Social Studies - 9

k f7 M !# blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] ofqf pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] e|d0f ;s]/ xfdL dl] S;sf]sf] aGb/ufxdf cfOk'Uof“} . Toxf“af6 ;?' ePsf] ;db' s| f] nfdf] ofqfkl5 xfdL a|flhn k'Uof“} . bf];|f] lbg skmL kmfd{ xg] { uof}“ . Toxf“ k|z:t skmL vt] L x'g] /x]5 . dflg;x¿ skmL l6Kg nflu/xs] f b]lvGy] . skmL kz| f]wg ug{] 7'nf 7'nf sf/vfgfx¿ klg /x5] g\\ . Toxf“af6 xfdLnfO{ cd]hgsf] hªu\\ n xg] { nluof] . ljzfn gbL hªu\\ nsf] laraf6 au]sf] bl] vGYof] . Tof] hª\\undf w]/} cUnf cUnf ?vx¿ /x5] g\\ . olt 7'nf ?v t dn} ] b]v]s} lyOg“ . o; Ifq] df Hofb} udL{ lyof] . Toxfa“ f6 xfd|f] ofqf pQ/tkm{ a9\\of] . eg] h] P' nfdf xfdLn] kfgLsf] tfnaf6 k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ lgsfns] f] klg x]¥of“} . csf]{ lbg xfdLn] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] w]/} :yfgx¿ dfpG6]g ÇnfO6af6 cjnfs] g u¥of}“ . blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] klZrdk6l\\ 6 pQ/ blIf0f kml} nPsf] nfdf] PlG8h kjt{ >]0fL /x5] . of] kj{t >0] fL g]kfnsf] lxdfno kjt{ >]0fL h:t} /x]5 . lxdfn / kxf8x¿df ;G' b/ b[Zo bl] vGYof] . xfdLnfO{ ufO8n] To; Ifq] sf] hghLjgsf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fP . Toxfs“ f dflg;x¿ kz'kfng / sl[ if k];f ubf{ /x]5g\\ . Toxf“ nfdf gfd u/s] f] Ps k|sf/sf] afv|f h:t} hgfj/ kflng] /x]5 . To;kl5 klZrdL lsgf/fdf cjl:yt cf6fsfdf d?e\"ld xg] { uof“} . of] d?e\"lddf w]/} jif{b]lv kfgL k/s] f] /xg] 5 . Toxf“af6 xfdLnfO{ ch]l{ G6gf nluof] . ljleGg b]zsf ljBfyL{ / lzIfs lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df gS;f, Unfa] , P6n; jf OG6/g]6sf] ko| f]u u/L kf7df plNnlvt ljleGg :yfgsf] vfh] L ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 92 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

;+nUg ed| 0f bnnfO{ xf};nf a9fpg Toxf“ km6' an vn] sf] kb| z{g ul/of] . ljZj rlrt{ vn] f8L Dof/f8fg] f;“u k|ToIf e6] /] s/' fsfgL ug{ kfpb“ f v';Lsf] ;Ldf /xg] . Toxf“ ;dy/ 3f;“ ] kmf“6 /x]5 . To; kmf“6df st} ux“' vt] L u/]sf] kfOof] eg] sxL“ e8] f / ufO{ kfng u/]sf] klg b]lvof] . Toxf“ t Pp6} ls;fgn] ;of“} ufO{ / xhf/f“} e8] f kfNbf /x]5g\\ . e]8fsf] pmg sf6g\\ ] / ufOs{ f] b'w b'x'g] sfd klg d]l;gaf6 u/]sf] b]v/] d t 5Ss k/“] . d]/L cfdfnfO{ an] f an] fdf ufO{n] nfQL xfg]/ n8fPsf] / bw' kfl] vlbPsf] ;lD´P“ . gk] fndf klg o:t} b'w b'xg' ] d]l;g eOlbPsf] eP d]/L cfdfnfO{ bM' v xg' ] lyPg . o:tf] d]l;g w]/} ;ªV\\ ofdf Ps} k6s bw' b'xg' sf lglDt k|of]u ul/g] /x]5 . dn} ] klg 7n' f] ePkl5 o;} u/L ;of}“ ufO{ kfNg] / bw' b'xg] d]l;g /fVg] c7f6] dgdg} u/]“ . csf{] lbg xfdL lrnLsf] ;'Gtnf aur“} fdf kU' of“} . Toxf“ lxpb“ df kfgL kg]{ / udL{ dlxgfdf kfgL gkg{] /x5] . To; If]qdf ?vx¿ 7n' f gxg' ] /x]5g\\ . xfdL af]lnleofsf] /fli6o« lgs'~h klg 3D' of“} . of] /fli6«o lgs'~h clk|msfsf] ;efgf Ifq] h:t} /x]5 . oxf“ cUnf cUnf 3f;“ / kmf6km'6 ?vx¿ dfq /x5] g\\ . oxf“ l;+x, af3, du[ nufotsf ljleGg ks| f/sf hgfj/x¿ /x]5g\\ . xfdLn] sk] xg{ klg hfg] xf] < eg/] xfdf| ] ufO8nfO{ ;fw] s] f lyof}“ . s]k xg{ blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] ;a}eGbf blIf0fdf kg]{ Hofb} b'u{d :yfg /x5] . Toxf“ ;we}“ l/ cf“wL rln/xg] xb“' f xjfO{hxfh hfg g;Sg] /x]5 . kfgL hxfh klg To; af6f] eP/ ghfg] /x]5 . To;}n] xfdL uPgf}“ . xfdf| ] bO' { dlxgf nfdf] clkm| sf, blIf0f cdl] /sf / pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ofqf ;lsof] . l/of] lb hg] ]l/of]sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg :ynaf6 xfdL ba' O{ ljdfg:yn x'b“ } gk] fn kmls{of}“ . o;/L Ps} k6s tLgcf]6f dxfbz] sf] ed| 0f ug{ kfPsfd] f dn} ] cfkmn\" fO{ efUodfgL 7fgs] f] 5' . o:tf] cj;/ h6' fOlbg] ;:+ yfnfO{ xflbs{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . lj|mofsnfk != P6n;df blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ef}lts Pjd\\ /fhgLlts gS;f x]/L ofqf ljj/0fdf plNnlvt :yfgx¿ kQf nufpm . @= ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ vf]hL u/L blIf0f cd]l/sfsf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\\sng u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ . cEof; != blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] gS;f xb] {} ;f] gS;f sfkLdf ptf/ . To;df tnsf :yfgx¿ e//] b]vfpm M l/of] b hg] l] /of], l6l6sfsf tfn, cf6fsfdf d?el\" d, PlG8h kjt{ z[ª\\vnf, cdh] g a];L @= blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] efu} fl] ns cj:yf j0f{g u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 93

k'g/jnf]sg cEof; != gk] fnsf] gS;fdf lxdfnx¿ bv] fOPsf] xG' 5 . To;df bl] vg] afªu\\ fl6ªu\\ f wsfx{ ¿ gbLx¿sf nflu ko| fu] ul/Psf xg' \\ . P6n; x/] L pSt gbLx¿ sg' sg' xg' \\ < gfd kQf nufpm . @= Pp6f kfgfdf cfotfsf/ rt'e'{h lvr h;sf] nDafO !^ ;]ld / rf}8fO * ;]ld x'g'k5{ . ca pSt rt'eh{' nfO{ rf/ v08df ljefhg u//] lrqdf h:t} gS;f ptf/ . #= es\" DkLo ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf hgrt] gf hufpg k|To]sn] Ps Ps cf6] f kDKn6] jf kf]:6/ jf krf{ jf Kn]sf8{ tof/ kf/ / ;db' fodf rt] gfdn\" s sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u/ . ;8s gf6s klg bv] fpg ;lsG5 . $= xfjf sg' lbzftkm{ ax]sf] 5 egL xg] { Ps n77\\ Ldf l/ag af“w]/ vn' f 7fpd“ f /fv . l/ag htftkm{ kmlsG{ 5, xfjf Tot} ax]sf] xG' 5 . ljdfg:ynx¿df lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:t} /ftf] / ;t] f] wsf{ ePsf] 9'ª\\uf| ] h:tf] sk8fsf] pks/0f /flvPsf] xG' 5 . To;n] ljdfgnfO{ ljdfg:ynsf] jfos' f] lbzf cjut u/fp5“ . %= pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clkm| sf dxfb]zsf af/]df xflh/L hjfkm kl| tof]lutfsf lgldQ kZ| gx¿ agfpm . k|Zgsf ;fydf pQ/ klg /fv . ;a} hgfn] agfPsf k|Zgx¿ Ps} 7fp“df /fvL bfx] fl] /Psf kZ| gx¿ x6fpm . To;kl5 ;dx\" x¿ agfO{ vfnL 3G6Ldf xflh/L hjfkm k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng u/ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ cfÇgf] ufp“ jf 6fn] df /x]sf] Pp6f dxŒjk\"0f{ jf rlrt{ :yfg jf rf]s jf d\"n af6f] jf bf]af6f] b]lv cfÇgf] 3/ jf ljBfno;Ddsf] af6f]sf] gS;f agfpm . af6f]df /x]sf ljleGg tYox¿, h:t} M wfld{s :yn, ;xfos af6f,] bfa] f6f], rf}af6f], rfs] , rft} f/f,] ahf/, sfofn{ o, ljBfno, vfn] f, kn' nfO{ ;ªs\\ ]t ko| fu] u/L gS;fdf b]vfpm . 94 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M ^ xfd|f] ljut l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\\ M cfwl' gs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg / o;df hgtfsf] el\" dsf pNnv] ug{ ;u' fn} L ;lGwkl5sf] gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf / /f0ffsfnLg gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts, cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ;w' f/x¿sf] j0fg{ ug{ lj= ;=+ @))& bl] v xfn;Ddsf] k|d'v /fhgLlts 36gfj|md / o; ;dodf ePsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pknlAw pNnv] ug{ lu|;sf] / /f]dsf] ;Eotf tyf k'ghfu{ /0fsfndf ePsf ;w' f/ / dfgj rt] gfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] j0fg{ ug{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 95

k f7 M ! gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf /fhf / ef/bf/ clg uf/] vfnL ;g] fsf] dfq ;xeflutf Pjd\\ ;xof]u lyPg . of] t ;Dk0\" f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tofu, alnbfg / ;dyg{ n] dfq ;kmn ePsf] loof] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ cem :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M -s_ uf]/vfsf :yfgLo afl;Gbf la;] gurL{n] hgtfsf] ;;fgf ;xof]un] 7'nf xltof/ lsGg] k};f hDdf ug{ ;lsg] ;Nnfx lbPadf]lhd uf]/vf /fHosf !@))) 3/w'/Laf6 hgtfåf/f cfly{s ;ª\\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . -v_ !^ bl] v #) jif{ pd/] sf ;a} uf]/vfnL oj' fx¿ o4' df ;xefuL ePsf lyP . -u_ Hof]ltif s'nfgGb 9sfnsf] ;Nnfx tyf ;fOtnfO{ dfg]/ g'jfsf6] / sLlt{k/' dfly t;] f| ] cfj|md0f ubf{ uf]/vfnLx¿ ;kmn ePsf lyP . -3_ sLlt{k'/df hok|sfz dNnsf] ;g] fn] k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxnfO{ sf6g\\ xltof/ p7fpb“ f /fhf sf6g\\ x'“bg} egL ;Nnfx lbg] jf /fhfnfO{ sf6\\g /f]Sg] JolSt klg ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f lyP . clg pgnfO{ /ftf/ft g'jfsf]6 k'¥ofO{ ;'/lIft ug]{df klg ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s lyP . -ª_ sLltk{ '/ cfj|md0f ug{ bxrf]ssf hgtfn] kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf lyP . -r_ bf;] |f] k6s sLltk{ /' cfjm| d0f ubf{ ;'/kt| fk zfxsf] cf“vf km6' \\bf lrlsT;s PGhf]nf]n] pkrf/ u/]sf lyP . -5_ sflGtk'/sf] ljhokZrft\\ Toxf“sf hgtfn] kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ :jfut u/]sf lyP . -h_ kf6g ljho ug{] l;nl;nfdf >Lxif{ kGt bt' agL uPsf lyP . -´_ axfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf klZrd PsLs/0fdf lg:s]sf ;]gfnfO{ hgtfåf/f :jfut ul/Psf] lyof] . -`_ hgtfåf/f ?rfOPsf JolSt sfn' kf08n] fO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sfhL agfPsf lyP . lzIfsnfO{ ;'emfj M PsLs/0f cleofgdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf ;DaGwdf P]ltxfl;s k':ts jf ;db' fosf Oltxf;;u“ rf;f] /fVg] JolStx¿nfO{ e6] L yk hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 96 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk != ltd|f] ;db' fosf] ljutb]lv xfn;Ddsf] ljsf;df ;db' fosf hgtfsf] s] el\" dsf 5 < ;db' fosf sx] L uGodfGo JolStnfO{ ;fw] L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . @= lgDglnlvt JolStx¿sf] ofu] bfgnfO{ pNnv] u/L tflnsfdf k|:t't u/ M JolStsf] gfd of]ubfg lj;] gurL{ s'nfgGb 9sfn bxrf]ssf hgtf PGhfn] f ] cEof; != gk] fnsf] PsLs/0fdf hgtfsf] e\"ldsfnfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf k:| t't u/ . @= lsg hgtfn] ?rfPsf JolStnfO{ k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxn] sfhL agfPsf xfn] fg\\, cfÇgf] ts{ k:| t't u/ . #= lj;] gurLn{ ufotsf ;j;{ fwf/0f hgtfsf] ljrf/nfO{ dfGgn' ] kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfxnfO{ s:tf JolStTjsf ¿kdf k|:tt' u5{ / lsg < ;fdb' flos sfo{ ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;dfhsf] lxtdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolStTjnfO{ ljBfnosf] hGd hoGtL lbg kf/L ;Ddfg ug{] sfo{jm| d agfpm / ;f] 36gf;dt] ;d6] L kl| tjb] g tof/ u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 97

kf7 M @ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f hg' a' ]zL, ;f]nv' 'Da' ldlt M @)&!.)(.@& lk|o ldq hfg] , ld7f] ;Demgf ltdf| ] kq lxhf] kfP“ . ltdLn] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg / To;df ;+nUg JolStsf af/]df rf;f] /fv/] kq k7fPsf /x]5f} . d}n] o; kqdfkmt{ ltdf| ] lh1f;f d6] fpg] ko| Tg ub{}5' . gk] fn cfh h'g cj:yfdf PsLst[ , :jtGq / ;fj{efd} 5, o;sf] h; k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ lbgk' g{] xG' 5 . pgn] 5l/P/ /xs] f afO;L, rfl} a;L /fHonufot pkTosfsf sf7df8f,“} nlntk/' / eStk'/sf ;fy} jl/kl/sf g'jfsf6] dsjfgk/' nufotsf /fHonfO{ ldnfO{ Pp6f ;an / l;ªu\\ f] gk] fn lgdf0{ f u/s] f lyP . PsLs/0fk\"j{ /fHox¿df a]d]n lyof] . cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf / /fli6«otfsf] Vofn lyPg . blIf0ftkm{af6 cª\\u|]hx¿ g]kfnnfO{ cfÇgf] sAhfdf lng df}sf x]/]/ al;/x]sf lyP . oL ;a} kl/b[ZonfO{ glhs}af6 lgofln/x]sf uf/] vfsf /fhf kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;fgf] If]qdf ;Lldt uf]/vf /fHonfO{ kj\" d{ f l6:6f;Dd k¥' ofP/ efu} fl] ns PsLs/0fsf] hu a;fP . ;fy} ljleGg ;f:+ sl[ ts d\"No tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf / ;Ddfg lbO{ ;f+:sl[ ts PsLs/0f ;dt] u/] . pgn] lj/fh avtLsf] ;6\\6f hgtfåf/f cg'df]lbt sfn' kf8“ n] fO{ sfhL lbP/ hgefjgfsf] ;dt] sb/ u/s] f lyP . ltdLn] d'Vo dV' o 36gfnfO{ pNnv] ug{ egs] fn] d}n] tnsf] tflnsf agfPsf] 5' M oL hfgsf/Lx¿n] ltdLnfO{ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg a‰' g yf/] } eP klg dbt u5{ xf]nf . ltd|f] ;fyL g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf 36gfx¿ lgdf l5l/ª zk] f ldlt -lj= ;=+ _ 36gf !*)! c;f]h !% gj' fsf6] ljho !*!( ebf} ( dsjfgk'/ ljho !*@@ r}t # sLltk{ '/ ljho !*@% c;f]h !# sf7df8f}“ ljho !*@% c;fh] @$ kf6g ljho !*@^ dª\\l;/ ! eStk'/dfly ljho 98 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

