Social Studies - 9

k'g/jnfs] g cEof; != ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] jtd{ fg dxf;lrj sf] xg' \\ / pgL sg' bz] sf gful/s xg' \\ < ljleGg ;|f]taf6 vfh] L u/L n]v / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . @= cGt/fl{ i6o« Ifq] df gk] fnn] v]ns] f] e\"ldsf ;DaGwdf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg tyf cGo kq klqsfx¿df k|sflzt ljleGg ;dfrf/ tyf n]vx¿sf] ;ª\\sng u/L sIffdf k9]/ ;'gfpm . #= ;fdflhs cWoogsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ kIf ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] cWoog xf] . ;dfhdf b}lgs ¿kdf ljleGg /fd|f, g/fd|f 36gfx¿ eO/xs] f xG' 5g\\ . To:t} sltko j1} flgs cfljisf/x¿ eO/xs] f x'G5g\\ . To:tf 36gf / cfljisf/x¿n] xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] To:tf ;d;fdlos ljifox¿df hfgsf/L /flv/xg'k5{ . ltdLx¿ klg kT| o]s lbg /l] 8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf jf OG6/g]6af6 hfgsf/L ;ª\\sng u/ . k|To]s xKtf sIffdf ;d;fdlos hfgsf/L ;DaGwL kZ| gx¿ agfP/ xflh/L hjfkm kl| tof]lutf u/ . @= cfÇgf] sIff aflx/sf] leQfsf] vfnL :yfgdf leTt] klqsf agfpm . sIffnfO{ rf/ ;dx\" df ljefhg u/ . x/s] ;dx\" nfO{ Ps Ps xKtfsf] kfnf] af8“ . xKtfel/sf dxŒjk\"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L kT| o]s zj' |maf/ leQ] klqsf cBfjlws u/ . klxnf] xKtf 6f“l;Psf dxŒjk\"0f{ ;fdu|LnfO{ Toxf“af6 pKsfP/ kmfOndf /fv . Toxf“ gof“ cfsifs{ 9ªs\\ af6 ;fduL| 6f;“ . ltdLn] tof/ kf/s] f klqsf ;a} ljBfyLn{ ] k9g\\ ] 5g\\ . $= xfd|f ldq /fi6x« ¿n] ltdf| ] ;db' fo jf lhNnfdf w]/} ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf x'g ;S5g\\ . To:tf /fi6x« ¿sf] ;r\" L agfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;xofu] ;d]t pNn]v u/ . %= @)&) ;fn ebf} % ut] l;l/ofsf] /fhwfgL bdf:s;df ljbf| ]xLx¿n] Toxf“sf] ;/sf/n] /f;folgs xltof/sf] k|of]u u/s] f] cf/fk] nufof] . ;f] s/' fsf] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] 5fglag ubf{ Toxf“ /f;folgs xltof/sf] k|of]u ePsf] k|df0f km] nf k¥of] . o;n] If]qLo ;/' Iff / zflGtnfO{ gsf/fTds ke| fj kfg{] 7x/ eof] . /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifbn\\ ] ;f] xltof/ gi6 ug]{ / eljiodf /f;folgs xltof/sf] pTkfbg, cf];f/ k;| f/ / cfoft ug{ kl| taGw nufpg] lg0fo{ u¥of] . dflysf] cg'R5]bn] hf]8 lbg vfh] ]sf s/' fx¿ sIffdf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/ . 142 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

P sfO M ( hg;ªV\\ ofsf] kl/ro / hg;fªl\\ Vos cj:yf l;sfO pknlAw 143 o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\\ M hg;fªl\\ Vos k|ljm| of pNnv] u/L hg;fªl\\ Vos b/x¿sf] dfkg pNnv] ug{ g]kfnsf] a;fO“;/fOsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

kf7 M ! hg;fª\\lVosLsf] cjwf/0ff hg;fª\\lVosLnfO{ cª\\u]|hL efiffdf l8df]u|fkmL (Demography) elgG5 . ‘l8df]u|fkmL’ (Demography) zAb lu|s efiffaf6 cfPsf] dflgG5 . o; zAbnfO{ b'O{ efudf af“8\\bf ‘l8d;’ (Demos) sf] cy{ dflg; / ‘u|fkmL’ (Graphy) sf] cy{ cWoog eGg] al' emG5 . o;/L dfgj hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cWoog ug{] ljifo g} hg;fªl\\ VosL xf] . ;j{k|yd o; zAbsf] ko| fu] al] Nhodsf gful/s clsn] uO' nf8{ (Achille Guillard) n] u/] . hg;ª\\Vofsf] j1} flgs cWoog ug]{ ljifo g} hg;fªl\\ VosL xf] . an] fotsf ljåfg\\ hf]g u|fG6 (John Graunt) nfO{ o; ljifosf hgs dflgPsf] 5 . pgn] d[Tob' / ;DaGwL dxŒjkÒ0f{ cWoog u/s] f lyP . hg;fªl\\ VosLn] hg;ª\\Vofsf tYofª\\sLo kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . hg;ª\\Vofsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog hg;ª\\Vof lzIffdf ul/G5 . hg;ª\\Vof lzIffsf] ljsf; ;g\\ !(^)–&) sf] cjlwdf ePsf] lyof] . hg;ª\\Vof lzIff Pp6f zl} Ifs sfoj{ |md klg xf] . o;n] hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4af6 pTkGg xg' ] c;/ jf kl/0ffdkl| t JolStnfO{ ;rt] agfp5“ . hg;fª\\lVosLdf hGd, d[To' / a;fO“;/fO tLg tŒj clt g} dxŒjk0Ò f{ x'G5g\\ . s'g} If]q jf /fi6s« f] hg;ª\\Vof kl/jt{gnfO{ pSt tLg tŒjn] lgwf/{ 0f ub{5 . To;n} ] lognfO{ hg;ªV\\ of kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tŒj klg elgG5 . hg;fªl\\ VosLsf cªu\\ x¿ (Components of Demography) != kd| v' hg;fªl\\ Vos k|lj|mofx¿ (Major Demographic Processes): o;cGtut{ k|hgg, d/0f / a;fO“ ;/fO k5{g\\ . @= hg;fª\\lVos tYofª\\s (Population Statistics): sg' } b]z, kb| z] , lhNnf, uf| dL0f tyf ;x/L Ifq] x¿df hGdb/, dT[ ob' /, a;fO;“ /fO, hg;ªV\\ ofsf] ljt/0f, jl[ 4 cflb kIfsf] cWoog ug{ hg;fªl\\ Vos tYofªs\\ sf] ;xofu] lngk' 5{ . #= hg;ªV\\ ofsf] ljt/0f (Population Distribution): sg' } Ifq] df hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fsf] Ps lglZrt kf| ¿k (pattern) xG' 5 . sg' } Ifq] df a9L hg;ªV\\ of sl] Gbt| xG' 5 eg] sxL“ sd xG' 5 . pbfx/0ffy,{ gk] fnsf] lxdfn / kxf8sf] tn' gfdf t/fO{ Ifq] df a9L hg;ªV\\ of /xs] f] 5 . $= hg;ª\\Vof j[l4sf sf/0fx¿ (Causes of Population Growth): hg;ª\\Vof j[l4sf lzIf0f ;'emfj M hg;fªl\\ VosLsf] cjwf/0ff ljleGg pbfx/0f, rf6{ / tflnsfsf] k:| tt' Ls/0f u/L lbgx' f];\\ . 144 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

sf/0fx¿ hg;fª\\lVosLsf dxŒjk\"0f{ cªu\\ x'g\\ . hg;ªV\\ of j[l4sf sf/0f klxrfgkl5 dfq hg;ªV\\ of j[l4sf kl/0ffdx¿ ae' mL ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . %= hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4sf kl/0ffdx¿ (Consequences of Population Growth): xfn ljZjdf hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4af6 cgs] f“} ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\\ . hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4af6 ke| fljt kIfx¿df vfBfGg, :jf:Yo, /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/, a;fa] f;, lzIff, dgf/] ~hg cflb k5g{ \\ . ^= of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIff (Sexual and Reproductive Health Education): ofg} tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIffcGtu{t dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg, hGd lg/f]w, dfgj ofg} ;“u ;DalGwt ljifo j:t'x¿ k5{g\\ . oL tŒjx¿n] kh| gg b/df dxŒjk0\" f{ ke| fj kf/]sf x'G5g\\ . &= hg;ªV\\ of gLlt / sfoj{ |md (Population Policies and Programme): hg;ª\\Vof gLlt / sfoj{ m| d klg hg;fª\\lVosLsf dxŒjk0Ò f{ cªu\\ x'g\\ . k|Tos] /fi6s« f] cfcfÇg} lsl;dsf] hg;ª\\Vof gLlt / sfo{j|md x'G5 . lj|mofsnfk != hg;fªl\\ VosLsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= sIffdf ljleGg ;dx\" x¿ agfpm . Ps ;dx\" n] hGd, csfn]{ ] dT[ o' / csf]{n] a;fO;“ /fOsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ . ;db' fodf ljut tLg dlxgfdf oL tLg kIfsf] s] s:tf] cj:yf /xs] f] 5, cleefjs ;d]tsf] ;xofu] n] kQf nufpm . ;a} ;dx\" n] cfk\"mn] u/s] f lj|mofsnfk af/d] f sIffdf k|:t't u/ . cEof; != hg;fª\\lVosLsf] kl/ro bp] m . @= hg;fª\\lVosLdf s'g s'g cªu\\ x¿sf] cWoog ul/G5, kT| os] sf] ;ªl\\ IfKt kl/ro bp] m . ;fd'bflos sfo{ ltd|f] ;d'bfosf ;dfh ;]jfdf nfu]sf JolSt tyf cleefjsx¿;“u cGt/lj|mof u/L hg;ª\\Vof lzIffcGtu{t s] s:tf ljifoj:t' k9fpg cfjZos xG' 5, To;af/] pgLx¿sf] ;e' mfj ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 145

