv] u/ . $= ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/ / k|fbl] zs ;/sf/sf tLg tLg cf6] f sfo{x¿ n]v . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

kf7 M # vfg] kfgL ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿dWo] vfg] kfgL klg Ps xf] . vfg] kfgL dfgj hLjgsf nflu clt cfjZos 5 . ljZjsf k|frLg ;Eotfx¿nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] kfgLsf] kof{Kt ;|f]t ePsf 7fp“df g} dfgj j:tL s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . hn;|f]tdf ;DkGg bz] x¿df af| lhnkl5 g]kfn k5{ . t/ oxf“sf clwsf+z u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qsf hgtfx¿n] :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] cefj Joxf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf h'g cg'kftdf hg;ª\\Vof j'l4, ;x/Ls/0f / cf}Bfl] usLs/0f eO/xs] f] 5, ;f] cgk' ftdf :jR5 vfg] kfgLsf] cfk\"lt{ x'g ;s]sf] 5g} . ;fdfGotof dfgj z/L/df b'O{ ltxfO efu kfgLsf] dfqf x'g] u5{ . kfgLaf6 z/L/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nj0fnufot ljleGg tŒjx¿ kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . vfg] kfgLsf cltl/St b}lgs 3/fo;L k|ofh] gsf nflu klg kfgL cfjZos k5{ . b'lift vfg] kfgLn] x}hf, cfp“, ´f8fkvnf, 6fOkmfO8, hlG8; h:tf ;ªj\\ |mfds /f]ux¿ nfUg ;S5g\\ . To;af6 b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ :j:y hgzlSt pTkfbgdf ;d]t afwf x'G5 . o:tf /f]ux¿sf] /f]syfd tyf lg/fs/0fsf nflu gful/s / /fi6«n] 7n' f] /sd vr{ ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . olb :jR5 vfg] kfgL pknAw x'g ;s]df o;sf nflu vr{ xg' ] 7n' f] wg /flz hfl] uG5 . g]kfnsf sltko :yfgdf vfg] kfgL lngsf nflu 6f9f 6f9f;Dd wfpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . olb pgLx¿nfO{ :jR5 kfgL 3/ 3/d} pknAw u/fpg ;lsPdf ;do / >dsf] art x'G5 . pgLx¿n] pSt ;do / >dnfO{ cGo sfddf pkof]u u/]/ kmfObf lng ;S5g\\ . ;x/L If]qdf of] ;d:of c´} hl6n 5 . oxf“ kofK{ t wf/f gxg' ', ePsf wf/fdf kfgL gcfpg', kfgL cfP klg kof{Kt / :jR5 kfgL gcfpg' h:tf ;d:of 5g\\ . t/fO{ If]qsf hgtfx¿ vfg] kfgLsf nflu e\"ldut hn;|ft] df e/ kg{k' g{] cj:yf 5 . sltko el\" dut hn;|ft] af6 pknAw xg' ] kfgLdf cf;{]lgs eGg] ljiffSt /f;folgs tŒj kfOPsf] 5 . t/fO{ Ifq] df cf;{l] gs kfOg] vfg] kfgLsf] wf/f jf 6o\\ a' n] df /ftf] /ªsf] ljzi] f lrxg\\ nufOG5 . o:tf] wf/fsf] kfgL vfg x'“b}g . To:t} /fli6o« hn of]hgfn] ;g\\ @)!% ;Dd ;tkl| tzt hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ cfwf/et\" :t/sf] vfg] kfgL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . lzIf0f ;'´fj M vfg] kfgLsf] ldtJooL k|of]u / ;|f]tx¿sf ;DaGwdf If]q ed| 0f, e\"ldsf clego / rt] gfdn\" s sfo{df ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 6 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

ljm| ofsnfk != ltd|f] ;d'bfodf vfg] kfgLsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg u/L pSt ;|f]taf6 kf| Kt kfgL vfg ofU] o 5 ls 5}g, kQf nufpm . kfgL vfg of]Uo gePsf cj:yfdf vfg of]Uo agfpg] tl/sf lrq jf k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfkåf/f sIffdf k|:t't u/ . @= ltdf| ] 3/df k|of]u x'g] kfgLsf] ;f| ]tsf] lrq agfpm / sIffdf kb| z{g u/ . #= ltdf| ] ljBfno jf glhssf] vfg] kfgLsf] wf/f j/k/ ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfoj{ |md agfpm / z'j|maf/sf lbg ;/;kmfO u/ . o; sfo{nfO{ dlxgfsf] Ps k6s lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;~rfng u/ . $= tn lbOPsf] vfg] kfgL sfofn{ osf] cg/' fw] k9L vfg] kfgLsf] ;bk' ofu] ug{ s] s] ugk{' 5,{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L k:| tt' u/ . vfg] kfgL sfof{nosf] cg/' f]w tkfO{n+ ] art u/]sf] Ps lunf; kfgLn] s;}sf] hLjg af“Rg ;S5 . To;n} ] lgDglnlvt s/' fdf Wofg lbcf}“ M wf/f ko| f]u ul/;sk] l5 aGb ug{] afgL a;fnf“} . wf/f vn' f /fv]/ cGo sfd gu/f}“ . wf/fdf 6'6L /fVg] u/f}“ . vfg] kfgLnfO{ l;r“ fOdf ko| fu] gu/f“} . nu' f wg' / ;/;kmfOdf cfsf;] kfgLsf] ko| fu] u/f“} . kfgLnfO{ l;w} gvfcf“} . 5fg/] , cfi} fwL /fv/] , ;fl] 8; u//] jf pdfn/] dfq vfg] afgL a;fnf“} . kfgL dfq :jR5 eP/ xb'“ }g . kfgL /fVg] ef8“ f, kfgL yfKg] :yfg / kfgL lkpg] ef8“ f Pjd\\ xft kmfx] f]/ ePdf kfgL b'lift eP/ /f]u nfUg ;S5 . kfgLsf] d'xfg j/k/ kmf]xf]/ gu/f}“ . ckfª\\utf ePsf JolSt / afn aflnsfnfO{ ;xh x'g] :yfg / prfOdf wf/f /fvf“} . cEof; != dfgj hLjgdf vfg] kfgLsf] dxŒj a'“bfut ¿kdf n]v . @= gk] fndf vfg] kfgLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] 5, rrf{ u/ . #= ltdf| ] 3/df wf/fdf kfgL gcfPsf] xg' fn] kfgLsf] nfOg ddt{ ul/lbg vfg] kfgL ;ldlt jf ;:+ yfgnfO{ cg/' fw] ub}{ Ps kq n]v . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 7

kf7 M $ pmhf{ aQL afNg, vfgf agfpg, pks/0fx¿ rnfpg / snsf/ vfgf rnfpg zlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . cfuf], afNg, lx6/ afNg / d]l;g 3'dfpg zlStsf ¿kdf xfdL pmhfs{ f] ko| fu] ul//x]sf xG' 5f“} . o:tf] pmhf{ hn ljBt' \\, hg] /]6/, ;f}o{ zlSt, afof]Uof;, bfp/f, sfO] nf, kf| s[lts Uof;, kfgL 36\\6, jfo' zlSt, Aof6L« h:tf ;|ft] x¿af6 kf| Kt x'G5 . To:t} cf0fljs e6\\6L, k]6«f] lnod kbfy{, h}ljs / kmfx] f/] hGo kbfy{ cflbaf6 klg pmhf{ kf| Kt xG' 5 . xfd|f] b}lgs lj|mofsnfksf nflu pmhf{n] dxŒjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf vn] s] f] xG' 5 . 3/fo;L pkofu] , sfofn{ o ;~rfng ug,{ c:ktfndf ljleGg pks/0f rnfpg, cf}b\\of]lus k|of]hgsf nflu ;d]t pmhf{sf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;sf/0f pmhf{ dfgj hLjgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] cfjZostf ags] f] 5 . ljsl;t bz] df pmhf{sf] vkt a9L x'G5 . To;}n] pmhf{ ljsf; dflg;sf] ;v' , ;j+ l[ 4 / cfly{s ljsf;;u“ ;DalGwt 5 . gk] fndf pmhf{ pTkfbgsf kz| :t ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\\ . le/fnf] ;txaf6 c66' ¿kdf aUg] gbLx¿ k|z:t ePsfn] gk] fndf *# xhf/ du] fjf6 hn ljB't\\ pTkfbg xg' ;Sg] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo] sl/a $# xhf/ du] fjf6 hn ljBt' \\ pTkfbg ug{ cflys{ tyf k|fljlws bl[ i6sf0] faf6 ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ xfn;Dd Ps xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't\\ klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . g] kfndf xfn;Dd pTkflbt hnljBt' \\ ljzi] f u/L ;x/L If]qdf a9L pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . uf| dL0f Pjd\\ b'ud{ If]qx¿df e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] kxr'“ k'Ug ;ls/xs] f] 5}g . ljm| ofsnfk != ltd|f] 3/df s] s] sfo{sf lglDt pmhfs{ f] k|of]u ul/G5, ;r\" L agfpm . @= tn afs;df lbOPsf] gful/sn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿ k9L c¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpm . oL a“'bfx¿dWo] /fd|f] nfus] f] a'“bf 7n' f cIf/df n]vL ;fjh{ lgs :yndf 6f“; . lzIf0f ;'´fj M o; kf7df ;db' fodf ;~rflnt gjLs/0fLo js} lNks pmhf{ k|ljlw, n3' hn ljb\\o't kl/ofh] gf h:tf :yfgx¿sf] ed| 0f u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 8 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

lhDdj] f/ gful/sn] lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 M 3/df sd ljB't\\ pkof]u ug]{ pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ ljB't\\ sd rflxg] l;PkmPn lrd jf ln8 aQLsf] k|ofu] ug]{ sf]7fdf ;t] f] jf kx“n] f] /ªsf] ko| fu] ug]{ ;w' fl/Psf] rn' f] ko| fu] ug]{ Uof; k|ofu] ubf{ ‰ofn vfN] g] / ko| f]u ul/;s]kl5 /u] 'n]6/ aGb ug{] uO' “7f afNge' Gbf ufa] / Uof;sf] k|of]u ug]{ #= Ps If0f ;f]r t M -s_ ljB't\\ geP s] xfn] f < -v_ clxn] ev/{ } ljZjdf k6] «fn] ;lsof] eGg] ;dfrf/ k;| fl/t eof] eg] s] xf]nf < -u_ olb k]6«fl] nod kbfy{ -k]6f« ]n, l8h]n, xjfO{ OGwg, dl6t]n, vfgf ksfpg] Uof;_ ;lsof] eg] s:tf] cj:Yff xfn] f < $= g]kfn hn;f| t] sf] wgL d'ns' xf] . o;af6 hn ljBt' \\ pTkfbg u//] ljbz] df lgsf;L ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn lah'nL a]r]/ ljZjsf wgL / ljsl;t d'n'ssf] nx/df pleg ;S5 . o;sf lgldQ s;n] s] ug'{knf{, cfÇgf] ljrf/ b]pm . cEof; != pmhf{sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ;|f]tx¿ pNn]v u/ . @= pmhf{sf] dxŒj a“'bfut ¿kdf nv] . #= gk] fndf pmhf{ ;ªs\\ 6 pTkGg x'g glbg] kfr“ cf6] f pkfo n]v . $= tnsf] afs;sf s/' fx¿ cWoog u/L gjLs/0fLo pmhfs{ f] dxŒj emNsfpg] rf6s{ f] gdg' f tof/ u/ . s] tkfO{+ nf]8;l] 8ªsf] ;d:of ef]lu/xg'ePsf] 5 < lrGtf glngx' f;] \\ . ca tkfO+s{ f] 3/df slxNo} aQL lgEg] 5}g . ;fn] f/ Kofgnn] tkfOn+{ fO{ slxNo} klg g;lsg] ;f}o{ pmhf{ pknAw u/fO/xG5 . lsGbf dxu“ f] nfUg] t/ dlxg} lkR5] k;} f ltl//xg' gkg{] xG' 5 . lgMzN' s kf| Kt xg' ] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkef] u a9fpgt] km{ cu;| / x'g'xf;] \\ . tkfO{s+ f] cfjZostfcg';f/sf] Ifdtfdf kfpg' x'g] 5 . o;af6 aQL afNg, /]l8of] ;G' g, df]afOn kmf]g rfh{ ug{, sDKo6' / rnfpg / l6eL x]g;{ d]t ;lsg] x'G5 . s] tkfO+{ cToGt jfo' rNg] :yfgdf a:gx' G' 5 <xfdL;“u csf]{ ljsNk klg 5 . l;Qd} f v]/ uO/x] sf] xfjfnfO{ pmhf{df abNg ;lsG5 . lgMz'Ns kf| Kt xg' ] pmhfs{ f] pkefu] a9fpg ;lsG5 . xfdL jfo'af6 lahn' L lgsfNg] pks/0f h8fg ul/lbg] 5f“} . ca nf]8;l] 8ªsf] lrGtf 5f8f}“ . j}slNks pmhf{ /fh] f}“ . js} lNks pmhf{ ljsf; sfoj{ m| d ;fdb' flos sfo{ ltdf| ] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno jf ;db' fodf ko| f]u ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf pmhf{x¿sf] gfd ;ª\\ sng u/L sg' sg' sfos{ f nflu tLgsf] ko| fu] ul/Psf] 5, n]v . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 9