!*#) ;fpg $ rfb} 08Ldfly clwsf/ !*#! ;fpg % ljhok/' dfly clwsf/ / g]kfnsf] l;dfgf kj\" {df l6:6f gbL;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df g]kfn ljho cleofg;“u ;DalGwt syf, n]v cflb k:| t't u/L ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\\ . ljm| ofsnfk tnsf cg'R5]b k9 / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ tof/ kf/ M k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf lbJo pkbz] k9b\\ f pgL slt b/' bzL{ lyP eGg] yfxf xG' 5 . 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gnn] crn] e|i6frf/ ljZjsf] 7n' f] ;d:of elg/xs] f] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] plxNo} æ3;' lnGof / lbGof /fHosf zq' xg' \\, logsf] lhp Hofg lnof klg kfk nfUGof 5g} Æ egs] f lyP . pgn] ‘gk] fn rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] km' naf/L xf]’ klg eg]sf lyP . clxn] aNn cfP/ xfdL ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] s/' f ub{}5f“} . xfdL kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ s'/f u5f{“} . pgn] plt an] } ævfgL ePsf 7fp“df 3/ v]t /x5] eg] To;nfO{ cGoq ;f/L vfgL rnfpgÆ' egs] f lyP . k[YJfLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf lj/fh avtLnfO{ sfhL kb lbg rfxGy] . sfhL egs] f] clxns] f] kw| fg dGqLsf] kb xf] t/ ef/bf/ / ;j;{ fwf/0f rflx“ sfn' kf08]nfO{ agfP v';L xg' ] bl] vP . pgLx¿sf] /fh] fO kf08] ePsf] a'emk] l5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] dgsf] sfhLnfO{ 5f8/] hgsf] sfhLnfO{ /f]h] . o;}af6 pgsf] kh| ftflGqs rl/q kl' i6 x'G5 . 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿ != 3;\" lnGof / vfGofnfO{ lsg /fHosf] zq' elgPsf] xfn] f < @= cfÇgf] /f]hfOeGbf hgtfsf] /f]hfOnfO{ pQ/ lbg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] rl/qn] s] s/' fsf] kl| tlglwTj u5{ < #= cgR' 5b] df k9]/ ltdLn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxdf s] s:tf u'0f /x]sf] kQf nufof,} ;r\" L agfpm . cEof; != gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cufl8 /fHox¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] < @= PsLs/0fsf kd| 'v 36gfx¿sf] ;\"rL tflnsf agfO{ k|:t't u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 99

kf7 M # PsLs/0fsf] lg/Gt/tf / cGTo 8fN] df z]kf{ / ;G' tnL dfemL sIff * df k95\\ g\\ . pgLx¿ k9fO ;lsP/ 3/ kms“{b} lyP . af6fdf ;flxn /l~ht;u“ e]6 x'G5 . pgL sIff * df k9\\g] ljBfyL{ xg' \\ . cfhsf] sIffdf pgL cg'kl:yt ePsfn] ;fyLx¿;“u ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf sIffdf ePsf] k9fOsf af/d] f u/]sf] s/' fsfgL o; ks| f/ 5 M ;flxn M ;fyLx¿ ¤ ljBfnoaf6 kms{+b} xf] lg < d t ;~rf] geP/ ljBfno hfg klg ;lsg“ . cfh klg Dof8dn] PsLs/0f cleofgsf af/d] f k9fpg' eof] xfn] f lg xfO] g < 8fN] df M xf] lg, kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ pgsf pQ/flwsf/Ln] cl3 a9fPsf] s'/f atfpg'eof] . pgsf 5f/] f kt| fkl;x+ zfxsf] 5f6] f] sfo{sfndf pk/bfªu9L, sljnf;k'/ u9L, ;d' ]Zj/ u9L, lrtjg g]kfndf uflePsf] s'/f atfpge' Psf] lyof] . ;G' tnL M k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] lj= ;+= !*#$ df @^ jif{sf] pd]/df d[To' ePkZrft\\ /fhG] bn| IdL / axfb/' zfxn] PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] s/' f slt /f]rs 9ª\\un] atfpg'ePsf] lyof,] x}g 8fN] df < 8fN] df M xf] lg ¤ k|tfkl;x+ zfxsf] d[Tok' l5 /fgL /fh]Gb| nIdLn] gfafns 5f]/f /0faxfb/' zfxsf] gfojL eP/ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ nflug\\ . pgsf] gfojL sfndf kj{t, ndh'ª / sf:sL;Dd gk] fnsf] l;dfgf ku' ]sf] lyof] . pgn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf sx] L O6“ fx¿ yKg] sfd ul/g\\ . To;n} ] cª\\uh]| L Oltxf;sf/ ss{ Kofl6s« n] pgnfO{ c;fwf/0f JolStTj ePsL gf/Lsf] ;1+ f lbPsf lyP . pgsf] lj= ;=+ !*$@ df d[To' eof] . ;flxn M To;kl5 klg PsLs/0f cleofgn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] t < 8fN] df M /fhG] b| nIdLsf] d[Tok' l5 PsLs/0f cleofgdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd axfb'/ zfxn] u/] . pgL kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f/] f lyP . pgn] ( jif;{ Dd /0faxfb/' zfxsf] gfddf gfojL rnfP . pgsf] gfojL sfndf gk] fnsf] l;dfgf sd' fp“ u9jfn;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . pgL jL/ / b/' bzL{ lyP . PsLs/0f cleofg ;kmn agfpg kfNkf h:tf] alnof] /fHo;u“ jj} flxs ;DaGw uf“;] / /fd|f clg of]Uo JolStnfO{ ;]gfdf etL{ u/fP . lj= ;=+ !*$# h7] df uN' dL, c3fv{ fr“ L, ws' f6{] cflb 7fp“x¿ g]kfndf ufleP . oxL ;fnsf] c;fh] df kjt{ df klg ljho kf| Kt eof] . To;kl5 Ko7' fg, bfª, /fN] kf / hfh/sf6] klg g]kfnsf] cwLgdf /xg uof] . lzIfsnfO{ ;'emfj M gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofg;“u ;DalGwt 36gf jf ;Gbe{nfO{ syf, 8sd' G] 6L« cflbsf] dfWodaf6 klg hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsG5 . 100 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

;flxn M axfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf t w]/} /fHox¿ g]kfndf uflePsf /x]5g,\\ xg} t < ;G' tnL M sxf“ Tolt dfq xf] / afO:fL / rfl} a;L /fHo lht]kl5 g]kfnL ;g] f a8fsfhL cd/l;+x yfkfsf] gt] [Tjdf sd' fp / u9jfn Ifq] lhTb} cnsfGb;Dd k'u]sf] / u9jfn /fHon] g]kfnnfO{ s/ a'emfpg :jLsf/ u/]sf] k|;ªu\\ Dof8dn] /f]rs kf/fn] atfpge' Psf] lyof] . ;flxn M sd' fp / u9jfndf g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljho k|fKt u/s] f] ldlt;dt] atfOb]pm g t < ;G' tnL M xG' 5 lg . gk] fnL ;g] fn] !*$& r}t !! df sd' fpsf] /fhwfgL cNdf8] f / !*$* c;f/ !@ df u9jfnsf] /fhwfgL >Lgu/ lht]sf lyP . ;flxn M s] To;kl5 PsLs/0f cleofgsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] < ;G' tnL M To;kl5 !*$^ df ePsf] gk] fn–ltAat o4' n] PsLs/0f cleofg ;:' tffP klg /0faxfb'/ zfxsf kfnfdf cd/l;+x yfkfn] kfNkfnfO{ g]kfndf ldnfPkl5 g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] . ;flxn M cfhsf] sIff lng gkfP klg ;a} s'/f :ki6 kfl/lbPsf]df ;fyLx¿nfO{ w/] } w/] } wGojfb ¤ ;G' tnL÷8f]Ndf M xG' 5 . ;fyLx¿nfO{ hfgs] f] s/' f atfpg kfp“bf xfdLx¿ klg v;' L 5f“} . ljm| ofsnfk != sIffdf ;d\"xdf af“l8P/ PsLs/0f cleofg;u“ ;DalGwt e\"ldsf clego k|:t't u/ / /fdf| ] ug{] ;dx\" nfO{ tfnLn] ;Ddfg u/ . @= PsLs/0f cleofg;u“ ;DalGwt ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6g\\ ] u/L uLt jf sljtf tof/ u/ / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . cEof; != PsLs/0f cleofgdf /fhG] b| nIdLsf] el\" dsf pNnv] u/ . @= ofU] o afa'sf] of]Uo kq' sf ¿kdf axfb'/ zfxsf] dN\" ofªs\\ g u/ . #= gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofgdf ;n+ Ug a8fsfhL cd/l;x+ yfkfaf6 xfdLn] l;Sgk' g{] kf7 s] xf] < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 101

kf 7 M $ ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5sf] /fhgLlts 36gf j|md ;u' fn} L ;lGw gk] fn–cªu\\ h]| o4' ;dfKt ug{] ;lGw lyof] . @ l8;D] a/ !*!% df bj' } kIflar ePsf] ;xdltdf cfwfl/t o; ;lGwn] ubf{ gk] fnn] w/] } ee\" fu ud' fpg kU' of] . gk] fnsf] /fhgLltdf cªu\\ h]| x¿sf] x:tIfk] ;xgk' /s] f] lyof] eg] kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfxaf6 ;?' ul/Psf] g] kfn PsLs/0f cleofg k0\" ft{ M ;dfKt ePsf] Pjd\\ b/af/df if8o\\ Gq / u6' aGbLsf] /fhgLlt ;?' ePsf] lyof] . ;u' fn} L ;lGwkZrft\\ lj= ;=+ !()# ;Ddsf] cjlw gk] fnsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] ;do lyof] . ;f] ;dodf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf cfpgs' f dV' o sf/0fx¿ lgDglnlvt lyP M -s_ ef/bf/x¿ ljleGg u'6df nfUbf pgLx¿larsf] emu8f -v_ /fhfsf] sdhf/] :jefj -u_ /fgLx¿sf] cfk;L j}dg:o -3_ cª\\u|h] sf] gk] fnL /fhgLltdf x:tIfk] ug{] gLlt -ª_ kw| fg dGqL kl/jt{g eO/xg] l:ylt -r_ kf08] / yfkfx¿sf] k:' tfg} L b:' dgL dV' o /fhgLlts 36gf j|md != /0fhªu\\ kf08]sf] dl' Vtof/L M eLd;g] yfkfsf] ktgkl5 logn] d'lVtof/L ;Dxfn]sf lyP . logsf] d'lVtof/Ldf /fhf /fhG] b|sL h7] L /fgLsf] xft lyof] . /0faxfb/' zfxsf] kfnfdf x/0f ePsf ljtf{ lkmtf{ ug{] af| x\\d0fx¿sf] dfusf] aj] f:tf / cª\\u]|h lj/f]wL ePsf sf/0f pgn] 5f6] f] ;dod} kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbgk' /]sf] lyof] . @= eLd;]g yfkfsf] ljif d'4f lkmtf{ M /0fhª\\u kf08]sf] /fhLgfdfkZrft\\ /ªu\\ gfy kf8} ]nsf] d'lVtof/L sfndf eLd;]g yfkfdfly nufOPsf] ljif d4' f lkmtf{ lnO{ pgnfO{ hn] d'St ul/Psf] lyof] . pgL hn] dS' t ePkl5 sg' } lhDd]jf/L gkfPsf sf/0f k'Vofn{} L 3/ ePsf] 7fp“ uf/] vf af]nfª{ uO{ a;]sf lyP . #= eLd;]g yfkfsf] ljif d'4f pN6fpg' M k'is/ zfxsf] d'lVtof/L sfndf /0fhª\\u kf08n] ] eLd;g] yfkfsf] ljif d'4f pN6fO{ pgnfO{ k'gM kjm| fp ug{ nufPsf lyP . /0fhª\\u kf08]n] gSsnL kd| f0f h6' fO{ ljif d4' f k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljleGGf Pl] txfl;s 36gf jm| dnfO{ lrq, rf6{ / syfsf] dfWodaf6 klg cWofkg u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 102 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

$= ;}lgs ljb|fx] M /0fhª\\u kf08] bf];f| ] rf6] L lj= ;+= !*(& df dl' Vtof/ x“b' f s]xL ;l} gsn] @ jifb{ ]lv tna gkfPsf] lgx“'df pQl] ht eO{ 6“l' 8v]ndf e]nf xg' ], la|l6; /]l;8]G;Lsf] sDkfpG8 3]g]{ sfd u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] k'is/ zfx / /ª\\ugfy kf8} ]nnufotsf 3/;d]t tf]8kmf]8 u/s] f lyP . oL ;}lgsx¿sf] ;ªV\\ of sl/a ^ xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf lyof] . /fhf /fhG] bn| ] tna / ;l} gs s6f}tL gul/g] 3fi] f0ff u/]kl5 ;f] cfj|mf]z zfGt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df o;nfO{ ;}lgs ljb|f]xsf] nIf0f elgG5 . %= sfG5L /fgLsf] zlSt pGdfb M /0fhª\\u kf08s] f] ktgkl5 h7] L dxf/fgLsf] klg dT[ o' eof] . h7] L /fgLsf] dT[ ok' Zrft\\ sfG5L /fgL /fHonIdL bj] Ln] zlSt j4[ ug{ nflug\\ . pgnfO{ lj= ;=+ !()) df zfxL 3fi] f0ffdfkmt{ \\ lgo'lSt, kbRot' , bz] lgsfnf, k|f0f b08, jb} ]lzs o4' jftf{ / ;lGw ug{] c;Lldt clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . lj= ;+= !()) df logn] dfyj/ l;+x yfkfnfO{ kw| fgdGqL agfOg\\ . pgnfO{ k|wfg dGqL agfpgs' f] Pp6} :jfy{ cfÇgf] 5f/] f /0f]Gbn| fO{ /fhf agfpg' lyof] t/ dfyj/l;+xaf6 klg ;f] sfd k/\" f gx'g] bv] L pgsf] xTof hªu\\ axfb/' åf/f u/fPsL lyOg\\ . ^= kmQ]hª\\usf] d'lVtof/L / uugl;x+ sf] babaf M !()@ h]7 $ ut] /flt dfyj/l;x+ yfkfsf] xTofkl5 ef/tsf] jgf/;df al;/x]sf kmTth] ª\\u zfxnfO{ sf7df8f}“ af]nfO{ dl' Vtof/ kbdf lgo'St ul/of] . pgsf] dl' Vtof/L sfndf b/af/df sfG5L /fgLsf] sk[ fkfqsf ¿kdf uugl;x+ sf] babaf a9s] f] lyof] . o;/L gk] fndf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / cGof]nsf] jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fO{ hª\\uaxfb'/sf] pbo ePsf] lyof] . lj|mofsnfk ljleGg ;dx\" df ljeflht eO{ o; sfndf ePsf ljleGg /fhgLlts 36gf j|mdnfO{ gf6sLs/0f ljlwaf6 k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . k|:t'ltsf] d\"Nofª\\sg ug{ Pp6f 5'66\\ } d\"Nofª\\sg ;ldltnfO{ lhDd] jf/L tfS] g'xf;] \\ / /fd|f] clego ug]{ ;dx\" nfO{ k/' :s[t ug{'xf;] \\ . cEof; != /fhG] b| jL/ljj|md zfxsf kfnfdf ;}lgs ljb|f]xsf] nIf0f b]lvg'sf] sf/0f pNnv] u/ . @= eLd;g] yfkfnfO{ nufOPsf] ljif d4' fsf af/d] f 5f6] f] ;dLIff u/ . #= sfG5L /fgLn] lsg kmTth] ªu\\ nfO{ d'lVtof/L lbPsL lyOg\\ < $= ;u' fn} L ;lGwkl5sf] ;do /fhgLlts cGofn} / cl:y/tfsf] ;do lyof,] lsg < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 103