kf7 M @ hg;fªl\\ Vos cfwf/et\" dfkg k|hgg, d/0f / a;fO“;/fOnfO{ hg;fª\\lVos k|lj|mofx¿ elgG5 . s'g} If]qsf] hg;ª\\ Vofdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ log} kl| jm| ofn] lgwf/{ 0f ub5{ . hg;fª\\lVos tŒjn] hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“ ;/fOnfO{ hgfp5“ . o;/L tŒj / k|ljm| ofdf sx] L leGgtf /x]sf] xG' 5 . k|hgg (fertility) kl| j|mof xf] eg] hGd (birth) tŒj xf] . To:t} d/0f (mortality) k|ljm| of xf] eg] d[To' (death) tŒj xf] . hg;ªV\\ of dfkgn] hGdb/, d[To'b/ / a;fO“;/fOsf b/x¿sf] u0fgf ug]{ kl| jm| of jf ljlwnfO{ hgfp5“ . hg;fª\\lVos b/x¿sf] u0fgf ug]{ sfon{ fO{ dfkg elgG5 . hg;fªl\\ Vos k|ljm| ofx¿dWo] kh| ggsf] dfkg lgDgfg;' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . k|hgg b/ (Fertility rate): kh| gg b/n] !% b]lv $( jif;{ Ddsf dlxnfn] lhpb“ } hGdfPsf lzzx' ¿sf] ;ªV\\ ofnfO{ hgfp5“ . kh| gg b/nfO{ ;/n cyd{ f hGdb/ klg elgG5 . kh| gg b/sf] dfkg ubf{ k|of]u xg' ] tLg ks| f/sf ljlw jf ;r\" sx¿sf] tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M sf]/f hGdb/ (Crude Birth Rate): hGdb/ dfkg ug]{ ;jf{lws ;/n / k|rlnt ljlw sf/] f hGdb/ xf] . s'g} If]qdf Ps jif{leq Ps xhf/ hg;ª\\Vofdf hGd]sf sn' lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\\VofnfO{ sf]/f hGdb/ elgG5 . sf/] f hGdb/sf] dfkg÷u0fgf ug{ lgDg ;\"q ko| f]u ul/G5 M s'g} jifd{ f hLljt hGds] f lzz'sf] ;ª\\Vof sf/] f hGdb/ (CBR) = dWo jifs{ f] hg;ª\\Vof (P) (B) !))) X pd]/cg;' f/sf] hGdb/ (Age-specific Birth Rate): hGdb/ ;a} pd/] ;d\"xdf Ps} lsl;dsf] geO{ km/s km/s x'G5 . sg' } vf; pd/] ;dx\" sf Ps xhf/ dlxnfn] Ps jif{leq hGdfPsf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\\VofnfO{ pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ elgG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdfGotof @) jifb{ ]lv @( jif{ pd/] ;dx\" df hGdb/ pRr ePsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 hGdb/ j|mdzM 36b\\ } hfG5 . o;sf] u0fgf ubf{ kh| gg ofU] o dlxnfnfO{ %÷% jif{ cGt/fnsf] pd/] ;dx\" df /flvG5 . pd]/cg;' f/sf] hGdb/ lgDgfg;' f/ u0fgf ul/G5 M pd/] cg;' f/sf] hGdb/ = Ps jif{leq pSt pd/] ;dx\" sf dlxnfn] hGdfPsf] lzz'sf] ;ªV\\ of X !))) ;f]xL jif{sf] dWofjlwdf pSt pd]/ ;dx\" sf dlxnfsf] ;ª\\Vof lzIf0f ;'emfj M ;\"qx¿sf] cEof; u/fpb“ f cfudg ljlwdf -pbfx/0f lbb“ } ;q\" atfpg_] hf8] lbg'k5{ . ;fy} kf7df lbOPsf ;q\" x¿ ko| f]u ub}{ a9LeGbf a9L lx;fa ug{ nufO{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\\ . 146 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

sn' k|hgg b/ (Total Fertility Rate): s'n kh| gg b/ pd]/cg;' f/sf] hGdb/sf] ofu] xf] . o;nfO{ k|lt dlxnfdf JoSt ul/G5 . k|hgg pd/] ;d\"x -!% bv] $( jif{_ df Pp6L ljjflxt dlxnfn] hGdfPsf lzzx' ¿sf] ;ª\\VofnfO{ s'n k|hgg b/ elgG5 . s'n k|hgg b/sf] u0fgf ubf{ ;jk{ |yd ljleGg pd]/ ;dx\" sf kh| gg b/nfO{ hf8] ]/ To;nfO{ pd]/sf] juf{Gt/ cyf{t\\ % n] u0' fg ugk{' 5{ . olb kl| tdlxnf b/ u0fgf ug{' 5 eg] u'0fgkmnnfO{ !))) n] efu ug{'k5{ . sn' kh| gg b/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/G5 M oxf“ TFR = sn' k|hgg b/ Bi = i pd]/ ;dx\" sf dlxnfx¿n] Ps jifl{ eq lhpb“ } hGdfPsf lzz'x¿sf] ;ªV\\ of i = pd]/ ;dx\" Pi = i pd]/ ;d\"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] hg;ª\\Vof lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] ;db' fodf hGdb/ a9L xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g\\, tLgsf] vfh] L u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= :yfgLo ;db' fodf ut Ps jif{leq lhp“b} hGds] f lzzx' ¿ / !% b]lv $( jifs{ f ljjflxt dlxnfx¿sf] tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng u/L To;sf cfwf/df sf]/f hGdb/ / pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ lgsfn . cEof; != hg;fª\\lVos tŒj, k|lj|mof / dfkgsf] kl/ro b]pm . @= sg' } ufpd“ f lj= ;=+ @)^* ;fndf ul/Psf] ;jI{] f0fcg;' f/ Ps jifl{ eq hGds] f lzzx' ¿sf] ;ª\\Vof !% / s'n hg;ª\\Vof %() /xs] f] lyof] eg] pSt ufp“sf] sf/] f hGdb/ lgsfn . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 147