kf7 M % hgzlSt dflg;, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo jf b]zsf] ;du| kIfdf x'g] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ ljsf; elgG5 . of] bL3s{ fn;Dd lg/Gt/ rln/xg] kl| j|mof xf] . oxL ljsf;s} kl/0ffd :j¿k lxhf]sf xfdf| kv' f{x¿sf] hLjg :t/eGbf cfh xfd|f] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ljsf; gePsf] eP xfdL / xfd|f k'vf{x¿sf] hLjg k4lt cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfpg] lyPg . b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ Pp6f dxŒjk0\" f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . lzIff, 1fg, l;k / cg'ej k|fKt, zf/Ll/s ¿kdf :j:y / dfgl;s ¿kdf ;rt] Pjd\\ ljj]szLn ;lj|mo hg;ª\\VofnfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg elgG5 . dfgj ;fwgnfO{ hgzlSt, >dzlSt cyjf dfgj k“'hL klg eGg] ul/G5 . dfgj ;;+ fwgnfO{ cbIf, cw{bIf / bIf u/L tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . bz] ljsf;sf nflu ;a} ks| f/sf hgzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . hgzlSt cfkm“} b]z ljsf;sf nflu kofK{ t eg] xf]Og . o;sf nflu bz] df cGo ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ klg pknAw xg' k' 5{ . ljleGg lsl;dsf hgzlStsf] kl/rfngaf6 b] zdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] ;d'lrt ;bk' of]u xg' hfG5 . b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ;a} If]qsf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; x'g'k5{ . :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\\;]ljsf, uf| dL0f :jf:Yo sfo{stf{, dft[lzz' sfos{ tf{, :jf:Yo ;xfossf] cfjZostf k5{ . To:t} kl/rfl/sf -g;_{ , Nofa Pl;:6G] 6, j}B, slj/fh, 8fS6/, kmdf{sf]nf]lh:6, k|zf;s cflbsf] cfjZostf k5{ . lzIf0f ;´' fj M o; kf7df hgzlSt;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg lrq, rf6{sf] ko| fu] u/L cbIf, cw{bIf / bIf hgzlStsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\\ . 10 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf;sf nflu s[ifs, h]= 6L= P=, h=] 6L=, s[lif dhb'/ cflbsf] cfjZostf k5{ . s[ifsnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf gk] fndf /fdf| ] ;Defjgf ePsf] dT:o kfng Joj;fo km:6fpg ;S5 . To:t} kmnkm' n v]tL, t/sf/L vt] L, kz'kIfL kfng, k'ik Joj;fo cflb ;kmntfkj\" s{ ;~rfng x'g ;S5 . :jf:Yo, sl[ if, lzIff, ko{6g, lgdf0{ f pBf]u, oftfoft, ;~rf/ h:tf If]qsf] ljsf;sf] klg k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf nflu log} If]q;“u ;DalGwt hgzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . t/ l;koS' t hgzlStsf] cefjn] ubf{ oL If]qsf] ljsf;df xfdL kl5 k/s] f 5f}“ . cy{tGqsf If]qx¿dWo] sl[ if, Jofkf/, lghfdtL ;j] fnufotsf If]qdf hgzlStsf] kof{KQtf eP klg cf}ifwL lj1fg, OlGhlgol/ª, ;~rf/nufotsf If]qdf hgzlSt Go\"g 5 . oL Ifq] df cfjZos hgzlStsf] cefjn] ljsf;sf lj|mofsnfk ;r' f? ¿kn] ;~rfng xg' ;s]sf 5}gg\\ . ;dfhdf sfd ;fgf] jf 7'nf] eGg] e]befj sfod /x]df a/] f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of a9\\b} hfG5 . ;dfhdf ;a} lsl;dsf sfd / hgzlStsf] ;dfg dxŒj 5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . sg' } Ps lsl;dsf] hgzlStsf] cefjn] klg xfd|f] hLjg sl7g xg' hfG5 / bz] sf] ljsf;df afwf pTkGg xg' hfG5 . ;a} hgtfn] cfÇgf] 1fg / l;k ko| f]u u/]/ l;hg{ zLn, bIf / OdfGbf/Lk\"j{s sfd u/d] f dfq bz] sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . bIf hgzlStsf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIff tyf tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ . lzIff / tflndn] JolStnfO{ l;hg{ zLn, pQ/bfoL, ;xofu] L, :jfjnDaL / ljjs] zLn agfp“5 . gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] b/ a9fpg lj1fg / kl| jlwsf Ifq] df l;koS' t l;h{gzLn Pjd\\ of] Uo hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'k{ g{] bl] vG5 . /fHon] x/]s If]qsf] ljsf;sf gLlt / /0fgLlt tyf ofh] gfsf] lgdf{0f / k|efjsf/L sfofG{ jgsf nflu cfÇg} b]zsf] dfgj ;|f]tdfly e/ kg{'k5{ . lj|mofsnfk != ltd|f] ;db' fodf s'g s'g lsl;dsf hgzlSt 5g,\\ tLgsf] ;\"rL agfpm . @= ltdL eljiodf bz] ljsf;sf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] hgzlSt aGg rfxG5f,} sf/0f bp] m cEof; != bz] sf] ljsf;df hgzlStsf] e\"ldsfaf/] JofVof u/ . @= gk] fndf cflys{ / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ s] s:tf ko| f;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ < #= bIf hgzlSt / cbIf hgzlStdf s] leGgtf x'G5, pNn]v u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 11

kf7 M ^ gk] fndf ljsf; cfofh] gf g]kfndf ;8s, vfg] kfgL, ;~rf/, ljB't\\, ;/;kmfO, lzIff, :jf:Yo;u“ ;DalGwt cfofh] gfx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\\ . tLdWo] sltko ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\\ eg] sltko ;~rfng xg' ] tof/Ldf 5g\\ . o:tf cfofh] gfsf sx] L pbfx/0f o; ks| f/ 5g\\ M klZrd g]kfndf u|fdL0f vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf M klZrd gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f If]qdf vfg] kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf ;w' f/sf nflu lkmgNofG8 ;/sf/sf] ;xofu] df gk] fn ;/sf/n] klZrdf~rnsf wjnflul/, u08sL, nl' DagL / dWo klZrdf~rnsf] /fKtL c~rndf of] cfofh] gf ;~rfng u/s] f] lyof] . ljBfno Ifq] ;'wf/ sfoj{ m| d M gk] fn ;/sf/n] && cf6] } lhNnfdf of] sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u/s] f] 5 . o;n] ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffdf kx'r“ lj:tf/ ug{] / z} lIfs ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L z}lIfs u0' f:t/ clej'l4 ug{] h:tf pBZ] ox¿ lnPsf] 5 . o; sfo{jm| dnfO{ ljleGg bft[ lgsfosf] klg ;xof]u k|fKt 5 . o;cGtu{t ljBfnosf] ef}lts kj\" f{wf/ ljsf;, afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, kf7\\ojm| d, lzIfs tflnd, k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;w' f/ h:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\\ . w'lnv]n–l;Gw'nL–alb{af; ;8s cfof]hgf M ldq /fi6« hfkfgsf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf w'lnv]n–l;Gw'nL–jlb{af; ;8s cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\\ !((^ sf] gfe] D] a/bl] v ;8s lgdf0{ f sfo{ ;?' u/s] f] o; cfofh] gfsf] dV' o pBZ] o kj\" L{ t/fOs{ f lhNnfx¿nfO{ ;8sdfkmt{ \\ /fhwfgL sf7df8f;“} u“ hf8] g\\ ' /xs] f] 5 . o; dfun{ ] To; Ifq] sf hgtfsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ kl/jtg{ Nofpg] ljZjf;;dt] ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;8ssf] nDafO !%* lsld xg' ] cgd' fg 5 . o;nfO{ sf7df8f“} hf8] \\g] j}slNks dfu{sf ¿kdf ;dt] lnOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf && cf6] } lhNnfdf ljBt' \\ nfOg k'Uof] g]kfnsf && lhNnfdWo] du' ' lhNnf ljBt' \\af6 jl~rt lyof] . ljs6 efu} fl] ns cj:yf / oftfoftsf] c;l' jwfsf sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd klg Toxf“ ljBt' \\ ljt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg . oxf“ lj= ;=+ @)%* df lgdf0{ f ;?' ePsf] cuduf9 vf]nf ljB't\\ cfof]hgf cw'/f] cj:yfdf 5fl8Psf] lyof] . gk] fn ljB't\\ k|flws/0fn] o; cfof]hgfnfO{ cfk\\mg} ko| f;df ;DkGg u/]kl5 Toxf“ lahn' L k'u]sf] xf] . g]kfndf lj= ;=+ !(^* df ;j{k|yd ljB't\\ pTkfbg ;'? ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] !)) jif{ k'us] } jif{ gk] fndf ;a} lhNnfdf ljB't\\ ku' ]sf] 5 . lzIf0f ;´' fj M gk] fndf ;~rflnt ljleGg ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿sf af/d] f kq klqsfx¿df k|sflzt ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\\ ng ug{ nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\\ . 12 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk != gk] fndf ;~rflnt ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;dfrf/sf gdg' fx¿ agfpm / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . @= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf klg ljsf; cfofh] gfx¿ ;~rfng ePsf xf]nfg\\ . oL cfof]hgfx¿sf af/]df cfkm\\ gf cleefjs jf 5/l5d]ssf hfgsf/ JolSt;“u ;f]w . pSt ljsf;sf sfo{ s;/L, s;n,] slxn] / s] u/s] f /x]5g\\ eGg] ;DaGwdf kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;'gfpm . #= ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 xfdLx¿nfO{ s] s:tf kmfObf k'Ug] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn . $= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf s] s:tf ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ cfjZos xf]nfg\\ < cEof; != klZrd g]kfndf u|fdL0f vfg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] dV' o sfd pNn] v u/ . @= ljBfno Ifq] ;'wf/ sfoj{ |mdn] s] s:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 < #= w'lnvn] –l;Gwn' L–abLa{ f; ;8s cfofh] gfsf] dV' o p2Z] o s] xf] < ;fdb' flos sfo{ ;dx\" df ljefhg eO{ cfkm\\ gf] ;db' fodf ;~rflnt sg' } ljsf; sfo{ jf kl/ofh] gf :ynsf] cWoog ed| 0f u/ . ed| 0fsf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf kb| zg{ u/ . e|d0f ug{ g;lsPdf :yfgLo :t/df sfd ug]{ u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf jf ;dfh;j] LnfO{ e]6 . ;db' fodf ;~rflnt ufpk“ flnsf jf u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfsf ljm| ofsnfk / To;n] hgtfnfO{ ePsf] kmfObfsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 13

k'g/jnfs] g cEof; != tn lbOPsf] tflnsfaf6 vfg] kfgLsf] lqjifL{o kl/df0ffTds nIo cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm b]pm M jm| = ;= ljj/0f jtd{ fg l:ylt lqjifL{o nIo *) *% != cfwf/e\"t vfg] kfgL ;]jf !)=% !% sn' nfeflGjt hg;ªV\\ of -kl| tztdf_ @= dWo÷pRr :t/sf] vfg] kfgL ;j] f s'n nfeflGjt hg;ª\\Vof -k|ltzt_ -s_ cfwf/e\"t vfg] kfgL ;]jf *) k|ltztaf6 *% k|ltzt k¥' ofpg s] s:tf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug{ pko'St x'G5 < -v_ pRr :t/sf] vfg] kfgL ;j] f tLg jifd{ f nIodf kU' g ;Dej 5 jf 5g} , cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ k|:tt' u/ . @= P6n;, ;Gbe{ ;fduL| x¿ / kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf e/ M ljsf; If]q Jofkfl/s ko6{ sLo kl| ;b\\w s'/f vlgh sl[ ifpTkfbg s]Gb | :yn #= tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M -s_ js} lNks pmhfs{ f] dxŒj ;DaGwdf ;j+ fb tof/ u/ . -v_ ‘:jR5 vfg] kfgL :jR5 hLjg’ zLif{sdf uLt jf sljtf nv] L sIffdf k:| t't u/ . -u_ bIf hgzlStsf] dxŒj pNnv] u/ . 14 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M @ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d\"No / dfGotf l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf cGTodf laBfyL{x¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\\ M gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs tyf wflds{ k/Dk/f / kr| ngx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xefuL xg' ljljwtfdf Pstfsf ¿kdf gk] fnsf] kl/ro lbO{ ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj / ;lxi0ft' f sfod /fVg gk] fnsf /fli6o« ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;/+ If0f sfo{df ;xofu] ug{ ljleGg cGt/fl{ i6o« JolStTjx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ;Ddfg ug{ / pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 k/]| 0ff lng ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 15

kf7 M ! g]kfnsf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / k|rng sIffdf k|jrg sfoj{ m| d rNb} 5 . gk] fnL ;d'bfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf ljleGg k/Dk/f / kr| ngsf ;DaGwdf jStfx¿ kfnk} fnf] afl] n/xs] f 5g\\ . 1fgL dxhg{ M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo,\" gj] f/ ;d'bfodf kr| lnt Ps dxŒjk\"0f{ k/Dk/f u'7L xf] . gk] fndf u7' L k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; lnR5lj sfnsf] uf]i7Laf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . ;:+ s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, wflds{ ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg / /v] b]v, hfqf, hGd / d[To' ;+:sf/ cflbdf u'7Lsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf /x]sf] xG' 5 . u7' Ldf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 3/ d\"nLnfO{ u'l7of/ / u'7Lsf d'Vo JolStnfO{ ysfnL elgG5 . u'7Lsf u'l7of/x¿ lardf sfdsf] af8“ kmf8“ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . bj] fnL u7' L, ;gf u'7L, l; u7' L cflb g]jf/ ;db' fodf kr| lnt u'7Lx¿ xg' \\ . wgaxfb/' du/ M cfb/0fLo lzIfs / ;fyLx¿, du/ ;d'bfodf s'g} ;fdflhs nIo k|fKt ug{] p2Z] on] ;ª\\ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ eh] f elgG5 . eh] fn] du/ ;db' fodf wflds{ , sl[ if, cflys{ , ;fdb' flos Pstf / dgf/] ~hg h:tf sfox{ ¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng / lgoGq0f u5{ . ;db' fosf jl/i7 JolStnfO{ eh] fsf ;b:ox¿sf] a}7sn] d'lvofsf ¿kdf 5gf6] u5{g\\ . e]hfn] k'/fgf /Lltl/jfhdf kl/dfh{g / k'hf/Lsf] 5gf6] u5{ . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M kf7df pNnv] ul/P h:t} :yfgLo ;db' fodf ljleGg ;fdflhs kr| ngx¿ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\\ tLgn] pSt ;db' fosf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\\ ;f:+ s[lts pTyfgdf ;xof]u k¥' ofp5“ g\\ . To:tf ;fdflhs k/Dk/fx¿sf] vfh] L u/L tLgLx¿sf] dxŒj / ;+/If0fsf pkfoaf/] 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 16 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

gyg' L yf? M pkl:yt dxfge' fjx¿, g]kfnsf] yf? ;db' fodf a83/ k|yf kf| rLg sfnb]lv rlncfPsf] 5 . ufp“ jf ;d'bfosf] k|dv' JolStnfO{ hgfpg] zAb g} a83/ xf] . ufp“ jf ;db' fodf Pstf sfod u/fpg, hGd, dT[ o' cflb ;:+ sf/ ;DkGg u/fpg / ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf u/fpg a83/n] gt] T[ j u5{ . kT| os] jif{ yf? ;db' fon] df3 dlxgfdf a83/sf] 5gf6] u5g{ \\ . kxndfg u'?ª M cfb/0fLo u'? / ;fyLx¿ /f]bL u?' ª ;d'bfodf k|rlnt Pp6f ;fdflhs k/ Dk/f xf] . 3/ dn\" Lsf] lgb]{zgdf ;fe“ msf] ;dodf oj' foj' tLx¿ /f]bL3/df hDdf eO{ gfrufg u5g{ \\ . /f]bL3/df xg' ] e]63f6n] ;db' fodf cfk;L ;DaGw alnof] agfp5“ ./fb] L3/df efl] nkN6 sxf“ / s:tf] sfd ug{] eGg] ljifodf klg 5nkmn xG' 5 . lj|mofsnfk != ;db' fo / ;db' fosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] o:tf k/Dk/f / kr| ngx¿ ;/+ If0f ug]{ pkfo ;DaGwdf cfÇgf] aG] rsf ;fyLx¿lardf 5nkmn u/L a“b' fx¿ tof/ kf/ . @= ;fdflhs k/Dk/f zLifs{ df uLt jf kf]:6/ tof/ kf/ / leQ] klqsfdf kb| zg{ u/ . #= tnsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog u/L cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt o:t} sg' } Ps k|rngsf ;DaGwdf Ps ;dfrf/ tof/ kf/ . l9s'6Ln] ;Gts' f] hLjg kl/jt{g kf]v/f, ^ c;f]h – yfsvf]nfsL ;Gt' lx/frgsf] hLjgdf 7'nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . cfÇgf] v]taf/Lsf] cfDbfgLn] jif{ lbg wfGg sl7gfO ef]lu/x]sL ;Gt'n] ;d'bfosf] l9s'6Ldf yf/] } yf/] } /sd hDdf kfb{} cfO/xs] L lyOg\\ . 5 dlxgfkl5 pgn] Psdi' 6 /sd kf| Kt ul/g\\ . ;f] /sdn] k;n ;~rfng ug{ yflng\\ . pgL cfh kl/jf/sf] cfjZostf ;lhn} k/\" f ug{ ;lS5g\\ . ysfnL ;db' fodf kr| lnt l9s6' LnfO{ l9s/' L cyjf l9s/' klg elgG5 . cfnfk] fnf] u/L ;b:ox¿n] l9s6' Lsf] sfi] fdf /xs] f] gub jf lhG;L pkofu] u5g{ \\ . l9s6' L ;~rfnsnfO{ 3fk] f elgG5 . 3fk] f g} l9s6' Lsf] lhDdj] f/ dflgG5 . o;sf ;b:olar ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f xg' k' 5{ . $= lxhf]cfh l9s6' Lsf] gfddf cflys{ ;ªs\\ ng u/L 7uL ePsf ;dfrf/x¿ klg ;'Ggdf cfpg] u/s] f] 5 . xfdf| ] k/Dk/fnfO{ hf]ufp“b} o:tf 7uLaf6 aRg s] s:tf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' knf,{ ;r\" L tof/ u/L k:| t't u/ . cEof; != e]hf, a83/, /f]bL / u'7Llarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ pNn]v u/ . @= g]kfndf kr| lnt ;fdflhs k|rngx¿sf] dxŒjdfly k|sfz kf/ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ ltdf| ] ;db' fosf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / kr| ngx¿sf] vfh] L u/L tLgsf] ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿af/] ;db' fodf 5nkmn u/ / kf| Kt lgisifx{ ¿ sIffdf k:| t't u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 17

kf7 M @ g]kfndf kr| lnt wdx{ ¿ wd{ eGgfn] cfgLafgL / cfr/0f ;'wf/ u/L hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] ;+:yfut cEof;sf] wf/0ff xf] . g]kfndf k|rlnt d'Vo wd{x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M lxGb' wd{ M lxGb' wd{ ;gftgbl] v rlncfPsf] wd{ xf] . lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLx¿ eujfgs\\ f ljleGg ¿k / cjtf/x¿ 5g\\ eGg] s/' fdf ljZjf; u5{g\\ . lxGbx' ¿ wd{ u/] :ju{ kl' uG5 / kfk u/] gs{ kl/G5 eGg] ljZjf; u5g{ \\ . To;}n] bof ug'{, ;To afN] g,' c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{,' dfof ug{,' Odfgbfl/tf / c;n cfr/0fnfO{ wd{ dflgPsf] 5 . jb] , k/' f0f, dxfef/t, uLtf, /fdfo0f cflb lxGb' wdu{ |Gy xg' \\ . b;},“ ltxf/, 57, xf]nL cflb o; wd{sf dV' o rf8kj{x¿ x'g\\ . af4} wd{ M g]kfnsf] nl' DagL eujfg\\ a'4sf] hGd :yn xf] . ;To afN] g', lx;+ f gug{', rf]/L gug'{, v/fa cfr/0f gug,'{ ´'6f] gafN] g,' dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg gug'{ / wd{df >4f /fVg' a4' sf pkb]zx¿ xg' \\ . af}4 wdfj{ nDaLx¿n] kf| yg{ f / cWoog ug{] :yfgnfO{ ljxf/ / u'Daf elgG5 . lqlk6s / hfts syf af}4 wd{sf u|Gy xg' \\ . j}zfv k\"l0fd{ f af4} wds{ f] dxfg\\ kj{ xf] . ls/ft“ wd{ M ls/ft“ wd{ lgs} k|frLg wd{ xf] . o; wd{cg;' f/ cfuf], ?v, kxf8, hª\\un, gbL cflbsf] k\"hf ul/G5 . ls/f“tx¿sf] wflds{ :ynnfO{ dfuf{yfg klg eGg] ul/G5 . kmfNug' Gb lnªb\\ g] nfO{ o; wd{sf u?' dflgG5 . pwfn} L / pefn} L ls/f“t wdfj{ nDaLx¿sf] dV' o kj{ xf] . d'Gwd' ls/f“t wd{sf] wd{ u|Gy xf] . kf?xfª / ;l' DgdfnfO{ d'Vo bj] tfsf ¿kdf kh\" f ul/G5 . O;fO{ wd{ M lh;; j|mfO:6 -lo;' lv|:6_ åf/f k|ltkflbt O;fO{ wdn{ fO{ lj|mlZrog wd{ klg elgG5 . lj|ml:rog wd{sf] wd{ u|Gy afOan xf] . O;fO{ wd{sf] k|fy{gf :ynnfO{ rr{ elgG5 . o; wds{ f] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] kj{ lj|m:d; xf] . Ifdf ug{', c;n cfr/0f ug'{, c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug,'{ b'MvLx¿sf] ;]jf ug'{ o; wds{ f dV' o pkbz] x'g\\ . O:nfd wd{ M O:nfd wdfj{ nDaLx¿ xh/t dfx] DdbnfO{ dfG5g\\ . pgn] ljZjsf dflg;nfO{ bM' vaf6 d'St ug{ pkb]zx¿ lbP . bfg ug{,' c;n cfr/0f ug{,' ;Tosf] kIfdf nfUg,' b'MvLx¿sf] ;]jf ug,'{ wd{sf] /Iff ug{' o; wds{ f pkb]z xg' \\ . O:nfd wdfj{ nDaLx¿ cNnfx jf vb' fnfO{ dfG5g\\ / cfÇgf] wd{ u|GynfO{ s'/c\\ fg eG5g\\ . o; wd{sf] wfld{s :ynnfO{ dl:hb elgG5 . Ob, as/ Ob, /dhfg o; wds{ f dV' o kj{x¿ x'g\\ . l;Sv wd{ M u?' gfgsåf/f kl| tkflbt l;Sv wd{sf] dV' o wd{ u|Gy u?' u|Gy ;flxa xf] . l;Svx¿ dl\" t{ kh\" f ub}g{ g\\ . eujfg\\sf] jf0fL -pkb]z_ sf ¿kdf klg u'? uG| y ;flxanfO{ lng] ul/G5 . l;Svx¿sf] ehg / k|fy{gf ug{] :yfgnfO{ u'?åf/f elgG5 . u?' jf0fLsf] kfngf ug{,' lzIf0f ;e' mfj M gk] fndf k|rlnt ljleGg wdx{ ¿;u“ ;DalGwt lrq tl:a/ k|bz{g ub}{ wdx{ ¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\\ . 18 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

bM' vLsf] ;]jf ug'{, lx;+ f gug{,' ;a;} u“ d}qL efj /fVg' / wd{sf] /Iff ug'{ l;Sv wds{ f d'Vo pkbz] x'g\\ . dfly k:| tt' ul/Psf d'Vo wdx{ ¿afxs] cGo wdx{ ¿, h:t} M h}g, axfO, l;Gtf,] tfcf] cflb wd{ klg ljZjdf k|rngdf /xs] f] kfOG5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd wfld{s ljjfbx¿ ePsf] kfOb“ g} . lxGb' /fi6s« f ¿kdf /xL cfPsf] gk] fn lj= ;+= @)^# h]7 $ df wd{ lg/kI] f /fi6«sf ¿kdf 3fi] f0ff eof] . wd{ lg/kI] f egs] f] hgtfn] hg' ;'s} wd{ dfg] klg /fHon] x:tIfk] gug{] k4lt xf] . g]kfnLx¿ Ps csfs{ f] wds{ f] ;Ddfg u5{g\\ . cfk;df ldn/] a:5g\\ . Ps csfs{ f wflds{ ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL xG' 5g\\ . o;n} fO{ wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f elgG5 . lj|mofsnfk != sIffdf ljleGg wds{ f laBfyL{ xg' ;S5g\\ . Ps wd{sf] Ps ;d\"x agfpm . Pp6} ;dx\" df w/] } laBfyL{ eP To;nfO{ klg bO' { tLg ;d\"x agfpm . k|Tos] ;dx\" n] cfcfÇgf] wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, rf8 kj{, kr| ng cflbsf af/d] f ljj/0f jf laua's tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . olb Pp6} wd{sf laBfyL{ dfq ePdf Ps ;dx\" n] Ps wds{ f af/d] f vf]hL u/L o:t} ;fdu|L tof/ kf/ . @= ;db' fodf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] JolStnfO{ e]6\\g] sfoj{ |md agfpm . pgLx¿;u“ ;DalGwt wds{ f ;DaGwdf 5nkmn jf cGt/ljm| of u/ . cEof; != ;a} wds{ f ;dfg / km/s s'/fx¿ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpm M ;dfg s/' f km/s s/' f lxGb ' af4} O:nfd O;fO { ls/ft l;Sv pkb]z wd{ uG| y @= cfcfÇgf wd{sf cfbz{x¿ s] s] xg' ,\\ n]v . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 19

kf7 M # ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj cfhsf] sIffdf jStT[ j snf k|ltof]lutfsf jStfx¿ cfcfÇgf] ts;{ lxt dGtJo lbg tof/ 5g\\ . pb3\\ f]ifs M ca klxnf] jStfsf ¿kdf ljgf]b >i] 7 cfÇgf] egfO /fVb} x'g'xG' 5 . ljgf]b >]i7 M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo,\" lg0ff{os d08n / laBfyL{ ;fyLx¿ . cfh xfd|f] sIffdf x'g uO/x]sf] ‘;fdflhs ;b\\efj g]kfnLsf] :jefj’ ljifos jStT[ j snf kl| tof]lutfdf cfÇgf egfOx¿ /fVg] cg'dlt rfxG5' . g]kfn efu} fl] ns ljljwtfn] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . o; bz] sf] kT| o]s k|b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ hflt, wd{, efiff, /xg;xg / ;+:sl[ tdf ljljwtf 5 . kT| o] s k|bz] sf] xfjfkfgL km/s 5 tfklg Ps k|b]z csf]{ k|bz] ;u“ lge{/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . lxdfnL / kxf8L k|bz] af6 kfgL galulbP t/fOd{ f ;'Svf nfU5 . t/fO{sf] cGg lxdfnL / kxf8L k|bz] df gk'u] clgsfn k5{ . blIf0fsf] ;db' a| f6 cfPsf] afbnnfO{ kxf8n] g5l] slbP g]kfnsf] sg' } k|b]zdf klg jiff{ x“b' }g . kxf8df lgsflnPsf] lahn' L t/fO{df pkofu] x'G5 . o;/L xfdL g]kfnL lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ hxf“ /x] klg Ps csf{k|lt cfl>t 5f“} . Psn] csf{sf] ;Ddfg u5f}{+ . cfk;df ldn/] sfd u5f{+} . oxL g} ;Rrf ;fdflhs ;b\\efj xf] . oxL g} g]kfnLsf] df}lns :jefj xf] . olt eGb} d]/f egfOx¿ oxL“ cGTo u5{' . wGojfb . pb3\\ f]ifs M ca clGtd jStfsf ¿kdf cfp“b} xg' 'x'G5, alxgL ;Gt' /fhj+zL . ;Gt' /fhj+zL M cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo\", lg0ff{os d08n / d/] f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ . gk] fn ax' eflifs, axw' fld{s / ax;' f:+ s[lts dn' 's xf] . g]kfndf sg' } klg uflj; jf gu/kflnsf To:tf] 5}g xf]nf, hxf“ Pp6} hflt jf wd{ jf efiffsf dflg;x¿ dfq a:5g\\ . xfd|f] bz] sf] ljz] lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;d'bfodf dn] ldnfk ePsf] 36gf emNsg] e\"ldsf, clego, 36gf cWoog h:tf lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;be\\ fj sfod /fVg kl|] /t u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 20 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

iftf egs] } ljljwtfdf Pstf xf] . Pp6} ;dfhdf ljljw hft, hflt, efiff, wd{, pd/] , lnª\\u, /xg;xg, ;+:sl[ t / ef}uf]lns Ifq] sf JolStx¿ cfk;df ldn/] a:5g\\ . lxdfnsf] JolSt t/fO{df uP/ sfd u5{ . dnfO{ g} x]g'x{ f];\\ g, d t/fO{af6 kxf8df cfP/ k9b\\ } 5' . xfdf| ] hf] uG] b| ;/ klg t/fOb{ ]lv kxf8df cfP/ sfd u/s] f] w/] } jif{ eO;Sof] . kd] f ld; t/fO{df ;?jf xg' 'ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] Ps csf{af6 ;xofu] / ;Ddfg kfPsf 5f“} . cfhsf] PSsfO;f}“ ztfAbLsf] ou' df xfdLn] efiff / hftLo s'/fdf dfq clNemP/ a:g] xf]Og . a? cfcfÇgf] klxrfg sfod /fVb} ljsf;sf] sfddf h6' \\g'k5{ . cGTodf ‘hflt, efiff, wd{ km/s xg' ;S5, cfk;df ldn] dfq ljsf; xg' ;S5 .’ oxL ;Gb]z lbb“ } d o; d~raf6 labf xG' 5' . wGojfb ¤ ljm| ofsnfk != ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj zLif{sdf Ps jStT[ j snf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf u/ . pb3\\ f]ifs, lg0ff{os d08n, ;do kfns / ;efWoIfHo\" cfk\"mx¿dWoa] f6 g} 5fg . @= ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;b\\efj sfod /fVg ltdLn] / ltd|f] kl/jf/n] s] s] ug'{k5{, a“'bfut ¿kdf n]v . #= cfÇgf] ;db' fodf ;fdflhs ;b\\efj sfod ePsf 36gfx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpm . cEof; != ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj egs] f] s] xf] < @= ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;b\\efj sfod ug{] pkfox¿ a'“bfut ¿kdf n]v . #= ltdLn] cGo hflt, efiff, Ifq] sf jf ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ ;xofu] u/s] f 5f} jf ;xof]u lnPsf 5f,} 5f} eg] s] s;/L u¥of}, nv] . $= ltdLn] cfÇgf] k/Dk/fut klxrfg /Iff u/L cGo k/Dk/fsf JolSt;u“ s;/L Jojxf/ u5f+}{ < ;fd'bflos sfo{ ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf ePsf sDtLdf @) 3/df uO{ tnsf] tflnsfcg';f/sf] ljj/0f e/ . To;kl5 ‘d/] f] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;b\\efj’ zLif{sdf Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ . 3/dn' Lsf] gfd hflt÷y/ dfte[ fiff wd { ckfªu\\ tf 5÷5g ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 21

kf7 M $ ;'Gb/ km\" naf/L gk] fn gk] fn ;f:+ sl[ ts ¿kn] wgL d'n's dflgG5 . oxf“ ljleGg j]ife\"iff, uLt, ;ªu\\ Lt, gT[ o, snf / /Lltl/jfhx¿ kfOG5g\\ . rfnrng dfq xfO] g lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Dd / k\"jb{ ]lv klZrd;Dd km/s km/s cgx' f/sf km/s km/s efiff afN] g] gk] fnL gful/sx¿ kfOG5g\\ . Pp6f kmn' af/Ldf ljleGg hft, /ª, cfsf/ / jf;gf cfpg] kmn' x¿n] ;G' b/tf kb| fg u/L dgdf]xs agfp5“ . To:t} gk] fn klg ljleGg hflt, efiff, ji] fei\" ff, /xg;xg, snf / ;:+ sl[ tn] el/k\"0f{ ;G' b/ km\" naf/L h:t} ;lhPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ Ps ;G' b/ km\" naf/Lsf ¿kdf kT| o]s g]kfnLn] uj{ ug{ kfPsf 5g\\ . ;a} g]kfnL o;}df /dfPsf 5g\\ . lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf !@# efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\\ . w]/}h;f] efiffsf eflifsfx¿ klg 5g\\ . oL efiffx¿ xfd|f] dfl} ns klxrfg xg' \\ . oL ;a} efiff /fi6« efiff x'g\\ . ;a} efiff ;a} g]kfnLn] a‰' b}gg\\ . To;}n] ;f´f efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ko| f]u ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff klg xf] . To:t} g]kfndf !@^ hfthflt / !) eGbf a9L wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ a:5g\\ . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljljwtfdf Pstf emlNsg] uLt, gT[ o, sljtf, lrqsnf jf j]ife\"iff k|bz{gL u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 22 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

ljm| ofsnfk != tnsf] tl:a/ x/] L cfÇgf dgdf pAh]sf efjgfx¿ ;d6] b\\ } uLt, sljtf jf lrq nv] M @= tnsf kZ| gx¿df Ps If0f ljrf/ u/ t M -s_ Ps} k|sf/sf] dfq k\"'n ePsf] km\" naf/L s:tf] bl] vPnf < -v_ g]kfndf Ps} k|sf/sf] ji] fei\" ff dfq nufpg] dflg;x¿ ePsf] eP s:tf] x'GYof] < #= Pp6f ;'Gb/ km\" naf/Lsf] lrq tof/ kf/ . ;an} ] tof/ kf/s] f lrqx¿ nfdf] wfuf]df 6fu“ ]/ k|bzg{ u/ . tLdWo] cfk\"mnfO{ dg k/s] f] s'g} bO' { lrqsf] 5]pdf l;;fsndn] ! n]v . hg' lrqn] ;ae} Gbf w/] } ! kfp5“ , To;}nfO{ pTsi[ 6 lrq 3fi] f0ff u/ . $= g]kfnsf ljleGg j]ifei\" ff jf rf8kj{ jf ;:+ s[lt jf /Lltl/jfh emNsg] lrq agfpm . sIffdf lrqsnf kb| z{gL cfofh] gf u/ . cGo sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg bv] fpm . cEof; != ‘ljljwtfdf Pstf’ egs] f] s] xf] < @= ‘gk] fn Ps ;'Gb/ k\"mnaf/L xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ . #= ‘ljljwtfdf /dfcf’“} eg]sf] s] xfn] f < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 23

kf7 M % /fli6«o ;Dkbf JolSt, ;dx\" jf ;Dkb| fosf] lghL :jfldTjdf g/xs] f t/ bz] sf ;a} gful/ssf] ;femf :jldTjdf /x]sf ;DklQnfO{ /fli6o« ;Dkbf elgG5 . bz] sf] s'g} klg :yfgdf a:g] gful/ssf] pSt ;Dkbfdfly plQs} clwsf/ /xG5 . gk] fnsf kT| os] wfld{s :yn, bj] fno, lxdfno, hªu\\ n, kxf8, gbL h:tf lrh tyf j:tx' ¿ /fli6o« ;Dkbf x'g\\ . o;} u/L xfdf| ;f+:s[lts ji] fe\"iff, nf]s afhf, rf8kj,{ /Lltl/jfh, uLt, ;ª\\uLt, gfrx¿, hfqf, k'/ftflTTjs Pjd\\ Pl] txfl;s :yn Pjd\\ j:tx' ¿ klg /fli6o« ;Dkbf x'g\\ . afudtL gbL ;/;kmfOdf hg;xeflutf :yfgLo oj' f Snasf] ;lj|motfdf afudtL gbL ;/;kmfO ul/Psf] 5 . d? 6fn] sf Ho]i7 gful/s >L Zofdnfn Jo~hgsf/af6 ;/;kmfO sfos{ f] ;'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df sf7df8f“} / nlntk/' sf %) eGbf a9L u7' Lx¿ / #) eGbf a9L u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . %) eGbf a9L ;xsf/Lx¿, $) eGbf a9L dlxnf ;d\"xx¿, gful/s ;dfhsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, ;g] f, kx| /L, lzIfs / laBfyLx{ ¿;d]tsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . æafudtL gbL ;gftgb]lv kfgLsf] ;|f]t xf] . xfdf| kv' fn{ ] o;sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf lyP . kz'ktLgfysf] bzg{ ug{ cfpg] tLy{ofqLx¿n] kljq uª\\ufhnsf ¿kdf afudtLsf] kfgL 3/df lnP/ hfGy] . cfh afudtLsf] of] bb' z{ f b]v/] ?g dg nfU5 . x]gx{' f;] \\, xfdL ;a} hgf ldn/] afudtLnfO{ ;kmf u/]/} 5f85\\ f“Æ} , Ps u7' Lsf ysfnLn] eg] . afudtLdf ;of}“ dflg;x¿ Ps} k6s ;/;kmfOsf nflu ;xefuL x'b“ f lgs} /fr] s bZ[ o bl] vPsf] lyof] . ljZjsf clåtLo gd'gfsf ¿kdf /x]sf ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ o'g]:sf] gfds ;+:yfn] ljZj ;Dkbf ;\"rLdf ;\"rLst[ u5{ . o:tf] ;\"rLdf k/s] f ;Dkbfx¿ s'g} Ps /fi6s« f] dfq geP/ ljZjel/s} ;Dkbf aGg kU' 5g\\ . o;/L cfÇgf] b]zsf] ;Dkbf ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf ;r\" Ls[t xg' kfpg' /fi6«sf nflu uf/} jsf] s'/f xf] . xfn;Dd g]kfnsf !) ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf ;r\" Ls[t eO;ss] f 5g\\ . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL xg' ] vfnsf kl/of]hgf sfox{ ¿ u/fpg'xf];\\ . ;fy} s'g} :yfgLo ;Dkbfsf] cWoog ed| 0f u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 24 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf ;\"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿ M != ;u/dfyf /fli6o« lgs~' h @= eStk/' sf] rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/ #= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h $= eStk/' b/af/ Ifq] %= n'lDagLsf] dfofb]jL dlGb/ ^= sf7df8fs“} f] xgd' fg9fs] f b/af/ If]q &= :joDe\" rT} o *= af4} gfy r}To (= kz'ktLgfy dlGb/ !)= kf6g b/af/ Ifq] lj|mofsnfk != ltd|f] ;d'bfo / j/k/ /x]sf k|frLg tyf dxŒjk0\" f{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ kf/ . @= ltd|f] ljBfno glhs s'g} ;fj{hlgs :yn, rp/, rft} f/f], kf6L, kfj} f, Pl] txfl;s :yn, wfld{s :yn, wf/f cflb xfn] fg\\ . tLdWo] sg' } Pssf] ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfoj{ |md agfpm / ;/;kmfO u/ . #= cfÇgf] ;db' fo j/k/ /xs] f] s'g} /fli6o« ;Dkbfsf] dxŒj b;fp{ m . pSt :yfgnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf ;r\" Lst[ sf lgldTt l;kmfl/; ul/lbg cg/' fw] ub{} uflj; jf gu/kflnsfsf] gfddf kq tof/ kf/ . cEof; != /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] kl/ro b]pm . @= cfkm“} ed| 0f u/s] f] h:t} u/L ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Lsf af/d] f hfgsf/L ;ªs\\ ng u//] ofqf ljj/0fsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/ . #= xfdf| ;Dkbfx¿ lbg kl| tlbg gf; xb“' } 5g\\ . tLgLx¿nfO{ hfu] fpg] pkfox¿sf] ;r\" L agfpm . $= ljZj ;Dkbf ;\"rLdf gk/]sf ltd|f] If]qsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ ;Dkbfsf] kl/ro bp] m . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ltd|f] ;db' fodf /xs] f] s'g} Pl] txfl;s jf wfld{s jf ko{6sLo jf o:t} sg' } ;fjh{ lgs dxŒjsf] :ynsf] e|d0f u/ . To;kl5 tnsf a“'bfx¿ ;d]l6g] u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/ . ed| 0fsf] ki[ 7el\" d, p2Z] o, ljlw, kTtf nufOPsf s'/f, lgisif{ / ;'´fj ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 25

kf7 M ^ cGt/f{li6«o JolStTj Çnf/] ]G; gfOl6ª\\un] xfdLn] c:ktfndf la/fdLsf] ;j] f ug{] g;x{ ¿nfO{ bv] s] f 5f“} . tL g;x{ ¿ /ft lbg la/fdLsf] x/] rfxdf vl6Psf xG' 5g\\ . pgLx¿ la/fdLnfO{ cfi} fwL lbg,] x/] rfx ug{] / ;xofu] ug{] sfddf Jo:t bl] vG5g\\ . klxn] klxn] c:ktfnx¿df o;/L la/fdLsf] x/] rfx ug{ k?' if g;x{ ¿ a;s] f xG' y] . Tolt an] f gl;ª{ k;] fnfO{ /fdf| ] k;] f dflgb“ g} Yof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\\ n] n] dlxnfx¿ klg la/fdLsf] x/] rfx ug{] sfd ug{ ;S5g\\ eGg] pbfx/0f k:| tt' ul/g\\ . Çnf/] G] ;sf] hGd ;g\\ !*@) df O6nLdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf cleefjsx¿n] pgnfO{ wgL s]6f;“u ljjfx ul/lbg] ljrf/ u/s] f lyP t/ gfOl6ªu\\ ]n eg] la/fdLsf] ;j] f ug{] sfo{df hl' 6g\\ . pgL ;fgb} ]lv k'tnLsf] vn] f}gf x/] rfx ug{] ulyg{ \\ . ufps“ f la/fdLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u / x/] rfx uly{g\\ . !& jifs{ L xb“' f la/fdLsf] ;]jf ug]{ gl;ª{ sf] sfd ug]{ OR5f pgnfO{ hfu/] cfof] . eujfg\\n] g} pgnfO{ of] sfd ug{ k|]l/t u/s] f] 7flgg\\ . pgn] hdg{ Lsf] s};;jy{ uP/ gl;ª{ cWoog ul/g\\ . ;g\\ !(%$ df lj|mldofsf] o'4df 3fOt] ePsf ;l} gssf] pkrf/ ug{ #* hgf g;x{ ¿;lxt pgL an] fotsf] ldln6/L c:ktfn kl' ug\\ . Toxf“ cToGt kmfx] f/] lyof] . /fdf| ] x/] rfx gkfP/ 3fOtx] ¿ dl//x]sf lyP . Çnf/] G] ;sf] 6fn] Ln] Toxf“ ;/;kmfO u¥of] . Çnf/] G] ; /ftel/ xftdf aQL lnP/ k|Tos] la/fdLsf] x]/rfx uly{g\\ . ;}lgssf kl/jf/ nfO{ lr7L n]v]/ k7fOlblGyg\\ . cfÇgf] tnasf] k};f;d]t pgn] la/fdLsf] ;]jfdf vr{ ul/g\\ . To;}n] la/fdLx¿ pgnfO{ aQL lnPsL s6] L (Lady with the Lamp) jf c;n ;fyL klg eGg] uy]{ . lj|mldofaf6 kmsk]{ l5 pgn] w]/} kz| ;+ f / k'/:sf/x¿ kfOg\\ . pgn] :s6' /L c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g\\ . hLjge/ la/fdLsf] ;j] f ubfu{ b{} ;g\\ !(!) df pgn] bx] Tofu ul/g\\ . dxfTdf ufGwL ljZjdf clxn] htftt} zflGtsf] s'/f rln/x]sf] 5 . lx+;f gePsf] ;v' / ;Gtl' i6 ePsf] cj:yf zflGt xf] . lx+;f, tf8] kmf]8, cfuhgL h:tf pu| ljm| ofsnfklagf klg cfÇgf c;Gtl' i6 kf]Vg / cfGbfn] g ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 egL dxfTdf ufGwLn] kd| fl0ft ul/lbP . ef/tdf pgs} gt] T[ jdf zflGtk0\" f{ / clx+;fTds cfGbfn] g ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cfGbfn] gdfkm{ t\\ ef/tnfO{ ;g\\ !($& df lal| 6; zf;gaf6 dS' t ug{ ;kmntf ldns] f] lyof] . o:tf zflGtsf cu|bt' sf] hGd cS6f]a/ @, !*^( df ef/tsf] u'h/ftdf ePsf] lyof] . dxfTdf ufGwLsf] g]t[Tjdf c;xof]u cfGbf]ng, eb| cj1f cfGbf]ng / ef/t 5f]8 cfGbfn] g h:tf clx+;fTds cfGbfn] gx¿ ;~rfng ePsf lyP . c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf jm| ddf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n] kx| /L rfs} Ldf cfuf] nufP/ kx| /Lsf] xTof u/k] l5 pgn] cfGbf]ng :ylut u/]sf lyP . cfÇgf ;xofu] Lx¿n] s8f cfGbfn] g ug{ ;Nnfx lbP klg pgL clx;+ fTds cfGbfn] gsf kIfdf g} pleP . cGTodf pgs} lht eof] . ;g\\ !($& df ef/t :jtGq eof] . 26 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

dxfTdf ufGwL ‘;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/’ /fVg] JolSt lyP . pgL tGgf dfq cf]5\\ofP/ eO' “df ;'Ty] . ;fdfGo hgtfn] nufpg] h:t} sk8f nufpy“ ] . cfÇg} b]zdf ag]sf sk8fsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ egL pgn] rvf{ cfGbfn] g rnfPsf lyP . :jb]zL ;fdfg ko| f]u u/d] f dfq bz] ljsf; x'G5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] . xTofsf] k;| ª\\u /fVg pko'St 5}g . of] lstfa xf] . o:tf gt] f dxfTdf ufGwL ef/tdf dfq geP/ ljZjdf g} clx;+ f / zflGtsf kt| Lssf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\\ . lj|mofsnfk != rf/ kfr“ hgfsf] ;d\"xdf a;/] Çnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\\ ]n / dxfTdf ufGwLsf] hLjgL emlNsg] tl:a/x¿ ;ª\\sng u/L kf]:6/ tof/ kf/ . @= ljBfno glhs c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo rf}sL eP Toxf“sf] e|d0f u/ . Toxf“ g;{n] s;/L sfd u5g{ \\, x/] . gePdf :yfgLo dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod;\\ j] L;u“ e6] ]/ la/fdLsf] x]/rfx s;/L ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ . #= gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f zflGtk0\" f{ lj/f]wsf tl/sfx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g,\\ ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| t't u/ . $= ‘;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/’ eGg] ljifodf kj| rg sfoj{ |mdsf] cfofh] gf u/ . sfo{jm| ddf ;db' fosf ;dfh ;j] LnfO{ klg lgDtf u/ . sfoj{ m| d lgdf0{ f / pb3\\ fi] f0f klg cfkmx\" ¿dWo] af6g} u/ . %= tn lbOPsf h:t} zflGt ;Gb]z;DaGwL ljleGg JolStTjx¿sf egfOx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/ . tLgnfO{ 7'nf] sfuhdf n]v/] ljBfnosf] ljleGg :yfg / sIffdf klg 6f;“ . hxf“ dlxnfsf] ;Ddfg x'G5, Toxf“ b]jtfx¿ /dfp“5g\\ . -dg'_ afR“ g' egs] f] lhpb“ f] /xg' dfq xfO] g, c¿sf] nflu sx] L ug'{ g} af“Rgs' f] cy{ xf] . -g]N;g dG8n] f_ d zq'x¿nfO{ l;Wofpl“ bg a? ;fyL agfp5“ ' . -ca|fxd lnªs\\ g_ lx+;f / df/sf6 gu/, b'Mvdf k/]sfnfO{ ;xofu] u/, ;To af]n / gzfn' kbfy{sf] ;j] g gu/ . -uft} d a4' _ eujfgn\\ ] Ps lnP tfklg b'O{ yfs] lbG5g\\ . -xn] ]g sn] /_ cEof; dxfTdf ufGwL / Çnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\\un] sf hLjgLaf6 l;Sg ;lsg] s/' fx¿ pNnv] ub{} cfÇgf] ;fyLnfO{ kq nv] . ;fdb' flos sfo{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf ;dfh;]jL jf c¿sf] enfO ug]{ JolStsf af/]df cleefjs;“u ;f]wL kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 27

k'g/jnfs] g cEof; tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\\ IfKt pQ/ bp] m M -s_ yf¿ ;d'bfodf a83/ lsg cfjZos dflgG5 < -v_ g]jf/L ;d'bfodf kr| lnt u'7Laf6 u7' Lof/x¿n] s] s] kmfObf kfpg ;S5g\\ < -u_ u?' ª ;db' fodf /fb] L gePsf] eP s] x'GYof] xfn] f < -3_ eh] fn] s;/L ;db' fonfO{ Pstfdf af“W5 < -ª_ ysfnL hfltsf] l9s'6L k|yfsf] kl/ro bp] m . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf kr“} f] jf kd{sf] kr| ng 5 jf 5g} jf ePdf sg' cj:yfdf 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf tnsf kZ| gx¿sf cfwf/df !) kl/jf/sf d\"nLx¿;“u ;fw] ]/ kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/ . ;db' fodf 3/ dn\" L;“u ;fl] wg] k|Zgx¿ M -s_ s] tkfO+{nfO{ kd{ / k}r“ f] kr| ngsf af/d] f yfxf 5 < -v_ s] ;fgf]tLgf] /sd ;fk6L lb“bf jf lnb“ f Jofh lng] lbg] rng 5 < -u_ kd{ jf kr}“ f]af6 s] s] kmfObf x'G5 < -3_ o:tf kr| ngx¿ hf]ufO/fVg s] ug'{knf{ < kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] kl| tj]bg nV] g] tl/sfsf] pbfx/0f d]/f] ;db' fodf kd{ / k“}rf] kr| ngsf] cj:yf d]/f] ;d'bfo u|fdL0f ;db' fo xf] . o; ufpd“ f g]kfnL ;db' fodf kr| lnt kd{ / k}“rf] kr| ngsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 egL xfdLn] ebf} @& ut] Ps cWoog u¥of}“ . xfdLn] xfd|f] 3/ j/k/sf !) kl/jf/df k|Zg ;f]w]sf lyof}“ . o; cWoogaf6 lgDglnlvt tYox¿ kQf nfUof] M d]/f] ;d'bfosf &) k|ltzt -!) kl/jf/df &_ kl/jf/nfO{ kd{ jf k}“rf] k|rngsf af/d] f hgsf/L /x]5 . kd{ nufpg] rng eg] sx] L jif{ klxn];Dd Jofks ¿kdf k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOof] . lxhf]cfh Hofnfdf sfd ug{] rng a9s] f] xb“' f kds{ f] rng x/fp“b} uPsf] b]lvof] . kd{ / k“}rf] k|rngaf6 ;db' fodf ;xofu] / dn] ldnfk sfod xg' ] /x5] . o:tf] k|rng arfO/fVg k}“rf] lnPsf] j:t' ;dodf g} lkmtf{ ug,]{ OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy h:tf] ;fdfg NofPsf] xf] To:t} lkmtf{ ug{k' g{] /x5] . cfkm\" n] sfddf nufPkl5 c¿nfO{ klg cfjZos kg]{ ljlTts} kd{ tLg]{, kd{ tLg{ hf“bf Hofnfdf sfd u/s] f] h:t} u/L /fd|f];“u sfd ul/lbg] ug'k{ g{] /x]5 . ;d'bfodf kd{ / k“r} f]sf] k|rng sfod /x]5 / o;sf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;sd] f 5/l5ds] df ;xof]u / d]nldnfk sfod xg' ;Sg] bl] vG5 . 28 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M # ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg bfOhf] k|yf nfu' kbfy{ b'Jo;{ g e|i6frf/ ljb]z knfog l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\\ M ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[lt klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufpg / pSt sfo{df ljleGg cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] e\"ldsf pNnv] ug{ ;dfhdf x'g] åGåsf sf/0f kQf nufO{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL u/L åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 29

kf7 M ! ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ljBfno glhssf] ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] ;ef xndf k|f}9 ;fIf/x¿lardf k|jrg sfo{j|md cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . k|jrgsf] ljifo ‘;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg’ eGg] lyof] . sfoj{ m| ddf bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 cleofgsf ;+of]hs >L dLgf kf;jfgn] cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ o;/L JoSt uge{' of] . æcfb/0fLo bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx¿, bfOhf] ky| f xfd|f] ;dfhdf Pp6f 7n' f] ;d:ofsf ¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . ljjfxdf s]6L kIfnfO{ s6] f kIfsf] dfuadf]lhd ;DklQ lbg afWo kfg]{ s'rng g} bfOhf] k|yf xf] . ;f] dfu k/\" f ug{ s6] L kIfsf cleefjsn] C0f lng jf 3/ v]t aGws /fVg jf lajm| L ug{ afWo kfg{' cfly{s zfi] f0f xf] . dfuadfl] hdsf] gub jf ;DklQ gkfpb“ f s]6f kIfn] bn' xLnfO{ dfgl;s bafa, zf/Ll/s oftgf / dgfj] 1} flgs c;/ lbPsf ;dfrf/x¿ kqklqsfdf cfO/xG5g\\ . sltko dlxnfx¿ bfOhf] lnP/ cfpg g;ss] } sf/0f 3/]n' lx+;fsf] l;sf/ xg' 'k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 . t/fO{ / ;x/L Ifq] df of] ;d:of ljs/fn aGb} 5 . ;DklQ / bfOhfs] f nflu geO{ ;'vL / v;' L hLjgsf nflu ljjfx x'gk' 5{ . bO' { cfTdfsf] cflTds ;DaGw / k]d| sf nflu ljjfx x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z xfdLn] 5g{ ;Sg'k5{ . olt eGb} d d]/f egfOx¿ oxL“ cGTo ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb ¤Æ csf{ jStf /l;nf rfw} /Ln] afl} 4s knfog ;DaGwdf cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ o;/L JoSt uge{' of] . æpkl:yt dlxnf tyf ;Hhgj[Gb ¤ tLI0f a'l4 / k|fljlws l;k ePsf JolStx¿ b]z 5f8]/ cGo b]zdf aflxl/g] k|lj|mof g} afl} 4s knfog xf] . afl} 4s knfognfO{ dfgj kh'“ L knfog klg elgG5 . xfdf| ] b]zaf6 sfdsf] vfh] Ldf xhf/f}“ o'jfx¿ ljb]l;Psf 5g\\ . cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg\\ gful/s g} ljbz] knfog ePkl5 oxfs“ f] ljsf; ug]{ s;n] < b]z xfS“ g ;Sg] o'jfx¿ ljbz] L bf;tf l:jsfb{} knfog ePkl5 /fhgLlts l:y/tf Nofpg] s;n] < bz] df pBfu] wGbf vf]Ng ;Sg] >d, kh“' L, l;k / pBdzLntf ePsf oj' fx¿ ljb]lzPkl5 pBf]u vf] lnlbg] s;n] < bz] sf] lrGtf ugx{] ¿ g} gePkl5 bz] agfOlbg] s;n] < oL kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ vfH] g xfdLn] ljsl;t bz] x¿sf] Oltxf; k9g\\ k' 5{ . pgLx¿n] klg nfdf] ;ª\\3if{ / ldlxg]t u/]/ dfq b]zsf] pGglt u/s] f x'g\\ . To;n} ] oj' f zlStsf] ljbz] knfog /fS] g /fHon] klg b]zd} u0' f:t/Lo lzIff kf| lKtsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/lbgk' 5{ . bz] d} /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ugk'{ 5{ . b]zd} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;hg{ f ug'{k5{ . JolStn] klg /fHokl| tsf] bfloTj lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ k':ts, OG6/g]6, kqklqsf cflb cWoog u/L bfOhf] k|yf lj?4sf 36gfx¿ / afl} 4s knfog;“u ;DalGwt ;\"rgf jf hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ª\\sng ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 30 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

a'‰gk' 5{ . hGd e\"ldsf] dfof ug'{k5{ . b]z lgdf0{ fsf] st{Jo eN' g' x'Gg eGb} d]/f ljrf/x¿ oxL“ cGTo ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb ¤Æ ljm| ofsnfk != bfOhf]sf sf/0f x'g] 3/]n' lx+;f jf bfOhf]lj?4sf] cleofgsf ;DaGwdf /]l8of] jf 6l] nlehgdf cfPsf ;dfrf/sf] Ps xKtf;Ddsf] ;r\" gf ;ª\\sng u/ . pSt ;\"rgfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/sf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/L 5nkmn u/ M ;dfrf/sf] ldlt 36gf ePsf] ;do 36gfsf] k|sl[ t 36gfsf] sf/0f cGo @= sfd / /fh] uf/sf] vf]hLdf ltd|f] ;db' foaf6 ljbz] knfog xg' x] ¿sf] tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng u/ / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . #= oj' fsf] knfogn] ;dfhdf kf/s] f] c;/ ;DaGwdf jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf u/ . $= ljb]z knfog xg' ] lzlIft gful/snfO{ ljb]z ghfg / cfÇg} bz] df cfÇgf] al' 4 / >d nufpg k|]l/t ug{] vfnsf gf/fx¿, krf,{ kDKn6] tof/ kf/ / ;d'bfodf k|bzg{ u/, h:t} M ‘ljbl] ;P/ wg cfh{g ug{e' Gbf :jbz] df sfd u/L :jfjnDaL agf}“ .’ %= 3/]n' lx;+ f jf bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 uLt, sljtf, syf jf gf6s tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ . ^= OG6/g]6, df]afOn cflbsf] b¿' kofu] u/L c¿nfO{ wDsL lbg], c¿sf] kmf6] f] laufg{] jf kmf]6fn] fO{ cfklQhgs kmf]6f];“u hf8] \\g] / Odn] kf;j8{ rf]//] c¿sf] abgfd ug{] h:tf ck/fw klg cfh Pp6f ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\\ . ljleGg kqklqsfaf6 o:tf ck/fwsf 36gfx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/ / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . cEof; != bfOhf] eg]sf] s] xf] < @= bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ lsg ;fdflhs ;d:of elgPsf] xf] < #= af}l4s knfogn] b]z ljsf;df s] c;/ k5{ < $= afl} 4s knfog /fS] g ljBfnosf] el\" dsf s] xg' ;S5, 5nkmn u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 31

kf7 M @ ei| 6frf/ ;bfrf/sf] pN6f] zAb e|i6frf/ xf] . e|i6 / cfrf/ ldn/] ags] f] e|i6frf/sf] cy{ v/fa cfr/0f x'G5 . lghL jf JolStut kmfObfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs kbsf] xl} ;otn] sfg'g ljk/Lt cfr/0f ug{] jf ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf jf 3;' vf/] L ug{] sfon{ fO{ e|i6frf/ elgG5 . ei| 6frf/sf] kj| l[ QnfO{ rf/cf6] f ¿kaf6 xg] { ;lsG5 . 3';vf/] L e|i6frf/ k|j[lQsf ;/sf/L ;DklQ gftfuft] f xg] ]{ kj| [lQ rf/ leGg ¿kx¿ lxgfldgf b/' fzok\"0f{ gLlt ei| 6frf/ xg' ] w/] } sf/0fx¿ 5g\\ . s]xL kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf 5g\\ M ei| 6frf/sf sf/0fx¿ dflg;df wgkl| t dfx] / t8s e8s a9b\\ } hfg' yf/] } ;dodf wgL aGg] kj| [lQ a9g\\ ' ;/sf/L lgu/fgL sdhf/] /xg' ;dfhn] ;DklQsf] ;f| t] nfO{ eGbf :j¿knfO{ dxŒj lbg' kf/blz{tfsf] sdL hgrt] gfsf] cefj x'g' gful/s ;dfhsf] ;ljm| otf gx'g' z/L/df /fu] nfu]df dflg; sdhf/] xG' 5 . To;} u/L ei| 6frf/ ePdf bz] sf] l:ylt sdhf]/ xG' 5 . ljsf;n] ult lng ;Sbg} . lgd'vf / ;j{;fwf/0fn] Gofo kfpg ;Sbg} g\\ . clg ul/a / sdhf]/n] ;xh tyf ;/n ¿kdf j:t' / ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\\ . To;}n] e|i6frf/nfO{ ;dod} /fS] g h?/L 5 . lzIf0f ;'emfj M e|i6frf/ lj?4 clej[lQsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf ljm| ofsnfkx¿, h:t} M ufi] 7L, ¥ofnL, kDKn] l6ª cflbdf ;xefuL u/fpgx' f;] \\ . e|i6frf/af/d] f hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;f| t] JolStsf ¿kdf sIffdf lzIf0f ug{ nufpg'xf;] \\ . 32 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf pkfox¿ -s_ ei| 6frf/ lj?4df r]tgf km} nfpg] -v_ gl} ts lzIff / ;bfrf/ lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s kIfdf hf8] lbg] -u_ e|i6frf/L JolStsf] gfdfjnL ;fjh{ lgs ug{] -3_ e|i6nfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug]{ -ª_ ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxL / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] -r_ clVtof/ b?' kof]u cg':fGwfg cfofu] / /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ ;lj|mo Pjd\\ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] -5_ kmh'n vr{ ug{] afgLdf ;w' f/ u/L ;fdflhs ;bfrf/nfO{ dxŒj lbg] -h_ cflys{ kf/blzt{ f gbv] fpg] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ rg' fjdf efu lng gkfpg] sfgg' L Joj:yf ug{] -´_ ei| 6frf/ lj?4 ph/' ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; ug]{ ljm| ofsnfk != sIffsf ;fyLx¿ rf/ ;dx\" df ljeflht xfp] m . Ps ;d\"xn] 3\"; vfg] lj?4 hgr] tgf hufpg], csf]{ ;d\"xn] e|i6frf/af6 ;dfhdf kf/]sf] c;/ Pjd\\ t];|f] ;d\"xn] e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afxL u/s] f] / rfy} f] ;dx\" n] ei| 6frf/LnfO{ ;dfhaf6 alxisf/ u/s] f] bv] fpg] gf6s tof/ kf/ . kfnk} fnf] gf6s kb| z{g u/ / 5nkmn u/ . @= ei| 6frf/lj?4 kf]:6/ tof/ kf/L kb| z{g u/ . #= k\"/fgf kqklqsf pknAw ePdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, sf6'{g lrq / tl:a/x¿sf] sl6ª lgsfnL leQ] klqsfdf 6f“;]/ e|i6frf/ lj/fw] L ljzi] ffª\\s tof/ kf/ . cEof; != ei| 6frf/ egs] f] s] xf] < @= e|i6frf/ Ps ;fdflhs ck/fw xf], lsg < #= ei| 6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ljBfyL{sf] el\" dsf s] s] xg' ;S5, nv] . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 33

kf7 M # nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ g dl:tis 3ft SofG;/ wgsf] vlt nfu' kbfy{ PrcfOeL÷P8\\; ;j] gsf c;/x¿ JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf tgfj ;dfhdf a]OHhtL -ljjm| d cf]5o\\ fgdf klN6/x]sf] 5 . p;nfO{ ljutsf 36gfx¿n] em:sfO/x]sf] 5 . lgb|f k/]sf] 5}g . pm sf]N6] km5] ,{ cfh km]l/ lal;;{ ss] f] 36gf ;DemG5, pm lgbfpg ;Sbg} , p;sf] lbdfudf ljutsf 36gfx¿ :d/0f eO/xs] f 5g\\ ._ lxhf] ;fyLn] eg]sf] s/' fdf gfO“ eGg ;ss] f] eP cfh o;/L k5t' fpg kb}{gYof] . v/fa ;fyLx¿sf] ;ª\\utn] nxnx}df nfu/] r'/f]6 vfg l;lsof] . clg la:tf/} ufh“ fsf] cDdnL ags] f] ljutsf] lttf] oyfy{ cfv“ f cufl8 P]gf ag]/ k|:tt' ePsf] 5 . kml] / lsg k\"/fgf ofbx¿ sfl] 66\\ G5g\\ < -pm ljutsf s'/f la;g{ vf]H5_ cfh d h] 5' l7s 5' . ;dod} sfsfn] yfxf kfpge' of] / /fdf| ] eof] . xg' t d klg s:tf] < kl/jf/sf ;b:on] yfxf gkfpg\\ eg]/ 9f“6L 9f“6L / ns' L ns' L nfu' kbfy{ ko| fu] ub}{ lxl“ 8of] . kl5 t g/fdf| ] b'Jo;{ gL kf] aGg k'u]5' . sfsfn] k'g:yfk{ gf s]Gbd| f pkrf/ gu/fpg' ePsf] eP d ;fob lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df nfu' kbfy{ lj?4 clej[lQsf] ljsf; x'g] vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpgx' f;] \\ . :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{ jf hfgsf/ JolStaf6 cGt/ljm| of u/fpg'xf];\\ . 34 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

d[Tos' f] dv' df k'lu;ss] f] xG' y“] xfn] f . xs{] h:t} k;} fsf] cefjdf rf/] L / n6' kf6df nfu/] h] nsf] kmGbflt/ kf] xG' y] ls < d]/f] kl/jf/ / d/] f] OHht sxf“ kU' Yof] xf]nf < wGo eujfg\\ ¤ dnfO{ ;dod} ss' da{ f6 56' s\\ f/f lbof} . nfu' kbfy{ / To;af6 aRg] pkfo ;/n] sIffdf k9fpg' ePs} xf] . plrt kfl/jfl/s k/fdz{ / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] cefj eP/ d km;“] . sfkL, snd / z}lIfs ;fduL| df vr{ ugk{' g{] k};f nfu' cf}ifw h:tf] ljif lsg]/ vfg vr{ u/“] . To;f] gu/]sf] eP d}n] klg /fdf| ] sfd kfp“y] xf]nf . b]zsf] ;]jf ug{] ;Rrf /fi6«;]js aGy]“ xfn] f . d / d/] f tL lbgnfO{ lwSsf/ 5 . uf“hf / nfu' kbfys{ f] ;sf{] tyf OGhS] ;gsf] gzfdf dxŒjk0\" f{ ;do gi6 u/] . Tof] t ed| kf] /x]5 . Tof] t lhGbuLaf6 slxNo} gpqg] bnbn kf] /x]5 . -olts}df p e;' 'Ss lgbfP5, lapem“bf t emndNn pHofnf] eO;s]sf] lyof] ._ lj|mofsnfk != nfu' kbfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gdf nfUg glbg kl/jf/sf] el\" dsf s] /xG5 < cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . @= ;x/df /xs] f cfÇgf] bfh'nfO{ nfu' kbfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gaf6 aRg ckgfpgk' g{] ;fjwfgLsf s'/fx¿ pNnv] u/L kq n]v . #= nfuk' bfy{ ;j] gsf c;/x¿ emNsg] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf 6f;“ . cEof; != s:tf s:tf kbfyn{ fO{ nfu' kbfy{ elgG5 < @= nfu' kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf s] s:tf xfgL u5{ < ;fd'bflos sfo{ nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o;{ g lj?4 hgrt] gf hufpg ;8s gf6s tof/ kf/ / ;db' fodf k|bzg{ u/ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 35

kf7 M $ åGå / To;sf] Joj:yfkg åGå Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf åGå ljZn]ifs ldqnfn;u“ lnOPsf] cGtjft{ fs{ f] cz+ . kqsf/ M åGånfO{ oxfn“ ] s;/L ae' m\\ g'ePsf] 5 < ldqnfn M JolSt jf ;d\"xlarsf] dteb] åGå xf] . km/s km/s ;f]rfO / c;xdltn] åGå lgDTofp“5 . åGå ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} xG' 5 . xfdLn] w/] } h;f] ;do ;fyL, kl/jf/ / ljBfnodf latfp“5f}“ . sltko cj:yfdf ;fyL / kl/jf/sf ;b:o;“u ljrf/ ldNbg} . cfk\"mn] egs] f s/' fdf pgLx¿ ;dyg{ ub{}gg\\ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf s/' f dg kb{}g . ljrf/ gldnk] l5 l/; p75\\ clg emu8fsf] cj:yf pTkGg xG' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ åGå elgG5 . o;/L km/s km/s JolStsf] km/s km/s lsl;dsf] a'emfOn] åGå pTkGg xG' 5 . kqsf/ M åGå lsg x'G5 eGg] nfU5 tkfO{+nfO{ < ldqnfn M åGå pTkGg xg' ] w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g,\\ h:t} M ljrf/ gldNg', e]befjk0\" f{ Jojxf/ x'g,' sfd gkfpg' . To:t} /fhgLlts ljrf/ gldNg,' unt ;r\" gf kfpg', ;Lldt ;|ft] ;fwg xg' ,' lje]b xg' ' klg åGåsf sf/0f xg' \\ . kqsf/ M åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;dfhsf] s:tf] el\" dsf xG' 5 lg < ldqnfn M åGå ;dfwfgdf ;dfh jf ;db' fosf] dxŒjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf /xG5 . xhf/f}“ ljjfb / c;xdltx¿ ;dfhdf g} 6'ª\\uf] nufOPsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\\ . ;dfhn] åGå ;dfwfgdf dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf vN] g ;S5 . ;dfhdf ljbo\\ dfg åGåsf] sf/0f klxrfg ug],{ ;dfhsf ka| '4 JolStx¿ jf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsdfkmt{ dWo:ytf ug{,] b'js} f s'/f ;G' g] / jftf{ u/fpg] / ;xdltsf] ;femf laGb' vfh] L u/L ;Demft} f u/fpg] åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ x'g\\ . kqsf/ M åGå Joj:yfkgdf bfx] f]/f] ;~rf/sf] s] e\"ldsf /xG5 < ldqnfn M åGåsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿dWo] ;~rf/sf] c:ki6tf klg Ps xf] . unt ;~rf/ jf sd a'emfO jf unt a'emfOn] åGå l;h{gf ug{] jf a9fpg] sfd ul//xs] f] x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltdf bj' } kIflar cfk;df s/' fsfgL jf ;j+ fb ug{'k5{ . o;n] bj' } kIfsf larsf] ;f]rfO / a'emfOnfO{ a‰' g / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf af6fx¿ vfH] g dbt u5{ . ;~rf/n] ljrf/df :ki6tf Nofp5“ . cfk;df dteb] sf] oyfy{ sf/0f lzIf0f ;'emfj M :yfgLo kl/j]zdf xg' ] åGåsf pbfx/0fx¿ k:| tt' ug{ nufO{ tfhf 36gfx¿df åGå s;/L pTkGg ePsf] lyof] < åGå s;/L a9\\b} uof] < s;n] ldnfOlbof] < s;/L ldNof] < clxns] f] cj:yf s:tf] 5 cflb h:tf ljifodf 5nkmn u/L åGå Joj:yfkgsf r/0fx¿ af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 36 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

a'‰g ;xofu] u5{ . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljsNk vf]Hg cfwf/ lbG5 . ;xL lgisifd{ f k'Ug dbt u5{ . o;/L xfdLnfO{ ;dfhdf ePsf] åGåaf6 arfpg ;j+ fbsf] k|ofu] x'g' h?/L 5 . JolSt, ;:+ yf jf ;d'bfodf sg' } g s'g} ¿kdf s]xL g s]xL ljjfb xG' 5 . To;nfO{ c¿ a9\\g / laUf|g glbO{ ;dod} tLgnfO{ ;DxfNgk' 5{ . ;dfhdf åGå÷ljjfb ;DxfNg] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/L zflGt axfnL ug{ ko| Tg ug'{k5{ . kqsf/ M ;j+ fb jf jftfn{ ] åGå Joj:yfkgdf s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 < ldqnfn M ;j+ fb bfx] f/] f] ;~rf/sf] ke| fjsf/L ljlw xf] . o;n] åGå/t bj' } kIfnfO{ lhtsf] cj:yfdf k¥' ofp5“ . s;s} f] xf/ xb“' g} . o;n] eljiodf kml] / åGå gxg' ] cj:yf agfp5“ . ljm| ofsnfk != ‘ljBfnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] agfcf’“} eGg] h:tf ljleGg gf/f tof/ u/L sIff sf7] fdf k|bzg{ u/ . @= åGå Joj:yfkgsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ . #= tn lbOPsf] tflnsf cWoog u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf] l;nl;n]jf/ tflnsf åGådf ;n+ Ug kIfn] g} ;dfwfg t;] f| ] kIfsf] ;xof]udf ;dfwfg afx\\o zlStsf] k|ofu] :jJoj:yfkg u/L x/s] 5nkmnaf6 dWo:tstf{sf] k~r enfb\\ lgsfoaf6 k} kf7 M % JolStn] åGåsf sf/0f ;d:of ;xofu] lnP/ dLn] k}m;nf h:t} l/;, tgfj / nfe] ;dfwfg ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg] lbuf]m;gf ul/lbg] cflb lgoGq0f ug{] . ug{] ug]{ . sfgg' L xltof/ k|ofu] sd ansf] k|of]u tyf xf/ lhtsf] ;Defjgf u/L bafpg] a9L cEof; != åGå egs] f] s] xf] < @= åGå ;dfwfgdf ;dfhsf] s] s] e\"ldsf xG' 5 < #= åGåsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] u/ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ ;d'bfodf ePsf ljleGg åGåsf 36gfx¿ / tL 36gfx¿ s;/L ;dfwfg ul/P egL ;d'bfosf ljleGg JolStnfO{ ;f]wL sIffdf k|:t't u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 37

kf7 M % OEXI@ljsf; ljsf;sf nfe / ultnfO{ jtd{ fgsf cltl/St eljio;Dd ;'lglZrttf lbg] cjwf/0ff lbuf] ljsf; xf] . o;n] jtd{ fgdf ;|f]tsf] cTolws k|ofu] n] efjL k:' tfnfO{ ;f| ]tljxLg agfpg' xb“' g} eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . lbuf] ljsf; cfkm}d“ f wflgg ;Sg] ljsf; xf] . jftfj/0f dq} L ljsf; / l6sfp x'g] ljsf;sf ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ tnsf] rf6{n] :Kfi6 kf5{ M cfkm} d“ f wflgg efjL k:' tfsf] ljsf;df ;lsg] rf;f] /fVg] lbuf] ljsf; jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / ;fdflhs Gofodf hf8] ljsf;df ;Gt'ng vf]Hg] l6sfp x'g] vfnsf] lbg] lbuf] ljsf;sf p2]Zox¿ -s_ hg;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug'{ -v_ jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0f ug'{ -u_ k|fsl[ ts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;fjwfgL / ;rt] k0\" f{ pkof]u ug{' -3_ cflys{ j[l4 ug'{ / ;fdflhs pGglt ug'{ -ª_ ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj jl[ 4 u/L dfgjLo ljsf;sf kIfx¿nfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug'{ lbuf] ljsf; ug{ s] ug{'k5{ < -s_ j[If/fk] 0f, jg hª\\unsf] ;+/If0f / jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ug'{k5{ . lzIf0f ;'emfj M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cfr/0f ug{ k]/| 0ff lbg] vfnsf lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 38 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

-v_ ;fgf / :yfgLo k|ljlwd'vL ljsf; lgdf{0fdf hf8] lbgk' 5{ . -u_ js} lNks / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|ofu] df hf8] lbgk' 5{ . -3_ ;x/ ahf/df lg:sg] kmf]xf/] sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . -ª_ vfn] faf6 hyfefjL 9ª' u\\ f, lu6L, afn'jf lemSg] sfo{ aGb ug{'k5{ . -r_ hg;ª\\Vof j[l4 b/df lgoGq0f ugk{' 5{ . -5_ h}ljs (organic) vt] LnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ . lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] ljBfnosf] jftfj/0fLo ;w' f/ -km'naf/L, j[If/f]k0f, ;/;kmfO_ sf lglDt of]hgf agfO{ sfofG{ jog u/ . @= lbuf] ljsf;sf] lglDt gful/sn] v]Ng'kg{] e\"ldsf ;DaGwdf ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:tt' u/ . #= ;dfhdf k5fl8 /xs] f ju{, lnª\\u, If]q, hflt, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ /fHo jf ;d'bfon] ljz]if ;l' jwf jf cj;/ kb| f/ u/L c¿ JolSt ;/xsf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ul/g] k|of; ;fdflhs Gofo xf] . ltd|f] ;db' fodf kl5 /xs] f To:tf ;dx\" sf dflg;x¿n] ;fdflhs Gofo kfPsf 5g\\ t < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / n]v . cEof; != lbuf] ljsf; egs] f] s] xf] < @= lbuf] ljsf;n] s] s/' fsf] dfu u5{ < #= lbuf] ljsf; ug{ s] ugk{' 5{ < ;fdb' flos sfo{ cfÇgf] ;db' fodf lbuf] ljsf;sf lglDt kf7df lbP h:t} pkfox¿ cjnDag ePsf] 5 jf 5} g, tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpm M sfofG{ jog ePsf ab“' f sfof{Gjog gePsf a'“bf ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 39

kf7 M ^ ;'zf;g ;z' f;gnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g jf c;n zf;gsf ¿kdf lrGg] ul/G5 . pQd lsl;dsf] zf;g tyf pQd /fHo Joj:yf x'g' ;z' f;g xf] . k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u g} ;z' f;g xf] . hgtfkl| t pQ/bfoL ;/sf/, kf/bzL{ lg0fo{ kl| j|mof / ei| 6frf/ dS' t ;dfh ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e\"t kIfx¿ xg' \\ . hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf / sfgg' L zf;g klg ;'zf;gsf cfwf/ xg' \\ . ;z' f;gsf nflu s] ug]{ < ;z' f;gn] s] xG' 5 < sfgg' sf] kfngf ;an} ] ug{k' g]{ ei| 6frf/df sdL cfp“5 . c;n zf;gsf] k|Tofet\" xg' k' g]{ bz] df zflGt cdgrog sfod x'G5 . x/s] sfd / ljm| ofsnfkdf kf/blzt{ f ;xh / ;/n ¿kdf j:t' jf ;j] f x'g'kg{] k|fKt x'G5 . x/s] sfofn{ odf gful/s a8fkqsf] zf;s / hgtflar ;d' w/' ;DaGWf Joj:yf xg' 'kg{] :yflkt xG' 5 . hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;j] f lbgk' g{] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;fdflhs Gofo k|fKt x'G5 . ;fwg / ;f| t] sf] Gofofl] rt ljt/0f xG' 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ltdf| ] ufpk“ flnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf ePsf] ;z' f;gsf] cEof;af/] sfos{ f/L clwst[ nfO{ ;fW] g] k|ZgfjnLsf] gdg' f tof/ kf/ . sIffdf 5nkmn u/L To;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ ufp“kflnsf ;lrj jf sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{ ;fw] . ufp“kflnsf jf gu/kflnsf 6f9f ePdf kqfrf/ u/ / k|fKt hjfkm sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . @= ljBfno Joj:yfkg / k|zf;g ;~rfngdf ;'zf;gsf] cfjZostf k5{ < ltd|f] ljBfnon] ;'zf;gnfO{ kj| w{g ug{ u/]sf d'Vo dV' o ultljlwx¿ nv] . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;'zf;gsf af/d] f sIffdf jSt[Tj snf jf sljtf jf lgaGw k|ltofl] utf u/fpgx' f];,\\ h;df lzIfsn] ;xhLs/0f u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ g} Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug{ clek|l] /t ugx'{ f;] \\ . 40 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

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