k f7 M % /f0ff sfnLg /fhgLlts ljm| ofsnfk /f0ff sfndf 36]sf ljleGg /fhgLlts lj|mofsnfkx¿n] /f0ff zf;gnfO{ l6sfpg jf x6fpg ljleGg el\" dsf vn] s] f lyP . tLdWo] sx] L dV' o ljm| ofsnfknfO{ tn pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M != hªu\\ axfb'/sf] o/' fk] ofqf -lj= ;+= !()^–!()&)_ M a]nfotsf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ , /fhgLlts, efu} f]lns / ;}lgs ultljlwsf] cWoog ug{ / an] fotL dxf/fgL;“u ;DaGw ;d' w'/ agfpg hªu\\ axfb'/ a]nfot uPsf lyP . Ps jif{ nfdf] o/' f]k ed| 0faf6 ke| fljt eO{ pgn] gk] fndf cª\\u]|hL lzIffsf] ;?' cft / dn' s' L Pg] hf/L u/]sf lyP . @= g]kfn–ltAat o'4 -lj= ;+= !(!@—!(!#_ M hª\\uaxfb'/sf] ;dodf Nxf;fdf /x]sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ u/s] f] b'Jo{jxf/, ;Ldf ljjfb / gk] fNfL jlsnnfO{ ltAataf6 lgisfl;t ul/g' cflb sf/0fn] gk] fn / ltAatlar o4' ePsf] lyof] . #= yfkfynL ;lGw M lj= ;+=!(!@ ;fn rt} # ut] gk] fn / ltAatlar yfkfynL b/af/df ePsf] ;lGw g} yfkfynL ;lGw xf] . g]kfn–ltAat o4' nfO{ ;dfKt ug{ o; ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . of] g]kfnsf] kIfdf ePsf] ;lGw lyof] . o; ;lGwcg';f/ gk] fnn] a;]{lg ltAat ;/sf/af6 !)))) -b; xhf/_ ?k}of“ ;nfdL kfpg] eof] . Nxf;fdf gk] fnL b\"t /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf klg o; ;lGwn] Ao´'“ fof] . $= #* ;fnsf] kj{ M lj= ;=+ !(#* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfg dGqL /0ffl] åk l;+x / pgsf efO wL/ ;d;]/sf] xTof ug{ ul/Psf] if8\\oGqnfO{ #* ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . o; kj{df o'j/fh q}nf]So, huthª\\u, ;'Aaf xfd] gfy vltj8f, pQ/Wjh vjf; cflbsf] ;+nUgtf lyof] . kl5 pQ/Wjh vjf;n] if8o\\ Gqsf] kf]n vfn] L lbPsfn] w/] }sf] lu/Çtf/L / sx] Ln] Hofg ;hfo kfP . %= $@ ;fn kj{ M wL/ ;D;/] sf 5f]/fx¿åf/f cfÇg} sfsf /0ff]låk l;x+ sf] xTof u/L ;Ttf sAhf ul/Psf] 36gfnfO{ $@ ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . o; 36gf lj= ;+= !($@ ;fndf ePsf xg' fn] klg o;nfO{ $@ ;fnsf] kj{ elgG5 . o; 36gfkl5 hª\\u kl/jf/sf] zf;g ;dfKt eO{ ;d;/] kl/jf/sf] zf;gdf jr{:j sfod ePsf] lyof] . ^= kr| 08 uf/] vf M lj= ;+= !(** df pdz] ljj|md zfx, /ªu\\ gfy zdf{, v8u\\ dfg l;x+ , dg} faxfb'/n] kr| 08 uf/] vf :yfkgf u/L bz] df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ug]{ ko| Tg u/s] f lyP . ;f] s'/fsf] e]b nId0fk;| fbaf6 vf]lnPsfn] pdz] ljj|mdnfO{ ;j{:jx/0f, lgjf{;g / cGonfO{ sb} ul/of] . o;nfO{ k|r08 uf]/vf kj{ elgG5 . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ug{ o;n] vn] ]sf] e\"ldsf dxŒk0\" f{ lyof] . &= nfOa/|] L kj{ M /f0ffsfndf k':tsfno jf jfrgfno vf]Ng] cg'dlt lyPg . eLd lzIf0f ;e' mfj M k':tsfnodf nuL jf ljleGg Oltxf;sf k':tsx¿ cWoog ug{ nufO{ /f0ffsfnLg /fhgLlts 36gfdf ;DaGwdf kl/ofh] gf sfo{x¿ u/fO{ sIffdf kl| tj]bg k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 104 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

;d;]/sf kfnfdf hf]ujL/ l;+x, nIdLk|;fb bj] sf6] f, s[i0fk;| fb vltj8fnufot $%— $^ hgf JolStx¿ ldnL k':tsfno vf]Ng] of]hgf agfP . $) hgfeGbf a9Lsf] dfu kq k|wfgdGqLdf ae' mfpg' cufj} kfn] vn' s] fn] ;a} JolStx¿nfO{ lu/Çtf/ ul/of] . lu/Çtf/ ul/Psf x/]snfO{ !))÷!)) ?k}of“ hl/jfgf ul/of] t/ Tof] nfOa|]/L vN' g kfPg . *= k|hfkl/ifb\\ M g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fhgLlts ;ªu\\ 7gsf ¿kdf k|hf kl/ifbs\\ f] :yfkgf lj= ;=+ !((# h7] @) ut] sf7df8fd}“ f ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] dV' o p2]Zo /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo u/L k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ug'{lyof] . o;sf ;+:yfks ;b:ox¿df wde{ St dfy] df, 6ª\\sk|;fb cfrfo{, bz/y rGb, hLjg/fh zdf{ / /fdxl/ zdf{ lyP . of] bnnfO{ /fhf lqe'jgsf] cflys{ / g}lts ;dy{g lyof] . /f0ff lj/fw] L sfd u/]sf] cf/fk] df o; ;ªu\\ 7gsf ;b:ox¿ kjm| fp ul/Psf] / rf/ hgf xfg] fxf/ ;kt' x¿ bz/y rGb, uu+ fnfn, wde{ St / zj' m| /fhnfO{ dT[ ob' 08 lbOPsf] lyof] . (= gk] fnL gful/s clwsf/ ;ldlt M lj= ;=+ !(($ df /fhfnfn snjf/sf] c;glg/ sf] 3/df u7g ePsf] o; ;ldltn] nv] , k|jrg, k'/f0f jfrg u/L hgr]tgf kmn} fpg] p2Z] o lnPsf] lyof] . z'j|m/fh zf:qL, sb] f/dfg Jolyt, d'/nLw/ zdf,{ uªu\\ fnfn cflb o'jfx¿ ;+nUg o; ;ldltsf] cWoIf z'jm| /fh zf:qL lyP . !)= hot' ;+:s[td\\ cfGbf]ng M lj= ;+= @))$ c;f/ ! b]lv e\"uf]n, Oltxf;, cy{zf:q, /fhgLltzf:q cflb ljifodf k9fO x'gk' g{] dfu /fvL sf7df8f“} /fgLkfv] /Ll:yt /fhsLo ;+:st[ ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf] x8t\\ fn g} hot' ;+:st[ d\\ cfGbfn] g xf] . o;n] g] kfnsf] kh| ftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] lyof] . lj|mofsnfk ljleGg /fhgLlts 36gf jm| dnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNnv] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \\ M /fhgLlts 36gf 36s] f] jif{ ;n+ Ug JolStx¿ pknlAw÷c;/ hªu\\ axfb/' sf] o/' fk] ofqf lj= ;=+ !()^—!()& hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ff gk] fndf cªu\\ h]| L lzIffsf] yfngL cEof; != $@ ;fnsf] kjn{ ] ;dz]/ vnsx¿nfO{ ;Qfdf :yflkt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof], s;/L < @= nfOa|/] L kjs{ f af/d] f n]v . #= kh| fkl/ifbs\\ f] :yfkgf lsg ePsf] lyof] < $= hot' ;:+ s[td\\ cfGbf]ngsf af/]df nv] . %= k|r08 uf]/vf / k|hf kl/ifb\\ s:tf ;ªu\\ 7g lyP < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 105

k f7 M ^ /f0ff sfnLg cflys{ / ;fdflhs sfo{x¿ sIffdf /f0ff sfndf ePsf ljleGg sfox{ ¿sf af/d] f k9fO ;?' xb“' } lyof] . c¿ lbgeGbf km/s 9ª\\u lb“b} cfh sIffnfO{ ljleGg ;dx\" df ljefhg u/L km/s km/s sfdsf] lhDdf nufOof] . l;hg{ f lj= s= sf] ;d\"xnfO{ /f0ff sfnLg ;fdflhs sfo{x¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfg{] lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pgsf] ;dx\" n] gk] fnsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL k:' tsx¿ cWoog u/L lgDglnlvt tflnsf sIffdf k:| tt' u¥of] M /f0ff sfnLg cflys{ / ;fdflhs sfo{x¿ /f0ff k|wfg dGqLx¿ pgLx¿n] u/s] f cfly{s / ;fdflhs sfox{ ¿ hª\\uaxfb/' /f0ff lj= ;=+ !(!) df dn' s' L Pg] ks| fzg eof] hg' !$)) ki[ 7sf] lyof] h;df ;an} fO{ Ps} lsl;dsf] b08 Joj:yf, #% jif{ ku' s] L cljjflxt 5f/] LnfO{ klg cz+ lbg] Joj:yfsf ;fy} bfl] hof ljwjfnfO{ ;lt hfg gkg{] Joj:yf ;dl] 6Psf lyP . lj= ;+= !(!) c;f]h @& ut] b/af/ xfO:s'n :yfkgf lu4] k;]| sf] :yfkgf cfo'j{l] bs cf}ifwL ko| fu] df hf8] lbPsf s]6fs6] LnfO{ vf]kfpg] rng rnfPsf /0ff]låk l;x+ :f:+ s[t kf7zfnf / 5fqfaf;sf] Joj:yf k~rfªu\\ 5kfpg nufPsf 6l] nkmf]g, lahn' L / /f]kj] ;~rfng ug{ ljb]zL ljz]if1nfO{ g]kfn lemsfPsf jL/ ;d;/] jL/ c:ktfn, jL/ k:' tsfno / jL/ wf/fsf] :yfkgf b/af/ xfO:sn' df ;j{;fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f/] Ln] ;d]t k9g\\ kfpg] Joj:yf, kf| ljlws lzIff / dlxnf lzIffsf] ;?' cftxn' fs Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ bj] ;d;/] bz] e/ cfwf/ kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg k|f/De ;do yfxf kfpg lbp“;f] !@ ah] tfk] k8s\\ fpg] rng hgtfsf] ug' f;f] ;G' g sf7df8fd“} f ph/' L kl] 6sf /fVg nufPsf lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljleGg /f0ff sfnLg kw| fg dGqLn] u/]sf ;fdflhs ;'wf/x¿nfO{ cem lj:tt[ ¿kdf cWofkg u/fpg Pl] txfl;s k':tsx¿ cWoog ug{ nufpgx' f];\\ . 106 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

rGb| ;d;]/ lj= ;+= !(^* df k|yd hgu0fgfsf] ;?' cft ePsf] lj= ;+= !(&& df ;lt k|yfsf] cGTo lj= ;+= !(*! df bf; ky| fsf] cGTo ;}lgs c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf lqrGb| snh] sf] :yfkgf kmlkª{ af6 hnljbt' \\ pTkfbg ;?' ul/Psf ] eLd ;d;]/ zlgaf/ ljbf lbg] rng d[To'b08nfO{ s}bdf kl/0ft h'4 ;d;]/ lj= ;+= !(() ;fnsf] es\" Dkaf6 eTs]sf 3/x¿sf] k'gMlgdf{0f cf}Bfu] Ls/0fsf] ;?' cft lj= ;=+ !(($ ;fndf g]kfn a}ª\\s lnld68] sf] :yfkgf lzIffdf ;w' f/ ug{ Ol:txf/ hf/L ;fdflhs / wflds{ sfod{ f kmhn' vrd{ f /f]s kbd ;d;]/ sGof kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf kf| }9 lzIffsf] Joj:yf ;j+ w} flgs sfgg' sf] Joj:yf df]xg ;d;]/ k\"jk{ |fylds lzIffsf] k|f/De lghfdtL sd{rf/L, lzIfs / ;}lgssf] tnadf j[l4 ljm| ofsnfk ljleGg /f0ff k|wfg dGqLsf kfnfdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfo;{ u“ ;DalGwt ljleGg kmf6] fx¿ jf ;dfrf/ ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ . cEof; != hª\\uaxfb/' /f0ffsf ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ pNnv] u/ . @= rGb| ;d;/] sf ;fdflhs ;w' f/x¿sf] ;dLIff u/ . #= kb\\d ;d;]/nfO{ lsg lzIff k|d] L /f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 107

k f7 M & @))& ;fnkl5sf] k|dv' /fhgLlts 36gf j|md / pknlAw -s_ @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfjm| d j|m= ;= ldlt lj= ;=+ df /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d != @))& rt} !& cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t @= @))* df3 * 8f= s=] cfO={ l;+xåf/f ljbf| x] #= @)!! kmfu'g #) /fhf lqe'jgsf] bx] fj;fg $= @)!@ df3 !# 6ªs\\ k;| fb cfrfos{ f] g]tT[ jdf dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g %= @)!% kmfug' & k|yd cfd rg' fj ^= @)!& k'; ! gt] fx¿sf] lu/Çtf/L / k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] 3fi] f0ff &= @)!( k'; ! k~rfotL ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff *= @)@$ ufp“ kms{ /fli6o« cleofgsf] 3f]if0ff (= @)@* df3 !& /fhf dxG] bs| f] d[To' !)= @)#^ ljBfyL{ cfGbfn] g !!= @)#& jz} fv @) hgdt ;ª\\ux| ePsf] !@= @)$^ r}t @^ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] kg' :yfk{ gf !#= @)$& sflt{s @# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& hf/L !$= @)%@ kmfug' ! g]= s= kf= dfcfj] fbLåf/f hgljb|f]xsf] ;'?cft !%= @)%^ jz} fv @) k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjfr{ g !^= @)%* h]7 !( /fhb/af/ xTof sf08 !&= @)^# dª\\l;/ % gk] fn ;/sf/ / gs] kf dfcfj] fbLlar lj:tt[ zflGt ;Demf} tf !*= @)^# df3 ! gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# hf/L !(= @)^$ rq} @* ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] lgjf{rg / gof“ ;+ljwfg n]vg k|lj|mof ;'? @)= @)^% h7] , !% gk] fndf u0ftGqsf] 3fi] f0ff @!= @)^( h]7 !$ ;l+ jwfg ;ef lj36g @@= @)&) dª\\l;/ $ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg / gof“ ;l+ jwfg nv] gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ o; ;dodf ePsf dV' o /fhgLlts 36gf j|mdnfO{ rf6{ jf tflnsfdf k:| tt' ug{ nufO{ 5nkmndf ;ljm| o ;xeflutfsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'x{ f];\\ . ki[ 7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ pTkl]| /t ugx{' f];\\ . 108 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

-v_ @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s pknlAw jm| = ;= ldlt ;fdflhs / cflys{ pknlAw != lj= ;=+ @))* ah6] sf] ;?' cft @= lj= ;+= @)!) g]kfn lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g #= lj= ;+= @)!# lghfdtL ;]jf P]g nfu' ePsf] $= lj= ;=+ @)!# ky| d k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfsf] ;?' cft %= lj= ;=+ @)!# jz} fv !$ gk] fn /fi6a« }ªs\\ sf] :yfkgf ^= lj= ;=+ @)!^ k'; & ljtf{ pGd\"ng &= lj= ;=+ @)@) dn' 'sL P]g nfu' *= lj= ;+= @)@! el\" d ;w' f/ nfu' (= lj= ;+= @)@* /fli6o« lzIff kbw\\ ltsf] of]hgf nfu' !)= lj= ;+= @)%& ;fpg @ sdo} f k|yf pGd\"ng !!= lj= ;+= @)^# h]7 $ wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« 3f]if0ff !@= lj= ;=+ @)^# df3 ! cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg hf/L !#= lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h # g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ljm| ofsnfk != ;d\"xdf ljeflht eO{ Pp6f ;dx\" n] @))& b]lv xfn:fDdsf] /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d / csf{] ;d\"xn] ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ;'wf/sf kIfx¿ plNnlvt rf6{ tof/ u/ / sIffdf k:| t't u/ . @= dflysf dV' o dV' o 36gf jm| dnfO{ ;do /v] fdf bv] fpm . cEof; != gk] fndf rg' fj ePsf dV' o d'Vo jif{x¿ s'g sg' x'g\\ < @= @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Dd ePsf cflys{ ;w' f/sf sg' } kfr“ cf6] f 36gfsf] ;r\" L agfpm . ;fd'bflos sfo{ ltd|f] ;db' fodf lj= ;+= @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd ePsf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts 36gf ;DaGwdf hfGg] a'‰g] dflg;nfO{ ;f]wL ;f] sfo{nfO{ ;do /]vfdf k|:tt' u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 109