kf7 M # d[To' / a;fO;“ /fO d[To'b/ dT[ o' hg;fªl\\ Vos k|ljm| ofsf] bf;] f| ] dxŒjkÒ0f{ tŒj xf] . d[To'b/n] Ps jif{df Ps xhf/ hg;ª\\Vofdf slt hgf JolSt d5g{ \\ eGg] s/' fnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ . hGd / dT[ o'lar w/] } cGt/ ePdf hg;ªV\\ of l56f] a9\\5 . ljZjsf ljsf;fG] d'v /fi6«x¿df oxL l:ylt /xs] f] 5 . dT[ ob' /sf dV' o bO' { kl/;rÒ sx¿ sf]/f d[To'b/ / lzz' dT[ o'b/ xg' \\ . sf/] f d[Tob' / (Crude Death Rate) of] dT[ o'b/ dfkg ug]{ ;jf{lws ;/n ljlw xf] . sf/] f dT[ ob' / u0fgf ug{ sg' } If]qdf Ps jifleqdf dg{] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\\Vof cfjZos xG' 5 . ;f]xL cjlwsf] pSt Ifq] sf] hg;ª\\Vof klg cfjZos k5{ . sf/] f d[Tob' /sf] u0fgf lgDgfg;' f/ ul/G5 M sf]/f dT[ ob' / (CDR) = Ps jif{ leqsf] d[To' (d) X !))) dWo jif{sf] sn' hg;ªV\\ of (P) lzz' d[Tob' / (Infant Mortality Rate) s'g} Ifq] df Ps jife{ Gbf sd pd/] sf lzzx' ¿sf] d[Tob' /nfO{ lzz' d[To'b/ (IMR) elgG5 . s'g} If]qdf Ps jifl{ eq kl| txhf/ lhp“b} hGd]sf lzzx' ¿dWo] ;f]xL jif{sf lzz'x¿sf] dT[ o' ;ª\\VofnfO{ lzz' dT[ o'b/ elgG5 . lzz' dT[ o'b/nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ dfkg ul/G5 M lzz' dT[ o'b/ Ps jifs{ f] pd/] ;d\"xleqsf] dT[ o' ;ªV\\ of X !))) = pSt cjlwsf] hGd ;ª\\Vof a;fO;“ /fO a;fO“ ;/fO bf;] f| ] dxŒjk0Ò f{ tŒj xf] . hg;ªV\\ of kl/jtg{ df o;sf] 7n' f] dxŒj xG' 5 . sg' } ef} ufl] ns Ifq] df ;fdfGotof Ps jifl{ eq s] slt JolSt aflx/af6 a;fa] f; ug{ cfP eGg] s/' f xl] /G5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fx] L cjlwdf To; If]qaf6 slt hgf JolSt aflx/ uP eGg] s/' fnfO{ klg cWoog ul/G5 . o;/L a;fO;“ /fO hg;ªV\\ ofsf] efu} fl] ns jf Ifq] Lo kj| fx xf] . a;fO“ ;/fO dfkg ubf{ cfkj| f;n] leq cfpg] / pTkj| f;n] aflx/ hfg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfo leqsf] tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ug{ nufO{ tL tYofªs\\ x¿sf] cfwf/df ljleGg d[To'b/ / a;fO“ ;/fO b/ lgsfNg nufpg ;lsG5 . 148 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

cfkj| f; b/ (In-migration Rate) cfkj| f; b/sf] u0fgf ubf{ s'g} Ifq] df Ps jifl{ eq aflx/af6 a;fO“ ;//] cfpg] JolSt (In-migrants) sf] ;ªV\\ ofnfO{ ;f]xL cjlwsf] dWo jif{ hg;ª\\Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] ;ªV\\ ofnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg ug{k' 5{ . o;sf] u0fgf ug{ lgDglnlvt ;qÒ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 M I cfkj| f; b/ Mi = P X K oxf,“ Mi = cfkj| f; b/, I = sg' } vf; Ifq] df Ps jifl{ eq aflx/af6 a;fO“ ;//] cfpg] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\\Vof, P = pSt If]qsf] ;fx] L cjlwsf] dWojif{ hg;ª\\Vof / K = k|lt 1000 hg;ªV\\ of xf] . pTk|jf; b/ (Out-Migration Rate) pTk|jf; b/sf] u0fgf ug{ s'g} lglZrt If]qaf6 Ps jif{sf] cjlwleq aflx/ a;fO“ ;g{] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\\VofnfO{ ;f]xL cjlwsf] dWo jif{ hg;ª\\Vofn] efu u/L cfPsf] ;ª\\VofnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg ugk{' 5{ . o;sf] u0fgf ug{ lgDglnlvt ;qÒ sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 M pTk|jf; b/ O Mo = P X K oxf,“ mo = pTk|jf; b/, O = sg' } vf; Ifq] af6 Ps jif{leq aflx/ a;fO“ ;g]{ JolStx¿sf] ;ª\\ Vof, P = ;f]xL cjlwsf] dWo jif{ hg;ª\\Vof, / K = k|lt !))) hg;ª\\Vof xf] . lj|mofsnfk != ltd|f] ;d'bfodf lzz' d[Tob/ a9L xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g,\\ tLgsf] klxrfg u/L sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/ . @= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ut Ps jif{leq dg]{ JolStx¿ / Ps jif{sf] pd]/ gk'Ub} d/]sf lzzx' ¿sf] tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng u/L To;sf cfwf/df sf/] f dT[ ob/ / lzz' dT[ ob/ lgsfn . cEof; != sg' } ufp“df @)^* ;fndf ul/Psf] ;jI{] f0fcg';f/ Ps jif{leq dg{] lzz'x¿sf] ;ªV\\ of $) / ;f] 7fps“ f] s'n hg;ª\\Vof %)) /xs] f] lyof] eg] pSt ufps“ f] lzz' dT[ ob/ lgsfn . @= cfk|jf; b/ / pTk|jf; b/df s] km/s 5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 149

k f7 M $ hg;ªV\\ of kl/jtg{ sf lgwf/{ sx¿ s'g} klg If]qsf] hg;ª\\Vof l:y/ /x“b}g . o;df 36a9 eO/xG5 . hg;ª\\Vof k|foM al9/xs] f] xG' 5 . d[To'b/ a9]sf] cj:yfdf / w/] } JolStx¿ aflx/ a;fO“ ;/fO u/L uPdf hg;ªV\\ of 36g\\ klg ;S5 . gk] fnsf uf| dL0f Ifq] df klg oxL l:ylt /xs] f] 5 . hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“ ;/fO hg;ªV\\ of lgwf{/0fsf tŒj xg' \\ . hg;ª\\Vof kl/jtg{ sf lgwf{/sx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ M kh| gg jf k|hgg b/ (Fertility) hg;ªV\\ ofsf] pd]/cg';f/sf] ;/+ rgf jf agf]6, ljjfxsf] pd]/, lzIff, k];f, wflds{ l:ylt, cfxf/ / :jf:Yon] kh| gg b/nfO{ k|efj kf5{ . kh| gg Ifdtf, lzz' d[Tob' /, ;/b/ cfo', bz] sf] /fhgl} ts l:ylt, afa'cfdfsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f cflb tŒjn] klg hGdb/nfO{ k|efj kfl//x]sf x'G5g\\ . ljZjsf cNkljsl;t /fi6s« f] kh| gg b/nfO{ pd]/cg';f/sf] agf]6, l56f] ljjfx / clzIff h:tf tŒjx¿n] a9L ke| fj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . d/0f jf d[Tob' / (Mortality) k|hggkl5sf] csf]{ tŒj d/0f jf d[To' xf] . dT[ ob/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ klg w/] } 5g\\ . tLdWo] hg;ª\\Vof agf]6, :jf:Yof]krf/sf ;l' jwf, k;] f / sfdsf] k|s[lt, a;f]af;sf] If]q, pd]/, sk' f]if0f, /f]usf] k|efj cflb dV' o /x]sf 5g\\ . cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿df klxnfsf] tn' gfdf of] b/ 3l6/x]sf] 5 . o;sf kd| 'v sf/0fx¿ cfodf jl[ 4, cfi} fwfk] rf/sf] kl| jlwdf ;'wf/ / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / 1fgsf] lj:tf/ /xs] f 5g\\ . a;fO“ ;/fO (Migration) a;fO“;/fO hg;fªl\\ Vos k|ljm| ofx¿dWo] clt g} hl6n dflgG5 . a;fO“ ;/fOdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ ;fdfGotof bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ . tLgnfO{ cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f tŒjsf ¿kdf cWoog ul/G5 . a;fO;“ /fOdf cfpg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ cfk|jf; (In-migration) / hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{ pTkj| f; (Out-migration) elgG5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;d'bfodf s;/L hg;ª\\Vof kl/jtg{ eO/xs] f] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fO{ ljleGg rf6,{ lrq cflbsf dfWodåf/f wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/lbgx' f];\\ . o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|Zg, pQ/ / 5nkmn ljlw klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . 150 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk != ltd|f] ;d'bfodf hg;ª\\Vof kl/jt{gsf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5, hGdb/ l56f] 36\\g g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] 5g,\\ tLgsf] klxrfg u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= a;fO;“ /fOdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ s] s] 5g\\ / sg' tŒjx¿sf] k|efj a9L /xs] f] x'G5, tLgsf] ;rÒ L agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ . cEof; != a;fO“;/fOdf k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿ pNnv] u/ . @= kh| gg b/sf k|dv' lgwf{/s tŒjx¿ sg' sg' x'g,\\ pNn]v u/ . #= ljsl;t / cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kh| gg b/ / d[To' b/sf] l:yltdf s] s:tf] leGgtf /xs] f] 5, 5nkmn u/ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ ltdf| ] ufp÷“ 6fn] af6 ut Ps jif{leq a;fO“ ;/fO u/L slt JolSt aflx/ uPsf lyP, To;sf] tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng u/L a;fO“;/fO ugfs{ f sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP, To;af/] 5f]6f] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 151