k f7 M * lu|; / /fd] sf] ;Eotf d OG6/g]6df cf]nlDks vn] sf af/]df vfh] L ul//x]sf] lyP“ . ;fx] L cj;/df dn} ] Pp6f ;fduL| kmn] f kf/“] . To;df o; ks| f/ n]lvPsf] lyof] M cfn] lDks vn] sf] ;?' jft &&^ O:jL ;j+ tk\\ j\" { kf| rLg lu;| af6 ePsf] lyof] . lu;| ;;fgf kfl] n;x¿ -gu//fHox¿_ ldn/] ags] f] lyof] . w]/}cf]6f kfl] n;x¿ ldn]/ kfn] L aGYof] . x/s] kf]nLaf6 vn] f8Lx¿ Ps} 7fp“df e]nf eO{ ;fx} fb{k\"0f{ v]n vN] y] . cfhsf] cf]nlDks vn] To;s} f] ljsl;t ¿k xf] . lu;| o/' fk] sf] blIf0f klZrd lsgf/fdf cjl:yt bz] xf] . lu;| sf] k/' fgf] gfd o'gfg xf] / o;sf] /fhwfgL PyG] ; lyof] . lu|;df a;f]af; ug{] dflg;nfO{ lu;| ]nL jf o'gfgL elgG5 . cfheGbf sl/a %))) jif{ klxn] lu|;df pGgt dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . kf| rLg lu;| df gu/ /fHosf gful/sx¿ x/s] jif{ lglZrt 7fp“df e]nf eP/ gu/ kl/ifb\\ (council) sf] rg' fj uy]{ . xfn k|ofu] df /x]sf /fhgLlt (politics), nf]stGq (democracy) / gful/s (citizen) h:tf zAbsf] pTklQ klg lu|;af6 g} ePsf] dflgG5 . lu|;]nLx¿ lho;nfO{ b]jtfsf klg bj] tf dfGy] . lu|;sf] hldg sl[ ifsf lgldTt Tolt pkoS' t lyPg . To;}n] pgLx¿ 6f9f 6f9f;Dd ofqf u/L hLjg u'hf/f uy]{ . k|frLg lu|;df lzNksnf, lrqsnf / jf:ts' nfsf Ifq] df /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . dlGb/, ejg / gf6o\\ zfnfsf] lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] lyof] . Plygfsf] kf/y]lgg dlGb/nfO{ jf:t'snfsf] pko'St pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . slj xfd] /n] Olno8 / cf]l8;L h:tf dxfsfJo l;hg{ f u/]sf lyP h'g k\"jLo{ ;+:s[ltsf] /fdfo0f / dxfef/t;“u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'s/ft, Kn6] f] / c/:t' h:tf ljåfg\\ Pjd\\ bfzl{ gsx¿ lu;| ]nL g} lyP . ;s' /ftn] ;To / Gofosf] lglDt xf“;L xf“;L ljifkfg u/]sf lyP . pgsf rn] f Kn]6f]n] /fhgLlt zf:qsf] dxŒk0\" f{ u|Gy l/klAnssf] /rgf u/]sf lyP . Kn]6f]sf rn] f c/:t' / pgsf r]nf cnS] h]G8/ dxfg\\ klg lu|;sf lyP . cfw'lgs ljsf;sf] hu lu|;]nL ;EotfnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k:' ts, OG6/g]6, P6n; cflbsf dfWodaf6 kf| rLg lu;| df /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, efiff ;flxTo, snf / lj1fgsf Ifq] df ePsf pknlAwx¿ vfh] L ug{ nufpg'xf;] \\ . dfgj hLjgdf tLgsf] pkofu] sf ;DaGwdf ;dt] vfh] L ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 110 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/f]dsf] ;Eotf /f]d O6fnLsf] /fhwfgL xf] . cfheGbf sl/a @*)) jif{ klxn] cyf{t\\ gjf“} zftfAbL O;fk\"j{ /f]dsf] ;Eotf ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 . /f]dsf] gfd /fd] n' ;sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] . pgL /f]dsf ;:+ yfks klg dflgG5g\\ . pgn] cfÇgf] /fHodf wgL, ul/a, bf;nufot ;a}nfO{ gful/ssf] bhf{ lbPsf lyP . o;/L kh| ftGqsf] ;?' jft To;} a]nf /f]daf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . oxf“ ;G' b/ ;x/sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . oxf“ snf, lj1fg, bzg{ / ;flxTosf] ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . To; a]nf ljzfn /ªu\\ zfnf / ejgx¿ ag]sf lyP h;sf] eUgfjzi] f clxn] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != o/' f]ksf] gS;fdf lu;| / /f]d Pjd\\ tLgsf cf;kf;sf :yfgx¿ kQf nufpm . @= kf7df k:| tt' ul/Psf ljifoj:tn' fO{ Ps syfsf ¿kdf kg' nv{] g u/L sIffdf ;g' fpm . #= lu|; / /f]dsf] ;Eotfsf ljifodf k':tsfno, OG6/g]6, kqklqsf, OGsf6{ cflbaf6 ljleGg tYox¿ Pjd\\ lrqx¿ ;ª\\sng u/ / ;an} fO{ Ps} 7fpd“ f en] f u/L lauas' tof/ kf/ . $= kh| ftGqsf] ;?' jft /f]d / lu|;sf] ;Eotfaf6 g} ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf kh| ftGqsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ xfdLn] s] s] ug'k{ nf,{ ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L n]v . cEof; != cf]nlDks v]nsf] ;'?jft slxn] / sxf“af6 ePsf] lyof] < @= g]kfn / lu;| sf] k|frLg ;Eotflarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ tflnsfdf k|:tt' u/ . #= lu;| sf] gS;fdfly kftnf] sfuh /fv/] gS;f sf/] / To;df tnsf tYox¿ e/ M Py]G;, nfDnf, Nofl/;f, Plhog ;fu/, ed\" Wo;fu/, j|m6] 6fk' / cfn] Dk; kxf8 . $= /fd] ;Eotfn] cfw'lgs ;dfhnfO{ lbPsf dV' o ofu] bfgx¿sf] rrf{ u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 111

kf7 M ( k'ghf{u/0f k'ghf{u/0f;DaGwL kf7 k9fpg lzlIfsf /fwf u?' ª sx] L z}lIfs ;fduL| ;lxt sIffdf k|jz] ug'{eof] . k'ghfu{ /0f cfheGbf 5 ztfAbLkj\" { o/' fk] df ePsf] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpb“ } ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg nufpg'eof] . ;?' df aGbgf /fhj+zLn] k|Zg ;f]lwg\\ . jGbgf M k'ghfu{ /0f eg]sf] s] xf,] ld; < /fwf u?' ª M kg' hf{u/0fsf] zflAbs cy{ k'gM hfUg' jf k'gM ;rt] xg' ' xf] . o/' fk] kf| rLg ;dodf lzIff ;+:s[lt, snf, ;Eotf / efiffsf] If]qdf ;DkGg / ;d'Ggt lyof] t/ 56} f“} ztfAbLbl] v t/] f}“ ztfAbL;Dd wflds{ cGwljZjf;n] tL ;Dk0\" f{ ;Eotf Pjd\\ ;d'Ggltdf xf| ; cfof] . rfw} f“} ztfAbLbl] v kg' M lzIff ;+:s[lt, sNff, j}1flgs vfh] / cfljisf/x¿ xg' ' / 1fgsf] k'ghG{ d x'g' g} k'ghf{u/0f xf] . xl/ rfw} /L M o;sf sf/0fx¿ klg t xfn] fg\\ lg, x}g ld; < /fwf u'?ª M xl/n] /fd|f] k|Zg ;fw] ] . n of] rf6{df x]/ t . -rf6{ k|:t't ub{} _ ;fdl' b|s oftfoftsf] ljsf; Jofkf/ / e|d0fsf sf/0f k'ghfu{ /0fsf tLj| ;x/Ls/0f 1fg / cg'ejdf j4[ eO{ sf/0fx¿ wflds{ cf8Da/sf] lj/fw] k:' ts / kqklqsf o/' f]kdf c/aL ;Eotf / k|sfzg ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj a9\\g' /hgL M kg' hf{u/0fn] s] s] s/' fdf hfu/0f jf kl/jt{g Nofof] t ld; < /fwf M wfld{s 7uLsf] kbf{kmf; x'g yfNof] clg cGwljZjf;nfO{ ts{ / k|df0fn] l;4 ug{ yflnof] . To:t} j1} flgs vfh] n] :yfg kfpg yfNof,] kf]k kfb/Lsf] rfs8Ldf ;flxTo /rgf ugs{' f] ;66\\ f :JftGq cleJolStdf hf8] lbg yflnof] . lus| , Nofl6g efiffdf nv] /rgf tof/ x'g yfn] . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M OG6/g6] / OGsf6f{ kqklqsfsf] cWoog u/L kg' hfu{ /0f ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L lbgx' f];\\ . 112 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

vd] zdf{ M k'ghf{u/0fdf ofu] bfg lbg] JolStx¿ sf] sf] xg' \\ / pgLx¿n] s'g s'g If]qdf ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf lyP < /fwf u?' ª M kg' hfu{ /0fsf] k|efj ;flxTo, snf, lj1fg, ul0ft / efl} ts vfh] sf Ifq] df k/]sf] lyof] . l8efOg sd]8L dxfsfJo n]v]/ bf“t]n] O6flnog ;flxTodf dxŒk\"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP . h;dfkm{t pgn] wdf{Gw kf]k, kfb/L / ;fdGtx¿sf] s's[Tosf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP . To:t} tTsfnLg cf8Da/ cGwljZjf;dfly s8f k|xf/ ug]{ O/f;d; csf{ k|ltefzfNfL ;flxTosf/ x'g\\ h;n] b k]|h ckm b kmN' nL eGg] sl[ t n]vs] f lyP . slj :k]G;/n] dWosfnLg sljtfnfO{ 5f8] L cfwl' gs sljtfdfkmt{ \\ r]tgf km}nfpg] sfd u/s] f lyP . To; ;dodf snfsf Ifq] df pNnv] gLo of]ubfg lbg] JolStx¿df lnofg] fbf]{ bf leGrL, dfOsn] fGh]nf] / /fkmfon kd| v' lyP . lnof]gfbf]{ axd' v' L k|ltefsf wgL lyP . pgn] ljZj k|l;bw\\ lrq ‘df]gfln;f’ agfPsf lyP hg' ;f}Gbo{, ;hLjtf / efj'stfsf sf/0f cfh;Dd klg rlr{t 5 . csf{ d\"lt{sf/ luj6L{n] Çnf]/]G;sf] luhf3{ /sf nflu agfPsf] lkQnsf] 9f]sfnfO{ :jus{ f] 9fs] fdf /fVg ldNg] egL PGhn] f]n] tfl/km u/s] f lyP . jf:ts' nfsf] ljsf;df ag'| n]:sLsf] of]ubfg klg dxŒk\"0f{ lyof] . k'ghf{u/0f sfnsf j}1flgsx¿df lgsf]n; sf]klg{s;, lunj6{, Uoflnlnof] / Go'6g h:tf j1} flgs clg s]kn/ / lglko/ h:tf ul0ft1sf] of]ubfgnfO{ la;{g' x'b“ g} . lgsfn] ; sf]klg{s;n] ;\"o{ l:y/ 5 / k[YjLnufot cGo ux| n ] ;o\" {sf] kl/j|mdf u5g{ \\ eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/] eg] s]kn/n] sk/lgs;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ ul0ftLo cfwf/df k|dfl0ft u//] bv] fOlbP . cdl] /sf kQf nufpg sf]nDa;sf], ef/t kQf nufpg ef:sf] l8ufdf / lrg kQf nufpg dfsfk]{ f]nf] sf] e\"ldsf dxŒjk\"0f{ /x]sf] lyof] . ljm| ofsnfk ltd|f] ;d'bfodf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;flxTosf/, snfsf/ jf d\"lt{sf/ jf lrqsf/sf] of]ubfg pNnv] ePsf] tflnsf sIffdf k|:t't u/ / 5nkmn u/ . cEof; k'ghfu{ /0fn] ljZj cfw'lgstfsf] 9f]sf p3fg{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] lyof,] s;/L < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 113

kg' /jnfs] g cEof; != hf]8f ldnfpm M -s_ o'gfg ul0ft1 -v_ ky} fuf]/; kf]nL -u_ gu/ /fHo lu;| -3_ xf]d/ uf]nfsf/ k[YjL Olno8 @= tnsf JolStx¿sf af/d] f k:' ts, kqklqsf, OG6/g6] jf Og;fOSnfk] l] 8ofdf vfh] L u/L jf hfGg] JolStnfO{ ;f]wL k|To]ssf] 5f6] f] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ M xf]d/ c/:t' Kn6] f] l;sGb/ kl/ofh] gf sfo{ kqklqsfdf lu|; / O6nLsf af/]df cfPsf ;dfrf/x¿ ;ª\\sng u/ / leQ] klqsfdf 6f;“ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ @) jif{ klxn] ltdf| ] ufp“ jf 6fn] s:tf] lyof], To;sf af/]df k|rlnt egfO Pjd\\ syfsf af/d] f cleefjs jf ;db' fosf Ho]i7 gful/s;“u ;fw] / ljj/0f tof/ kf/L k|:t't u/ . 114 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M & xfdf| ] cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\\ M gk] fnsf] ko{6g pBf]u / jb} ]lzs Jofkf/sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf, dxŒj, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{ ;xsfl/tf, d'bf| , a}ª\\s, dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f, art, nufgL, k“h' L lgdf0{ f, cfGtl/s Pjd\\ jb} l] zs /f]huf/ cflbsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg / Jofjxfl/s pkof]u ug{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 115

kf7 M ! ko6{ g pBf]u dflg;x¿ ;w}“ Ps 7fpd“ f al;/xg rfx“b}gg\\ . pgLx¿ gof“ gof“ 7fpd“ f 3d' lkm/ ug{ dg k/fp“5g\\ . dgf]/~hg ug{ rfxG5g\\ . snf ;+:s[lt / /xg;xgsf] cWoog ug{ rfxG5g\\ . tLyf6{ g, bZ[ ofjnfs] g, kjt{ f/fx] 0fsf nflu dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fpd“ f 3d' lkm/ u5{g\\ . o;/L sg' } p2Z] o lnP/ lglZrt ;dofjlwsf nflu Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fp“df e|d0f jf 3d' lkm/ ug{n' fO{ ko{6g elgG5 . oL 3d' lkm/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ko{6s elgG5 . ko6{ sx¿ cfGtl/s / afxo\\ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\\ . sg' } b]zsf afl;Gbf cfÇgf] bz] leq} ed| 0f u5g{ \\ eg] tLgnfO{ cfGtl/s ko{6s / cGo b]zdf e|d0f u/]df tLgnfO{ afxo\\ jf ljbz] L ko{6s elgG5 . ko6{ sx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ljleGg ;j] f / ;l' jwf pknAw u/fpgk' g{] xG' 5 . o:tf Joj;fonfO{ ko6{ g pBfu] elgG5 . xf6] n, nh, /:] 6/' G] 6, l/;f6] ,{ 6f« en PhG] ;L, Kof/fUnfOl8ª, :gf] :sl] 6ª ¥ofkml6ª, 6]l« sª, x6 Po/ a]n'lgª, uNkm, kf]nf] o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\\ . g]kfndf ko6{ g pBfu] sf] jtd{ fg cj:yf M ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu pRr :t/Lo tyf cfwf/et\" :t/sf] hgzlSt pTkfbgsf nflu ;/sf/L :t/af6 g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg kl| ti7fg :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] lqej' g ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ 6f« en PG8 6l' /hd Dofg]hd]G6 / xf6] n Joj:yfkgdf tLg a;]{ :gfts tx tyf ;g\\ @)!! b]lv df:6/ ckm xl:k6o\\ fln6L Dofg]hdG] 6sf sIffx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ko6{ g Joj;foL jf ko6{ s jf ko{6gsf] cg'ejL JolStnfO{ e6] ]/ cGtjft{ f{, 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 116 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

ko{6g pBf]usf] dxŒj M g]kfn kf| s[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k\"0f{ 5 . oxf“ kz| :t lxd zª[ \\vnf, gbLgfnf, tfntno} f / em/gfx¿ 5g\\ . Pl] txfl;s / wfld{s :ynx¿, k|frLg snf, ljljw ;f:+ sl[ ts, ljljw xfjfkfgL, bn' e{ jGohGt' oxf“sf ljz]iftf xg' \\ . ko{6g pBfu] sf] /fdf| ] ljsf; xg' ;s]df o;af6 gk] fnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; x'g] b]lvG5 . gk] fnsf] ;du| ljsf;df ko{6g pBf]usf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M != ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ xg' s' f ;fy} /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 x'G5 . @= /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 xG' 5 . #= 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pBfu] x¿sf] ljsf; x'G5 . $= u|fdL0f k\"jfw{ f/sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . %= Jofkf/df j[l4÷Jofkf/ k|jw{g xG' 5 . ^= snf / ;:+ s[ltsf] cfbfg kb| fg xg' 'sf ;fy} /fi6s« f] k|rf/ k;| f/ xG' 5 . ko6{ g pBfu] sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M ;~rf/ / oftfoftsf ;'ljwfsf] cefj, k|bi\" f0fsf] ;d:of, tflnd k|fKt hgzlStsf] cefj, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ko{6g pBf]udf ljb\\odfg /xs] f 5g\\ . oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5, h:t} M ko{6s sG] bx| ¿sf] ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;l' jwfsf] lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df Jofks kr| f/ k;| f/ ug'k{ 5{ . b]zdf zflGt / ;'/Iffsf] kT| ofel\" t lbg'k5{ . ko6{ ssf nflu cfjZos kg{] u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f, ahf/, a}ªs\\ , xf6] n cflbsf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ . To;} u/L o; If]qsf pkoS' t hgzlStsf] pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . hg;ªV\\ of j[l4 / jftfj/0f k|bi\" f0f lgoGq0f ug{'k5{ . lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] ;db' fosf] glhsdf /x]sf] s'g} Pp6f ko6{ sLo :ynsf] j0fg{ u/ . @= csf]{ lhNnfaf6 ltdf| ] ;db' fodf ed| 0f ug{ cfpg] sg' } Pp6f ;fyLsf nflu tLg lbg] ed| 0f of]hgf agfpm . cEof; != ko6{ g pBfu] sn] fO{ elgG5 < @= gk] fnsf] ljsf;df ko{6g pBfu] sf] dxŒjsf af/d] f j0fg{ u/ . #= gk] fndf s'g sg' p2]Zon] ko{6sx¿ cfpg] u5g{ \\ < $= ko6{ g pBfu] sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 117

kf7 M @ jb} l] zs Jofkf/ JolSt jf ;d\"xn] cfkm\" nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk\"0f{ j:tx' ¿ cfkm}n“ ] pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej x“'bg} . To;}n] pTkfbg u/]/ cfkm\" nfO{ a9L ePsf j:tx' ¿ ahf/df laj|mL / cfk\"m;“u gePsf cfjZos j:tx' ¿ ahf/af6 vl/b ug'k{ g{] xG' 5 . JolSt JolSt jf ;dx\" lar j:tx' ¿sf] ljlgdo÷n]gb] g÷vl/b laj|mLnfO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s / afx\\o u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] ;Ldf 3/] fleq dfq ;Lldt xg' ] Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s Jofkf/ jf 3/]n' Jofkf/ elgG5 . Pp6f b]zn] cGo b]zx¿;u“ ug{] Jofkf/nfO{ jb} ]lzs jf cGt/f{li6o« Jofkf/ elgG5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ljbz] L d'b|fsf] k|of]u xg' ] u5{ . o:tf] Jofkf/ eG;f/ dx;n' , sf6] f k0| ffnL, ljbz] L ljlgdo b/ / Jofkf/ gLltåf/f lgolGqt xG' 5 . b]zdf vkt eP/ afs“ L /x]sf j:t' tyf ;j] f cGo b]zdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} cfÇgf] b]zdf pTkfbg ubf{ a9L nfut kg]{ j:t'x¿ Tof]eGbf sd nfutdf cGo bz] af6 cfoft ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . jb} l] zs Jofkf/ df ;+nUg eP/ t'ngfTds nfut leGgtf tyf pTkfbgdf ljlzi6Ls/0faf6 cfk;df kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf gk] fnsf] s'n j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] bO' { ltxfO hlt Jofkf/ ef/t;u“ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . lgof{t Jofkf/sf] bfh“ f]df cfoft Jofkf/ pRr xg' fn] g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/df 3f6f a]xfb] {} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ef/ttkm{ ljzi] f u/L nTtf sk8f, kf]ln:6/ wfuf], lhcfO{ kfOk, 9ª' \\uf tyf afn'jf / cn}“rLnufotsf] lgoft{ a9s] f] 5 . cGo d'n'stkm{ ljzi] f u/L un“}rf, tof/L kf];fs, kl:dgf, gk] fnL sfuh tyf 5fnf, x:tsnfsf ;fduL| , lrof / skmL lgof{t j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ef/taf6 k6] f« l] nod kbfy{, sf]Onf, /f;folgs dn, tof/L kf;] fs / sl[ if pks/0f tyf kf6{;\\nufotsf] cfoft a9]sf] 5 . cGo d'n'saf6 ljz]if u/L ;'g, e6df;sf] sRrf tn] , rfb“ L, vfg] t]n / cGo d]l;g/L tyf kf6{;n\\ ufotsf] cfoftdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf] dxŒj M ljZjsf kf| oM b]zsf] cy{ Joj:yfdf j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] dxŒjk\"0f{ :yfg /xs] f] 5 . gk] fn ljsf;fG] dv' / e\"kl/jl] i6t dn' 's ePsfn] j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] cem a9L dxŒj bl] vg cfp5“ . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf / dxŒjnfO{ k|ZgfQ] / / 5nkmnaf6 :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \\ . 118 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf dfWodaf6 pTkflbt j:tx' ¿sf nflu ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbz] L d'b|f cfhg{ x'G5 . bz] df pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] sf] ;bk' ofu] x'G5 . o;af6 cfb} \\of]lusLs/0f, ;/sf/L cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4, /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf h:tf kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\\ . j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ljsf;df ljleGg k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿ M lgoft{ sf] t'ngfdf cfoft pRr b/n] jl[ 4 ePkl5 gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f w/] } a9L 5 . jb} ]lzs Jofkf/sf] ljsf;df gk] fn e\"kl/jl] i6t x'g', vn' f l;dfgf Jojl:yt gx'g' / k6] f« ]lnod kbfys{ f] a9b\\ f] cfjZostfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ jb} l] zs Jofkf/df ;d:of ylkPsf 5g\\ . s[lif kw| fg d'ns' eP klg rfdn;d] t cfoft ugk{' /]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} g]kfnn] k|fylds j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg / lgoft{ tyf ljb] zL j:tx' ¿;“u kl| t:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sl[ if / jgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; ugk{' 5{ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ªu\\ 7gaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] dfu ugk{' 5{ . cfB} f]lus kj\" fw{ f/sf] ljsf; / sd nfutdf u'0f:t/Lo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug'k{ 5{ . ;fy} lagf;t{ kf/jxg ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf / kofK{ t kh'“ Lsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ 5{ . casf lbgdf ko6{ g, :jf:Yo, hn;f| t] , xl/t pmhfs{ f] ljsf;df Wofg lbO{ ljzi] f sfoj{ m| dsf ;fy cl3 a9\\g'kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/ ;Gtn' gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, rrf{ u/ . @= ltd|f] 3/, l5d]s, ljBfno jf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|of]u x'g] ljb]zdf ag]sf -ljbz] af6 cfoft ul/Psf_ j:tx' ¿sf] gfd ;ª\\sng u/L tLgLx¿ sg' sg' bz] df ags] f xg' \\ 56' o\\ fpm . cEof; != jb} l] zs Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < @= cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / j}b]lzs Jofkf/lar km/s 5'6\\ofpm . #= gk] fnaf6 ef/t tyf cGo dn' 'stkm{ lgof{t xg' ] dV' o j:t'x¿sf] ;r\" L agfpm . $= gk] fnsf] ljsf;df j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] dxŒjaf/] rrf{ u/ . %= g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ ckgfpg ;lsg] sg' } 5cf6] f pkfox¿ n]v . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 119

kf7 M # d'bf| kf| rLg ;dodf dflg;n] cfk\"mnfO{ rflxg] j:t'x¿ ;s;] Dd cfÇg} 3/ kl/jf/d} pTkfbg uy]{ . cfk\"mnfO{ a9L ePsf j:t' c¿nfO{ lbP/ tLgLx¿af6 cfkm\" nfO{ rflxg] cGo j:t'x¿ lng] uy]{ . o;/L db' f| sf] cgk' l:yltdf dflg;n] cfk;df j:t' ;f6f;f6 u/L cfcfÇgf cfjZostf k/' f ug{] k|yfnfO{ j:t' ljlgdo ky| f elgG5 . cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿df jl[ 4 xb“' } hf“bf j:t' ljlgdo ky| f cJofjxfl/s aGb} uof] . ljlgdosf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ;j:{ jLsfo{ j:t'sf] vf]hL x'g yfNof] . o;} j|mddf s'g} vf; cGg, Kjfn kfl/Psf s8f 6'j|mf, hgfj/, hgfj/sf 5fnf, l;kL÷s5j' fsf vfn] cflb ljlgdosf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|ofu] x'g yfn] . ljsf;sf] ult;“u} ;g' / rf“bL h:tf wft' d'b|f kr| ngdf cfP . jt{dfg ;dodf sfuhL db' |f jf gf]6 a9L nfs] lk|o ag]sf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ;u“ ;“u} db' f| sf] ¿k / kl/efiff klg kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . gk] fndf gf6] lgisf;g ug{] sfd g]kfn /fi6« aª} \\sn] ug{] u5{ . o/' fk] sf s]xL b]zx¿df Pp6f ;f´f d'bf| k|rngdf NofOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ o'/f] elgG5 . cd]l/sfsf] d'b|fnfO{ o'P; 8n/ elgG5 . bz] n] dgnfuL kl/df0fdf gf]6 5fk]/ wgL xg' ;Sbg} . p;n] gf6] 5fKgsf lglDt ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3cGtu{tsf] cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifaf6 :jLs[lt lng'k5{ . b]zsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d'b|f sf]ifn] gf]6 jf l;Ssf 5fKg cg'dlt lbG5 . gf]6sf] d\"Nosf] cg'kftdf b]zn] lglZrt kl/df0fdf ;g' jf o:t} axd' \"No j:t' ;'/If0f lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljleGg ;dosf l;Ssf, k};fsf] lrq / kmf]6f k|bzg{ ug{ nufpg'xf;] \\ . 120 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/fVgk' 5{ . To;kl5 p;n] tfs] ]sf] kl/df0fdf dfq gf]6, l;Ssf 5fKg kfOG5 . s'g} d'n'ssf hgtf slt ;Eo 5g\\ eGg] s'/f To; b]zsf] gf6] x]/]/ klg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zdf cfjZos j:t' ljb]zaf6 lemsfpg ljb]zL d'bf| cfjZos xG' 5 . ljb]zL d'bf| kf| Kt ug{ xfdLn] ljbz] df ;fdfg lgof{t ug'k{ 5{ . ljb]zdf uP/ >d u/]/ klg ljb]zL db' f| cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbz] Ln] gk] fndf g} cfP/ /sd vr{ u/] eg] klg ljbz] L db' f| kf| Kt xG' 5 . ljbz] af6 kf| Kt xg' ] cgb' fg ;xfotf jf C0faf6 klg ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ xG' 5 . ;ae} Gbf e/kbf{] ljb]zL db' f| sf] ;|f]t Jofkf/ / ko6{ g g} xf] . t/ cfhefl] n xfd|f w]/} dflg;x¿ jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf vf;u/L ;fpbL c/a, dn]l;of, stf/, blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg h:tf dn' 'sdf sfd ug{ uPsf 5g\\ . pgLx¿n] jb} l] zs db' f| cfh{g u//] gk] fndf k7fpg] u/s] f 5g\\ . /fi6« aª} \\ssf] cg'/fw] -s_ gf6] nfO{ /fd|f];“u k6\\ofpg] afgL u/f}“ . hyfefjL gu'6d\\ 6' \\ofpm“ . -v_ df;,' tn] , df]lan, /ª, cla/nufotsf j:t' rnfPsf] xftn] gf6] g;dftf“} . o:tf kmf]xf]/n] gf]6 kmf]xf]/ xg' s' f ;fy} /fu] ;fg]{ ;Defjgf klg x'G5 . -u_ gf]6nfO{ gRoftf}“ . -3_ gf6] df nV] g] / l:6r ug{] klg gu/f}“ . lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] ;db' fodf sg' sg' sfddf db' f| sf] ko| fu] ePsf] 5 < vfh] L u/L tLgsf] ;r\" L agfpm . @= g]kfn /fi6« aª} \\sn] kr| ngdf NofPsf gk] fnL ?lkofs“ f gf6] x¿ s'g sg' b/sf 5g\\ < tLgsf] ;\"rL agfO{ sg' } Pp6f gf]6df clª\\st tYox¿sf af/d] f j0fg{ u/ . #= cfÇgf] 3/ l5d]sdf uP/ sfx] L jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ldf b]z aflx/ uPsf 5g\\ eg] pgLx¿ jf pgsf kl/jf/;u“ ;fw] ]/ Toxf“ pkof]u x'g] d'bf| sf] ;\"rL agfpm . cEof; != j:t' ljlgdo k|yfsf sl7gfOaf/] rrf{ u/ . @= db' f| sf] kl/ro lbO{ c;n d'b|fsf ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] u/ . #= db' f| n] xfdf| cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfngdf s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5, 5f6] s/Ldf rrf{ u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 121

kf7 M $ a}ª\\s nfnl;x+ rfw} /L cToGt ldlxg]tL JolSt xg' \\ . pgn] cfÇgf] tLg s6\\7f v]tdf t/sf/L vt] L u/]sf 5g\\ . To;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLdWo] pgn] sx] L art ub{} uP . /sd a9b\\ } uPkl5 pgnfO{ 3/df k;} f /fVg 8/ nfUof] . afs] ]/ lx“8\\bf x/fpnf eGg] 8/ lyof] . Ps lbg ahf/ uPsf an] f pgsf] dg;f lbbL;“u e6] eof] . dg;fn] y}nLaf6 Pp6f sf8{ lemlsg\\ / ;fgf] sf]7fdf l5l/g\\ . sf8n{ fO{ afs;df l5/fOg\\ . sDKo'6/df cIf/ lylrg\\ . t'?Gt} gf]6 lgl:sof] . nfnl;x+ nfO{ crDd nfUof] . of] s;/L eof] lbbL ¤ egL pgn] dg;fnfO{ ;fw] ] . dg;fn] a}ª\\ssf af/d] f o;/L atfOg\\ M o; sf8{nfO{ Pl6Pd sf8{ ( ATM Automated Teller Machine Card) elgG5 . o;sf] k|ofu] u/]/ hg' ;'s} an] f k;} f lgsfNg ;lsG5 . d}n] aª} s\\ df vftf vfn] /] k;} f hDdf u/s] f] 5' . dnfO{ rflxPsf] ;dodf d o;} u/L k;} f lgsfNg ;S5' . r]saf6 klg k;} f lgsfNg ;lsG5 t/ of] ;lhnf] / l56f] 5 . dn} ] k;} f lgsflng eg] klg d/] f] k;} fsf] Aofh cfO/xG5 . dg;fsf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 nfnl;+xn] cfÇgf] Joyf atfP . dg;fn] a}ª\\sdf nfnl;+xsf] gfddf vftf vf]Ng ;3fOg\\ . nfnl;+xn] cfÇgf] Joj;fosf af/]df aª} s\\ sf k|aGwsnfO{ atfP . k|aGwsn] aª} s\\ af6 C0f lnP/ Joj;fo a9fpg ;Nnfx lbP . nfnl;+xn] klg bO' { s67\\ f hUuf lwtf] /fvL C0f lnP . C0f lnPsf] k;} fn] c¿ kfr“ s67\\ f hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ t/sf/L vt] L u/] . pgn] lgoldt ¿kdf ;f“jf / Aofh a'emfpb“ } ufP . cfhsn nfnl;x+ bfªsf ;kmn si[ fs dflgG5g\\ . pgn] ljb]zaf6 5f/] Ln] k7fPsf] k;} f klg aª} \\saf6 kf| Kt u5g{ \\ . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ATM CARD, rs] a's h:tf jf:tljs j:tx' ¿ bv] fP/ 5nkmn u/L lzIf0f u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 122 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

dg;f vf;faf6 ;fdfg lemsfpg aª} s\\ af6 k};f k7fpl“ 5g\\ . ;fdfg pgsf] ufb] fddf g} cfOk'U5 . aª} \\saf6 g} ljbz] L db' |f ;f6]/ pkof]u ul5{g\\ . ljbz] df k9b\\ } u/s] f 5f]/fnfO{ aª} s\\ af6 g} k;} f k7fpl“ 5g\\ . lhNnflt/ 3'Dg hfb“ f klg pgn] w/] } k;} f afs] ]/ lx8“ g\\ kb{g} . bz] sf s'g} klg zfvfaf6 pgL k};f lemSg ;lS5g\\ . gk] fnsf a}ª\\sx¿ g]kfn /fi6« aª} s\\ jfl0fHo aª} s\\ ljsf; aª} s\\ aª} l\\ sª sf/fa] f/ ug]{ kmfOgfG;, n3' ljQ ;+:yf / ;xsf/Lx¿ lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] 3/÷l5ds] af6 glhs /xs] f] Pp6f ljQLo ;+:yfsf] gfd nv] L pSt ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt÷pknAw xg' ] ;]jfx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpm . @= gk] fn /fi6« aª} \\s / jfl0fHo a}ªs\\ larsf leGgtfx¿ vfh] L u/L nv] . cEof; != a}ª\\s eg]sf] s] xf] < @= dflg;n] aª} \\sdf /sd hDdf ug{s' f sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ . #= ljsf; a}ªs\\ sf] kl/ro bp] m . $= a}ªs\\ n] xfdf| ] hLjgnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf] 5, rrf{ u/ . %= g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df aª} s\\ x¿sf] el\" dsf pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 123