kf7 M % gk] fnsf] hg;ª\\Vof agf]6 hg;ª\\VofnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿ w]/} 5g\\ . tL tŒjsf cfwf/df s'g} /fi6« jf Ifq] sf] hg;ª\\VofnfO{ ljleGg ;dÒxdf juL{s/0f ul/G5 . o;nfO{ hg;ª\\Vof agf]6sf ¿kdf cWoog ul/G5 . lnª\\u, pd]/, hft÷hflt, k;] f, dfte[ fiff, ;fIf/tf / zl} Ifs l:ylt, a;f]af; Ifq] , cflbsf cfwf/df hg;ª\\Vofsf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kf7df g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\\ of agf]6nfO{ ;fIf/tf / k;] fsf cfwf/df k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fIf/tfdf g]kfndf ^ jif{ / ;f] eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\\VofnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;fIf/tfsf] l:yltnfO{ tflnsf (=! df k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt -k|ltztdf_ tflnsf (=! lnªu\\ gk] fn ;x/L Ifq] u|fdL0f If]q @)#* @)$* @)%* @)^* @)#* @)$* @)%* @)#* @)$* @)%* bj' } lnª\\u @#=# #(=^ %$=! ^%=( %^=) ^^=$ &!=( @!=# #^=* %!=) k'?if #$=) %$=$ ^%=% &%=! ^^=) &&=$ *!=@ #@=) %!=( ^@=^ dlxnf !@=) @%=) $@=* %&=$ $$=) %$=# ^!=( !)=# @@=) #(=^ ;|ft] M /fli6o« hgu0fgf, @)^* hg;ªV\\ of / k];f k;] fsf cfwf/df s'g} Ifq] jf /fi6s« f] hg;ª\\VofnfO{ ljleGg ;d\"xdf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k;] fcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ tflnsf (=@ df k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|:tt' tflnsfx¿ :tDe jf rj|m lrqdf kl/0ft ug{ nufpg] / ;f]sf] k|bzg{ ub}{ hg;ª\\Vofsf] agf6] sf] cjwf/0ff ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . 152 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

k;] fcg;' f/ hg;ª\\Vof ljt/0f ;x/L Ifq] tflnsf (=@ M s[lif ^#=& @#=* #*=!^ k];f hg;ª\\Vof -kl| tztdf_ u/} s[lif @^=$ &%=^ ^!=&$ gk] fn @)#* @)$* @)%* k;] f gvn' s] f ] (=( )=^ )=!) sl[ if (!=#& *!=!) %(=^! u}/s[lif ^=#% !*=^@ $)=$& k;] f gv'ns] f ] @=@* )=@* )=)* ;f| ]t M sG] b|Lo tYofª\\s ljefu, @)%) / @)^) lj|mofsnfk != ltdL a;s] f] ufp“sf] hg;ªV\\ of ;DaGwL tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng u/ / ^ jif{ / ;fe] Gbf dflysf] pd]/df ;fIf/ k?' if / dlxnfsf] ;ªV\\ of 5'6Øfpm . @= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ljleGg k;] fdf nfus] f JolStx¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ / To;nfO{ rjm| lrq (pie chart) df bv] fpm . #= kf7df k|:t't tflnsfx¿df ;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt / k;] fcg;' f/ hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0f bv] fOPsf] 5 . pSt tYofªs\\ sf cfwf/df gk] fnsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / k;] fcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cj:yfaf/] rrf{ u/ . cEof; != ;fIf/tf eg]sf] s] xf] < @= g]kfndf ;fIf/tfsf] kj| [lQ s:tf] /xs] f] 5, n]v . #= gk] fnsf u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf hg;ªV\\ ofsf] k;] fut agf]6sf] l:ylt s:tf] /xs] f] 5, j0fg{ u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 153

k f7 M ^ g]kfndf hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0f hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fn] b]zsf] s'g Ifq] df slt / s] s:tf] lsl;daf6 hg;ªV\\ of ef}uf]lns ¿kdf 5l/P/ /xs] f] 5 eGg] s'/f ae' mfp5“ . hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fsf] rrf{ ubf{ ef}ufl] ns Ifq] , kb| z] , lhNnf / uf| dL0f tyf ;x/L Ifq] nfO{ cfwf/ agfOG5 . g]kfndf ljutsf tn' gfdf cfhefl] n gu/kflnsfsf] ;ª\\Vof a9b\\ f] jm| ddf 5 . u|fdL0f eu] af6 ;x/lt/ jf gu/kflnsf If]qdf a;f] af; ugs]{ f] ;ª\\Vof jm| dzM a9b\\ f] 5 . g]kfnsf] uf| dL0f / ;x/L If]qsf] hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fnfO{ tflnsf (=# df lbOPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ª\\Vof ljt/0f tflnsf (=# jif { u|fdL0f ;x/ lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ @)$* ()=$(% (=%!% &=*% $%=%% $^=&% @)%* *%=*% !$=@% &=#% $$=$% $*=$% @)^* *@=(#% !&=)&% ^=&#% $#% %)=@&% ;|f]t M s]GbL| o tYofªs\\ ljefu gk] fndf u|fdL0f Ifq] sf] hg;ª\\Vofsf] t'ngfdf ;x/L Ifq] sf] hg;ª\\Vof j[l4 tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] dflg;sf] a;fO“;/fOsf] j|md ;x/tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;ªs\\ t] u5{ . ;fy} ljutsf] tn' gfdf gu/kflnsfsf] ;ªV\\ of j[l4 ePaf6 uf| dL0f hg;ªV\\ of 36\\g] / ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of a9g\\ ] bl] vG5 . ljsf; If]qcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M lzIF0f ;e' mfj M P6n;df ePsf g]kfnsf] hg;ª\\Vofsf] ljt/0f;DaGwL gS;fx¿ cWoog ug{ nufO{ sg' Ifq] df hg;ª\\Vof a9L jf 36L xf]nf egL 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f];\\ . 154 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

ljsf; If]qcg;' f/ gk] fndf hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0f tflnsf (=$ M ljsf; If]q hg;ª\\Vof kl| tzt @)@* @)#* @)$* @)%* + @)^* != kj\" f~{ rn @$=@! @$=^( @$=) @#=)* @!=(# @= dWodf~rn ##=$% #@=^* ##=% #$=^( #^=$% #= klZrdf~rn @!=!& @)=*# @)=$ !(=&$ !*=^) $= dWo klZrdf~rn !@=** !#=)@ !#=) !#=)! !#=#( %= ;'b\"/ klZrdf~rn *=@( *=&@ (=! (=$& (=^# ;f| t] M :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\\Vof dGqfno @)^* tyf s]Gb|Lo tYofªs\\ ljefu, @)^( g]kfnsf kf“r ljsf; If]qx¿dWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L hg;ª\\Vof dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qdf /x] sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)^* sf] tYofªs\\ cg';f/ o; ljsf; If]qsf] sn' hg;ª\\Vof (^ nfv %^ xhf/ ( ;o *% 5 . o;n] ;Dk0\" f{ hg;ªV\\ ofsf] #^=$% k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . bf];f| ] :yfgdf k\"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\\Vof ;b' \"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df 5 . klZrdf~rn, dWo klZrdf~rn / ;b' /\" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df j|mdzM !*=^ k|ltzt, !#=#( k|ltzt / (=^# k|ltzt hg;ª\\Vof /xs] f] 5 . lj= ;+= @)@* otfsf] l:yltnfO{ cjnf]sg ubf{ cGo ljsf; Ifq] sf] tn' gfdf ;b' /\" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df hg;ª\\ Vof l56f] al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 eg] k\"jf~{ rn / klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\\ of 3l6/xs] f] / cGo ljsf; Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\\ of al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ @)%* ;fnotf @& lhNnfsf] hg;ªV\\ of 36]sf] b]lvG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ltdL a;]sf] ufpk“ flnsf ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfdf hg;ª\\Vof ljt/0fsf] l:ylt s:tf] 5, 5nkmn u/ . ;fy} ;ae} Gbf 3gf hg;ªV\\ of ePsf If]qx¿ cfÇgf] ufp“kflnsf ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf b]vfpm . @= g]kfndf u|fdL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fsf] k|f¿knfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . pSt hg;ª\\VofnfO{ rj|m lrq (pie chart) sf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't u/ . cEof; != gk] fnsf] ;x/L Ifq] df hg;ªV\\ ofsf jl[ 4sf] kd| 'v sf/0f s] xf], nv] . @= ;x/L tyf uf| dL0f Ifq] cg';f/ gk] fnsf] hg;ª\\Vof ljt/0fsf] JofVof u/ . #= ljsf; Ifq] sf cfwf/df gk] fndf hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fsf] l:ylt ljZni] f0f u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 155

kf7 M & gk] fndf cfGtl/s / afx\\o a;fO“ ;/fO cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fO bz] aGw' u¬NdL lhNnfsf] uf| dL0f Ifq] df a:y] . To; If]qdf pRr lzIf0f ;+:yf lyPg . pRr lzIf0f ;:+ yfsf] cefjn] To; If]qdf ljsif{0f tŒjsf ¿kdf sfd u¥of] . sf7df8f“d} f ljZjljBfno / cg]sf“} dxfljBfno ePsfn] ;f] If]qdf lzIffn] cfsif{0f tŒjsf ¿kdf sfd u¥of] . o;n] b]zaGw¬nfO{ sf7df8f}“df a;fO“;/fO ug{ afWo agfof] . To;}n] lzIff, vfg]kfgL, c:ktfn, u0¬ f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] ljBfno, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljbt' \\ cflb kjÒ f{wf/sf] ljsf; ePsf If]qx¿ cfsif0{ fsf s]Gb| aG5g\\ . g]kfndf lxdfn tyf kxf8L If]qaf6 t/fO{ / ;x/L If]qlt/ a;fO“;/fO eO/x]sf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf %) k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;ªV\\ of /xs] f] bl] vG5 . o;f] xg' d' f lxdfn kxf8af6 t/fO{tkm{ a;fO“ ;g'{ g} d'Vo sf/0f xf] . t/fOl{ t/ a;fO;“ /fO xg¬ fsf d'Vo sf/0f Jofkf/, sl[ if, /f]huf/L h:tf cfsifs{ tŒjn] ubf{ g} xf] . ;g\\ !(%) sf] cjlw;Dd g]kfnsf t/fO{ Ifq] df dnl] /ofsf] ke| fj lyof] . dflg;x¿ t/ fOl{ t/ hfg 8/fpy“ ] . kl5 cfn} f] pGd\"ng eof] . To;kl5 lxdfn / kxf8af6 t/fO{lt/ a;fO“ ;/fO a9g\\ yfNof] . sn' hg;ªV\\ ofdf o;n] ^=# kl| tzt cf]u6s] f] lyof] . o;/L Ps b;ssf] cjlwleq a;fO“;/fOsf] cfotgdf !)( kl| tztn] j[l4 eof] . lj= ;=+ @)$* df cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fO ug]{ JolStx¿ !@@*#%^ lyP eg] lj= ;+= @)%* df tLgsf] ;ª\\Vof !&@&#%& k'u]sf] bl] vG5 . afx\\o a;fO;“ /fO afx\\o a;fO“ ;/fO cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] a;fO“;/fO xf] . o; kl| jm| ofdf sg¬ } JolSt cfÇgf] bz] sf] ;Ldf kf/ u/L csf]{ bz] leq kj| ]z u5{ . a;fO;“ /fOsf sf/0f;lxtsf] ljt/0fnfO{ tflnsf (=% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{nfO{ a;fO“;/fOsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿sf ;DaGwdf e\"ldsf clego ug{ nfufpg'xf];\\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfodf a;fO“ ;/]/ cfPsf jf uPsfx¿sf] ;j{]If0f u/]/ ljZni] f0f ug{ nufpg klg ;lsG5 . 156 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

gk] fndf Ps jifs{ f] cjlwleq aflx/ a;fO“ ;/L uPsf JolStx¿sf] ljt/0f / To;sf sf/0fx¿ tflnsf (=% sf/0f JolSt kl| tzt s[lif &&^# !=)@ Jofkf/ !@)^) !=%* JolStut ;j] f %)^@@! ^^=$@ ;:+ yfut ;]jf ($#@( !@=#* cWoog÷tflnd #!&@& $=!& ljjfx !$!)! !=*% cGo (%(&) !@=^( hDdf &^@!*! !))=)) ;|ft] M sG] bL| o tYofª\\s ljefu @))# ljm| ofsnfk != ltdL a;s] f] ufpa“ f6 ut Ps jifl{ eq slt JolStx¿ cGo dn¬ s¬ df a;fO“ ;/fO;/L uP . pgLx¿ a;fO;“ /fO ugf{sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= g]kfndf afxo\\ jf cGt/f{li6«o a;fO;“ /fOsf dV¬ o sf/0fx¿af/] ;fyLx¿sf] ;dÒxdf 5nkmn u/ . cEof; != a;fO“;/fOnfO{ k|efj kfg{] s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < @= vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNbf] pQ/ vf]hL n]v M -s_ lj= ;+= @)%* df g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fO ug]{ JolStx¿sf] ;ª\\Vof ============================ lyof] . -v_ g]kfndf afxo\\ a;fO“;/fOsf] k|dv¬ sf/0f =============================/x]sf] 5 . -u_ ;g\\ !(%) sf] cjlw;Dd g]kfnsf ============== Ifq] df dflg;x¿ hfg 8/fp“y] . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 157

kf7 M * ljZjdf hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cfsf/ / jl[ 4 b/ ;g\\ @)!! df ljZjsf] hg;ª\\Vof & ca{ gfl3;ss] f] 5 . ;g\\ ! df ljZjsf] s'n hg;ª\\ Vof nueu @%) ldlnog cyft{ \\ @% s/f8] dfq /xs] f] cgd' fg 5 . ljZjsf] hg;ª\\VofnfO{ %) s/f8] k'Ug sl/a !^%) jif{ nfUof] . ;g\\ !*@) df ljZjsf] hg;ªV\\ of !)) s/f8] cyf{t\\ ! ca{ kU' of] . ;g\\ !(#) df ljZjsf] hg;ª\\Vof # ca{ / !(&% df $ ca{ k'Uof] . ;g\\ !(*& df ljZjsf] hg;ª\\Vof % ca{ ku' ]sf] lyof] . ljleGg cjlwdf ljZjsf] hg;ª\\Vof tflnsf (=( cjlw !*)) !(#) !(^) !(&@ !(*& !((( @)!! Ps ca{ ylkg nfus] f] ;Dk0\" f { !#) #) !$ !# !@ !@ ;do -jifd{ f_ hg;ªV\\ of ca{df ! @ # $ % ^ & ;|ft] M kkn' ;] g /k] m/]G; Ao/' f,] @)!! ljZjdf hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0fsf] l:ylt, @)!! tflnsf (=!) M Ifq] ÷kl/;Òrs hg;ªV\\ of hGdb/ d[Tob/ j[l4b/ bf]Aa/ x'g -bz nfvdf_ -xhf/df_ -xhf/df_ -kl| tzt_ nfUg] ;do ljZj ^(*& @) * !=@ %* ljsl;t Ifq] !@$@ !! !) )=@ #%) cNkljsl;t Ifq] %&$% @@ * !=$ %) clt cNkljsl;t If]q *^! #% !! @=$ @( clkm| sf @)%! #^ !@ @=$ @( pQ/L cdl] /sf #$^ !# * )=% !$) Nofl6g cdl] /sf / Sofl/laog %(^ !* ^ !=@ %* Pl;of $@!^ !* & !=! ^$ o'/f]k &$) !! !! )=) cf;] l] gof #& !* & !=@ lzIf0f ;'emfj M k:| tt' tflnsfx¿nfO{ :tDe lrqdf kl/0ft ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \\ / ljleGg lrq tyf tflnsfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 wf/0f :ki6 kfl/lbgx' f];\\ . ;|ft] M kk'n];g /k] m/]G; Ao/' f,] @)!! 158 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

hg;ª\\Vof cTolws a9\\g yfn]sf] ;qf“} ;tfAbLsf] dWob]lv xf] . ;g\\ !&%) cl3 o/' f]k, ?; / cd]l/sfdf hg;ª\\Vof tLj| ultdf a9]sf] kfOG5 . sl/a ;g\\ !&)) df lrgdf of] ult tLj| x'g yfNof] . hg;ªV\\ ofljb\\ sf]lng Snfsn{ ] ;g\\ !()) sf lglDt cgd' fg u/s] f] ljZjsf] hg;ª\\Vof #=% ca{ lyof] . csf{ hg;ª\\Vofljb\\ gf]6:] 6fOgn] ;g\\ @))) sf lglDt cgd' fg u/]sf] #=# ca{ dfq lyof] . t/ of] ;ªV\\ of cg'dflgt ;doeGbf cufl8 g} k'/f eof] . To:t} ;g\\ !((( df ljZjsf] hg;ªV\\ of ^ ca{ kU' of] . !@ jifs{ f] 5f6] f] cjlwdf ljZjsf] hg;ª\\Vofdf Ps ca{ ylkof] . ljm| ofsnfk != xfn ltdf| ] j8fdf slt hg;ª\\Vof /xs] f] 5, tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng u/ . ;g\\ @))! df o;sf] hg;ª\\Vof slt /xs] f] lyof] . pSt bz jifs{ f] cjlwleq hg;ª\\Vofdf slt j[l4 eof] 5nkmn u/ . @= ljZjdf ;g\\ @)!! df /x]sf] hg;ª\\Vof ljt/0fsf] l:yltaf/] 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ . #= ljZjdf Ps ca{ hg;ª\\Vof ylkg nfUg] ;do s;/L kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf] 5, :ki6 kf/ . cEof; != ljZjsf] sg' Ifq] df ;a}eGbf a9L / sg' If]qdf ;ae} Gbf sd hg;ª\\Vof /xs] f] 5, P6n; x/] L klxrfg u/ . @= ljZjsf ljleGg Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4b/sf cfwf/df hg;ªV\\ of bfA] a/ xg' nfUg] ;do lgsfn -jl[ 4b/n] &) nfO{ efu u/L hg;ªV\\ of bfA] a/ xg' nfUg] ;do lgwf/{ 0f ug{ ;lsG5_ . #= ljZjsf ljsl;t, cNkljsl;t tyf clt cNkljsl;t Ifq] sf] hGd tyf dT[ ob/nfO{ t'ngf u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 159