k f7 M % j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f / d\"No jl[ 4 Kof/L alxgL cfs[lt, ;d' w/' ;D´gf / Kof/ ltdf| ] kq kfp“bf v;' L nfUof] . ltdLn] kqdf ahf/df j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f s;/L x'G5 / dN\" o s;/L j[l4 xG' 5 eGg] s/' f ;fw] s] L /lx5o\\ f} . d cfh log} ljifodf kqdfkm{ t s/' f /fVb} 5' . alxgL ahf/df kfOg] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ sfd pTkfbsn] u5g{ \\ . pTkfbs Pp6f JolSt, kmd{ jf pBfu] x'g ;S5 . j:t' pTkfbg ugs{ f nflu pTkfbsnfO{ ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] h?/t k5{ . o:tf ;fwgx¿df el\" d, kh“' L, >d / ;ªu\\ 7g -pBd_ k5{g\\ . pTkfbsn] j:ts' f] pTkfbg sfo{df ko| f]u u/]afkt el\" dsf nflu nufg, k'“hLsf nflu Aofh, >dsf nflu Hofnf / pBdsf nflu gfkmf eS' tfg ug{k' g]{ xG' 5 . o;/L j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ ul/Psf] eS' tfgL cyjf vrn{ fO{ nfut elgG5 . ;fdfGotof oxL pTkfbg nfutsf cfwf/df j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f ul/G5 . olb pTkflbt j:t'df ;/sf/n] s/ nufPsf] /x5] eg] pSt s/ /sd klg hf8] ]/ j:ts' f] dN\" o to ul/G5 . To:t} sltko j:t' pTkfbgdf ;/sf/n] pTkfbsnfO{ cgb' fg lbg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf j:t'sf] dN\" o pTkfbg nfuteGbf klg sd xg' ;S5 . j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f ahf/sf] k|sl[ tdf klg e/ k5{ . s'g} j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbssf] ahf/df Psflwsf/ 5 cyft{ \\ ahf/df pSt j:t' pTkfbg ug{] cGo kl| t:kwL{ 5}gg\\ eg] pTkfbsn] j:t'sf] d\"No cfkm}“ lgwf{/0f u5{ . t/ Psflwsf/L pTkfbsn] j:t'sf] a9L kl/df0f lajm| L ug{ dN\" o 36fpgk' 5{ eg] a9L dN\" odf p;n] j:ts' f] sd kl/df0f dfq lajm| L ug{ ;S5 . kl| t:kwfs{ f] ahf/df Ps} lsl;dsf] j:ts' f] pTkfbs, laj|m]tf / pkef]Stfsf] ;ªV\\ of w]/} xG' 5 . o:tf] ahf/df j:ts' f] dfu / kl\" t{sf] cfk;L cGt/ljm| ofåf/f j:ts' f] dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f xG' 5 . j:ts' f] dfu pkefS] tf÷j|m]tfx¿n] u5g{ \\ . jm| t] fx¿n] sd dN\" o x“b' f j:ts' f] a9L kl/df0f dfu / a9L d\"No x'“bf j:ts' f] sd kl/df0f dfu u5g{ \\ . To:t} pTkfbs÷ laj|m] tfn] a9L dN\" o x'b“ f j:t'sf] a9L kl/df0f kl\" t{ u5g{ \\ eg] dN\" o sd xb'“ f j:t'sf] sd kl/df0f kl\" t{ u5{g\\ . cGttM j:t'sf] d\"No lgwf/{ 0f xg' hfG5, hg' dN\" odf pTkfbgsf] kl\" t{ kl/df0f / pkef]Stfn] u/]sf] dfu kl/df0f cfk;df a/fa/ x'G5 . s'g} sf/0fn] o;/L lgwf{l/t dN\" oeGbf j:ts' f] dN\" o a9L xg' uPdf j:t'sf] dfueGbf k\"lt{ a9\\g hfG5 . k\"lt{ a9L ePsfn] pTkfbsx¿lar d\"No 36fpg] kl| t:kwf{ xg' yfN5 . kmn:j¿k j:t'sf] d\"No 36\\b} uO{ klxn] lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df kZ| gfQ] / / 5nkmn ljlwdf hf]8 lbO{ lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \\ . 124 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

g} lgwfl{ /t dN\" odf cf]lnG{ 5 . To;} u/L sg' } sf/0fn] j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwfl{ /t d\"NoeGbf sd x'g uPdf j:t'sf] kl\" t{sf] tn' gfdf dfu a9L x'G5 . kl\" ts{ f] tn' gfdf dfu a9L ePsfn] j:ts' f] dfustf{ cyjf pkefS] tfx¿lar kl| t:kwf{ xg' uO{ j:ts' f] dN\" o a9/] klxns] } lgwfl{ /t dN\" odf kU' 5 . cGTodf, aa' f cfdfnfO{ ltdf| ] bfh' ;s'zn /x]sf] s'/f cjut u/fpg\" . sg' } lh1f;f ePdf kq k7fpg gla;g{ \" . clxnn] fO{ olTt . pxL dfof ug]{ bfh' ljho lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf /xs] f k;ndf hfpm . ljleGg j:tx' ¿sf] dN\" o ;r\" L÷tflnsf 6f;“ ul/Psf] 5÷5g} , x/] . olb 5}g eg] dN\" o ;r\" L 6f;“ gug'{sf sf/0fx¿ ;f]w]/ kQf nufpm . sIffdf ;fyLx¿lar d\"No ;\"rL 6f“; gugs{' f sf/0fx¿ / dN\" o ;r\" L 6f“; gubf{ o;af6 pkefS] tfnfO{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿af/] 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn . @= vfB kbfyx{ ¿sf] d\"No Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfÇgf] k;ndf ;an} ] bV] g] u/L 6f“; ug'k{ 5{ . To:t} sltko j:tx' ¿ pTkfbsn] Koflsª u/]/ ahf/df k7fp5“ g\\ . o:tf j:t' Koflsª ubf{ j:t' ag]sf÷] tof/ ePsf] ldlt, To;sf] tfn} , d\"No / Dofb ;lsg] ldlt pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g} 5cf]6f j:tx' ¿sf] vfh] L u/L tnsf] tflnsf e/ . jm| = ;= j:t'sf] gfd j:ts' f] d\"No tfn} ag]sf] ldlt Dofb ;lsg] ldlt -?=_ -ls=uf| =÷ln=_ Dofb gfl3;s]sf j:t' pkof]u ug{ gx'g] s'/faf/] sIffdf ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/ . cEof; != ahf/df j:t'sf] dN\" o lgwf/{ 0f s;/L x'G5, n]v . @= ahf/df j:t'sf] d\"No jl[ 4 x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\\, nv] . #= sfnf] ahf/L eg]sf] s] xf,] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox¿ nv] . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 125

kf7 M ^ k“'hL lgdf0{ f / ;xsfl/tf ldngk'/ ufp“df sl/a rfln; kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; 5 . kf“r jif{ klxn];Dd Toxf“sf afl;Gbfx¿ cToGt ul/a lyP . pgLx¿ Hofnf / dhb'/L u//] uh' f/f uy{] . cfÇgf] pAhgLn] jife{ l/ vfg kU' b}gYof] . dhb'/Lsf] Hofnf klg /fd|f] kfO“b}gYof] . pgLx¿sf] kfvf] af/Ldf pAhgL sd x'g] xg' fn] b'Mv dfq a9L xG' Yof] . o;}lar ufp“df ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng eof] . ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng ug]{ ;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] sIffdf ;xefuLx¿lar v'q's] art sfo{j|md rnfP . k|To]s lbg lrof, r'/f]6 lkpg] k;} faf6 kf“r ?k}of“ s6f}tL u/]/ vq' s' ]df xfNg'kg]{ lgod agfOof] . of] lgod nfu' ePkl5 w/] } JolStn] r'/f]6, ;'tL{ lkpg 5f8] . v'q'sd] f rfln; kl/jf/af6 ?= % sf b/n] b}lgs @)) ?ko} f“ hDdf x'g yfNof] . Ps dlxgfdf ^))) ?k}of“ hDdf eP5 . pSt k;} fn] afv|fsf 5 cf]6f kf7fx¿ lsg/] NofOof] / uf]nf xfnL 5 hgfnfO{ ljt/0f ul/of] . tL 5 hgfn] ?= !))) sf] jflif{s !) kl| tzt Aofh;lxt ;fj“ f a'emfpg'kg{] eof] . bf;] f| ] dlxgfsf] k};f tLg hgfnfO{ t/sf/L vt] L ug{ ;fk6L lbOof] . pgLx¿n] Ps /f]kgL vt] ef8fdf lnP/ t/sf/L vt] L u/] . t];|f] dlxgfdf !@ hgfn] ?= %)) sf b/n] /sd af“8]/ ;fk6L lnP . pgLx¿n] kfvf] af/Ldf nd] g uf| ; nufotsf h8La'6Lsf] lap /fk] ] . rfy} f] dlxgfdf # hgfn] ?= @))) sf b/n] /sd nu] . pgLx¿n] pSt /sdaf6 ufps“ f pTkfbg xf6 ahf/df aR] g] Joj;fo ;'? u/] . o;/L kT| os] dlxgf hDdf ePsf] /sd ljleGg Joj;fodf nufpg yflnof] . lj:tf/} ;fj“ f / Aofh klg lkmtf{ cfpg yfNof] . /sd a9b\\ } uof] . lx;fa lstfa /fVg sl7g x'g yfNof] . cgfk} rfl/s lzIffsf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] ;xsf/L vfN] g ;xof]u u/] . olt an] f;Dddf ufps“ f w]/} o'jfx¿ ;fIf/ eO;ss] f lyP . To;n} ] pgLx¿n] ldngk/' art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;:+ yf vfn] ] . rfln;} 3/sf 3/dn' Lx¿ ;xsf/Lsf ;b:o ag] . Toxf“ hft, wd,{ j0fs{ f] eb] efj lyPg . dfl;s art vq' s' a] f6 vftfdf kl/0ft eof] . pgLx¿sf] art ug]{ dfqf klg a9o\\ f] . pgLx¿n] dfl;s #)) ?lkof“ p7fpg yfn] . ldngk/' ufps“ f hgtfdf cfdn' kl/jtg{ cfof] . sf]xL a]/f]huf/ ePgg\\ . ;a}sf afn aflnsf ljBfno hfg yfn] . k};fsf] vfr“ f] ePg . h'g;'s} a]nf ;xsf/Laf6 ;fk6L lng kfOg] eof] . ;xsf/Lsf] ;o] /df nufgL u/s] f] /sdn] dg' fkmf klg sdfO/xo\\ f] . artsf] Aofh klg cfO/xo\\ f] . ;db' fodf Pstf sfod eO/xo\\ f] . lzIf0f ;'emfj M glhss} f] ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf If]q ed| 0f u/fO{ lzIf0f u/fpgx' f];\\ . 126 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

ldngk'/ ;xsf/Lsf] ;kmntf b]v]/ lhNnf sl[ if ljsf;, ufp“kflnsf / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt sfof{non] ljzi] f ;xof]u pknAw u/fP . clxn] ufpn“ fO{ d\"n ;8s;Dd hfl] 8Psf] 5 . 3/]n' pBf]u sfofn{ o / hg:jf:Yo sfofn{ on] tflndx¿ pknAw u/fPsf 5g\\ . cfh kfr“ jif{df ldngk'/ ufp“sf hgtfsf] efUo kml] /Psf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] art ug{] afgLn] k'h“ L lgdf0{ f eof] . k'h“ Lsf] /sd ljleGg Joj;fodf nufgL ePkl5 pgLx¿sf] cflys{ :t/ a9g\\ uof] . ;fy} ufpd“ f s[lif, 3/n] ' pBfu] / Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] ljsf; eof] . art / k'“hLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;xsf/L ;:+ yfsf] hGd eof] . ;/sf/n] /fvs] f] ‘ufp“ ufpd“ f ;xsf/L, 3/ 3/df esf/L’ eGg] gf/f ldngk'/ ufpd“ f ;fy{s ags] f] 5 . kh“' L lgdf0{ fsf nflu art cfjZos dflgG5 . ldngk'/ ufp“sf k|Tos] JolStn] kl| t dlxgf ?= #)) art u/L pSt artnfO{ ;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 kh“' L lgdf0{ f ul/of] . o;af6 pTkfbgdf clejl[ 4 eof] . lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] 3/ l5ds] jf ljBfnoaf6 glhs /x]sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] gfd / o;n] ug]{ sfdx¿ l6kf]6 u/ . @= tnsf] syf k9/] ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm bp] m M uf]nwfk eGg] ufpd“ f Ps Jofkf/L a:y] . pgsf Ps 5f/] f / Ps 5f]/L lyP . 5f/] f / 5f]/Lsf] k9fO ;lsPkl5 pgn] bj' n} fO{ Ps Ps ;o ?k}of“ lbP/ eg], ‘ltdLx¿ of] Ps ;o ?lkof“ vr{ u/]/ Ps dlxgfkl5 dsxf“ cfpg' .’ b'j} hgf 3/af6 lx8“ ] . 5f/] L gGbfnfO{ dgdf s/' f v]Ng yfNof] . dn} ] a'afsf] k;} f t lkmtf{ ug{'k5{ . of] Ps ;o ?lkof“ t Ps} lbgdf ;lsG5 . s;/L k'¥ofpg] xf]nf . pgL af6fd] f lx“8b\\ } lyOg\\ . Ps ls;fgn] ahf/df t/sf/L Nofpb“ } u/]sf] b]lvg\\ . pgn] !) d'7f ;fu lslgg\\ / ahf/df nu]/ !%) df al] rg\\ . kml] / pgn] !% d'7f ;fu lslgg\\ / @@% ?lkof“df a]lrg\\ . oxL jm| dn] pgn] Jofkf/ ub{} uOg\\ . Ps dlxgfkl5 pgL sf;] n] L;lxt cfÇgf] aa' fsxf“ kl' ug\\ . pgn] /fdf| nu' f nufPsL lyOg\\ . aa' fsf] k};f lkmtf{ ub}{ %,))) ?lkof“ lbOg\\ . aa' f lgs} v';L eP . gGbf Joj;foL algg\\ . -s_ k|:t't syf k9L gGbfn] ckgfPsf ljleGg cfly{s ultljlwx¿ art l;h{gf, nufgL, k“h' L lgdf{0f / Joj;fo kj| w{gsf r/0fx¿ klxrfg u/ . cEof; != ;xsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] < @= ;xsfl/tfaf6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿ s] s] x'g\\ < #= ;xsf/L Joj;fo / lghL Joj;folar km/s 56' o\\ fpm . $= ;xsf/Lsf sfo{ If]qx¿sf] ;\"rL agfpm . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 127

k f7 M & g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf /f]huf/L eg]sf] dflg;n] sfd kfPsf] cj:yf xf] . sfdaf6 dflg;n] gub jf lhG;Lsf ¿kdf cfDbfgL -Hofnf jf tna_ kf| Kt u5{g\\ . o:tf] cfDbfgL cfjlws ¿kdf k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf] cjlw 306f, lbg, xKtf, dlxgf x'g ;S5 . /fh] uf/Ldf lglZrt pd]/ ;d\"xsf dflg;nfO{ dfq lnOG5 . vf;u/L !% bl] v %( jif{sf] pd]/ ;dx\" sf dflg;nfO{ o;cGtut{ /fVg ;lsG5 . of] pd/] ;dx\" sf] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ cflys{ ¿kn] ;ljm| o hg;ª\\Vof klg elgG5 . o:tf] lglZrt pd/] ;d\"x bz] cg;' f/ km/s km/s xg' ] u5{ . /f]huf/L dflg;sf] hLljsfk] fh{gsf] cfwf/ xf] . sg' } klg bz] sf] /fh] uf/Lsf] :t/n] Tof] bz] sf] s'n >d zlStdWo] slt hgfn] /fh] uf/L kfPsf 5g\\ eGg] s/' fnfO{ bv] fp5“ . cy{tGqnfO{ ljleGg If]q, h:t} M s[lif, pBfu] , Jofkf/, lgdf0{ f, ;]jf cflbdf ljefhg u/]/ /fh] uf/Lsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} /fh] uf/LnfO{ cfGtl/s / j}b]lzs u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg u//] klg ljZni] f0f ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko dflg;x¿ cfÇg} sfd u/]/ cfo cfh{gdf h'6]sf 5g\\ eg] tLgnfO{ :j/fh] uf/ elgG5 . dflg;sf] sfd ug{] OR5f, pd]/, l;k / Ifdtf eP/ klg kr| lnt Hofnf b/df sfd gkfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ a]/fh] uf/L elgG5 . g]kfndf ljleGg If]qdf /fh] uf/Lsf] cj:yf j|m= ;= ljj/0f kl| tzt != /f]huf/ hg;ªV\\ of kl| tzt &*=# @= a/] fh] uf/ hg;ªVof kl| tzt !=* #= lglijm| o hg;ª\\Vof b/ !(=( $= a]/fh] uf/L b/ @=@ %= sl[ if If]qdf ;+nUg 3/kl/jf/ ;ª\\Vof &^=# ^= u}/sl[ if If]qdf ;+nUg hg;ªV\\ of @#=& &= k0\" f{ /fh] uf/ hg;ªV\\ ofsf] k|ltzt &)=) ;|f]t M g]kfn hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0f, @)^^÷^& / gk] fn >d zlSt ;j{I] f0f, @))* lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7nfO{ rf6,{ tflnsf Pjd\\ uf| km / rf6{ agfpg nufP/ l;sfpgx' f;] \\ . 128 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/f]huf/L;u“ ;DalGwt ;d:of != x/]s jif{ b]zsf] >d ahf/df ylkg] >d zlStnfO{ /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug{ g;Sg' @= kofK{ t ;ª\\Vofdf /f]huf/ ;\"rgf s]Gb| gxg' ' #= jb} l] zs /fh] uf/L tyf cfGtl/s ¿kdf >lds cfkl\" t{ ug{] lgsfox¿ Jojl:yt gx'g' k|:6 b/\" bl[ i6 / gLlt lgdf0{ f eO{ s:tf] hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{, sxF“ s] s;/L kl/rfng ug{] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 of]hgf gx'g,' eljiodf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{jm| d / To;sf nflu rflxg] hgzlStsf] pTkfbg;DaGwL :ki6 ofh] gf gxg' ' $= ahf/df dfuadf]lhd go“F 1fg / l;ko'St hgzlSt pTkfbg gx'g' %= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolStx¿nfO{ ;dod} cfjZos cfwf/e\"t ;\"rgf k|fKt gx'g,' k|:yfg laGba' f6} 7lug,' uGtJodf ;D´f}tfadfl] hd sfd / tna gkfpg' ljm| ofsnfk != kf7df lbOPsf] tYofª\\snfO{ :tDe lrqdf b]vfpm . @= ;d'bfodf /f]huf/ / a]/f]huf/ JolStx¿sf] tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng u/ . pSt tYofª\\snfO{ kl| tztdf nuL ltd|f] ;db' fosf /fh] uf/Lsf] kl| tzt lgsfn . #= ‘:j/fh] uf/ l;hg{ f cfhsf] cfjZostf’ zLif{sdf jSt[Tj snf sfo{j|md cfof]hgf u/ . cEof; != /f]huf/Lsf] kl/ro bp] m / /fh] uf/L;“u ;DalGwt s'g} rf/cf6] f ;d:of pNnv] u/ . @= ;lj|mo hg;ªV\\ of egs] f] s] xf] < b]z ljsf;df o;sf] s] el\" dsf xG' 5 < #= ‘/f]huf/L b]z ljsf;sf] ;fws xf’] eGg] ljifodf Ps ;j+ fb tof/ kf/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 129

kg' /jnf]sg cEof; != cflys{ jif{ @)^*÷^( df gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs Jofkf/ ;DaGwL sx] L tYofªs\\ nfO{ tn tflnsfdf k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M ?= s/f]8df s'n ef/t cGo d'n'sx¿ != j}b]lzs Jofkf/ $^)%!=$) #)%@*=%^ !%%@@=*$ -s_ lgof{t ^$##=*% $##^=)$ @)(&=*! -v_ cfoft #(^!&=%% @^!(@=% !#$@%=)# @= Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng –##!*#=&) –@!*%^=$* –!!#@&=@@ -lgoft{ cfoft_ ;|f]t M cflys{ ;j{I] f0f cflys{ jif{ @)^*÷)^( gk] fn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno dflysf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt kZ| gx¿ ;dfwfg u/ M -s_ g]kfnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf/df cfoft / lgof{tsf] c+z -k|ltzt_ kQf nufpm . -v_ sn' lgof{tdf ef/t / cGo dn' 'stkms{ f] c+z -kl| tzt_ u0fgf u/ . -u_ sn' cfoftdf ef/t / cGo d'ns' tkm{sf] c+z -k|ltzt_ pNnv] u/ . @= :yfgLo ;xsf/L jf art ;dx\" sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;fW] gsf nflu kZ| g agfpm . pgLx¿nfO{ e6] /] cGt/ljm| of u/ / ;xsfl/tfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lnP/ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . #= ‘an] d} f u/s] f] artn] ;'vL eljiosf] 9fs] f p3f5{’ eGg] cf;osf] uLt jf sljtf nv] . $= hf8] f ldnfpm M ;dx\" – ‘s’ ;d\"x – ‘v’ k“h' L lgdf0{ f Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf cfjt hfjt nufgL Jofkf/sf] cGt/fl{ i6«os/0f jb} l] zs Jofkf/ pTkfbgdf artsf] ko| f]u /f]huf/L k'h“ Lsf] dfqfdf xg' ] jl[ 4 cfo cfhg{ sf] sfddf ;n+ Ug x'g] cj:yf 130 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

P sfO M * xfdf| ] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xofu] l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\\ M ldq /fi6x« ¿sf] kl/ro lbg tyf g]kfnsf] cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xof]u vfh] L ug{ ;+o'St /fi6;« ª\\3df g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf pNn]v ug{ ;fdflhs cWoogsf] ljifo j:t';“u ;DalGwt ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg / ;f]cg'¿k ;dfof]lht x'g ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 131

kf7 M ! xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿ lrg / ef/t h:tf ljZjsf 7n' f dn' s' x¿sf] lardf cjl:yt gk] fn ek\" l/jl] i6t dn' s' xf] . o;n] cfÇgf l5d]sL d'n'snufot ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿;“u ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf cGo Ifq] df cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xofu] lj:tf/ ub{} c;n ldqtf sfod /fVg rfxG5 . gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLlt c;n+ Ugtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ sf] a8fkq, cGt/fl{ i6o« sfgg' / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnn] ;g\\ @)!^ ;Dddf ljZjsf !^* cf6] f bz] ;u“ bfT} o;DaGw sfod ul/;ss] f] 5 . gk] fn c;n+ Ug cfGbfn] g, ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ / o;sf ljlzi6 ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;ljm| o ;b:o /xs] f] 5 . lrg, ef/t, kfls:tfg, aªu\\ nfb]z, >Lnªs\\ f, e6' fg, dflNbE; h:tf b]zx¿ xfd|f l5d]sL b]zx¿ xg' \\ . l5ds] L bz] x¿;“usf] ;fx} fb{k\"0f{ ;DaGwn] cfk;L ;b\\efj / ;xofu] df jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 . g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq] Lo ;xof]u ;ª\\u7g -;fs_{ sf] ;:+ yfks ;b:o /xs] f] 5 . o;n] o; ;ªu\\ 7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿lar cfk;L lxtsf cfwf/df If]qLo ;xof]unfO{ clejl[ 4 ug{ dxŒjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf lgjfx{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hfkfg, lrg, ef/t, ;+o'St /fHo cdl] /sf, a]nfot, hdg{ L, k|mfG;, gb] /NofG8, 8]gdfs,{ c:6]«lnof h:tf b]zx¿n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; ko| f;df cflys{ tyf k|fljlws ;xofu] k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf 5g\\ . g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿ ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, c:6]«lnof, hfkfg, lrg, ef/t, aªu\\ nfb]z h:tf ldq/fi6«x¿df uO{ pRr lzIff xfl;n ul//xs] f 5g\\ . o;u} /L xhf/f“} g]kfnL lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljleGg ldq /fi6«sf] gS;f, emG8f, ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] If]q cflb ;dl] 6Psf] lrq, rf6{, tflnsf k:| tt' ub}{ lzIf0f u/L yk hfgsf/L;d]t lbgx' f];\\ . 132 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

sfdbf/x¿ l5d]sL d'n's ef/t tyf ;+o'St c/a Old/]6\\;, stf/, ax/fOg, s'j]t, Oh/fon, blIf0f sf]l/of, l;ª\\ufk/' h:tf b]zx¿df uO{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ . o;n] ubf{ g] kfnsf] a/] fh] uf/L ;d:of xn ug{df sx] L dbt ku' s] f] 5 . Toxf“af6 pgLx¿n] sdfPsf] j}b] lzs d'bf| n] gk] fnsf] cy{tGqdf 6j] f ku' ]sf] 5 . xfdf| ldq /fi6«sf ljlzi6 JolStx¿sf] a] nfavtdf x'g] g]kfnsf] ed| 0f tyf tL bz] x¿df xg' ] xfdf| ljlzi6 JolStx¿sf] e|d0fx¿n] cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ dha't agfpg ;xofu] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ldq /fi6«x¿;u“ sf] xfdf| ] ;DaGwn] tL bz] x¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ s[lts ljifodf hfgsf/L lng / xfdf| ] b]zsf af/d] f cGt/f{li6o« :t/df kl/ro u/fO{ b]zsf] uf/} j a9fpg dbt k'U5 . ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/sf Ifq] df ePsf] k|ultn] ljZjnfO{ w]/} glhs agfPsf] 5 . Odn] , OG6/g6] h:tf ;\"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf dfWodn] xfdL ljZjsf] h'g;s' } ldq/ fi6s« f af/]df oy]i6 hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}“ . o;}u/L o:tf kl| jlwx¿sf] dfWodn] xfdL klg xfdf| ] b]zsf af/d] f ljleGg hfgsf/Lx¿ c¿ ;dIf k¥' ofpg ;S5f}“ . o;sf cnfjf ljleGg k':ts, klqsf, P6n; tyf gk] fndf 3'Dg cfpg] ko6{ saf6 ;d]t xfdLn] tL b]zx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}“ . lj|mofsnfk != ljZjsf] gS;fdf kf7df pNnv] ePsf ljleGg ldq /fi6«x¿ vfh] L sxf“ sxf“ cjl:yt 5g\\ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿;“usf] ;DaGw / cfk;L ;xof]usf af/]df pNn]v ub}{ ljbz] df a:g] gk] fnL ;fyLnfO{ kq n]v . #= ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿af6 vf]hL u/L xfdf| ldq /fi6x« ¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ . bz] sf] gfd dxfb]z /fhwfgL d'Vo efiff d'bf| cEof; != xfdf| ] bz] sf] k//fi6« gLlt s:tf] /x]sf] 5, pNn]v u/ . @= blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq] Lo ;xofu] ;ªu\\ 7g -;fs_{ sf ;b:o /fi6x« ¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ u/ . #= gk] fnsf] ljsf; ko| f;df cflys{ tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k¥' ofpb“ } cfPsf k|d'v bz cf6] f b]zx¿sf] gfd pNn]v u/ . $= g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ sfdsf nflu ljb]z hfg] k|d'v cf7cf]6f b]zx¿sf] gfd pNnv] u/ . %= xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\, pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 133

k f7 M @ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 / o;sf cªu\\ x¿ bf;] f| ] ljZj o'4sf] cGTo;u“ } ePsf] ljWj;+ ;;+ f/df km]l/ slxNo} gxf];\\ eGg] rfxgf;lxt ;g\\ !($! cu:6df tTsfnLg cd]l/sL /fi6«klt k|mofª\\ slng ?hj]N6 / a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL ljG:6g rlrn{ n] cfGw| dxf;fu/df /x]sf] o'4kft] leq ;o+ 'St /fi6«;ª\\3 h:t} cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ug{] ;lGw u/]sf lyP . o;nfO{ P6nflG6s rf6/{ elgG5 . kl5 @$ cS6f]j/ !($% sf lbg ljlwjt\\ ¿kdf %! cf]6f /fi6x« ¿ ldn/] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\\3sf] :yfkgf eof] . xfn o;df !(# /fi6«x¿ ;b:o /x]sf 5g\\, h;dWo] g]kfn klg Ps xf] . o;sf] kw| fg sfofn{ o Go'ofs] d{ f /xs] f] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\\3sf lgDgfg';f/sf ^ cf]6f cª\\ux¿ /xs] f 5g\\ M dxf;ef M ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª3\\ sf] ;+;bn\\ fO{ dxf;ef elgG5 . of] ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk\"0f{ cªu\\ xf] . o;sf] a8fkqsf] cwLgdf /xL o;sf ;b:o /fi6x« ¿n] cfÇgf] s'/f /fVg] / ljleGg ljifox¿df dt lbg] clwsf/ /fV5g\\ . o;n] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ah6] kfl/t ug{] tyf cGo dxŒjk\"0f{ lg0fo{ x¿ lng] ub5{ . ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ M o;n] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg ljz]if e\"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . zflGt ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{, s'g} b]zdf gfsfaGbL ug]{ h:tf dxŒjk\"0f{ lg0fo{ x¿ o;n] u5{ . o;df ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, km| fG;, ?;, rLg u/L hDdf kf“rcf6] f :yfoL ;b:ox¿ / cGo !) cf]6f c:yfoL ;b:ox¿ 5g\\ . c:yfoL ;b:ox¿ dxf;efaf6 b'O{ jif{sf nflu lgjfl{ rt xg' ] u5{g\\ . ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\\ f :yfoL ;b:o /fi6n« fO{ sg' } lg0f{osf lj?4 lgif]wflwsf/ (veto) ko| fu] u/L pSt lg0f{onfO{ /f]s nufpg] clwsf/ xG' 5 . cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\\ M o; kl/ifb\\n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts tyf cGoljZj sNof0fsf/L k|s[ltsf ljifox¿df sfo{ u5{ . o;df hDdf %$ cf]6f /fi6«x¿ ;b:o /x]sf 5g\\ . k|To]s jif{ !* cf]6f /fi6«x¿ ;b:osf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt x'G5g\\ / tLgsf] sfo{sfn tLg jifs{ f nflu x'g] u5{ . o;df ;b:o /fi6«x¿dWoa] f6 Pp6f sfos{ f/L ;ef klg u7g ePsf] x'G5 . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljleGg Dofulhg, kqklqsf / ;fdfGo 1fg / UN sf] Website df uO{ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ / o;sf cªu\\ x¿sf af/d] f yk ;\"rgf k|fKt ug{ k|l] /t ugx'{ f;] \\ . 134 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

;o+ S' t /fi6« ;+/If0f (Trusteeship) kl/ifb\\ M ljZj o'4df k/flht ePsf / pklgjz] df /xs] f /fi6«x¿sf] cfTd lg0f{osf] ;/+ If0f ug{] p2Z] on] o;sf] u7g ePsf] xf] . ;g\\ !(($ b]lvof] lgl:j|mo cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . cGt/fl{ i6«o Gofofno M cGt/f{li6o« sfgg' sf] kfngf u/fpg', o;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf larsf] ljjfb ;'Nemfpg' o;sf] kd| 'v sfo{ xf] . o;df hDdf !% hgf GofofwLzx¿ /xG5g\\ . logLx¿ gf} jifs{ f nflu ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ / dxf;efaf6 lgjfl{ rt xG' 5g\\ . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no xNofG8sf] xu] df 5 . ;lrjfno M of] ;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\\ sf] kz| f;lgs sfo{ ug{] lgsfo xf] . o;n] dxf;efaf6 kfl/t lg0fo{ x¿sf] sfofG{ jog u5{ . dxf;efaf6 kf“r jif{sf nflu lgjfl{ rt dxf;lrj o;sf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\\ . lj|mofsnfk != sIffnfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;d\"xdf ljefhg u/ / k|To]s ;d\"xdf ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª\\3sf Ps Pscf]6f cª\\usf af/d] f 5nkmn u/ / ;dx\" gt] fn] k|:tt' u/ . #= b kmfo/ va/ 86 sddf ks| flzt lgDglnlvt ;dfrf/ k9 / ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;/' Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] e\"ldsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ljZn]if0f u/ . cGt/f{li6«o hut\\sf] lj/f]wsf afah't klg pQ/ sf]l/ofn] /s]6 k|If]k0f u/]kl5 ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo ;/' Iff kl/ifb\\n] /s]6 kI| f]k0fsf] eT;g{ f u/]sf] 5 . ;/' Iff kl/ifb\\n] Aofn]l:6s ld;fOn k|0ffnL k|of]u u/L s'g} klg k/LIf0f tyf k|If]k0f ug{ pQ/ sf]l/ofdfly nufPsf] kl| taGwsf] 7f8f] pNnª3\\ g ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . ;/' Iff kl/ifb\\n] ;b:o d'ns' x¿;u“ a}7s u/L pQ/ sfl] /oflj?4 7f]; sbd rfNg];d]t hgfPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\dfkmt{ pQ/ sf]l/ofdfly s8f gfsfaGbL nufpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9] klg pQ/ sf]l/ofsf] /fhgLlts ;fem]bf/ lrgn] eg] gfsfaGbLdf ;xdlt ug]{ jf gug{] :ki6 kfl/;s]sf] 5}g . cEof; != ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª\\3sf] :yfkgf slxn] / s;/L eof], pNn]v u/ . @= ;o+ S' t /fi6«;ª3\\ sf d'Vo pbb\\ Z] ox¿ s] s] x'g\\, pNnv] u/ . #= ;+o'St /fi6;« ª3\\ sf cª\\ux¿ s] s] x'g,\\ rf6{ agfO{ b]vfpm . $= lgifw] flwsf/ -veto_ eg]sf] s] xf], o;sf] ko| fu] ug]{ clwsf/ s;nfO{ xG' 5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 135

k f7 M # ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ / g]kfn g]kfnn] !$ l8;]Dj/ !(%% df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg g]kfnn] ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] a8fkqdf cfwfl/t /x]/ bz] sf] k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfng ug{] s/' f pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;b:otf lnPb]lv w]/} sfoj{ |mdx¿df ;xefuL x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;/' Iff sfod ug{ tyf cflys{ , ;fdflhs ljsf; lj:tf/df g]kfnn] cfÇgf] el\" dsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] k|of;df g]kfnn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . gk] fnL ;]gf tyf k|x/Lsf hjfgx¿ ljleGg b]zdf zflGt ;]gfsf ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\\ . zflGt ;g] fsf ¿kdf st{Jolgi7 eO{ sfd ubf{ so} g gk] fnL ;]gf tyf kx| /Lsf hjfgx¿n] Hofg;d]t ud' fpgk' /]sf] 5 . o;/L ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª\\3sf] zflGt ;g] fsf ¿kdf sfo{ u/a] fkt gk] fnL ;g] f tyf kx| /Ln] cGt/fl{ i6o« huts\\ f] kz| ;+ f;dt] a6n' s] f 5g\\ . gk] fnn] ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ / o;sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfx¿n] kfl/t u/s] f jf hf/L u/s] f dxf;lGw tyf 3fi] f0ff kqx¿df x:tfIf/ u/L cfÇgf] k|ltab\\wtf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . cftª\\sjfbsf] cGTo, ;a} k|sf/sf ljgfzsf/L xltof/sf] lgz:qLs/0f ;DaGwdf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] cl3 ;f/] sf s/' fx¿df g]kfnn] ;xdlt hgfpb“ } cfPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] k0\" f{ k|Tofel\" tsf nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ :jtGq / clwsf/ ;DkGg ;j+ }wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ / o;sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;+:yfx¿n] cufl8 ;f/]sf of]hgf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿df klg gk] fnn] cfÇgf] kl| tab\\wtf ;fy ;xeflutf hgfPsf] 5 . ;x;f| AbL ljsf; nIo kf| lKtsf nflu ljleGg bft[ ;:+ yfx¿;u“ ;xsfo{ ub}{ ljljw sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . gk] fnn] cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿df k|fsl[ ts ljkt\\ tyf åGåaf6 l;lht{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg cfsi[ 6 u/fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . ljZj vfB ;ª\\u7g (FAO), cGt/f{li6«o >lds ;ª\\u7g -ILO_, ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo afnsf]if (UNICEF), ;+o'St /fi6« ljsf; sfo{jm| d (UNDP), ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ;ªu\\ 7g (UNESCO), ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7g (WHO), ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo hg;ªV\\ of sfi] f (UNFPA) h:tf ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª3\\ sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] ;b:o eO{ ljleGg sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ sf] dxf;efsf] pk;efkltsf] lzIf0f ;'emfj M ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 / o;sf ljlzi6Lst[ PhG] ;Lx¿n] k¥' ofPsf] of]ubfgsf ;dfrf/ / ljsf; sfo{sf ;\"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpgx' f];\\ . 136 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

¿kdf ;g\\ !(%*, ;g\\ !(^&, ;g\\ !(&), ;g\\ !(&$, ;g\\ !(*#, ;g\\ !(** / ;g\\ @))! df sfd u/]sf] 5 . gk] fn ;/sf/sf] cg'/fw] df g]kfndf zflGt k|lj|mofnfO{ tflŒjs lgisif{df k'¥ofpg / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo lgofu] n] -cgldg_ gk] fndf cfO{ sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] vf;u/L gk] fnsf] zflGt kl| jm| ofdf xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] dWo:ttf ug]{ / ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] ko{j]If0f ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] cfÇgf] lhDdj] f/L k'/f u/L lkmtf;{ dt] eO;s]sf] 5 . gk] fnn] To:t} ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] lgz:qLs/0f;DaGwL cfofu] -;g\\ @))$_ sf] pkfWoIfsf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 . gk] fnn] ;g\\ !(^( b]lv !(&) tyf ;g\\ !(** b]lv !(*( ;Dd u/L b'O{ k6s ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3 ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] c:yfoL ;b:osf ¿kdf sfo{ ul/;s]sf] 5 . pSt cjlwdf g]kfnn] cGt/fl{ i6o« ljjfbx¿ ;N' emfpg cxd\\ e\"ldsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] 5 . ;/sf/ k|dv' x¿sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL k|ltlglw d08nn] ljleGg ;dodf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] dxf;efdf efu lngs' f ;fy} pSt ;efnfO{ ;Dafw] g;dt] u/s] f] 5 . To;}u/L ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\\3sf dxf;lrjx¿af6 klg ljleGg ;dodf gk] fnsf] e|d0f ePsf] 5 . o;/L g]kfn ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;ljm| o ;b:osf ¿kdf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk != sIffnfO{ ljleGg ;dx\" df ljefhg u/ / k|Tos] ;d\"xn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfx¿n] gk] fndf u/]sf sfo{x¿sf af/d] f ;fw] vfh] u/L ;d\"x gt] fn] k|:t't u/ . @= gk] fn / ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf ;DaGwdf /l] 8of], 6l] nlehg tyf cGo kq klqsfx¿df ks| flzt ljleGg ;dfrf/ tyf n]v /rgfx¿sf] ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffdf k9/] ;g' fpm . cEof; != gk] fn ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:o slxn] eof] < @= cGt/fl{ i6o« zflGt ;/' Iff :yfkgf ug{] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ko| f;df gk] fnn] s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5, pNn]v u/ . #= gk] fnsf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5, pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 u/ . $= g]kfndf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf sg' } kfr“ cf6] f ljlzi6Ls[t ;:+ yfsf] gfd pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 137

kf7 M $ s6\" gLlts lgof]u cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGwnfO{ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ / cfk;L ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg ug{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf b]zsf] kl| tlglwTj u/]/ csf]{ bz] df /xs] f] ;+:yfnfO{ s\"6gLlts lgof]u elgG5 . xfd|f] bz] sf] klg bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf ljleGg b]zx¿df /fhbt\" fjf;x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . /fhb\"tfjf;sf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf /fhbt\" x¿ lgo'St ePsf x'G5g\\ . /fhb\"tsf] lgo'lSt ;/sf/ sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltåf/f xg' ] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . /fhbt\" nfO{ cfÇgf] sfddf ;xof]u ug{ g]kfnL sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo/{ t /xG5g\\ . o;/L csf]{ b]zdf /xs] f /fhbt\" fjf;, dxfjfl0fHo b\"tfjf;, ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3l:yt :yfoL lgof]u h:tf ljb]zL e\"lddf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ g} s\"6gLlts lgof]u x'g\\ . o:tf s6\" gLlts lgof]ux¿ ;fdfGotof /fhwfgLdf cjl:yt /xs] f x'G5g\\ . s6\" gLlts lgofu] x¿df sdr{ f/Lx¿nufot cGo Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ k//fi6« dGqfnon] ub{5 . h;/L xfdf| ] bz] sf /fhbt\" fjf;x¿ ljbz] df /x]sf xG' 5g,\\ To;} u/L ljbz] L ldq /fi6«x¿sf / fhbt\" faf;x¿ klg g]kfndf /xs] f 5g\\ . /fhb\"tfaf;df ;DalGwt bz] sf /fhbt\" / pgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ x'G5g\\ . ljbz] L d'ns' x¿;“u cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;\"rgfx¿ cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ log} /fhbt\" fjf;dfkm{t ul/G5 . s'g} klg ljbz] L dn' s' x¿df gk] fnLx¿n] ed| 0f ug{' kbf{ To; bz] sf] cg'dlt lng'k5{ . o:tf] cg'dltnfO{ kj| ]zf1f (visa) elgG5 . o:tf] k|jz] f1f lbg] sfo{ klg /fhbt\" fjf;n] u5{ . t/ gk] fn / ef/tsf lardf ;lbcf}“bl] v g} lgs6 ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw /xL cfPsfn] Ps csf{ bz] df cfjt hfjt ubf{ kj| z] f1f lng' gkg{] Joj:yf xfn;Dd sfod 5 . s\"6gLlts lgof]un] Tof] b]zdf /x]sf cfÇgf] b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] ;'/Iff nufot cGo cfjZos ;xofu] pknAw u/fp5 . b'O{ bz] x¿sf lardf cfk;L ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ xg' ] j|mddf 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ klg o;n] ub{5 . To;} u/L bO' { bz] sf /fi6« k|dv' , ;/sf/ kd| 'v jf cGo pRr kb:y JolStx¿sf] ed| 0fdf cfjZos ;dGjo ug{], Ps b]zn] / fvs] f] k|:tfj pk/ cfÇgf] b]zsf] cf}krfl/s wf/0ff JoSt ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ klg s6\" gLlts lgof]ux¿dfkm{t\\ x'g] u5{ . o;/L s\"6gLlts lgofu] x¿n] bO' { b]zsf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf] s8Lsf ¿kdf sfo{ u/s] f xG' 5g\\ . s\"6gLlts lgof]ux¿n] csf{] bz] df /x]/ sfo{ ubf{ s\"6gLlts dof{bfleq /x/] sfo{ ug'{k5{ . s\"6gLlts dof{bf gf3/] sfo{ ePdf csf{] b]zsf] :jfledfgdf cfr“ kU' g ;S5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf bO' { b]zlarsf] ;DaGw lau|g klg ;S5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M s6\" gLlts lgofu] sf] j]j;fO6df uP/ jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fW] g nufP/ o; kf7sf af/d] f yk hfgsf/L kb| fg ugx{' f;] \\ . 138 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk != bfof“ efudf lbOPsf] lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ skLdf nv] . @= xfd|f l5ds] L d'n's ef/t / lrgsf nflu gk] fnL /fhb\"tx¿ sf] sf] x'gx' G' 5, ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿af6 ;f]w vf]h u/L n]v . cEof; != s\"6gLlts lgof]u eg]sf] s] xf] < pNnv] u/ . @= xfdf| ] bz] df :yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] s\"6gLlts lgofu] s'g b]zsf] xf] < #= s6\" gLlts lgof]un] ug]{ kd| v' sfo{x¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ u/ . $= s\"6gLlts lgof]udf sd{rf/Lx¿nufot cGo Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ s'g dGqfnon] u5{ < %= xfdf| ] b]zdf /fhbt\" x¿sf] lgol' St s;/L xG' 5, pNnv] u/ . ^= s\"6gLlts dofb{ f eg]sf] s] xf,] pNn]v u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 139

kf7 M % cGt/f{li6«o Ifq] df gk] fnsf] of]ubfg lj= ;=+ @))& ;fn;Dd g]kfndf /f0ffx¿sf] hxflgof zf;g lyof] . To; a]nf xfdf| ] l5d] sL dn' 's ef/tdf cªu\\ ]|hx¿n] zf;g uy{] . /f0ff sfndf gk] fnsf] ;DaGw cª\\uh]| x¿ -lal| 6; ;fd|fHo_ ;u“ dfq lyof] . /f0ffx¿ cªu\\ ]|hx¿nfO{ v';L agfpg tNnLg b]lvGy] . cªu\\ ]|hx¿nfO{ g]kfnL kmf}hn] ;xofu] ;dt] u/s] f] lyof] . ;g\\ !($& -lj= ;+= @))$_ ;fndf cªu\\ h]| x¿ lkmtf{ eP / ef/t :jtGq eof] . To;sf] ke| fj gk] fnL el\" ddf klg k¥of] . kmn:j¿k @))& ;fndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eof] . ttk\\ Zrft\\ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltdf klg kl/jt{g cfof] . @))& ;fnkl5 gk] fnn] cfÇgf] :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff ug,{ cGt/f{li6o« Ifq] df cfÇgf], klxrfg :yflkt ug{ / bz] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xofu] h6' fpg cfjZos lyof] . t;y{, g]kfnn] ljleGg dn' s' x¿ tyf cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\\3 ;+:yf;“u s\"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{] sfod{ f hf]8 lbof] . g]kfnn] ljleGg /fi6x« ¿;u“ bf}To ;DaGw sfod ub{} cfof] . xfn;Dd !^* /fi6x« ¿;“u bfT} o ;DaGw :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] cGTokl5 ljZjsf zlStzfnL d'n'sx¿ b'O{ lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts wf/sf cfwf/df u'6aGb eP . Pp6f u'6sf] g]t[Tj cd]l/sf, a]nfot h:tf d'n'sn] ul//fvs] f lyP eg] csf{] u'6sf] gt] T[ j tTsfnLg ;fl] eot ;ª3\\ -?;_ n] u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L ljZjdf zLt o4' sf] l:ylt lyof] . b'O{ km/s /fhgLlts Joj:yf ePsf 7n' f l5d]sL / fi6« lrg / ef/tsf] lardf cjl:yt xfd|f] bz] g]kfnn] sg' } klg ;fdl/s u'6df gnfuL ;a} dn' 's;“u ;dfg / t6:y ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ h?/L lyof] . g]kfn h:t} s'g} klg u'6df ;n+ Ug xg' / z:qf:qsf] xf]8afhLdf nfUg grfxg] ef/t, OG8f]gl] ;of, OlhK6, 3fgf, o'uf]:nfleof h:tf dn' 'sx¿n] ;'? u/s] f] c;n+ Ugtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf gk] fn klg k\"0f{ ¿kdf ;ljm| o eof] . ;g\\ !(^! df o'uf:] nfleofsf] /fhwfgL a]nu]|8df ePsf] c;n+ Ug /fi6x« ¿sf k|yd lzv/ ;Dd]ngb]lv xfn;Ddsf ;a} lzv/ ;Den] gdf g]kfnn] /fi6« kd| 'v jf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf :t/df efu ln“b} cfPsf] 5 . c;+nUg /fi6«sf ;+:yfks ;b:osf x}l;otn] g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df v]n]sf] el\" dsf k|z+;f of]Uo /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnn] !$ l8;]Dj/ !(%% df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:otf lnPotf o;sf] ;lj|mo ;b:osf ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf tTsfnLg dxf;lrj 8\\ofu xo\\ fd/;f] N8sf] ;g\\ !(^! df ljdfg b'3{6gfdf d[To' xb“' f To; 36gfsf] 5fglag ug{] cfof]usf cWoIf lzIf0f ;e' mfj M cGt//fli6«o Ifq] df g]kfnsf] ofu] bfgsf] rf6,{ lrq, kmf]6f] / tflnsf k:| t'tLs/0fdf hf8] lbg'xf;] \\ . 140 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

tTsfnLg gk] fnL :yfoL kl| tlglw Clifsi] f zfx lyP . gk] fnn] cGt/fl{ i6o« zflGt / ;/' Iff sfod ug]{ /fi6«;ª\\3sf] k|of;df ;?' bl] v g} ;xof]u k¥' ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] cg'/f]wdf zflGt ;]gfdf kmf}h k7fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . n]agfg, x}6L, ;f]dflnof, O/fs, l;o/flnof]g, sªu\\ f], k\"jL{ l6df/] , nfOa]l/of / ;'8fg h:tf b]zsf #& cf6] f zflGt ld;gdf g]kfnL ;]gf / kx| /Ln] sfo{ ul/;ss] f 5g\\ . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt ;g] fdf kmfh} k7fpg] bz] x¿df gk] fn cu| kªl\\ Stdf /xs] f] 5 . g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;xofu] ;ªu\\ 7g -;fs_{ sf] :yfkgf sfnbl] v g} ;ljm| o ;b:osf ¿kdf /xb“ } cfPsf] 5 . ;fss{ f ljleGg ultljlwx¿df g]kfnn] klg cfÇgf] ofu] bfg k¥' ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . ;fss{ f] ;lrjfno g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f“d} f 5 . o;} u/L g]kfn ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª\\3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿nufot cGo ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\\3 -WTO_, ljd:6]s -BIMSTEC_ h:tf cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\\3 ;:+ yfx¿sf] klg ;b:osf ¿kdf /xL el\" dsf lgjfx{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg ldq /fi6«x¿df kf| s[lts ljktsf an] fdf ;fx} fbt{ fk\"j{s ;Sbf] ;xofu] ;d]t k¥' ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L cGt/f{li6o« :t/df g]kfnn] ;Sbf] of]ubfg lbb“ } cfÇgf] 5'66\\ } klxrfg / 5lj lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != sIffnfO{ rf/ ;d\"xdf ljefhg u/ / k|To]s ;d\"xn] lgDgfg';f/sf ;ª\\3;:+ yfx¿df /xL gk] fnn] cGt/fl{ i6o« Ifq] df u/]sf sfo{x¿sf af/]df ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L ;dx\" gt] fn] k|:tt' u/ M -s_ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ / zflGt ;g] f -v_ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfx¿ -u_ blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;xofu] ;ªu\\ 7g -;fs_{ -3_ c;+nUg cfGbf]ng cEof; != g]kfn ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;/' Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o slxn] ePsf] lyof] < @= cGt/fl{ i6o« zflGt ;/' Iff :yfkgf ug{] sfod{ f g]kfnL ;g] f / k|x/Ln] s;/L ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf 5g\\, pNn]v u/ . #= lj= ;=+ @))& ;fnkj\" { g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf af/d] f 5f]6f] rrf{ u/ . $= c;+nUg cfGbf]ng / o;df g]kfnn] v]n]sf] e\"ldsfsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 141