k'g/jnfs] g cEof; != vfnL 7fp“ e/ M -s_ sn' kh| gg b/sf] ;\"q =========================================xf] . -v_ hGd b/ lgsfNg dlxnfx¿sf] pd/] nfO{ ================================= jifs{ f] ;dx\" df ljefhg ul/G5 . -u_ kh| gg, d/0f / a;fO“;/fOnfO{ ====================== k|lj|mofx¿ elgG5 . -3_ sg' } Ifq] df Ps jifl{ eq Ps xhf/ hg;ªV\\ ofdf hGds] f s'n lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\\VofnfO{ ====================================== elgG5 . @= k:| tt' lrq x/] /] cfÇgf dgdf cfPsf ljrf/x¿ Ps cgR' 5b] nv] / ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpm . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ sDtLdf kf“r hgfsf] ;d\"x agfO{ cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf] Ps lglZrt If]qsf] ;jI]{ f0f u/ . o;sf nflu cfjZos ;jI{] f0f kmf/fd ko| fu] u/ . kf| Kt tYofªs\\ sf cfwf/df ;db' fosf] sf/] f hGdb/, pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ tyf sn' k|hgg b/ lgsfn / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . 160 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M !) hg;ªV\\ of j[l4 / Joj:yfkg l;sfO pknlAw hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf sdL, u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ljsf;sf pkfox¿ / kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf af/]df j0fg{ ug{ hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgdf cGt/f{li6o« ;ª\\3;:+ yfx¿sf] e\"ldsf pNnv] ug{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 161

k f7 M ! hg;ª\\Vof / u'0f:t/Lo hLjg hg;ª\\Vof / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglar lgs6td ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 . hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4b/ pRr /xd] f u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf k|lts\"n ke| fj k5{ . kf| Kt ;|ft] ;fwg ckofK{ t x'G5g\\ . hg;ªV\\ of j[l4 Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7g xG' 5 . u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' hg;ª\\Vof lzIffsf] dÒn nIo xf] . u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ k|d'v tŒjx¿cGtu{t klxnf]df hg;ª\\Vofsf] cfsf/, hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4 / a;fO“;/fO h:tf hg;fª\\lvs tŒjx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . bf;] f| ] tŒjdf ;fdflhs k|0ffnL, /fhg}lts k|0ffnL, pkef]usf] 9fr“ f / ;f+:s[lts dNÒ o dfGotfx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . csf{] tŒj ljsf; kl| jm| ofcGtut{ ljsf;sf kf| yldstf, Jofkf/ / cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw /xs] f 5g\\ . ;|ft] tyf ;fwg rfy} f] kIf xf] . o;cGtut{ dfgj ;;+ fwg, k|fsl[ ts ;fwg, k|ljlw / kh“' L k5g{ \\ . hLjg :t/ dflg;sf] kl| tJolSt cfo;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . hLjg :t/sf] cj:yfnfO{ /fh] uf/L, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, efh] g / kf]if0f, lzIff, ;fdflhs ;]jf cflbn] k|efj kf/] sf xG' 5g\\ . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\\scg;' f/ gk] fndf cf};tdf Pp6f kl/jf/df $=** hgf dflg; a:5g\\ . o;} u/L hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4/ !=#%% 5 eg] k?' if / dlxnfsf] n}ª\\ lus cgk' ft !)) a/fa/ ($=@ 5 . gk] fnsf] hg3gTj !*) hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x] sf] kfOG5 . hgu0fgfcg';f/ *%=@^% gk] fnL cfÇg} 3/df, !@=*!% g]kfnL ef8fsf] 3/ df a:g] ub5{ g\\ . #*=!&% 3/ kl/jf/sf] cfÇg} 3/df zfr} fno gePsf] cj:yf klg bl] vG5 o;n] klg u0' f:t/Lo hLjgdf 7n' f] ke| fj kf/]sf] 5 . dfgjLo cfjZostf / u0' f:t/Lo hLjglar lgs6td ;DaGw /xs] f] x'G5 . ;a} cfjZostf k/\" f eO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf ljljw If]qdf pRr:t/ sfod x'g ;s]df dfq u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj z/L/ / :jf:Yosf nflu cToGt cfjZos kg{] cfwf/et\" uf“;, af; / skf; x'g\\ . vfgsf nflu efh] g, z/L/ /Iffsf nflu j:q / ;'/Iffsf nflu cfjf;sf] cfjZostf k5{ . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf kIfx¿ emNsg] tflnsf k|:t't ub}{ o;;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf] s/' f ubf{ pgLx¿df xLgtfaf]w gx'g] s/' fdf ;rt] xg' 'k5{ . 162 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

dflg; kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf a:5 . p;nfO{ efl} ts tyf h}ljs cfjZostf k'/f eP/ dfq v;' L gx'g ;S5 . dgf];fdflhs cfjZostf klg k\"lt{ ugk{' g{] x'G5 . p;n] lzIff k|fKt ug{ vfH] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . cfÇgf] ;dfhdf rNb} cfPsf rf8kj{ dgfpg] / ;fdflhs sfo{df ;+nUg xg' ] p;sf] OR5f xG' 5 . cfkm\" nfO{ OR5f ePsf s/' f ug{ kfOPg eg] p;nfO{ c;Gtl' i6 xG' 5 . hLjg lgjfx{ rn] tfklg oL cfjZostf kl\" t{ ug{ g;sd] f pm ;fdflhs tyf dgfj] }1flgs ¿kn] c;Gti' 6 /xg ;S5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;dfh ;]jfdf nfus] f JolStx¿;“u a;L b}lgs hLjgdf geO{ gxg' ] cfjZostfaf/] 5nkmn u/ / ltgsf] ;ÒrL tof/ kf/ . To;nfO{ sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf] ;dxÒ df 5nkmn klg u/ . @= u0' f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ sg' s'g tŒjn] ke| fj kf/]sf xG' 5g\\, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . cEof; != u0' f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts tŒjx¿ pNnv] u/ . @= dflg;sf] hLjg :t/nfO{ sg' sg' tŒjx¿n] ke| fj kf/]sf xG' 5g\\, :ki6 kf/ . #= dflg;sf cfwf/et\" cfjZostfleq kg]{ tŒjx¿ pNn]v u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 163

kf7 M @ hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfox¿ k'mndtLn] ld;nfO{ ;f]lwg\\, æld;, hg;ª\\Vof j[l4df s'g s'g s'/fn] c;/ kf/]sf x'G5g\\ <Æ ld; eGg'xG' 5, æx]/ kmn' dtL, sg' } klg ;dfh jf /fi6«sf] hg;ªV\\ of l:y/ /xb“ }g . hg;ª\\Vofdf kl/jtg{ cfO/xG5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf hg;ª\\Vof a9]sf] kfOG5 tfklg sxL“ sxL“ 36g\\ ] u/s] f] klg bl] vPsf] 5 . pQ/ klZrd o'/f]kdf kg{] gj{,] 8]gdfs{ cflb /fi6«x¿ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\\ .Æ kmn' dtLn] ;fw] s] f s'/fsf] hjfkm gl;bl\\ wb“ } GxR' 5]dfofn] ;f]lwg\\, æld;, hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <Æ ld; eGg'x'G5, æx]/ gfgL, dflg;x¿ ;fdfGotof hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkg eGgfn] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{;u“ dfq ;DalGwt /x]sf] dfGbf /x]5g\\ t/ o;sf] cy{ cln leGg 5 . hg;ª\\Vof lgoGq0f eGgfn] hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgeGbf cln km/s 5 . o;df hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cfsf/, agf6] jf ;/+ rgf, ljt/0f, hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4 cflb k5g{ \\ . hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“ ;/fO;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{] / ;|f]t ;fwg;“u ;Gtn' g sfod /fVb} hg;ª\\VofnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkg xf] . o;df vfBfGg, sk8f, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yof]krf/, /fh] uf/L cflb cfwf/et\" cfjZostf pknAw u/fO{ hLjgnfO{ u0' f:t/Lo agfpgk' 5{ . oL ;a} sfon{ fO{ hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkg elgG5 . hg;ªV\\ of kl/jtg{ ;a} Ifq] df Ps} lsl;daf6 x'“bg} . of] km/s km/s /x]sf] bl] vG5 .Æ ;a}lt/ b[li6 lb“b} ld;n] km]l/ eGg yfNg'eof,] æhg;ªV\\ of j[l4 / ;|ft] ;fwglar lgs6td ;DaGw /xs] f] xG' 5 . hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4 / oL ;|ft] ;fwglar ;w“} ;Gtn' g /xg cfjZos xG' 5 . cGoyf dflg;sf] hLjg g} ;ªs\\ 6df kg{ ;S5 . hg;ª\\Vof j[l4nfO{ bz] df kf| Kt ;f| ]t tyf ;fwgsf cfwf/df tfndn] ug'k{ 5{ . cNkljsl;t /fi6d« f hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkg ubf{ u0' ffTds lzIff, ;fgf] kl/jf/, ljjfxsf] pd]/, klxnf] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] pd/] df kl/jt{g, hGdfGt/, :tgkfg, kl/jf/sf dxŒjk0\" f{ lg0fo{ df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf h:tf kIfdf hf]8 lbgk' 5{ . To:t} lzz' dT[ ob' / 36fpg dftl[ zz' :jf:Yosf] If]qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' cfjZos xG' 5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fh] uf/L tyf cfodn\" s sfos{ nfkdf ;n+ Ug u/fpg,] dlxnf ;zStLs/0f, hg;ª\\Vof lzIffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ cflb ljljw kIfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{] u/L sfoj{ m| d nfu\" ug{ cfjZos xG' 5 .Æ olQs}df 3G6L aHof] . ld; sIffaflx/ lg:sg'eof] . lzIf0f ;'emfj M hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿nfO{ rf6{ jf tflnsfdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\\ . 164 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk ltdL a;s] f] ;db' foaf6 sg' } bz kl/jf/ 5fg . kT| os] kl/jf/df uP/ 3/dnÒ LnfO{ ;fw] /] hg;ª\\ Vof;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpm . To;nfO{ sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf] ;dxÒ df 5nkmn u/ . cEof; != hg;ªV\\ of kl/jtg{ nfO{ sg' sg' s/' fx¿n] ke| fj kf/s] f xG' 5g,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpgk' g]{ s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' \\, :ki6 kf/ . #= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ s] s] 5g\\, ;fyLx¿sf lardf k|:tt' u/ . $= tflnsf !)=! df lbOPsf] tYofª\\s x]/L :k]g / tfGhflgoflarsf leGgtfx¿ :ki6 kf/ M ljsl;t tyf cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf] hg;fª\\lVos, @)!! tflnsf !)=! /fi6÷« hg;ª\\Vof hGdb/ dT[ o'b/ kf| sl[ ts lzz' sn' !% jif{ ^% jif{ kl| t JolSt kl/;r\" s b; nfvdf xhf/df xhf/df jl[ 4b/ d[To'b/ k|hgg dl' gsf] / ;fe] Gbf sn' /fli6o« kl| tztdf k|ltxhf/ b/ hg;ªV\\ of dflysf] cfo @)) k|ltztdf hg;ª\\Vof ( -cdl] /sL kl| tztdf 8n/df_ :kg] $^=@ !! * )=@ #=% !=$ !% !& #!$() tfGhfl- $^=@ $) !! @=( %! %=$ $% # #^) gof %= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M -s_ :kg] sf] hg;ªV\\ of xb] f{ oxf“ ============nfO{ a9fpg'kg{] l:ylt /xs] f] b]lvG5 . -v_ tfGhflgofdf hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4sf] kd| v' sf/0f pRr =================xf] . -u_ :k]gdf ^% jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\\Vof =================/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 165

k f7 M # g]kfndf hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿ gk] fnsf] xfnsf] hg;ªV\\ of @,^$,($,%)$ ku' s] f] 5 . of] /fli6o« hgu0fgf @)^* sf] tYofªs\\ xf] . xfdf| ] b]zdf hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0f klg c;dfg /xs] f] 5 . bz] sf] sn' hg;ªV\\ ofdWo] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L t/fO{df /xs] f] 5 . @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] jflif{s jl[ 4b/ !=#% kl| tzt b]vfOPsf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)%* df eg] jl[ 4b/ @=@% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ pRr hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4 ePsf] d'ns' sf ¿kdf lng] ul/P tfklg xfn Tof] l:ylt b]lv“bg} . hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4 / ;|f]t ;fwglar ;w}“ ;Gtn' g /xg cfjZos x'G5 . lj= ;=+ !(^* ;fndf klxnf] k6s hgu0fgf xb“' f gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\\ of %^,#*,&$( lyof] eg] lj= ;=+ @)@* ;fndf of] ;ªV\\ of !,!%,%%,(*# k'us] f] lyof] . lj= ;+= @)%* ;fndf gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\\ of @,#!,%!,$@# kU' of] eg] hg;ªV\\ of j[l4b/ klg tLj| xg' k'Uof] t/ xfn cfP/ eg] of] jl[ 4b/ sx] L sd ePsf] kfOG5 . hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4nfO{ pkoS' t 9ª\\uaf6 Joj:yfkg ugk'{ 5{ . o;f] gu/]df dflg;sf] hLjg g} ;ªs\\ 6df kg{ ;S5 . hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4nfO{ b]zdf kf| Kt ;|ft] tyf ;fwgsf cfwf/df ;Lldt ug{' k5{ . hg;ª\\Vofdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfO/xG5 . ;fdfGotof hg;ª\\Vof a9\\g] u5{ t/ s]xL dn' s' df hg;ªV\\ of 36g\\ ] u/s] f] klg bl] vPsf] 5 . ljZjsf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿nfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf lgDg lnlvt ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/s] f 5g\\ M != Gog\" ;fIf/tf / zl} Ifs :t/ M @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ gk] fndf ;fIf/ tf b/ ^%=( k|ltzt ku' ]sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)^* df ;fIf/tf dfkg ubf{ ^ jif{ / ;f] eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\\VofnfO{ lnOPsf] lyof,] hxf“ dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ %&=$% dfq 5 . dlxnfsf] tn' gfdf k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf sx] L /fd|f] cyft{ \\ &%=!% 5 . Go'g ;fIf/tfsf] sf/0f rt] gf:t/ sdhf]/ /xG5 . @= sd pd]/df ljjfx ug{] k|rng M ljjfxsf] pd]/ klg g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf k|efj kfg{] csf]{ dxŒjk0\" f{ tŒj xf] . gk] fnsf] hgu0fgfdf b; jif{ / ;fe] Gbf dflysf] hg;ª\\Vofsf] j}jflxs l:yltaf/] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/ xb] f{ !% bl] v !( jifs{ f] ;dx\" df $*=( kl| tzt JolStx¿sf] ljjfx ePsf] b]lvG5 . #= ljjfxkZrft\\ l56} ;Gtfg hGdfpg] k|rng M xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ljjfx ePkl5 l56} ;Gtfg hGdfpg] kr| ng /x]sf] 5 . 5f/] f 5f/] Lsf] ljjfx u/]kl5 cfdf afa'nfO{ l56} gflt gfltgf xg] ]{ ka| n OR5f /xg] x'b“ f To;n] hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf rg' ft} L ylkg] x'G5 . $= hGdfGt/sf] ;do sd xg' ] M b'O{ 5f/] f 5f]/Lsf larsf] cGt/ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf sd} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g Nofpg cem} ;lsPsf] 5}g . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df ;db' fodf hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] rt] gf clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . 166 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

%= 5f]/fsf] k|an rfxgf M xfdf| ] ;dfh k'?if kw| fg /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] 5f]/f ghGd];Dd ljjflxt bDktLn] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;Lldt ug{ rfxb“ g} g\\ . ltg÷rf/ 5f/] L hlGdb“ f;Dd klg 5f]/fsf] k|an rfxgf /fVg'n] klg hg;ª\\Vof a9\\g uO{ Joj:yfkgdf r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 . yf/] } bDktLdf dfq 5f/] f 5f/] L ;dfg x'g\\ eGg] efjgf kfOG5 . ^= pRr lzz' tyf afn d[To'b/ M g]kfndf xfn;Dd klg lzz'd[To b/ pRr /x]sf] bl] vG5 . jN8{ kk'n];g 8f6f l;6 @)!! sf cg;' f/ g]kfndf lzz' d[Tob/ k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf %# /xs] f] bl] vG5 hals >Lnªs\\ fdf pSt b/ !% / dflNbE;df !! dfq /x]sf] bl] vG5 . 5f]/f 5f/] Lsf] afR“ g] ;Defjgf sd ePkl5 afa' cfdf w/] } ;Gtfg hGdfpg rfxG5g\\ . o; l:yltnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{ ;d:of cfOk5{ . &= hg;ªV\\ ofsf] pd]/ ;/+ rgf M lj= ;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] gk] fndf ) – !$ sf] pd/] df s'n hg;ª\\Vofsf] #$=(! k|ltzt /x]sf] bv] fp“5 . of] klg Pp6f hl6n ;d:of aGg k'us] f] 5 . *= dlxnfx¿sf] lg0ff{os el\" dsf sd xg' ' M kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0fdf dlxnfsf] lg0ffo{ s el\" dsf sd /xs] f] bl] vG5 . To:t} cGo dxŒjk\"0f{ sfo{sf] lg0f{odf klg dlxnfsf] :yfg uf}0f /x]sf] x'G5 . kh| gg\\ clwsf/ dfl} ns xsdf Joj:yf eP klg To;sf] ;fys{ sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf uP/ sg' } b; kl/jf/ 5fg . tL kl/jf/sf dnÒ LnfO{ ljjfxsf] pd]/;DaGwL s/' fdf cGtjft{ f{ n]pm . k|fKt ;fduL| sf cfwf/df ;fgf] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/ . cEof; != g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf s'g s'g ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k/s] f 5g\\, :ki6 kf/ . @= hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf afa' cfdfsf] lzIffn] s]s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] xG' 5, atfpm . #= gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\\ of j[l4df s:tf] kj| [lQ bv] fk/s] f] 5, :ki6 kf/ . $= gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf cfOkg]{ tLg k|dv' ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn u/ . %= pRr lzz' tyf afn d[To'b/n] hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgnfO{ s;/L ke| fj kf/]sf] xG' 5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 167

kf7 M $ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] e\"ldsf ;+o'St /fi6« hg;ªV\\ of sf]if United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) ;+o'St /fi6« hg;ª\\Vof sf]if United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\\ !(^( df ePsf] lyof] . o;n] k|To]s jif{ ljZjsf] hg;ªV\\ of k|ltj]bg (The State of World Population) ks| flzt u5{ . ;fy} hg;fª\\lVos ;j{]If0f tyf hgu0fgf lng] sfod{ f ljleGg /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;xofu] k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] ljZjsf ljleGg /fi6x« ¿nfO{ hg;ªV\\ of gLlt / sfoj{ m| dsf nflu cfjZos kg{] hg;ªV\\ of;DaGwL tYofªs\\ pknAw u/fp“5 . o;n] ;g\\ !(($ df OlhK6sf] /fhwfgL sfo/f]df ePsf] hg;ªV\\ of / ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] gdf kfl/t sfo{ ofh] gfsf cfwf/df sfd u5{ . ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ª\\Vof sfi] fsf] kw| fg sfof{no ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Go'ofs] {df /xs] f] 5 . o;n] ljZjsf w/] } /fi6«x¿df sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ul/aL lgjf/0f, dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] ;zStLs/0fnfO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ke| fjkÒ0f{ hg;ªV\\ of gLltnfO{ klg kf| ]T;flxt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} sfo{n] kT| oIf tyf ckT| oIf ¿kdf hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf] xG' 5 . ;o+ 'St /fi6« hg;ªV\\ of sfi] fsf p2]Zox¿ != of}g tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf] ljZjJofkL kx“r' k|fKt ug'{ @= k|hgg clwsf/nfO{ kj| wg{ ug'{ #= dftl[ zz' dT[ ob' / 36fpg' ljZjsf kT| o]s OR5's dlxnfn] uej{ tL x'g kfpmg\\, k|To]s hGd ;/' lIft /xg\" \\ / kT| os] o'jfn] cfÇgf] Ifdtf kb| zg{ ug{ ;s\"g\\ eGg] d\"n Woo] o; ;+:yfn] /fvs] f] 5 . o; sfi] fn] kT| os] jif{ dfgj ljsf; kl| tj]bg lgsfn]/ ljleGg /fi6x« ¿sf] ljsf; l:yltsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5 . ljleGg /fi6d« f cfPsf] kl/jtg{ af6 cGo /fi6x« ¿nfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ug] bl] vG5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt ljleGg ;ª\\3;+:yfn] afn aflnsf, dlxnf / hg;ªV\\ of Ifq] df u/s] f ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \\ . To:tf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ pkoS' t gePdf ol' g;k] m / o:t} hg;ª\\Vofsf] If]qdf sfd u/s] f ;:+ yfsf af/]df cWoog ug{ nufpgx' f];\\ . 168 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

ljm| ofsnfk != ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ª\\Vof sf]ifsf sfdx¿ emNsg] rf6{ tof/ kf/L sIffdf 6f“; . @= ;dx\" df ljeflht eO{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ªV\\ of sfi] fsf] nfu] f] tof/ kf/ / sIffdf 6f;“ . cEof; != ;+o'St /fi6« hg;ªV\\ of sfi] fsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro bp] m . @= ;+oS' t /fi6« hg;ªV\\ of sfi] fn] hg;ªV\\ ofsf Ifq] df ug{] dV' o sfox{ ¿sf] ;\"rL agfpm . #= hg;ªV\\ of sf]ifn] s:tf s:tf sfo{dfkm{ t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ub5{ < $= ;+oS' t /fi6« hg;ª\\Vof sfi] fsf p2]Zox¿ s] s] x'g\\ < %= ;o+ S' t /fi6« hg;ªV\\ of sfi] fn] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] Joj:yfkgsf Ifq] df ub{} cfPsf] ;xofu] pNnv] u/ . ^= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M -s_ ;+o'St /fi6« hg;ª\\Vof sf]ifn] hg;ª\\Vofsf If]qdf sfd ubf{================ /fi6s« f] ;NnfxnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 . -v_ hg;ª\\Vof / ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ;g\\ !(($ df ====================== ePsf] lyof] . -u_ k|Tos] hGd ;'/lIft xg' ] cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ug'{ ;+oS' t /fi6« hg;ª\\Vof sf]ifsf] dV' o =========================== xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 169

kg' /jnf]sg cEof; != tnsf] cg'R5b] cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M hg;ª\\Vof Joj:yfkgdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] cj:yf ;f7L jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolStnfO{ Ho]i7 gful/s elgG5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;+:yf / :jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;ªV\\ of a9\\b} hfg' / cfi} fwLx¿sf] kof{Kttf ePsf] xb“' f w/] } dflg; nfdf] pd/] ;Dd afR“ 5g\\ / ;dfhdf Hoi] 7 gful/ssf] ;ªV\\ of a9g\\ hfG5 . kl/jf/ lgofh] g / lzIffsf] ke| fjn] ubf{ yf/] } aRrf hGdg] ePsfn] afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\\Vof yf/] } / Ho] i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\\Vof w/] } xb“' } hfG5 . clxn] afn aflnsfsf] ;ª\\Vof sd eof] eg] cfp“bf lbgx¿df >d ahf/sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStdf sdL x'g cfp“5 . cfp“bf lbgx¿df xfdL ;a}n] ldn/] To:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . clxns] f Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ klxn] ;dfhsf ;lj|mo oj' f zlSt lyP . cfÇgf] ;ljm| o hLjg sfndf pgLx¿n] agfPsf ;+/rgf, cfljisf/ u/]sf ;fwg k|ljlw tyf l;h{gf u/]sf s'/fx¿af6 cfhsf] ;dfh ;d[b\\w ePsf] xf] . hi] 7 gful/sn] klg ;dfhsf] nflu w]/} of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\\ . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] pd]/df u/]sf sfdaf6 xfdLn] kmfObf kfPsf 5f“} . To;n} ] ;dfhdf Hoi] 7 gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgk\"j{s lhpg] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' xfdL ;as} f] stJ{ o xf] . -s_ sn' hg;ª\\Vofdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\\Vof a9b\\ } uPsf sf/0f eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] r'gft} Lsf ;\"rL agfpm . -v_ s'n hg;ª\\Vofdf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;ª\\Vof a9\\g' /fd|f] xf] ls xf]Og eGg] ljifodf jfb ljjfb kl| tofl] utf u/ . -u_ ltdL Hoi] 7 gful/s ePkl5 ltdLkl| t c¿n] s] s:tf] Jojxf/ u¿g\\ eGg] rfxG5f,} ;/sf/n,] l5d]sLn], ;]jf lbg] ;+:yf -oftfoft, c:ktfn_ n] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] . -3_ Hoi] 7 gful/ssf] dxŒj emNsfpg] vfnsf k|rlnt pvfg / egfOx¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ kf/ . @= u'0f:t/Lo hLjg sfod ug{] pkfox¿sf] ;\"rL agfpm . kl/of]hgf sfo{ hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkgdf o'jfx¿sf] el\" dsf ljifodf sIffdf jStT[ j snf kl| tof]lutf ;~rfng u/ . pb\\3f]ifs, lg0ffo{ s d08n, ;do kfns / ;efWoIf klg cfk\"mdWo]af6 g} 5fg . 170 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *