Social Studies - 9

k f7 M & cGt/f{li6o« ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿ 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gn -Transparency International_ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . ;g\\ !((# sf] d] dlxgfdf :yflkt o; ;:+ yfn] cGt/f{li6«o txdf /fhgLlts ei| 6frf/sf] cg'udg / kr| f/k;| f/ u5{ . o;sf] kw| fg sfof{no hdg{ Lsf] aln{gdf 5 . o;n] ultljlwx¿nfO{ &) eGbf a9L bz] sf cfÇgf RofK6/dfkmt{ ;~rfng u5{ . o;sf ;:+ yfkgdf lk6/ POh]g -Peter Eigen_ sf] gfd kd| v' ¿kdf cfp“5 . o; ;+:yfn] !((% b]lv Corruption Perception Index (CPI) / !((( bl] v Bribe Payers Index (BPI) ks| fzg ub}{ cfO/xs] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfsf] dV' o p2Z] o ei| 6frf/ /f]sL ;dfhsf x/]s tx tyf If]qdf kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / OdfGbfl/tfsf] k|jwg{ ug{' xf] . To:t} kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj, ljZjf;, PS] oabw\\ tf, ;fx;, Gofo / nf]stGq o;df dV' o dN\" ox¿ -core values_ xg' \\ . ;/sf/, /fhgLlt, Jofkf/, gful/s ;dfh / hgtfsf] bl} gs hLjgsf ;a} Ifq] df e|i6frf/sf] cGTo u/L e|i6frf/dS' t ;;+ f/sf] :yfkgf ug'{ o;sf] p2Z] o /x]sf] 5 . 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gnsf] gk] fn RofK6/sf ¿kdf 6«fG;k/G] ;L OG6/g];gn g] kfn gfds u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yf ei| 6frf/ lj?4sf] sfod{ f ;n+ Ug 5 . o'lg;k] m -UNICEF_ o'lg;]km ;g\\ !($^ l8;]Da/df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; cGt/fl{ i6o« ;:+ yfn] afnaflnsfsf Ifq] df sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfO/xs] f] 5 . ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿sf hfl] vddf /xs] f afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / ;'/lIft dftT[ jsf] Ifq] df o;sf] ofu] bfg pNnv] gLo 5 . o; ;+:yfn] clxn] sl/a !^) bz] df ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfdfkm{t g]kfndf klg afn aflnsfx¿sf] lxtdf ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng x“b' } cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ub}{ cfPsf dV' o d'Vo sfo{x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M != ul/aL lgjf/0f;“u ;DalGwt sfoj{ |mdx¿ lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df ePsfeGbf a9L ;\"rgfx¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg oL afx]ssf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt lgjf/0f ug{ ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf xg' ;S5g\\ . o; ;DaGwdf ;dt] hfgsf/L u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 42 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

@= cfdfaf6 aRrfdf Pr=cfO={ eL=P8\\; ;ª\\j|mldtsf] /f]syfd / k/fdz{ #= nfu' kbfy{ b'Jo{;gdf ;n+ Ug dlxnf / afn aflnsfsf Ifq] df /fs] yfd / k/fdz{ $= n}lª\\us ljeb] pGd\"ng ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ %= afn clwsf/sf nflu gLlt th'{df, k/fdz{ / ;xsfo{ ^= lx;+ f, zfi] f0f / b'Jo;{ gdf k/s] f dlxnf tyf afn aflnsfsf] ;'/Iff ;]e b lrN8g]« -Save the Children_ ;g\\ !(!( clk|n !% df an] fotdf :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;+:yfsf xfn ljZjel/ w]/} ;+:yfx¿ sfo{/t 5g\\ . o; cGt/f{li6«o u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] afn ;+/If0f, Pr=cfO=eL= P8;\\ / efs] / ul/aL ke| fljt afnaflnsfx¿sf If]qdf sfo{ ub{} cfO/xs] f] 5 . cfktsfnLg ;xofu] / p4f/ Pjd\\ åGå k|efljt afn aflnsfsf] pb\\wf/ Pjd\\ ;/' Iffdf o; ;+:yfsf] rf;f] /xg] u/s] f] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljleGg rt] gfdn\" s / clwsf/ kf| lKtsf sfoj{ |mddfkm{t ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofx¿;u“ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ul//xs] f] 5 . lj|mofsnfk != kf7df plNnlvt ;:+ yfx¿n] gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf vn] s] f] el\" dsfsf af/d] f ljleGg kq klqsf tyf ;Gbe;{ fduL| vfh] L l/kf6] { tof/ u/ / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . cEof; != ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf o'lg;]kmsf] e\"ldsf pNnv] u/ . @= ;]e b lrN8g]« n] ub{} cfPsf sfdx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpm . #= 6f« G;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gn] gk] fndf ei| 6frf/ /fS] g s] s] sfd ub{] cfPsf] 5, sfdsf] ;r\" L agfpm . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 43

kg' /jnfs] g cEof; != tn lbOPsf] Corruption Perception Index cWoog u/ / lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/bp] m M ei| 6frf/ sd b]zsf] gfd k|fKt u/]sf] cªs\\ ugd]{ f kf| Kt :yfg ! 8g] dfs{ () &( >Lnª\\sf $) ($ ef/t #^ !#( gk] fn @& !$$ aªu\\ nfb]z @^ !&$ ;fd] flnof * ;f| t] M 6«fG;k/G] ;L OG6/g;] gn, @)!@ -s_ g]kfn ei| 6frf/ sd ug{] d'n'ssf] ;r\" Ldf slt gDa/df k5{ < -v_ blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;ae} Gbf a9L / sd ei| 6frf/ x'g] bz] x¿ s'g sg' x'g\\ < -u_ ljsl;t bz] df lsg sd ei| 6frf/ ePsf] xf]nf, cfkm\"nfO{ nfu]sf] sf/0f b]pm . -3_ a9L e|i6frf/ x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ . @= sIffdf e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL gf/fx¿ ;d]6L Kn]sf8{ tof/ u/ / ljBfno sDkfpG8leq e|i6frf/ lj?4 ¥ofnL lgsfn . #= tn lnOPsf a“'bfdf ;fyLx¿;“u ljrf/ ljdz{ u/ M -s_ af}l4s knfog ePsf ;a} JolStx¿ gk] fn kms{] eg] s] xfn] f < -v_ ei| 6frf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ ubf{ s] xf]nf < -u_ ;dfhdf åGå a9b\\ } uof] eg] s] xfn] f < 44 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M $ gful/s rt] gf l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\\ M ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{ dfgj clwsf/sf] pkofu] / ;+/If0f ug{ ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg;' f/ Jojxf/ ug{ jtd{ fg ;+ljwfgsf ljzi] ftfx¿ kQf nufpg b]zsf] Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] kl/ro lbg ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf gful/sn] v]Ngk' g{] e\"ldsf atfpg / ;f]cg¿' k Jojxf/ ug{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 45

kf7 M ! ;fdflhs lgod ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;xdltdf ;dfhnfO{ :j:y, ;G' b/ / Jojl:yt /fVg lgodx¿ agfPsf x'G5g\\ . o:tf lgodx¿ g} ;fdflhs lgod xg' \\ . ;a} ;fdflhs lgodx¿n] sfg'gL dfGotf kfPsf x'“b}gg\\ . t/ ;dfhdf cfk;L ;b\\efj, ;xof]u / efOrf/f sfod /fVg o;n] dbt u5{ . o:tf lgodx¿n] ;fdflhs ck/fw Go\"g ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofp5“ . ;dfhsf k|To]s JolStn] ;dfhsf lgodx¿ kfngf ugk'{ 5{ . ;fdflhs lgodx¿ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf :yflkt dfGotfdf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\\ . oL lgodx¿ ;dfhcg';f/ km/s km/s xg' ;S5g\\ . ;fdflhs lgodx¿nfO{ sfofG{ jog u/fpg u7' L, 6f] n ;w' f/ ;ldlt, cfdf ;dx\" , :yfgLo Snax¿ h:tf ;ª\\3;:+ yfx¿sf] dxŒjk0\" f{ e\"ldsf /xs] f] xG' 5 . ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf gug{] JolStnfO{ ;dfhn] bl08t jf alxist[ u5{ . ;do / kl/l:ylt;“u} ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] o:tf lgodx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ u5{g\\ . ;do / kl/l:yltcg'¿k kl/jtg{ x'g g;Sbf o;n] ;fdflhs s/' Lltsf] ¿k;d]t lng ;S5 . :yfgLo klqsfdf k|sflzt lgDglnlvt ;dfrf/sf] cWoog u/f“} M ufp“ en] fåf/f ;fdflhs lgod kfl/t ufp“nfO{ :j:y / ;'Gb/ agfpg] p2]Zon] ufp“ e]nfn] :yfgLo 6]saxfb'/ d'lvofsf] ;+ofh] sTjdf 6fn] ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . e]nfn] s]xL ;fdflhs lgodx¿ klg kfl/t u/s] f] 5 . pSt lgod gdfGg] JolStnfO{ 6fn] ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] lgodcg;' f/ sf/afxL ug{] lg0f{o;dt] ul/Psf] 5 . e]nfn] kfl/t u/]sf ;fdflhs lgodx¿ -s_ ufp“df dfbs kbfy{ ar] lavg ug{ gkfOg] -v_ /fltsf] !! ah]kl5 cToGt h?/L sfddf afxs] lx8“ 8n' ug{ gkfOg] -u_ kmfx] f/] dn} f hyfefjL kmfNg gkfOg] -3_ s;}sf] 3/df cfkt\\ ljkt\\ kbf{ ufp“sf ;a} 3/af6 clgjfo{ ¿kdf e]nf eO{ ;xofu] ug'{kg]{ -ª_ ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ufp“nx] ¿sf] /fx] j/df 6'ª\\uf] nfufpg] . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf u/fpg pTk]|/0ff hufpg] vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ctL{ pkbz] eGbf klg Jofjxfl/s sfox{ ¿sf] cEof;åf/f cge' l\" t hufpg] vfnsf ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk u/fpgx' f];\\ . 46 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] ;dfhdf kr| ngdf /x]sf ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf af/]df cleefjsx¿;“u ;f]wL ;r\" L tof/ kf/ . rf/÷kfr“ hgfsf] ;dx\" df a;/] 5nkmn u/L ;femf ;r\" L tof/ kf/ . To;kl5 sIffdf k:| tt' u/ / 5nkmn u/ . @= ltd|f] ufp“ ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;ª\\3;+:yfx¿sf] klxrfg u/ . tL ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngfdf vn] s] f el\" dsfx¿sf af/d] f pSt ;:+ yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿;u“ hfgsf/L lnO{ ;:+ yfsf] kl/ro, p2]Zox¿, kbflwsf/Lx¿ / ;+:yfn] xfn;Dd u/s] f sfdx¿sf ;DaGwdf kl| tjb] g agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ . #= ltdf| ] ;dfhdf /xs] f ;fdflhs s/' Lltx¿sf] vfh] L u/L tLgLx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ ug{ s:tf] el\" dsf vN] 5f,} sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . $= tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm bp] m M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno gk7fpg] cleefjsx¿nfO{ dfl;s ?= !)) hljfgf vf6] fª, @) c;f/ – j'Okf ufps“ f ;j;{ fwf/0fx¿sf] e]nfn] ufpd“ f clgjfo{ lzIff nfu' ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . kf“r jif{ ku' k] l5 klg afnaflnsf ljBfno gk7fpg] cleefjsx¿nfO{ dfl;s ?= !)) hl/jfgf tf]s]sf] 5 . ufpd“ f ljBfno ghfg] afn aflnsf cTolws /xs] fn] o:tf] sbd rfNgk' /]sf] s/' f :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL rDkf /fO{n] atfpg'eof] . 6fn] ;w' f/ ;ldltn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{] 5 . -s_ j'Okf ufp“df agfOPsf] ;fdflhs lgod s] xf] / s;n] agfPsf] xf] < -v_ o; lgodn] ;dfhdf s:tf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 < -u_ ltdf| ] ;dfhdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf lgodx¿ s] s] 5g\\ < cEof; != ‘;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ . @= ;fdflhs lgodx¿ lsg agfOPsf x'G5g\\ < #= s:tf lgodx¿nfO{ ;w' f/ ub{} n}hfgk' 5,{ pbfx/0f;lxt n]v . $= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngfn] JolSt / ;dfhnfO{ s] s:tf kmfObfx¿ kU' 5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 47

kf7 M @ dfgj clwsf/ dflg; rt] gzLn k|f0fL xf] . pm cGo k|f0fLeGbf km/s 5 . /fHo / ;dfhn] JolStk|lt ug{] Jojxf/ dfgjLo d\"No / cfbzc{ g¿' k x'g'k5{ . zflGt, :jtGqtf / Gofodf cfwfl/t xg' k' 5{ . dfgj ePsf sf/0fn] p;n] kfpgk' g]{ clwsf/x¿ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff Ong] f]/ ?hjN] 6n] ;jk{ |yd cGt/f{li6o« ¿kdf rrf{df NofOg\\ . pgsf] ljzi] f kxndf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] !) l8;D] a/ !($* sf lbg dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3fi] f0ff kq hf/L u¥of] . o;n] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{ / o;sf] ;+jwg{ ug{ dbt u/]sf] 5 . o;} lbgsf] ;Demgfdf k|To]s jif{ !) l8;D] a/nfO{ cGt/fl{ 6«o dfgj clwsf/ lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqsf] ;f/ ;ª\\If]k M != ;a} :jtGq hGdG5g\\ / ;dfg 5g \\ @= s;}nfO{ s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]b ug{ kfOb“ g} #= ;'/lIft ¿kdf af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ $= bf;Tj lj?4sf] clwsf/ %= oftgf lj?4sf] clwsf/ ^= dflg; hxf“ eP klg clwsf/ ;dfg xG' 5 &= sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;a} ;dfg 5g\\ *= sfg'gåf/f clwsf/ ;+/If0f (= lagfs;/' yg' fdf /fVg gkfOg] / bz] !)= sfg'gL pkrf/sf] clwsf/ lgsfnf ug{ gkfOg] !!= s;'/ kd| fl0ft geP;Dd lgbfi{] f dflgg] !@= ufk] gLotfsf] clwsf/ !#= b]zleq cfjt hfjtdf :jtGqtf !$= cfkm\" ;'/lIft xg' hxf“;'s} hfg kfpg] !%= gful/stfsf] clwsf/ !^= ljjfx ug]{ / kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ !&= cfÇgf] ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/ !*= wflds{ :jtGqtf !(= cleJolSt :jtGqtf @)= en] f / ;ª\\ul7t x'g] clwsf/ @!= dt lbg] clwsf/ @@= ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] clwsf/ lzIf0f ;'emfj M dfgj clwsf/ xfd|f] cfwf/e\"t clwsf/ xf] . ljBfyL{df dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfx¿sf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\\ . ‘dfgj clwsf/ xfd|f] clwsf/’ ljifodf jSt[Tj snf sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{x' f];\\ . 48 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

@#= sfd / Gofof]lrt Hofnfsf] clwsf/ @$= lglZrt ;dosf] sfdkl5 lj>fd / dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ @^= lzIffsf] clwsf/ @%= uf;“ , af; / c;Stx¿sf nflu x]/rfxsf] clwsf/ @*= dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u #)= dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\\3g gug]{ @&= cfÇgf] l;h{gfsf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ @(= c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg gug{] bfloTj g]kfndf klg dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lgZrttfsf nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePcg¿' k dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/ fpg] k|of; u5{ . PDg:] 6L OG6/g;] gn, cgf}krfl/s Ifq] ;j] f s]Gb| -OG;s] _, OGx/' 8] h:tf ;:+ yfx¿ klg g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/ Ifq] df sfo{/t 5g\\ . logLx¿n] dfgj clwsf/k|lt ;/sf/ / hgtfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] sfo{ u5g{ \\ . lj|mofsnfk != dfgj clwsf/ xggsf 36gfx¿nfO{ kml] / bf]xfl] /g glbg s;n] s] ug'{k5,{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgrf8] lgsfn . ;/sf/ ;d'bfo cfk\"m @= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqsf s'g s'g wf/fx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d6] ]sf] 5, ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ . #= k/' fgf kqklqsfx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/ . To;af6 dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;dfrf/, lrq, tl:a/ cflb ;ª\\sng u/ / ljuas' jf kf:] 6/ agfO{ kb| z{g u/ . cEof; != ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eg]sf] s] xf] < @= cleJolSt :jtGqtfcGtu{t s] s] s/' fx¿ k5{g\\ < #= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfofu] n] s:tf sfox{ ¿ u5{ < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 49

kf7 M # dlxnf clwsf/ z}nhf sIff cf7df cWoog ul5{g\\ . pgsL cfdf dlxnf tyf afn aflnsf sfofn{ odf sfd ugx'{ G' 5 . z}nhf / pgsL cfdfsf] lardf ePsf] jftfn{ fk tn lbOPsf] 5 M zn} hf M cfdf, ef]ln xfdLnfO{ ;/n] dlxnf clwsf/sf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg] eGge' Psf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] atfOlbgx' f;] \\ g . cfdf M P, d elglbG5' lg ¤ ltdLx¿n] dfgj clwsf/sf af/]df k9]sf 5f} . dlxnf clwsf/ eg]sf] klg dfgj clwsf/s} Pp6f dxŒjk0\" f{ kf6f] xf] . ;g\\ !(^& df ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] dlxnfx¿sf] xs lxt;“u ;DalGwt dfgj clwsf/x¿sf af/]df yk JofVof ub}{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf Pp6f jStJo k|sflzt u¥of] . log} clwsf/x¿nfO{ dlxnf clwsf/ elgG5 . zn} hf M dlxnf clwsf/leq s] s] s/' fx¿ k5g{ \\ t cfdf < cfdf M dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ a'“bfut ¿kdf o;/L eGg ;lsG5 M dlxnf lx;+ f tyf lnªu\\ sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly x'g] e]befjsf] cGTo ;'Ts/] L x'“bf tnaL labf kfpgk' g]{, dft[ :jf:Yo, n}ªl\\ us tyf kh| gg clwsf/ / ;dfg k|s[ltsf] sfdsf nflu k?' if ;/x ;dfg Hofnf k}ts[ ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ jj} flxs, kfl/jfl/s tyf wflds{ Pjd\\ lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ afn ljjfx h:tf ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] cGTo zn} hf M cfdf, dlxnfx¿ kl5 kgs{' f] sf/0f s] xf] < cfdf M dlxnfx¿ kl5 kgf{sf sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M ;dfh lkt[ ;QfTds / k?' if k|wfg xg' ' k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]r tyf dlxnf / k?' iflar e]befj ul/g' lzIffsf] cj;/af6 dlxnfx¿nfO{ jl~rt ul/g' dlxnfx¿ lga{n xG' 5g\\ eGg] dfGotf JofKt x'g' lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df ;dfhdf /xs] f dlxnf clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfd ug{] ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfsf kl| tlglwx¿;u“ ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] cGt/ljm| of u/fpg'xf];\\ . 50 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

k|hgg :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] pknAwtf kofK{ t gx'g' dlxnf ;zStLs/0f ;DaGwL sfoj{ |mdx¿ Jofks / k|efjsf/L gxg' ' zn} hf M dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{ / dlxnf ;zStLs/0f ug{ s] s:tf ko| f;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ < cfdf M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg;' f/ k}t[s ;DklQdf nª} l\\ us eb] efj ljgf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 . ;DklQ tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf bDklQsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 elg dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt u/s] f] 5 . pgLx¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug{], dlxnfdfly xg' ] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fhGo lj|mofsnfkx¿ b08gLo x'g] h:tf dlxnf clwsf/sf s/' fx¿ o;df ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . To;u} /L /fHosf ;a} cªu\\ x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfgk' flts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{] s/' f;dt] pNnv] ePsf] 5 . czSt, afn aflnsf tyf dlxnfx¿sf] xslxtsf nflu gLltx¿ thd{' f ug{ / tLgsf] sfofG{ jog ug{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @%@ df /fli6o« dlxnf cfofu] sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfpk/ xg' ] ;a} ks| f/ sf e]befjsf] pGd\"ng ug{] dxf;lGw !(&( nfO{ g]kfnn] klg cgd' f]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . kT| os] jif{ * dfrs{ f lbg cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf lbj; dgfOG5 . lj|mofsnfk != ltdLn] bv] ] ;'g]sf dlxnf clwsf/ xggsf 36gfx¿, dlxnf dfly x'g] lx;+ f, To;n] kfg]{ c;/ / lx+;faf6 hfl] ug] pkfo ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . @= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffn] dlxnf clwsf/;DaGwL s'g s'g kIfnfO{ ;d6] s] f] 5, ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . #= sIffdf dlxnf clwsf/ lbj;sf] cfofh] gf u/ . cEof; != dlxnf clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf], pNnv] u/ . @= dlxnfdfly xg' ] lx;+ fhGo lj|mofsnfkx¿ s] s] x'g,\\ ;\"rL tof/ u/ . #= dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf pkfox¿ pNn]v u/ . $= /fli6o« dlxnf cfof]un] s] s:tf sfox{ ¿ u5{, vfh] L u/L ab“' fut ¿kdf pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 51

kf7 M $ ;dfjz] Ls/0f hftLo cNk;ª\\Vos÷pTkLl8t nª} \\lus eflifs ;dfj]zLs/0f Ifq] Lo juLo{ wflds{ ckfª\\utf gk] fn ljljwtfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . oxf“ lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ / pkTosf h:tf w/ftnLo ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xLcg'¿k xfjfkfgL, hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltdf ;d]t ljljwtf kfOG5 . ljljw If]qdf a:g] gk] fnLx¿sf] cfcfÇgf] ji] fei\" ff, /xg;xg / ;:+ sl[ t 5 . ;fdflhs ¿kn] g]kfnL ;dfh ljleGg hft hfltdf ljeSt 5 . oxf“ lxGb', af}b\\w, d'l:nd, ls/ft, O;fOn{ ufot ljleGg wd{sf dflg;x¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \\ . :yfoL a;f]af; ub{} cfPsf ;a} hflt, efiff, wd{, lnªu\\ / ;:+ sl[ tsf dflg;x¿sf] b]z gk] fn xf] . oL ;a}sf] /fli6o« klxrfg gk] fnL xf] . oxf“ s;n} ] klg cfkm\" pk]lIft ePsf] dx;;' ug]{ cj:yf x'g' xb“' g} . ;a} gk] fnLn] ‘xfdL gk] fnL, xfdf| ] bz] gk] fn’ egL uj{ ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f x'gk' 5{ . o:tf] l:yltsf] l;hg{ f ug'{ /fHosf] klg bfloTj xf] . ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ljleGg hft, hflt, j0f{, efiff, If]q, lnªu\\ sf dflg;nfO{ /fHon] lzIff, /fh] uf/nufot ljleGg cj;/df Gofofl] rt ¿kdf ;dfjz] u/L dn\" kj| fxLs/0f ug{] kl| jm| of g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . of] cj;/ ;a} hflt, j0f,{ wd,{ lnªu\\ , Ifq] jf ki[ 7el\" dsf gful/snfO{ kf| Kt xg' k' 5{ . bz] sf] /fHo ;o+ Gq / zf;gn] o; s/' fsf] ;l' glZrttf ugk{' 5{ . ljleGg ju{ / ;db' fosf dflg;x¿sf] cj:yf ;dfg geP;Dd ;dfg cj;/ kf| Kt xg' ;Sbg} . ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, hftLo, wfld{s, cflys{ , eflifs, nª} l\\ us / ckfª\\utfsf lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7df ;dfjz] Ls/0f;DaGwL clego u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 52 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

sf/0fn] pTkL8gdf k/s] f JolStx¿nfO{ /fHon] xg] k{' 5{ . logLx¿nfO{ dn\" kj| fxLs/0fdf Nofpg /fHon] 7f;] gLlt tyf sfoj{ m| dx¿ Nofpg cfjZos xG' 5 . o;af6 ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] ;l' glZrtf kb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 M -s_ /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfgk' flts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{] -v_ lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ jl[ bw\\ ug{] -u_ gLlt lgdf0{ f ug{] tyf lg0fo{ lng] txdf lk5l8Psf jus{ f nflu :yfg ;/' lIft ug{] -3_ ;a} hflt, j0f,{ efiff, wd{ / lnª\\usf JolStsf] klxrfgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] -ª_ ;a} gful/snfO{ Gofosf] cg'el\" t u/fpg] -r_ czSt / ckfªu\\ x¿sf nflu ljzi] f cj;/ kb| fg ug{] -5_ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;as} f] ;xeflutf / Ifq] Lo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ -h_ wfld{s / ;f:+ sl[ ts ;lxi0f'tf tyf ;fdflhs ;b\\efj sfod /fVg] lj|mofsnfk != xfdf| ] /fli6«o ufgdf plNnlvt ‘;of“} yu'“ f km'nsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL’ lsg elgPsf] xf] < @= ;a} gful/snfO{ Gofosf] cg'e\"lt u/fpg s] ugk{' nf{, ;f]wvf]h u/L l6kf]6 u/ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . #= ;dtfd\"ns ;dfh / ;sf/fTds lje]b eGg] ljifodf sIff sf7] fdf ax; u/ . cEof; != ;dfj]zLs/0f egs] f] s] xf] < @= /fHonfO{ s;/L ;dfj]zL agfpg ;lsG5, a“b' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' u/ . #= ;dfj]zLs/0fn] s;/L /fli6«o PstfnfO{ alnof] agfpg ;S5, pNn]v u/ . $= ljsf; lgdf{0fdf If]qLo ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ s] ug{k' nf{, rrf{ u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 53

kf7 M % gk] fndf ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿ gk] fndf ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf ;DaGwdf lzIfs / ljBfyLx{ ¿lar ePsf] 5nkmnsf] cz+ tn lbOPsf] 5 . yk :ki6 xg' ltdLx¿ klg cfÇgf] lzIfs;u“ 5nkmn u/ . ljBfyL{ M ld;, xh'/n] ;+ljwfg eg]sf] b]zsf] d\"n sfg'g xf] eGg'ePsf] lyof] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg s] s:tf k|fjwfgx¿ /flvPsf] 5, atfOlbg'xf];\\ g . lzIfs M ltdLx¿n] /fd|f] k|Zg u¥of} . g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf xfd|f] bz] nfO{ ;dfjz] L agfpg kofK{ t k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . nf} x/] , of] rf6d{ f oxf“ /fHonfO{ ;dfj] zL agfpg ;l+ jwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf kd| v' kf| jwfgx¿ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg k:| tfjgf M xfdL ;fje{ fd} ;Qf ;DkGg gk] fnL hgtf, gk] fnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fje{ fl} dstf, efu} fl] ns cv08tf, /fli6o« Pstf, :jflwgtf / :jfledfgnfO{ cIf0' 0f /fvL hgtfsf] ;fje{ fd} clwsf/, :jfofQtf / :jzf;gsf] cflwsf/nfO{ cfTdf;ft\\ ub,{} /fi6l« xt, nf] stGq / cuu| fdL kl/jtg{ sf nflu gk] fnL hgtfn] k6s k6s ub{} cfPsf Pl] txfl;s hgcfGbfn] g, ;z:q ;ª3\\ if,{ Tofu / alnbfgsf] uf/} jk0\" f{ Oltxf;nfO{ :d/0f Pjd\\ ;lxbx¿ tyf ak] Qf / kLl8t gful/sx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ub,{} ==== efu ! wf/f # /fi6« M ax'hflto, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfo'St efu} f]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsfªI\\ ff / g]kfnsf] ===== ;q\" df cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] . efu ! wf/f ^= /fi6« efiff M -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6« efiff x'g\\ . efu # wf/f !*= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf lar wd{, j0f,{ hft, hflt, lnª\\u, pTklTt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, === -$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}ª\\lus cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf eb] efj ul/g] 5g} . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/s] f ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] rf6{ k:| tt' u/L gk] fndf ePsf ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ atfO{ ljBfyLx{ ¿lar 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\\ . 54 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

efu # wf/f @$= 5'jf5't tyf e]befj lj?4sf] xs M -!_ s'g} klg JolStnfO{ hft, hflt, ;db' fo k;] f jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf cfwf/df sg' } lsl;dsf] 5j' f5t' eb] efj ul/g] 5}g . eb] efj hGo sfo{ uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf ¿kdf sfg'gadfl] hd b08gLo xg' ]5g\\ . efu # wf/f $@= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/s] f dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt, dwz] L, yf¿, cNk;ª\\Vos, ckfuªt\\ f ePsf JolSt, ;LdfGts[t, dl' :nd, lk58f ju{, nª} \\lus tyf ofl} gs cNk;ª\\Vos oj' f, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] Ifq] sf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{nfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g] 5 . efu * wf/f *$ kl| tlglw ;efsf] u7g M -@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLadf] lhd x'g] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsfnflu hg;ª\\Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, v; cfo,{ dw];L, yf¿, dl' :nd, lk5l8Psf] Ifq] ;d]taf6 aGb ;\"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ;ª\\3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g]5 . To;/L pDdb] jf/L lb“bf eu\" fn] / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;dt] Wofg lbg'kg{] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != kf7df lbOPsf] tflnsfdf ePsf ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yfsf af/d] f sIffsf7] fdf ab“' fut ¿kdf 5nkmn ub}{ pSt ;j+ w} flgs k|fjwfgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf sg' sg' kIfx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g u/]sf] 5, ab“' fut ¿kdf l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . @= gk] fndf ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf nflu ePsf cGo ko| f;x¿sf af/d] f lzIfs;u“ 5nkmn u/ . cEof; != ;dfgk' flts kl| tlglwTj egs] f] s] xf,] pNn]v u/ . @= /fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;dfgk' flts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, rrf{ u/ . #= ljleGg hflt / ;db' fosf dflg;x¿sf] eflifs klxrfgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfgdf ePsf kf| jwfgx¿sf] pNnv] u/ . $= afns, j4[ , ckfªu\\ / czStx¿sf] ;/+ If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 55

k f7 M ^ xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfgsf ljzi] ftfx¿ ;l+ jwfg b]zsf] dn\" sfg'g xf] . ;+ljwfg / sfgg' adf]lhd bz] sf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng x'G5 . g]kfndf hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt hgkl| tlglwx¿sf] ;xefuLtfdf ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 @)&@ c;fh] # ut] gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . o; ;l+ jwfgsf ljzi] ftx¿ o; ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\\ M != ;ª3\\ Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;l+ jwfg M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;ª3\\ Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df /fi6k« lt /fi6« kd| v' xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª3\\ Lo, kf| bl] zs / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . @= ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt M o; ;l+ jwfgn] /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;|ft] hgtf x'g\\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cª\\lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] ;jf{R] rtfnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] g] kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf hgtfdf lglxt /xs] f] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . #= dfgj clwsf/sf] k\"0f{ k|Tofe\"lt M o; ;+ljwfgn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffsf k|fjwfgnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] 5 . o;n] hgtfsf] df}lns xssf] k0\" f{ k|Tofe\"lt u/] sf] 5 . $= :jtGq Gofokflnsf / sfgg' L /fHo M o; ;+ljwfgn] :jtGq Gofkflnsf / sfgg' L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gsf] gh/df ;a} ;dfg x'g], sfg'gadfl] hd afxs] s;n} fO{ ;hfo gxg' ], sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 s;n} fO{ klg jl~rt gul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;jf]{Rr, pRr / lhNnf u/L tLg txsf] cbfntsf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . %= ax'bnLo kl| t:kwf{ M o; ;+ljwfgn] cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/wf/f / bzg{ cg'¿k /fhgLlts bnx¿ vfN] g, ;~rfng ug{ / hgtfsf] ;dy{g kf| Kt ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf] efjgfcg'¿k x'g] u/L vf]lnPsf sg' } klg /fhgLlts bndflysf] kl| taGwnfO{ ;l+ jwfgn] cdfGo u/s] f] 5 . ^= ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfg M o; ;+ljwfgn] hft, hflt, j0f,{ efiff, wd,{ lnª\\usf cfwf/df sg' } lsl;dsf] eb] efj gug],{ ;as} f] klxrfgsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ s'/f pNnv] u/s] f] 5 . To;}u/L ;fdflhs pTkL8gdf k/]sf JolSt tyf ;d'bfosf] pTyfg ug]{ / ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug]{ s'/fdf ;dt] hf8] lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ o; ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfgsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ zl} Ifs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ko| f]u u/L kf7df plNnlvt ljz]iftfx¿sf af/d] f ljBfyLx{ ¿lar 5nkmn u/fpgx' f];\\ . 56 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

&= wd{ lg/kI] ftf M o; ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/kI] f /fi6«sf ¿kdf :yflkt u/s] f] 5 . ljleGg wds{ f lar ;dfgtf Pjd\\ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t ug{] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . *= k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts ldl>t lgjfr{ g k0| ffnL M k|ltlglw ;efdf kT| oIf lgjfr{ gaf6 !^% / ;dfgk' flts lgjf{rgaf6 !!), /fli6«o ;efdf & kb| ]zaf6 lgjf{lrt %^ hgf /fi6«kltaf6 dgf]lgt # hgf u/L %( hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . o;n] sG] b|df bO' { ;bgfTds / k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Jo:yflksf /xg] lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf kd| v' ljzi] ftfx¿sf] rf6{ tof/ u/L sIff sf]7fdf 6f“; . cEof; != gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ lsg ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;l+ jwfg elgPsf] xf] < pNnv] u/ . @= gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfg eGg'sf] cfl} rTo vn' fpm . #= xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgdf wd{ lg/k]Iftf;DaGwL s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 57

k f7 M & gful/s bfloTj nf]stflGqs zf;g ljZjd} pTsi[ 6 Joj:yf dflgG5 . o; lsl;dsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf g} zf;g ;~rfngsf ;|f]t xG' 5g\\ . :yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; ub}{ cfPsf afl;Gbfx¿ g} ;+ljwfg / sfgg' df Joj:yf ePcg¿' k To; bz] sf gful/s xG' 5g\\ . gful/ssf] ;v' , zflGt / ;'/ Iff ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . o;}u/L /fHon] klg cfÇgf gful/sx¿af6 s]xL ckI] ff u/]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ k'/f ug{' lhDdj] f/ gful/ssf] bfloTj x'G5 . bz] sf lhDdj] f/ gful/sn] lgjfx{ ugk{' g{] gful/s bfloTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M != sfgg' sf] kfngf M sfg'g ;as} f nflu ;dfg x'G5 . sfgg' sf kl/lwleq /x/] ;/sf/n] ljleGg lgodx¿ agfPsf] x'G5 . lgod / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{' c;n gful/ssf] stJ{ o xf] . @= dtflwsf/sf] ko| fu] M nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt hgk|ltlglwaf6 sfg'g lgdf{0f xG' 5 . t;y{ lgjfr{ gdfkm{t cfÇgf] dtflwsf/sf] ko| fu] u/L ljjs] k0\" f{ ¿kdf dt ks| 6 ug{' gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] . #= ;/sf/ ;~rfngdf ;xofu] M nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgdtsf cfwf/df ;/sf/ sf] lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . t;y{ ;/sf/ ;~rfngdf ;xofu] ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj x'G5 . $= s/ tLg'{ M hgtfåf/f ;ª\\slnt s/af6 g} ;/sf/n] ljsf; lgdf0{ f / cGo hglxtsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u5{ . t;y{ sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhdsf] s/ ;dod} tLg'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] . %= ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL x'g' M :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ljb\\ot' \\ tyf ;8s lgdf{0f h:tf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿sf] klxrfg ug{' / o:tf cfjZostf cfÇgf k|ltlglwx¿dfkmt{ ;/sf/nfO{ af]w u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf sfox{ ¿df ljleGg ¿kdf cfÇgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg' klg c;n gful/ssf] st{Jo x'G5 . ^= c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ M cfÇgf] clwsf/sf] pkof]u ubf{ c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg gxg' t] km{ ;rt] /xgk' 5{ . o;/L c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{' gful/ssf] bfloTjleq k5{ . lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfnoleq ljBfyLs{ f] bfloTj s] s] xG' 5 eGg] s/' fx¿;“u tn' gf u/L gful/s bfloTjsf af/d] f ljBfyL{x¿df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \\ . ljBfyLx{ ¿n] klg gful/ssf] xl} ;otn] gful/s bfloTj lgjfx{ ugk{' g{] s/' fdf hf8] lbgx' f;] \\ . 58 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

&= /fli6o« lxt ljk/Ltsf s/' fdf va/bf/L ug{' M :jb]zL jf ljb]zL s'g} klg ;ª3\\ ;+:yf jf c¿ s;a} f6 klg /fli6«o cv08tf / :jfledfgdf cfr“ kU' g] sfd x'g' x'b“ }g . s;n} ] /fli6«o lxt ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/d] f To:tf] s/' fsf] lgu/fgL / va/bf/L ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] . *= ;dsfnLg 36gfkl| t ;rt] x'g' M ;/sf/n] u/s] f sfd sf/afxL tyf cGo ;dsfnLg 36gfk|lt ;;' l\" rt xg' ' / cfjZos bl] vPdf cfÇgf] kl| tljm| of JoSt ug'{ klg lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf] stJ{ o xf] . (= ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;b'kof]u / ;/+ If0f ug{' M ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ eg]sf] hgtfsf] ;DklQ xf] . o;sf] ;b'kofu] / ;+/If0f ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] . lj|mofsnfk != ‘r'gfjdf h;nfO{ ef]6 xfn]/ lhtfP klg cfÇgf] sfd h:tfsf] t:t}, s;}n] s]xL ug]{ xfO] gg\\ . rg' fj lhlt;s]kl5 sfx] L kml] / kms]{/ cfpg] xfO] g’ o:tf] egfO /fVg] ltdf| ] ;db' fosf JolStx¿nfO{ s;/L lgjf{rgsf] dxŒj a'emfO{ cfÇgf] dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ k]l| /t u5f{,} sIffdf 5nkmn u/L sfo{ of]hgf lgdf0{ f u/ . @= sIffnfO{ rf/ kf“r hgfsf] ljleGg ;d\"xdf ljefhg u/L xfn;fn} b]zdf 36]sf 36gfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/L ;\"rL tof/ u/ / sIffdf k|:t't u/ . #= ‘/fli6«o lxt ljk/Ltsf] s/' fdf va/bf/L ug'{ gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] .’ o; ljifodf lzIfssf] ;xofu] lnO{ jStT[ j snf k|ltof]lutf u/ . cEof; != nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ pTs[i6 Joj:yf lsg elgPsf] xf], ts{x¿ k|:t't u/ . @= /fHosf] gful/skl| t bfloTj s] xf] / /fHon] gful/saf6 s] ck]Iff /fvs] f] x'G5, pNnv] u/ . #= c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg s;/L u5f{}, a“'bfut ¿kdf k:| t't u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 59

kf7 M * Joj:yflksf Joj:yflksf /fHosf tLg k|dv' cªu\\ x¿dWo] dxŒjk0\" f{ cªu\\ xf] . x/]s /fi6d« f zf;g Joj:yf ;'rf? ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu P]g, sfgg' , gLlt / lgodx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . nfs] tflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf Pg] , sfgg' x¿ agfpg] sfo{ hgtfaf6 lgjfl{ rt hgkl| tlglwdn\" s ;+:yfn] u5{ . hgk|ltlglwdn\" s ;:+ yfnfO{ Joj:yflksf elgG5 . sfgg' agfpg' /fHosf] ;jfR{] r sfo{ xf] . o;/L lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] sfg'gsf] bfo/fleq /x/] sfok{ flnsfn] cGo gLlt tyf lgodx¿ lgdf0{ f ub{5 . Joj:yflksfn] /fHodf b]lvg] ljljw ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos Pg] , sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf0{ f u5{ . o;n] lgdf{0f u/s] f sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /x]/ /fi6« ;~rfng xG' 5 . /fi6«sf x/s] If]q, ju,{ wd{, hflt ,efiff, j0f{ / lnª\\usf hgtfsf] lxt, pGglt / sNof0f x'g] lsl;dsf] sfgg' lgdf0{ f ug{ Jo:yflksfsf] dV' o sfo{ xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu * df ;ª3\\ Lo Joj:yflksfsf] af/]df pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª3\\ Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf, sG] bd| f kl| tlglw ;ef / /fli6o« ;ef u/L bO{ ;bgfTds / kb| z] df Ps ;bgfTds k|bz] Joj:yflksf /xg] kf| jwfg /xs] f] 5 . ;ª3\\ Lo Joj:yflksfnfO{ ;ª3\\ Lo ;;+ b\\ klg elgG5 . k|ltlglw ;efdf klxnf] xg' ] lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjfl{ rt !^% ;b:o / ;dfg'kflts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLadfl] hd !!) ;b:o u/L sn' @&% ;b:o /xG5g\\ . kl| tlglw ;efsf] sfos{ fn % jifs{ f] xG' 5 . /fli6«o ;efdf %( ;b:o /xG5g . of] :yfoL ;bg xf] . & k|b]zaf6 * hgfsf] b/n] %^ hgf / gk] fn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltåf/f dgf]lgt # hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . dlxnf ;xeflutf Ps ltxfOeGbf a9L /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . /fli6«;efsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw ^ jifs{ f] xG' 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o xg' sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ofU] otf x'g'k5{ M != gk] fnL gful/s eO{ sDtLdf kl| tlglw ;efsf] nflu @% / /fli6«o ;efsf] nflu #% jif{ pd/] k/\" f ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . @= gl} ts ktg bl] vg] s'g} kmfh} bf/L s;/' df ;hfo gkfPsf] x'g'k5{ . #= sg' } ;ª\\3Lo sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf] / s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/s] f] xg' 'k5{ . k|ltlglw ;efdf ;efd'v / pk;efd'v tyf /fli6«o ;efdf cWoIf / pkfWoIf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . sfgg' agfpgsf nflu ;ª3\\ Lo ;+;b\\df k|:t't xg' ] d:ofb} f k|:tfjnfO{ ljwo] s elgG5 . ;ª3\\ Lo ;;+ b\\sf] s'g} klg ;bgdf ljwo] s k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ cy{ ljw]os lzIf0f ;'emfj M sIffsf7] fnfO{ ldgL kflno{ fdG] 6 -;fgf] ;+;b_\\ dfgL ;;+ bLo cEof;sf] el\" dsf clego u/fpg'xf];\\ . 60 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

kl| tlglw ;efdf dfq k:| tt' ug{ ;sG5 . ;ª3\\ Lo ;;+ bs\\ f] ;efdv' jf cWoIfn] kd| fl0ft ljwo] s Pp6f ;bgn] kfl/t u/k] l5 To;nfO{ oyfzL3| csf{] ;bgdf k7fpg'k5{ . of] ;bgn] klg kfl/t u/k] l5 pSt ljwo] s kd| f0Lfs/0fsf nflu /fi6k« lt ;dIf k;] ul/G5 . /fi6k« ltaf6 kd| f0fLs/0f ePkl5 sfgg' aG5 . Joj:yflksf ;;+ bn\\ ] ug{] k|d'v sfox{ ¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M -s_ sfg'g lgdf0{ f ;DaGwL sfo{ -v_ k|wfg dGqLsf] rog ug{] sfo{ -u_ cflys{ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfo { -3_ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL sfo{ ljZjsf sltko /fi6«x¿n] Joj:yflksf;DaGwL cfcfÇg} lsl;dsf leGg leGg Joj:yf u/s] f x'G5g\\ . /fHosf] hg;ªV\\ of, If]qkmn, ef}ufl] ns cj:yf cflbsf cfwf/df Joj:yflksfsf] lgjfr{ g kl| jm| of, ;b:o ;ª\\Vof Pjd\\ sfo{ljlw lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . hg' Joj:yf Pscsf{ /fi6«;“u d]n gvfg klg ;S5 . xfdf| ] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df hgtfaf6 kT| oIf lgjf{lrt tyf /fhgLlts bnåf/f ;dfg'kflts dtsf cfwf/df dgf]lgt hgk|ltlglwx¿ Joj:yflksfdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . lj|mofsnfk != ltdf| ] cfÇgf] lhNnfaf6 kl| tlglw ;ef, /fli6«o ;ef / k|b]z ;efdf kl| tlglwTj u/]sf /fhgLlts bn / ;b:osf] ;\"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . @= ltdf| ] sIffsf]7fnfO{ Pp6f Joj:yflksf ;+;b\\ h:t} dfgL ;efd'v / pk;efd'v 5gf]6 u/ / sIffsf cfÇgf lgodx¿ kfl/t u/ . cEof; != ;ª3\\ Lo Joj:yflksfn] sfgg' lgdf{0f ubf{ s] s:tf s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] xG' 5, pNn]v u/ . @= ;ª3\\ Lo Pg] , sfg'g / gLlt lgoddf s] km/s 5, pNnv] u/ . #= ;ª3\\ Lo Joj:yflksfn] ug]{ sfox{ ¿nfO{ ab'“ fut ¿kdf k|:t't u/ . $= ljw]os egs] f] s] xf,] ljwo] s s;/L sfgg' aG5 < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 61

kf7 M ( sfo{kflnsf l;+xb/af/sf] gfpa“ f6 lrlgg] kw| fg dGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] sfofn{ o /x]sf] ejg sfok{ flnsfnfO{ Joj:yflksfåf/f lgldt{ sfgg' sfo{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . sfg'g sfoG{ jog ug]{ dV' o lgsfo sfok{ flnsf g} xf] . o;nfO{ ;/sf/ jf dlGqkl/ifb\\ klg elgG5 . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf, sG] b|df ;ª\\3Lo sfok{ flnsf, kb| z] df k|b]z sfo{kflnsf / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;ª3\\ Lo sfo{kflnsfdf axd' t kf| Kt ;;+ bLo bnsf] gt] f k|wfgdGqL xg' ] / gLhsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . /fi6k« ltn] kw| fgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;;+ bsf ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 a9Ldf @% hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg] dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] ug{] sfon{ fO{ af“8kmf8“ u/L, ;xh / Jojl:yt ug{ ljleGg dGqfnox¿ u7g ul/Psf] xG' 5 . kT| o]s dGqfnosf] g]t[Tj ;DalGwt dGqLn] u/]sf xG' 5g\\ . ;/sf/n] b]zsf] ;+ljwfg / sfgg' sf] dftxtdf /x/] sd{rf/TLgqdfkm{t cfkmg\\ f] sfo{ u5{ . ;ª3\\ Lo sfo{kflnsf, kb| ]z sfok{ flnsf, :yfgLo sfo{kflnsfsf] ;/+ rgfadfl] hd gk] fnsf] k|To] s b]zdf k|fbl] zs ;/sf/ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . kb| z] sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb{z] g, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f kd| v' sf ¿kdf d'VodGqL xG' 5g\\ . k|bz] ;efsf] s'n ;b:osf] @) kl| tzteGbf a9L gxg' ] u/L kb| ]z dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g xG' 5 . lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7nfO{ e\"ldsf clegodfkm{t lzIf0f klg u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 62 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

:yfgLo txsf] sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ ufp“ sfok{ flnsf jf gu/ sfos{ fkflnsf xg' ] Joj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ ufpk“ flnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgbz{] g, lgoGq0f ;~rfng ug{] cleef/f tf]lsPsf] xG' 5 . sfok{ flnsfn] hgtfsf] uf;“ , af;, nQfsk8f, lzIff, :jf:Yo /fh] uf/L tyf ;'/Iff;u“ ;DalGwt sfox{ ¿sf ;fy} /fli6«o ljsf;sf x/]s kIfdf ;/sf/n] lhDdj] f/L lng'k5{ . sfo{kflnsfsf sfo{ -s_ Joj:yflksfåf/f kfl/t sfgg' sf] sfoG{ jog ug{] -v_ ;l+ jwfg / cGo sfgg' sf] cwLgdf /xL /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgbz{] g lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug{] -u_ d'ns' df cdgrog zflGt sfod /fVg'sf] ;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{] -3_ b]zsf] jflifs{ ah]6 tof/ ug{] -8_ afx\\o cltjm| d0f / cfj|md0faf6 bz] sf] /Iff ug{] -r_ k//fi6« dfldnf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ -5_ s/ lgwf{/0f ug,]{ /fli6o« 9's6' Laf6 /sd lemSg], /fHonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ C0f lng] -h_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko6{ g, oftfoft / vfgk] fgL h:tf bz] ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ ;~rfng ug]{ . lj|mofsnfk != ljleGg ;|ft] x¿af6 ;fw] vf]h u/L gk] fndf /x]sf dGqfnox¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ u/ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/ . @= ltd|f] ;db' fodf ;/sf/n] u/s] f sfox{ ¿sf] ;f]wvfh] u/L ljj/0f tof/ kf/ / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . #= ltdLn] ;g' s] f jf hfgsf/L kfPsf ;/sf/L sfofn{ ox¿sf gfd / sfdsf] ;r\" L agfpm . cEof; != sfok{ flnsf egs] f] s] xf,] gk] fnsf] sfos{ f/L clwsf/ s;df lglxt /xs] f] 5 < @= dlGqkl/ifb\\ egs] f] s] xf], dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] u7g s;/L xG' 5, pNn]v u/ . #= k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ sfk] l| t pQ/bfoL xG' 5g\\ < $= ;/sf/n] sfgg' sf] kfngf s;/L u/fp5“ , pNnv] u/ . %= sfo{kflnsfn] ug{] k|d'v sfox{ ¿ s] s] xg' \\, ab'“ fut ¿kdf k|:t't u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 63

kf7 M !) ofokflnsf sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d\"t{ ¿k lbg sg' } klg dn' s' df :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] /fHosf k|d'v tLg cª\\udWo]sf] Ps xf] . o;n] cGofodf k/s] f hgtfnfO{ Gofo lbg] tyf sfgg' tf8] g\\ n] fO{ :jtGq / lgikIf eP/ ;hfo lbO{ sfgg' sf] ;/+ If0f u5{ . gful/ssf] df}lns xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfg / sfgg' sf] JofVof ug{] sfo;{ dt] u5{ . ;j+ }wflgs ;jf{]Rrtf;lxtsf] Goflos / ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf] dV' o cfwf/ g} :jtGq Gofokflnsf xf] . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePcg¿' k gk] fndf lgDgfg';f/ tLg txsf cbfntx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ M != ;jfR]{ r cbfnt M ;jfR{] r cbfnt Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] cbfnt xf] . o; cbfntdf kw| fg GofofwLzsf cltl/St a9Ldf @) hgf;Dd cGo GofofwLzx¿ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lSt ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6k« ltaf6 x'G5 . cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgol' St Gofokl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 xG' 5 . ;jfR{] r cbfntsf] GofofwLz eO{ sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd ul/;ss] f] JolStdfq k|wfg GofofwLzsf nflu of]Uo xG' 5 . kbfjlw ^ jifs{ f] xG' 5 . o; cbfntn] cfÇgf] dftxtdf /x]sf cGo cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfosf] ;k' /LjI] f0f u/L cfjZos lgbz]{ g lbg] sfo;{ d] t u5{ . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clenv] cbfnt klg xf] . @= pRr cbfnt M k|Tos] k|bz] df Ps pRr cbfnt x'G5 . pRr cbfntnfO{ ;ª\\3Lo sfgg' adf]lhd ;?' d'2f xg] ]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws hfR“ g] clwsf/ x'G5 . To:t} cGo clwsf/ / sfol{ jlw ;ª\\3Lo sfgg' adf]lhd xG' 5 . #= lhNnf cbfnt M g]kfnsf] k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps lhNnf cbfnt :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . :yflgo :t/sf Goflos lgsfo lhNnf cbfntsf] dftxtdf x'G5g\\ . lhNnf cbfntn] cfkm\\ gf] dftxtsf Goflos lgsfosf] lg/LIf0f Pjd\\ ;k' /LjI] f0f / cfjZos lgbz{] g lbG5g\\ . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M cGofodf k/s] f JolStsf] Gofosf nflu cbfntdf x'g] ax;sf] el\" dsf clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\\ . 64 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

Gofokflnsfn] ;Dkfbg ug{] k|dv' sfox{ ¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M -s_ k|rlnt sfg'gsf] k|ofu] u/L gful/snfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug]{ -v_ hgtfsf ljleGg ks| f/sf xs, clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ -u_ sfg'gsf] JofVof u/L sfgg' sf] cy{ k:| 6 kfg{] -3_ sfg'g tf]8g\\ ]nfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePcg'¿k b08 ;hfo tf]Sg] -ª_ ljleGg hl6n sfg'gL k|Zg / ;d:ofx¿df sfok{ flnsf / Joj:yflksfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg] -r_ sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog plrt tj/n] eP÷gePsf] x]g]{ lj|mofsnfk ! bfofk“ 6l\\ 6 lbOPsf] lrqsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / o;n] s] s/' fsf] ;ª\\st] u5,{ l6kf]6 u/L k|:t't u/ . @= ltd|f] lhNnfsf] lhNnf cbfntdf s] s:tf ljifodf d'¢\\ fx¿ kg{] u5g{ \\ . cfÇgf] cleefjs;u“ ;fw] L pNnv] u/ / sIffdf k:| t't u/ . #= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ zAbsfi] faf6 kQf nufO{ n]v / sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M jlsn, jf/];, tf/v] , Ohnf;, ;g' 'jfO, kIf, ljkIf, l/6, kg' /fjb] g, km};nf . cEof; != Gofokflnsf egs] f] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf o;;DaGwL s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, ;ªI\\ fk] df pNnv] u/ . @= kw| fgGofofwLz tyf ;jfR{] r cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgol' St s;/L xG' 5, pNn]v u/ . #= clen]v cbfnt egs] f] s] xf] < $= gk] fndf slt txsf cbfntx¿ 5g\\ / tL s] s] x'g,\\ pNn]v u/ . %= Gofokflnsfn] ;Dkfbg ug{] kd| v' sfox{ ¿ s] s] xg' ,\\ ab“' fut ¿kdf pNnv] u/ . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 65

k'g/jnf]sg cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ bp] m M -s_ ;fdflhs lgodn] s;/L ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;xofu] u5{ < -v_ dfgj clwsf/ egs] f] s] xf] < -u_ dlxnfx¿ kl5 kgs{' f sf/0fx¿ pNnv] u/ . -3_ gful/s bfloTj s;/L k/\" f ug{ ;lsG5 < -ª_ sfok{ flnsfsf sfox{ ¿sf] ;r\" L agfpm . @= Gofokflnsfsf sfo{x¿sf] rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . #= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf] lgod (house rule) klg ;fdflhs lgod xf] eGg] af/]df ;+jfb tof/ kf/ . $= ;dfjz] Ls/0f /fli6o« Pstfsf] d\"n cfwf/ xf] eGg] kIf / ljkIfdf jfb ljjfb k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng u/ . %= ltdf| ] ;d'bfosf s'g} kfr“ cf]6f 3/df uO{ tLgLx¿n] tnsf Ifq] df cfÇgf] bfloTj lgjf{x u/s] f] cj:yfnfO{ ;r\" Ldf pNnv] u/ / kf| Kt lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . 3/ ;ªV\\ of M 3/dn' Lsf] gfd M jm| = ;= bfloTj bfloTj lgjf{x u/s] f] cj:yf ;w}“ ug{] u/]sf] sfd slxns] fxL“ ug]{ sfd slxNo} gug{] sfd != sfgg' sf] kfngf ug{' @= dtbfg ug'{ #= s/ tLg'{ $= ljsf; lgdf0{ fdf ;xefuL %= ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQ ;/+ If0f 66 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

PsfO M % xfd|f] k[YjL l;sfO pknlAw o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\\ M cIffz+ , bz] fGt/, kl| tnf]d, b/' L, df};d, xfjfkfgL cflbsf] kl/ro lbg / logLx¿sf] ke| fj atfpg Ct' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/ j0fg{ ug{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf tŒjx¿ pNn]v u/L e\"sDk / xfjfx/' Laf6 aRg] tl/sf cjnDag ug{ g]kfnsf lhNnf / k|b]zsf] kl/ro lbO{ gS;f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msf dxfbz] sf] efl} ts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs hghLjg pNnv] u/L gS;fdf ef}ufl] ns tYox¿ eg{ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 67

kf7 M ! Ct' kl/jtg{ æcfR5' s:tf] hf8f] ¤ lsg oltljlw hf8f] ePsf] xf]nf < h]7, j}zfvdf udL{ eP/ al;l6Sg' xb'“ g} , k';÷df3df hlt nu' f nufP klg hf8f] sd x'“bg} . b;“} tfsf g hf8f] x'G5 g udL{ x'G5 . r}t, jz} fvdf klg hf8f] tyf udL{ a/fa/ xG' 5 . dnfO{ t crDd nfU5 .Æ dn} ] cfdfnfO{ ;f]w]“ . Ct' kl/jt{g ePsf] xg' fn] o:tf] ePsf] xf] egL cfdfn] eGge' of] . Ct' kl/jt{g egs] f] s] xf] cfdf eg/] dn} ] ;f]w]“ . cfdfn] Tof] t yfxf 5g} eGge' of] . lsg o:tf] ePsf] xfn] f eg/] hfGg] OR5f nfUof] . To;n} ] OG6/g6] vfn] “] . u'un ;r{ u//] Ct' kl/jt{g (season change) egL 6fOk u/]“ . Ct' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljleGg ja] ;fO6x¿ bv] fk/] . Pp6f ;fO6df dn} ] lSns u/“] . To;df Ct' kl/jtg{ sf af/d] f lrq;lxt o;/L nl] vPsf] /x5] M kY[ jLn] ;we“} l/ ;\"os{ f] jl/kl/ Pp6} af6f] eP/ kl/jm| df ul//xG5 . To; af6f]nfO{ k[YjLsf] sIf elgG5 . k[YjL cfÇgf] cIfdf nDa ¿kdf gcl8O{ ^^=% l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfP/ 9lNsPsf] 5 . k[YjLn] ;\"on{ fO{ cfÇgf] cIfdf cl8P/ 3D' bf ;w“} Ps} lbzftkm{ 9lNsP/ 3'D5 . o;/L Ps} lbzftkm{ 9lNsP/ 3D' bf slxn] pQ/L ufn] fw{ ;o\" s{ f] ;fd'Gg] k5{ t slxn] blIf0fL ufn] fw{ ;o\" s{ f] ;fd'Gg] k5{ . l8;]Da/ @@ tfl/vsf lbg ;o\" { blIf0fL uf]nfws{ f] ds/ /]vfsf] l;wf ‘s’ eGg] :yfgdf k5{ . ;fx] L ;dodf pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f ;o\" s{ f] ls/0f 58\\s] kg]{ xg' fn] To; If]qdf lxp“b Ct' x'G5 . l8;]Da/ @@ tfl/vsf lbg pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f ;ae} Gbf 5f]6f] lbg x'G5 . pQ/L wj|' Lo If]qdf t sl/a rf/ dlxgf;Dd ;o\" { g} bv] f kb{g} . lj:tf/} ;\"o{ # dlxgfsf] cjlw nufP/ ‘s’ :yfgaf6 dfr{ @! tfl/vsf lbg ‘v’ :yfgdf kU' 5 . o; cjlwnfO{ j;Gt Ct' elgG5 . o; cjlwdf hf8f] sd xb“' } uPsf] xG' 5 t/ udL{ nflu;ss] f] xb“' g} . ;f] lbg ;o\" { ed\" Wo lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyL{nfO{ Ct' kl/jt{g;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug{ k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk u/fpgx' f;] \\ . ;fy} Ct' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kg{] ke| fjx¿sf ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cge' jsf cfwf/df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\\ . 68 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

/v] fsf] ;fd'Gg] kg{] xg' fn] pQ/L / blIf0fL b'j} uf]nfwd{ f ;\"o{sf] ls/0f ;dfg ¿kn] k5{ . ;o\" { csf]{ # dlxgfsf] cjlw nufP/ ‘v’ :yfgaf6 h'g dlxgfsf] @! tfl/vsf lbg ‘u’ :yfgdf kU' 5 . o; cjlwnfO{ u[id Ct' elgG5 . o; cjlwdf pQ/L uf]nfwd{ f udL{ a9b\\ } hfG5 . ;\"o{ pQ/L uf]nfws{ f] ss6{ /v] fsf] ;fdG' g] kg{] xg' fn] ;f] cjlwdf pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f ui[ d Ct' xG' 5 . lj:tf/} ;\"o{ ‘u’ :yfgaf6 ‘3’ :yfgdf k'U5 . o; cjlwnfO{ z/b Ct' elgG5 . of] cjlwdf udL{ / jiff{ sd x'“b} hfG5 t/ hf8f] nflu;ss] f] xb“' g} . ;f] lbg klg kg' M ;\"os{ f] ls/0f ed\" Wo /v] fsf] ;fd'Gg] kg]{ xg' fn] pQ/L / blIf0fL bj' } uf]nfwd{ f ;o\" {sf] ls/0f ;dfg ¿kn] k5{ . To;n} ] ;f] lbg bj' } uf]nfwd{ f lbg / /ftsf] nDafO a/fa/ x'G5 . o;/L pQ/L ufn] fw{ / blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f ljk/Lt Ct' xG' 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != rf/cf6] f ;d\"xdf ljeflht xfp] m . Pp6f ;dx\" n] Ps Ct'sf af/d] f tnsf] tflnsf e/ . sg' } ;d\"xn] ;f]xL a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df uLt, sljtf jf lrq agfpg klg ;Sg] 5f} . b[li6ljxLg afn aflnsfx¿n] cfk\"mn] cg'ej u/]sf] xfjfkfgL, dfgj hLjg z}nL / kmnk'mn, t/sf/Lsf cfwf/df Ct' ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ;S5g\\ . Ct ' ;f] Ctd' f kfOg] ;f] Ct'df ;f] Ctd' f ltdf| ] / dfgj xfjfkfgL kfOg] jg:klt kl/jf/sf] njfO vjfO ljm| ofsnfk @= sf]7fnfO{ c“Wof/f] kf/]/ Pp6f 6]ansf] lardf aQL afn . To; aQLsf] jl/kl/ Unf]anfO{ Ps} lbzftkm{ 9Nsg] u/L 3'dfP/ x/] . Unfa] sf] sg' If]qdf k|sfz l;wf k5,{ 5nkmn u/L Ct' kl/jtg{ sf af/]df l6kf6] tof/ u/ . #= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm vfH] g] ko| f; u/ M -s_ kY[ jL ufn] fsf/ geP/ kmN\\ ofs jf Kn6] h:tf] RofK6f] eOlbPsf] eP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f < -v_ k[YjL ^^=% l8uL| g9lNsP/ l;wf nDa ¿kn] cl8Psf] eP s] xG' Yof] xf]nf < $= kf7df k:| tt' lrqn] pQ/L uf]nfw{sf] Ct' kl/jtg{ sf] cj:yf b]vfPsf] 5 . To:t} u/L blIf0fL uf]nfw{sf] Ct' kl/jtg{ sf] cj:yf bv] fpg] lrq agfpm . cEof; != kf7df lbOPsf] lrq h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ . @= Ct' kl/jt{g x'g] sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/ . #= e\"dWo /v] fsf] ;fdG' g] ;o\" { jifs{ f] b'O{ k6s k5{ . To; ;dodf lbg / /ftsf] nDafO s:tf] x'G5 / lsg < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 69

kkff77 @M @ df};d / xfjfkfgL df};d k|:t't lrqx¿n] s:tf] df};dsf] ;ª\\s]t u5{g\\ < Ps If0f ;fr] t . clxn] aflx/ s:tf] df;} d 5 / To;nfO{ s'g lrqn] ;ªs\\ ]t ug{ ;lsPnf t < Ps 306f cufl8 s:tf] df};d lyof] < lxhfs] f] df};d s:tf] lyof] < cfh /fltsf] df};d s:tf] xfn] f < ltdLx¿n] l7s cg'dfg u¥of} . lat] sf] ;dosf] df};dsf af/]df t eGg ;lsG5 t/ eljiosf] s'g} klg ;dosf] df};dsf af/]df 7\\ofSs} atfpg ;ls“b}g . xfjfsf] tfkj|md, rfk / jfo'sf] cfb|{tf Pjd\\ jfo'sf] ultsf]cWoog u/]/ ca s:tf] df};d xf]nf egL cg'dfg nufpg] ul/G5 . To:tf] cgd' fg ldN5 g} eGg] 5}g . o:tf] sfon{ fO{ df};dL eljiojf0fL elgG5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgsf Ps lbgsf] tfkj|md / jiffs{ f] cj:yf bv] fPsf] 5 M wgs'6f /fhlj/fh sf7df8f}“ kfv] /f bfª sn} fnL sfnLsf6] tfkjm| d ) ;] !%) @&) !*) @@) @%) @() !%) jiff{ ldld ) ) ) !@ $ !% ) jfod' 08nsf] tfkjm| d, xfjfsf] rfk, afbn / jiffs{ f] cj:yfnfO{ df};d elgG5 . df;} d If0f If0fdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . of] clglZrt xG' 5 . o;n] ;fgf] 7fpn“ fO{ klg ke| fj kf5{ . ltdL a;s] f] :yfgdf afbn nflu/x]sf a]nf cln k/ 3fd nflu/x]sf] xg' ;S5 eg] glhs} kfgL kl//xs] f] klg x'g ;S5 . Ps} If0fdf ToxL 7fpd“ f jiff{ /f]lsP/ 3fd nfUg jf x/' L rNg klg ;S5 . sg' } 7fp“df tfkjm| d a9o\\ f] eg] Toxfs“ f] xfjf tft/] dfly hfG5 / Toxf“ xfjfsf] rfk sd x'G5 . xfjfsf] rfk a9L ePsf] jl/kl/sf] 7fp“af6 To; 7fp“tkm{ jfo' a];/L rNg yfN5 h;nfO{ cf“wL jf x'/L rns] f] elgG5 . afbn afs] ]sf] jfo' To;tkm{ ax]df afbn nfUg jf jiff{ xg' ;S5 . o;/L jfos' f] tfkjm| d, xfjfsf] rfk, xfjfdf hnjfiksf] dfqf, afbndf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] df};d kl/jtg{ u/fp5“ . lzIf0f ;'emfj M afnaflnsfsf df};d / xfjfkfgL;DaGwL lh1f;fx¿sf] ;\"rL agfpg'xf];\\ / sf}tx' ntf d6] fpg Pjd\\ eljiodf df;} d / xfjfkfgL;DaGwL 1fgsf] pkofu] u/]/ cfÇgf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg] lsl;dsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ sIffdf u/fpg'xf];\\ . 70 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

xfjfkfgL jife{ l/sf] sg' } 7fp“sf] df;} dsf] cf};t cj:yfnfO{ xfjfkfgL elgG5 . gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL dg;g' L xf] . xfjfkfgLcg';f/ u[iddf udL{ / jiff{ x'G5 eg] lxp“bdf hf8f] / ;V' vf x'G5 . o;/L x/s] jif{sf] u[id Ct'sf] df};dsf] cj:yf ;dfg g/x] klg cf;} t tfkjm| d, cf;} t jiff{, jfo'df kfgLsf] afkmsf] cf};t dfqf p:t} p:t} x'G5 . ;fdfGotof x/]s jif{ o:t} cj:yf bV] g ;lsG5 . xfjfkfgLn] 7'nf] If]q cfu] 6s] f] x'G5 . of] nfdf] cjlwdf dfq kl/jt{g xG' 5 . xfjfkfgLnfO{ hnjfo' klg eGg] ul/G5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ljBfnodf /xs] f] ydfl{] d6/nfO{ sIffsf] Ps leQfdf c8o\\ fP/ /fv . k|To]s 3G6L ;lsPkl5 To;df slt tfkjm| d b]vfOPsf] 5, l6k / cf;} t tfkjm| d lgsfn . Ps xKtf;Dd o; sfo{nfO{ hf/L /fv . ;f] xKtfdf ;ae} Gbf udL{ / ;ae} Gbf hf8f] lbg sg' lyof], kQf nufpm . tfkjm| dnfO{ :tDe lrqdf klg bv] fpm . olb jiff{ Ct'df !@÷! ah]sf] tfkjm| d PSsfl; a9o\\ f] eg] To;kl5 jiff{ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L xG' 5 . df;} dsf] eljiojf0fL ug]{ cEof; u/ . @= cfÇgf] Ifq] sf] jiff{ cfkm“} gfk M Pp6f kf/bzL{ Knfl:6ssf] af]tn n]pm . To;sf] dflyNnf] efu sf6]/ ;f]nL agfpm / aft] nsf] sfl6Psf] efuaf6 pN6f] kf/]/ leq l5/fpm . aft] nsf] aflx/k6\\l6 ?n/nfO{ kfgL 6k] nufP/ 7f8f] kf/]/ 6f“; . ca jiff{ xg' yfn]kl5 To;nfO{ aflx/ vn' f 7fp“df hldgeGbf Ps ld6/ dfly /fv . jiff{ /fl] sPkl5 slt ;]ld jiff{ eP5, x]/ . $= tnsf] sf}tx' ntf d6] fpg ltdf| ] hjfkm s] xg' ] 5, ;ª\\Ifk] df nv] . c/a uPsf bfh'n] Toxf“ kfgL g} kbg}{ eGg' xG' 5 . dnl] ;of uPsf sfsfn] hlxn] klg kfgL kl//xG5 eGg' xG' 5 . Oh/fon uPsL sfsLn] c;f/, ;fpg dlxgfdf klg 7\\ofDd} kfgL kb}{g eGg' xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 71

k f7 M # w/ftnsf] tfkjm| ddf ke| fj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ ljZjdf ljleGg :yfgdf km/s km/s xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . sxL“ w]/} udL{ x'G5 . s'g} 7fp“df w]/} hf8f] x'G5 . sg' } :yfgdf uL| iddf udL{ / lxpb“ df hf8f] x'G5 . s'g} :yfgdf eg] hf8f] / udL{ a/fa/ xG' 5 . o;/L ljZjdf Ps}gf;sf] xfjfkfgL gx'g'df ljleGg tŒjx¿n] ke| fj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ljZjsf] tfkjm| ddf ke| fj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M cIffz+ M cIffz+ a9\\bf tfkj|md 365\\ . cIff+z 36\\bf tfkjm| d a95\\ . ed\" Wo /v] Lo Ifq] df jife{ l/ g} ;o\" s{ f] ls/0f l;wf k5{ . To;}n] Toxf“ ;we}“ l/ udL{ xG' 5 . e\"dWo /]vfbl] v #) l8uL| pQ/ / #) l8uL| blIf0fsf] Ifq] nfO{ pi0f d08n (tropical zone) elgG5 . ed\" Wo /]vfaf6 hlt hlt pQ/ jf blIf0f uof] plt plt tfkjm| d 36b\\ } hfG5 . k[YjL af6'nf] ePsf] x'gfn] pQ/ jf blIf0ftk{m o;sf] ;tx 58s\\ ] kb}{ uPsf] 5 . l;wf ;txdf ;o\" {sf] ls/0fsf] ttfpg] zlSt a9L xG' 5 eg] 58s\\ ] ;txdf sd x'G5 . #) l8u|Lb]lv ^) l8u|L cIff+zlarsf] Ifq] df lxp“b hf8f] / uL| iddf udL{ x'G5 . o; If]qnfO{ ;dzLtf]i0f (temperate zone) If]q elgG5 . ^) l8u|L cIff+zb]lv dflysf] If]qnfO{ w|'jLo xfjfkfgLsf] If]q (polar zone) elgG5 . o; Ifq] df jif{}el/ cToGt lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfs“ f] tfkjm| d zG\" o l8uL| eGbf w/] } tn ku' s] f] xG' 5 . o; Ifq] nfO{ zLt d08n elgG5 . prfO M xf]rf] ;txdf jfod' 08nsf] 3gTj a9L x'g] xg' fn] o;sf] bafa klg a9L x'G5 . ha ;o\" {sf] ls/0f l;w} k[YjLsf] ;txdf cfp“5 To;n] ;txnfO{ ttfp5“ . To;kl5 lj:tf/} ;tx glhssf xfjfsf s0fx¿ tft]/ xfdLnfO{ udL{ cge' j xg' yfN5 . pRr Ifq] df xfjfsf s0fx¿ yf/] } ;ªV\\ ofdf xG' 5g\\ . logLx¿ 5l/P/ /xs] f xg' fn] tL s0fx¿ tft] klg ;n] fOxfN5g\\ . To;n} ] pRr If]qdf lr;f] xfjfkfgL x'G5 . lzIf0f ;'emfj M tfkj|md ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿sf cfÇgf cg'ejx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \\ . To;kl5 ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ lbP/ ljZjsf] gS;fdf tfkd08n klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\\ . tfkj|mddf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿sf ;DaGwdf k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk u/fpgx' f];\\ . 72 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

;db' s| f] b'/L M kfgL l9nf] tfT5, l9nf] ;]nfp“5 . hldg l56f] tfT5, l56} ;]nfp5“ . ;db' s| f] glhs /Do -hf8f], udL{ a/fa/ x'g_] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ;d'b|sf] 6f9f ljifd -lbgdf w]/} udL{ x'g] / /ftdf w/] } hf8f] x'g_] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lbp;“ f] hldg / ;d'b| bj' d} f ;dfg ¿kn] ;\"os{ f] ls/0f k5{ . hldg tflt;Sbf klg ;db' | lr;} xg' ] x“'bf ;d'bs| f] lr;f] xfjfsf] ke| fjn] ;d'bL| lsgf/fsf hldgdf udL{ x'g kfp“bg} . /ftdf hldg ;n] fO;ss] f] xG' 5 t/ ;db' | Gofgf] g} x'G5 . ;db' |sf] Gofgf] jfos' f] ke| fjn] ubf{ /ftdf ;d'b|L lsgf/fdf w]/} hf8f] xg' kfp“bg} . ;db' |b]lv 6f9fsf] Ifq] df ;db' s| f] jfo'sf] k|efj gkg]{ x'gfn] lbgdf Hofb} udL{ / /ftdf Hofb} hf8f] xG' 5 . ;db' L| wf/ M ;db' s| f] kfgL ultzLn eO{ xfjfsf] ult / tfkjm| dcg';f/ ke| fljt eO/xG5 . of] ;d'b|sf] lsgf/} lsgf/ vfn] f ´“} alu/xs] f] x'G5 . To;nfO{ ;db' |L wf/ elgG5 . e\"dWo /v] Lo Ifq] df ;we“} l/ udL{ x'gfn] Toxf“af6 axg] wf/ Gofgf] x'G5 . wj'| Lo If]qaf6 axg] wf/ lr;f] x'G5 . To;n} ] Gofgf] wf/ axg] lsgf/df Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . To;} u/L lr;f] wf/ axg] lsgf/fdf 7G8f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != Pp6f km' 6an jf elnan n]pm . To;df lrqdf bv] fOPsf] h:t} u/L tLg cf]6f ydf]l{ d6/x¿ 6f;“ . sx] L a/] 3fd jf lx6/sf] cufl8 /fv]/ x]/ . sg' ydf]{ld6/df tfkjm| d l56f] a9s] f] kfp5“ f} < @= sf/0f bp] m M -s_ a]nfotdf w]/} udL{ klg x'b“ g} / w/] } hf8f] klg x“b' g} . -v_ clkm| sfsf] lslndGh/f] kxf8 udL{ If]qdf k5{ t/ lxp“n] 9flsPsf] 5 . -u_ dnl] ;ofdf ;w“} udL{ x'G5 t/ ;fOa]l/ofdf ;w}“ hf8f] x'G5 . cEof; != ljZjsf] tfkjm| ddf ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf] gfd nv] L sg' } Ps tŒjsf] j0fg{ u/ . @= l7s jf al] 7s 5'6o\\ fpm / sf/0f klg bp] m . -s_ ;db' | glhssf] If]qdf hf8f] x'G5 . -v_ kxf8 r9\\b} hfb“ f udL{ x“b' } hfgs' f] sf/0f ;o\" {sf] glhs x“b' } uP/ xf] < -u_ Gofgf] wf/ axg] lsgf/fdf Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . -3_ cIff+z a9\\b} hfb“ f tfkjm| d 36\\b} hfG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 73

kf7 M $ hnjfo' kl/jt{g gftLgL M xh/' af . dn} ] lxhf] k':tsfnodf g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g eGg] k':ts km]nf kf/“] . o;df lgs} rfvnfUbf s'/fx¿ n]lvPsf] /x]5 . xh/' af M xfd|f] kfnfdf t hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] ;'g]s} lyPgf}“ . cr]n t /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsfdf klg o;}sf] rrf{ 5 . gftLgL M xf] xh'/af ¤ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL rrf{ lgs} l9nf] ;'? ePsf] /x5] . ljZj ;db' fodf o;sf] rrf{ w/] } klxn] g} rns] f] lyof] . ha sfO] nf, vlgh tn] / Uof;sf] cfljisf/ eof] ta bf;] f| ] cfb} o\\ fl] us jm| flGt ;?' eof] . To;} ;dodf vlgh t]n afNbf s] s:tf] k|efj k5{ egL cWoog ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ;g\\ !*%( df a]nfotL j1} flgs hfg] l6G8nn] xl/t ux[ ke| fj (green house effect) sf af/d] f kQf nufPsf] s/' f o; k:' tsdf nl] vPsf] /x5] . xfdLn] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af/] w/] } s/' f hfGg / a'‰g af“sL /x]5 . xh'/af M o;nfO{ dn} ] klg dfg]“ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g ePsf] eg/] s;/L yfxf kfpg] /x5] t gfgL < gftLgL M dfgj, hLjhGt', af]6 la?jf / ef}uf]lns k0| ffnL cgs' n\" hnjfo' /xg] u5{ . o;df c;Gtn' g jf cl:y/tf cfPdf hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ePsf] eGg ;lsg] /x5] , h:t} M c;f/df x'gk' g{] dg;'gL jiff{ h]7df g} xg' ' jf ;fpg;Dd gxg' ,' dªl;/;Dd udL{ eO/xg' jf j}zfv;Dd hf8f] eO/xg', t/fO{df zLtnx/ rNg' / leqL lxdfnL Ifq] df ef/L jiff{ x'g' hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xf] . df;} d kl/jtg{ nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elg“bg} . xh/' af M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f rflx“ s] /x5] t gfgL < gftLgL M o;df nl] vPcg;' f/ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] kd| v' sf/0f jfod' 08ndf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 Uof;sf] dfqf a9g\\ ' xf] . o; Uof;n] kY[ jLdf xl/t u[x k|efj a9fOlbG5 . o;n] kY[ jLsf] tfkj|mddf j[l4 xg' uO{ xfjfkfgLdf c;Gtn' g kb} f xG' 5 . xh/' af M P ¤ o;f] xb] f{ t xfdL cfkm}“ kf] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] sf/0f /x5] f}“ . xfdLn] cgz' f;g sfod u¥of“} eg] o;nfO{ km]l/ klxns] } h:tf] agfpg ;lsg] /x]5 . gftLgL M xf] xh'/af . ;g\\ !*#) lt/ k|lt b; nfv xfjfsf] s0fdf @*! lklkPd (parts per million) sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] s0f dfq lyof] . ;g\\ @)!) df cfOkU' bf ;f] dfqf a9]/ #() -lklkPd_ ku' s] f] 5 . ;g\\ !()! sf] tn' gfdf kY[ jLsf] tfkjm| d lzIf0f ;'emfj M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf af/]df cl3NNff sIffx¿df klg cWoog ul/;s]sf] xg' fn] ljBfyL{x¿sf kj\" c{ ge' jx¿nfO{ ;d6] /] 5nkmn cl3 a9fpgx' f;] \\ . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/x¿ ;DaGwdf :yfgLo ;db' fodf cjnf]sg Pjd\\ :yfgLo afl;Gbf;u“ 5nkmn ug{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . 74 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

)=&$ l8uL| ;l] N;o; a9s] f] 5 . olb oxL ultn] tfkj|md a9\\g] xf] eg] ;g\\ @)#) df gk] fnsf] tfkjm| d !=$ l8uL| n] a9\\g] / ;g\\ @)() df # b]lv ^=# l8uL| a9\\g] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . casf sx] L jif{df xfdf| lxdfnsf] lxp“ klUnP/ Toxf“ r66\\ fg dfq afs“ L /xG5 . ;db' L| lsgf/sf a:tLx¿ 8'Ag] 5g\\ . To;n} ] xfdLn] cfhb} ]lv kY[ jLdf tfkj|md a9fpg] Uof; pTkfbgdf sdL ug{'k5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != dflysf] ;j+ fbnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dx\" agfO{ xh/' af / gftLgLsf] el\" dsf clego u/ . @= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fnfO{ 7'nf] sfuhdf rf6{ agfpm / kb| z{g u/ . #= tnsf nv] sf] cz+ cWoog u/ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm bp] m M emf8f kvfnfsf] sf/0f M hnjfo' kl/jtg{ gk] fn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn\\ ] emfkf lhNnfdf tfdj|md j[l4n] cf}nf], sfnfhf/ / emf8f kvfnfaf6 k/]sf] c;/af/] cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogn] tfkjm| d a9s] f] / cf};t jiff{df sdL xb'“ } uPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;g\\ !((* bl] v @))* sf lardf )=& l8u|L ;l] N;o;n] cf;} t tfkj|md j[l4 eof] . ;g\\ !(*( sf] c;f/, ;fpg dlxgfdf cfn} f]af6 @)) / emf8f kvfnfaf6 !))) hgf k|efljt ePsf lyP . ;g\\ @))* df of] ;ª\\Vof a9/] cfn} f]af6 $)) / emf8f kvfnfaf6 #))) JolStx¿ ke| fljt eP . cWoogn] o;/L tfkj|mddf j[l4 / jiff{df sdL xg' 'sf] ;DaGw Pjd\\ /fu] JofwL;u“ /xs] f] lgSof}n{ lgsfns] f] 5 . w]/} :yfgdf tfkjm| d / jiffs{ f] rl/q hnjfo'sf ljljwtf;“u hf]l8Psf 5g\\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f of] ljljwtf emg\\ a9g\\ ] xg' fn] emf8f kvfnfaf6 xg' ] cfkt\\ ljkt\\ l56f] l56f] x'g ;S5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ s] s] /x]5g\\ < hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;u“ } /f]uJofwL a9\\g'sf cGo sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\\ < k|:t't n]v k9k] l5 cfÇgf dgdf plAhPsf ljrf/x¿ ;d6] /] Ps cg'R5b] nv] . cEof; != hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ kf/ . @= ljZjdf tfkj|md 36fpg] pkfox¿ ;d6] L ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]v . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 75

kf7 M % cIffz+ / b]zfGt/sf] k|efj cIff+z M kY[ jLsf] pQ/ wj|' / blIf0f w|'jsf] l7s lardf kg{] u/L kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/ Ps jQ[ fsf/ /v] fsf] sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . To; sfNklgs /v] fnfO{ ed\" Wo /]vf elgG5 . ed\" Wo /]vfaf6 kY[ jLsf] s]Gb;| Dd uPsf] l;wf /v] f / kY[ jLsf] aflx/L ;txdf /xs] f] sg' } :yfgaf6 cfPsf] /v] fn] k[YjLsf] sG] bd| f agfPsf] sf]0f g} cIffz+ xf] . k|:tt' lrqdf sh / 5h /]vfx¿ e\"dWo /]vfaf6 kY[ jLsf] sG] b|;Dd lvlrPsf /]vf xg' \\ . 5 b]lv s ;Dd uPsf] cw{ j[Qfsf/ /v] f e\"dWo /]vf xf] . s laGbd' f kY[ jLsf] s]Gb|af6 cfPsf] l;wf /v] f sh / ed\" Wo /v] f cfk;df sfl6Psf 5g\\ . of] cfwf/ /v] f )) -zG\" o l8uL| sf0] f_ sf] x'G5 . oxf“sf] cIffz+ klg z\"Go l8uL| x'b“ f o; sh /]vf;“u v eGg] :yfgaf6 cfPsf] /v] fn] k[YjLsf] sG] b| h laGbd' f #) l8uL| sf] sf]0f agfPsf] 5 . To;}n] v eGg] :yfgsf] cIff+z #) l8uL| xG' 5 . ed\" Wo /v] fb]lv pQ/tkms{ f] cIffz+ nfO{ pQ/L cIff+z / blIf0ftkm{sf] cIff+znfO{ blIf0fL cIffz+ elgG5 . cIff+zn] ljleGg If]qdf ke| fj kf5{ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ cIffz+ sf sf/0f ljZjsf] xfjfkfgLdf ke| fj M cIffz+ a9b\\ } hfb“ f tfkjm| d 36b\\ } hfG5 . -v_ lbg / /ftsf] nDafOdf ke| fj M ed\" Wo /v] fdf ;w“} lbg / /ftsf] nDafO a/fa/ xG' 5 . hlt hlt cIffz+ a9b\\ } hfG5 plt plt lbg / /ftsf] nDafO km/s kb{} hfG5 . -u_ gS;f lgdf{0f / cWoogdf k|efj M s'g :yfg sxf“ 5 egL cjl:ylt b]vfpg cIffz+ sf] ;xfotf lnOG5 . b]zfGt/ M kY[ jLsf] pQ/ / blIf0f wj'| hf8] g\\ ] sfNklgs /v] fx¿ bz] fGt/ /v] f xg' \\ . oL cw{ jQ[ fsf/ xG' 5g\\ . an] fotsf] lug| ljr eGg] 7fpa“ f6 lvlrPsf] bz] fGt/ /v] fnfO{ kw| fg dWofGg /] vf elgG5 . of] zG\" o l8uL| sf] bz] fGt/ /v] f xf] . k:| tt' lrqsf] ;xfotfn] bz] fGt/sf] lgwf/{ 0f s;/L xG' 5 eGg] s/' f hfGg] ko| f; u/f“} . lrqdf jQ[ fsf/ 3/] f ed\" Wo /v] f xf] . s em kw| fg dWofGg /v] f xf] . kw| fg dWofGg /v] f / ed\" Wo /v] fn] ;txdf sf6s] f] laGb' s af6 l;wf lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df cIffz+ / bz] fGt/sf af/d] f cl3Nnf sIffx¿df klg cWoog u/L ;s]sf] xg' fn] ljBfyL{x¿sf k\"j{cge' jnfO{ ;d6] /] 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 76 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

kY[ jLsf] sG] bl| aGb;' Dd uPsf] ;/n /v] f sh nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL kY[ jLsf jl/kl/ lvlrPsf sf0] fx¿ bz] fGt/ xg' \\ . sh nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ vh /v] fn] sG] bd| f #) l8uL| sf] sf0] f agfPsf] 5 . To;n} ] v laGbs' f] bz] fGt/ #)) xG' 5 . kw| fg dWofGg /v] fsf] l7s ljk/Lt lbzfdf !*) l8uL| sf] /v] f 5 . of] /v] fnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly /v] f elgG5 . bz] fGt/ sf] ke| fjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ k|Tos] !% l8u|L b]zfGt/df ! 306f ;do km/s kb{} hfG5 . s'g} bz] fGt/sf] kj\" {tkm{sf] ;do l56f] jf rnfv xG' 5 eg] klZrdtkm{sf] ;do l9nf] x'G5 . b] zfGt/sf cfwf/df ;do lgwf{/0f xG' 5 . -v_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ltly /]vf kf/ u/k] l5 ut] / af/ kl/ jt{g xG' 5 . o; /]vfsf] bfof“ / afof“df @$ 306fsf] km/s kg{ hfG5 . k|ltnf]d (Antipode): k[YjLsf] ;txdf /xs] f] s'g} laGbs' f] l7s ljk/Lt :yfgdf /x]sf] laGb'nfO{ k|ltnfd] (antipode) elgG5 . cIffz+ , ;do / bz] fGt/df o:tf] k|ltnf]d u0fgf ul/G5 . cIffz+ sf] kl| tnfd] M pQ/L cIffz+ sf] kl| tnfd] blIf0fL cIffz+ xG' 5 eg] blIf0fL cIffz+ sf] kl| tnfd] pQ/L cIff+z xG' 5 . h:t} M @) l8uL| pQ/L cIff+zsf] k|ltnf]d @) l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+z x'G5 . ljm| ofsnfk != Pp6f uf]nfsf/ km;L{ jf efu] 6] jf :ofp n]pm . To;nfO{ dflyaf6 Ps rfy} fO efu sf6 . sfl6Psf] aj|m ;txdf #) l8u|Lsf] km/sdf sf]0f lvlrPsf] cw{ jQ[ fsf/ sfuh 6f;“ . sG] ba| f6 cfPsf] /]vfn] ;txdf 5fP] sf] :yfgdf Ps Ps cf6] f lkg uf8 / /a/ JofG8n] afw“ . ca cIff+z /]vfx¿ lgdf0{ f x'G5g\\ . @= To;u} /L csf]{ uf]nfsf/ j:t'nfO{ cfwf xg' ] u/L sf6 . pSt sfl6Psf] efudf ;fx] L cfsf/sf] jQ[ fsf/ sfuhdf #) l8uL| sf] km/sdf bfoft“ km{ !*) l8uL| / afoft“ km{ !*) l8uL| ;Dd sf0] fx¿ lvr]/ sfuh 6f“; . ca of] bz] fGt/ eof] . kT| os] b]zfGt/af6 wfuf]åf/f bz] fGt/ /]vfx¿ klg lvr . #= kl| tnf]dsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro bp] m . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 77

k f7 M ^ g]kfnsf lhNnf / kb| z] kd] fsf] 8fo/L /fli6«o afn en] f rln/x]sf] lyof] . ;'?df kl/rosf] sfo{jm| d lyof] . d l;6af6 h'?Ss p7]/ gd:sf/ ub{} eg] . æd]/f] gfd k]df tfdfª xf] . d j8f g= @, nlntk/' dxfgu/kflnsf, nlntk'/ lhNnf, k|b]z g= #, gk] fndf a:5' .Æ Toxf“ gk] fnsf && cf]6} lhNnf / & cf]6} kb| ] zaf6 kl| tlglwx¿ cfPsf /x5] g\\ . To; a]nfbl] v g} d/] f] dgdf Pp6f lh1f;f pl7/x]sf] lyof] . d]/f] dgdf plAhPsf sf}t'xntf d6] fpg dn} ] o:tf] lh1f;f /fv]“ M æg]kfndf & kb| z] / && lhNnf 5g\\ eGg] t yfxf 5 t/ lsg o;/L lhNnf / kb| z] df ljefhg ul/Psf] xf]nf, o:tf] ljefhg slxn] / s;n] u/s] f] xfn] f <Æ ljz]if1n] d/] f kZ| gx¿nfO{ ;Dafw] g ub{} eGge' of], æalxgLn] /fdf| ] kZ| g ug'{eof] . tkfO“x{ ¿sf o:t} afn lh1f;fx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ xfdL oxf“ pkl:yt ePsf 5f}“ .Æ g]kfnnfO{ ef}uf]lns ¿kdf lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ u/L tLg Ifq] df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . s]Gb|af6 dfq bz] sf s'gfsfKrf;Dd ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej x'“b}g . :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dWodaf6 ljsf; lgdf0{ f;“u ;DalGwt ;Dk\"0f{ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ &%# :yfgLo tx / & kb| z] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . kT| os] lhNnfdf lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L sfofn{ ox¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oxf“ lhNnf kz| f;g sfofn{ o, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] sfof{no / lhNnf lzIff sfof{no /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . To:t} u/L lhNnf c:ktfn, hg:jf:Yo sfofn{ o, s[lif sfofn{ o, kz' sfofn{ o, ;xsf/L sfof{no, k|x/L sfof{nonufotsf sfofn{ on] lhNnfel/sf hgtfnfO{ ;j] f ;'ljwf lbO/x]sf 5g\\ . k|b]zcg;' f/ lhNnfx¿sf] ljefhg o; ks| f/ /x]sf] 5 M k|b]z gDa/ lhNnf k|bz] – ! tfKn]h'ª, kfr“ y/, Onfd, ´fkf, df/] ª, ;'g;/L, wgs6' f, tx] y| d' , efh] k/' , ;ªv\\ 'jf;ef, pbok'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ª\\uf, ;fn] 'v'Da' k|bz] – @ dxfQ] /L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{ kb| ]z – # bfn] vf, /fd]5fk, l;Gwn' L, sfek]| nf~rfs] , l;Gw'kfNrfs] , /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª, lrtjg, dsjfgk/' , eStk'/, nlntk/' , sf7df8fF} k|bz] – $ uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, dgfª, d':tfª, kj{t, :ofª\\hf, DofUbL, lzIf0f ;'emfj M o; kf7 cWoogkZrft\\ P6n; tyf gS;f x/] ]/ lhNnf / c~rnx¿ klxrfg ug{] cEof; u/fpg'xf;] \\ . 78 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

afUnª' , gjnk/f;L -ab3{ f6 ;:' tf k\"j{_ u08sL gjnk/f;L -ab3{ f6 ;':tf klZrd_, ?kGbx] L, slkna:t,' kfNkf v3f{vfFrL, uN' dL, ?s'd -k\"jL{ efu_, /f]Nkf, Ko7' fg, bfª, afFs], albo{ f s0ff{nL ?s'd -klZrd_, ;Nofg, 8f]Nkf, hD' nf, du' ,' xD' nf, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, ;'vt{] kb| ]z – & afh/' f, aemfª, 8f6] L, c5fd, bfhn'{ f, at} 8L, 88N] w/' f, s~rgk/' , s}nfnL ljm| ofsnfk != g]kfnsf] gS;f ptf/L To;df & k|b]z e/ / k|To]s k|b]znfO{ km/s km/s /ª nufpm / kb| z{g u/ . @= g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf ;DaGwdf Ps hgfn] sDtLdf @) cf]6f k|Zgx¿ pQ/;lxt agfpm . ca sIffdf rf/ ;d\"x agfO{ xflh/L hjfkm sfo{jm| d u/ . cEof; != gk] fnsf] gS;f x]/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm b]pm M -s_ ef/t / rLgsf] l;dfgf 5'g] kb| ]zx¿ sg' sg' xg' \\ < -v_ kxf8L Ifq] df slt cf]6f lhNnfx¿ k5g{ \\ < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 79

k f7 M & gS;f cWoogdf b'/Lsf] k|of]u lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ P6n;df ePsf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts gS;f xg] { eGg'eof] . ;a} ljBfyL{n] gS;f kN6fO;s]kl5 gS;fdf cfk\"m a;]sf] lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd kQf nufpg eGg'eof] . To;kl5 pSt ;b/d'sfdb]lv g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}“;Ddsf] b'/L kQf nufpg eGge' of] . ;a}hgf cndNn k/] . Ps hgf ljBfyLn{ ] cfkmn\" fO{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfdbl] v /fhwfgL;Ddsf] b/' L g} yfxf 5}g, s;/L gfKg] egL kZ| g u/] . gS;fdf glhs} :s]n (scale) sf] gfkf] lbOPsf] 5 . To;s} f cfwf/df gfk/] x/] g egL lzIfsn] eGge' of] . ;gdsf] P6n;sf] gS;f glhs} ‘! ;]ld = !)) lsld’ n]lvPsf] /x]5 . pgn] cfÇgf] ?n/ lems]/ cfÇgf] lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd b'g}bl] v sf7df8f“;} Ddsf] b'/L gfk] . gS;fdf pSt b/' L & ;l] d /x]5 . pgn] o;/L lx;fa u/] M gS;fsf] b'/L = & ;l] d gS;fdf plNnlvt gfkf] = ! ;l] d = !)) lsld To;}n] & ;]ld = !)) X & lsld b'gb} ]lv sf7df8f}“;Ddsf] b'/L = &)) lsld ;gdsf] k|of;nfO{ lzIfsn] kz| ;+ f ub}{ c¿ ljBfyLn{ fO{ klg o;} u/L b'/L kQf nufpg eGg'eof] . o; ks| f/sf] gfkfn] fO{ sygfTds gfkf] (statement scale) elgG5 egL c¿ ljBfyLn{ fO{ klg l;sfOlbge' of] . gdt| fsf] P6n;df gS;f;u“ } o;/L gfkf] lbOPsf] /x5] . pgn] klg ;f] :sn] sf] ko| fu] s;/L ug{] xfn] f egL ;fR] g yflng\\ . pgnfO{ hl' St cfof] . pgn] !)) ) %) !)) lsld Ps 6j' m| f wfuf] lnOg\\ / lbOPsf] lrqdfly /fv]/ s v u 3 ), %) / !)) sf] laGb'df lrx\\g nufOg\\ . ;f] wfufn] cfÇgf] ;b/d'sfd ufO{3f6b]lv sf7df8f}“;Ddsf] b'/L gflkg\\ . pSt b'/L @)) lsld /x]5 . lzIfs bªu\\ kg{e' of] . ltdL t lgs} rnfv /lx5f} eGb} lzIfsn] pSt lrqfTds gfkf] (graphical scale) sf af/]df atfOlbge' of] . :sn] df gS;f;u“ } lbOPsf] o:tf] :sn] sf] cªl\\ st gfk a/fa/ g} gS;fdf gfKbf hlt b'/L cfp“5 ToxL g} lzIf0f ;e' mfj M gS;fsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ kIf gfk jf :sn] xf] . gfklagf gS;f ;Dej xb'“ g} . gS;f cWoog ubf{ gfksf ;xfotfn] ljleGg 7fpx“ ¿larsf] jf:tljs b'/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyLn{ fO{ P6n; jf leQ] gS;fdf ;u“ } lbOPsf] gfksf ;xfotfn] ljleGg 7fpx¿larsf] b'/L kQf nufpg] cEof; u/fpgx' f;] \\ . 80 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

jf:tljs b/' L x'G5 . k|:tt' :sn] df ‘v’ bl] v ‘3’ ;Ddsf] b'/L @ ;]ld 5 / gS;fdf klg s'g} Ps 7fpb“ ]lv csf{] 7fp;“ Ddsf] b'/L @ ;l] d eof] eg] tL 7fp“larsf] jf:tljs b/' L !)) lsld x'G5 . ufO{3f6b]lv sf7df8f};“ Ddsf] b/' L $ ;l] d /x]5 . To;n} ] tL 7fp“larsf] b/' L @)) lsld eof] . hdg' Lsf] P6n;df gS;f ;“u} gfkf] lbOPsf] /x5] . o;sf] k|ofu] s;/L ug]{ xf]nf egL pgL ;f]Rg yflng\\ . pgnfO{ ul0ft ljifodf leGg / cgk' ft k9\\bf !M!) eg]sf] !÷!) cyft{ \\ !) efusf] Ps efu x'g] s/' f ofb eof] . lbOPsf] gfkn] klg gS;fdf Ps PsfO gfkn] jf:tljs hldgdf $)))))) PsfO x'g] s'/f a'lemg\\ . pgn] cfÇgf] ;b/d'sfd 88]nw/' faf6 sf7df8f;}“ Ddsf] b/' L gS;fdf gflkg\\ . pSt b/' L !#=% ;l] d eof] . of] :s]nnfO{ k|ltlglw leGg gfkf] (representative fraction scale) elgG5 . tL b'O{ 7fps“ f] b'/L !#=% X $)))))) ;l] d = %$)))))) ;]ld 88n] w/' faf6 sf7df8f“;} Ddsf] jf:tljs b/' L = %$) lsld eof] . hd'gLsf] of] k|of; b]v]/ lzIfs cToGt v';L xg' 'eof] . ljm| ofsnfk != x/]s bO' { bO' { hgfsf] ;d\"xdf a;]/ P6n;df /x]sf sg' } gS;fdf ljleGg 7fpx“ ¿sf] larsf] b/' L Toxf“ lbOPsf] :s]nsf cfwf/df gfk]/ kQf nufpm . @= gS;fdf b/' L lbOPsf sf/0fn] s] s:tf kmfObf ePsf] 5 < ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn u/L nv] . #= lrqfTds gfkf] / kl| tlglw leGg gfkfs] f lardf km/s 5'6\\ofpm . cEof; P6n; x/] L gS;fdf :s]n k|ofu] u/L lbOPsf :yfgx¿larsf] b'/L kQf nufpm M kfv] /f — ;'gfn} L nl' DagL — sf7df8f“} hgsk/' — jL/uGh cGgk0\" f{ — sfb] f/L sf“s8le6\\6f — kfv] /f jL/uGh — ;u/dfyf ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 81

kf7 M * gk] fnsf] gS;f cfb/0fLo lzIfsHo,Ò d sIff cf7df cWoog/t ;ª\\uLtfsf] cleefjs x“' . d tkfO{“nfO{ Pp6f 36gf ;'gfpg rfxG5' . d c:6]l« nofdf k9g\\ cfPsf] Ps jif{ eof] . s]xL lbg klxn] oxf“ Pp6f sfoj{ m| dsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df ;xefuL x'g] k|To]s JolStn] cfcfÇgf] b]zsf] kl/ro u/fpgk' g{] lyof] . dnfO{ ;fyLx¿n] gk] fnsf tkma{ f6 k:| tt' ug{ kl| tlglw 5fg] . o; sfoj{ m| ddf ef/t, aªu\\ nfb]z, >Lnª\\sf, dnl] ;of, O/fg, km| fG; nufotsf dn' s' sf k|ltlglwx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . kT| os] k|ltlglwn] j|mdzM 7n' f] af]8d{ f cfÇgf] b]zsf] dfglrq sf/] ] / cfÇgf] b] zsf] uf}/j a9fpg] :yfgx¿ To;df bv] fP . /fli6o« ufg ufP / b]zsf Pl] txfl;s, ;f:+ sl[ ts Pjd\\ ko6{ sLo :ynx¿sf] kl/ro lbP . ha d/] f] kfnf] cfof], d cSs g aSs eP“ . dnfO{ d/] f] bz] sf] dfglrq agfpg cfPg . d pleO/x“] . Toxf“ pkl:yt sx] L g]kfnLnfO{ dfq gk] fnsf] dfglrq sfg] { cfpg] /x]5 . xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] dx;;' d}n] sIff cf7df k9b\\ fsf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg cEof; gu/]sf] s'/f emNemnL ;lDemP“ . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf d}n] w]/} cªs\\ NofP/ k/LIff t pTtL0f{ lzIf0f ;e' mfj M k|Tos] gful/sn] cfÇgf] bz] sf] dfglrq lbdfudf /fVg ;sf];\\ tf ls g]kfn eGg] lalTts} p;nfO{ gk] fnsf] dfglrq ofb cfcf];\\ . To;nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} ptfg{ g;s] klg ;fdfGo cfs[lt sf]g{ / bz] sf dxŒjk\"0f{ s/' fx¿ g]kfnsf] gS;fdf sxf“g]/ 5 egL ;ª\\st] ug{ ;sf];\\ . gk] fndf s] s] dxŒjk0\" f{ s'/fx¿ 5g\\ egL eGg / uj{ ug{ ;sf];\\ . 82 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

u/]“ t/ hLjgsf] k/LIffdf d c;kmn eP“ . g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg l;Sgs' f] dxŒj dn} ] cfh aNn a'em]“ . dn} ] klg cN5L gu/L gk] fnsf] gS;fsf] cEof; u/s] f] eP cfh of] cj:yf cfpg] lyPg . jf:tjdf gk] fnL gful/s ePkl5 cÇgf] b]zsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'g'kg]{ /x]5 . Tof] ;df/fx] df d}n] ;u/dfyf / n'lDagL sxf“ sxf“ k5{ eg]/ bv] fpg klg ;lsg“ . dnfO{ Toxf“ cfÇgf] sdhf]/Lkl| t cfTdUnfgL eof] . To;}n] cfb/0fLo lzIfsHo,\" d/] f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ To;f] gul/lbgx' f]nf . d/] f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ gk] fnsf] gS;f sfg] ,{ /fli6«o ufg ufpg, g]kfnsf] emG8f agfpg / b]zsf uf/} jzfnL s/' fx¿sf af/d] f l;sfOlbg'xf];\\ . d/] f 5f/] f5f]/Ln] d/] f] bz] nfO{ /fdf| ];u“ lrGg / a'‰g ;s'g\\ . d]/f 5f]/f5f/] L k/LIffdf dfq xf]Og hLjgdf klg pQL0f{ xg' ] u/L l;sfOlbg'xf;] \\ . oxL g} oxf“;u“ d]/f] cg/' fw] 5 . tkfOs“{ f] ze' lrGts z/0f g]kfnL lj|mofsnfk != rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;d\"xdf ljeflht eO{ P6n;df /x]sf] gk] fnsf] efl} ts jf /fhgLlts gS;f np] m . To;sf] dflyaf6 kfnk} fnf] 8fO; -kf6] u66\\ L_ u8' fpm . h;n] 8fO; u'8fPsf] xf] p;n] 8fO; hxf“ cl8of] To; j/k/sf sDtLdf tLg cf]6f s'/fx¿ gS;fdf x]//] eGg'kg]{ x'G5 . c¿n] l7s xf] jf xfO] g egL lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'G5 . of] vn] sl/a !% ldg]6 vn] / ;a}eGbf a9L cªs\\ s;n] kf| Kt u¥of], p;nfO{ k'/:s[t u/ . @= gk] fnsf ;;fgf /]vfªls\\ t gS;fx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/ . tLdWo] sg' }df ljsf; If]qx¿ 56' \\ofP/, sg' }df c~rn / sg' }df efu} fl] ns kb| z] x¿ 56' o\\ fP/ /ª e/ . To;nfO{ afSnf] sfuhdf 6f“; / Aofu, skfn RofKg] lSnk, k':tssf] uftfdf 6f;“ /] pkofu] u/ . #= lgDgfg;' f/sf ;ª\\st] n] s] hgfp5“ < cEof; != bl[ i6ljxLg afn aflnsfx¿n] lzIfsn] lbPsf] gk] fnsf] 6D] Kn6] gS;f 5fd/] g] kfnsf] cfsf/sf] cgd' fg u/ / To;sf] jl/kl/ an]| sndn] vfk] /] gS;f ptfg{] ko| f; u/ . cGo ljBfyLn{ ] ;fdfGo sndn] To;u} /L gS;f ptfg{] ko| f; u/ . @= gk] fnsf] gS;f dfly kftnf] sfuh /fv/] /]vfªl\\ st gS;f sf/] . To;df tnsf tYox¿ e/ M ;u/dfyf lxdfn, kf]v/f, hfgsL dlGb/, gk] fnsf] / fhwfgL, kj\" { klZrd /fhdfu{ . #= xfdLn] g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg l;Sgk' g]{ sg' } rf/ sf/0fx¿ pNnv] u/ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 83

kf7 M ( e\"sDk hldg xlNng' jf sf“Kg'nfO{ es\" Dk elgG5 . hldg w]/} xlNnPdf 3/x¿ elTsg ;S5g\\ / hldg klg kmf6g\\ ;S5 . w]/} wghgsf] Iflt xg' ;S5 . es\" Dk hfg] Pp6} dfq sf/0f 5}g . w/] } sf/0fx¿dWo] l9Ssf k|0ffnL (tectonic plate system) Ps dxŒjk\"0f{ sf/0f xf] . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ k[YjLsf] s]Gb|d08ndf Hofb} tftf] kbfy{ DofUdf /xs] f] 5 . DofUdfsf] jl/ kl/ s8f r6\\6fgn] ag]sf] txn] 9fs]sf] 5 . Tof] tx Pp6} l9Ssf geO{ ljleGg l9Ssfx¿ (plate) df ljeflht 5 . oL l9Ssfx¿ rnfodfg 5g\\ . s'g} l9Ssfx¿ cfk;df hf]l8b“ } 5g\\ eg] s'g} l9Ssfx¿ 5l' 6b“ } 5g\\ . sg' } 7'nf] l9Ssfsf d'lg ;fgf l9Ssfx¿ 3l' ;|b“ } klg 5g\\ . o;/L 5'l66\\ g,] hfl] 8g] / 3l' ;g| ] jm| ddf r6\\6fg lr/f kg{], ef“lrg] Pjd\\ wl;g] xg' ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf Toxfs“ f] ;txdf sDkg k}bf x'G5 . o;}nfO{ xfdL es\" Dk eG5f“} . gk] fn klg o:t} l9Ssfx¿sf] hf]gLd{ f /x]sf] 5 . blIf0ftkms{ f] ef/tsf] l9Ssf pQ/tkm{sf] ltAatLo l9Ssftkm{ 3:' b5} . To;n} ] g]kfndf hlxn] klg e\"sDk hfg ;S5 . hldgdl' gsf] e\"sDksf] pTklQ ePsf] :yfgnfO{ xfOkf;] ]g6/ (Hipocentre) / ;f] sDk l;wf ;txdf cfOkU' g] s]Gb|nfO{ Olk;]G6/ (Epicentre) elgG5 . e\"sDk /S] 6/ :sn] df gflkG5 . lj=;+= !(() df3 @ df g]kfndf dxfe\"sDk uPsf] lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)$% ebf} % / lj= ;=+ @)^* c;f]h ! df klg gk] fnsf] kj\" L{ Ifq] df 7'nf] e'O“rfnf] uPsf] lyof] . @)&@ jz} fv !@ / @( ut] uPsf] dxes\" Dkaf6 klg g]kfnn] 7n\" f] wghgsf] Iflt ;xg' k¥of] . clxn] klg o; Ifq] df dxfe\"sDk hfgsf lglDt zlSt ;~ro eO;s]sf] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . To;n} ] xfdL cfhb} l] v ;/' Iffsf] tof/Ldf nfUgk' 5{ . es\" Dkaf6 hfl] ug lgDgfg;' f/sf ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5{ M != e\"sDk cfpgc' l3 -s_ lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ldn]/ es\" DkLo ;/' Iff ofh] gf agfpg] . e\"sDkLo b[li6n] hf]lvd ePsf / ;/' lIft j:t' tyf :yfgx¿ klxrfg u/L ;w' f/ ug]{ . of] lzIf0f ;'emfj M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf e\"sDkLo ;'/Iff kj\" fE{ of; u/fpg'xf;] \\ . o;n] ;f“Rr} sf] e\"sDk cfPsf] ;dodf xfdL lzIfsnfO{ klg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . cGoyf ;Defljt Ifltsf] bf]if cfkmn\" fO{ nfUg ;S5 . o;df :yfgLo /8] jm| ;sf] ;dt] ;xfotf lngx' f;] \\ . 84 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

hgf cg';f/sf 6fn] Lx¿ agfO{ sfdsf] lhDdj] f/L af8“ kmf“8 ug{] . es\" DkLo :yfgGt/0f gS;f lgdf0{ f u/L ljBfnosf ;a}n] bV] g] :yfgdf / sIff sIffdf klg 6f“:g] . -v_ cfktsfnLg ;fduL| / xflh/L kl' :tsf ;an} ] e6] \\g] :yfgdf /fVg] . -u_ k|Tos] qd} fl;s k/LIff ;lsPkl5 e\"sDkLo ;'/Iff k\"jfE{ of; (drill) ug{] . @= es\" Dk cfO/x]sf] ;dodf ;a} ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs 8:] s aG] rd'lg a:g] / 8]:s aG] rsf] v6' \\6f ;dfpg] . 8]:s aG] r jf 6a] 'n gePsf] 7fpd“ f ;'/lIft :yfgx¿df xft jf emf]nf jf lstfan] 6fpsf] 5f]k]/ yrSs a:g] . z/L/nfO{ ;s];Dd ;fgf] agfpg] . sx] L klg gePsf] :yfgdf ePdf lrqdf bv] fP h:t} u/L 3“8' f 6]sL u8' 'NsL k/L cft] nfuL a:g] (Duck Cover Hold) . #= es\" Dk uO;s]kl5 -s_ s/fpg,] cflQg,] bf8} g] ug{' xb“' g} . zfGt eP/ xfl] ;of/Lsf ;fy gcflQOsg a:gk' 5{ . -v_ xNnf gu/L nfOg nfu/] gbfl} 8Osg l56f] aflx/ lg:sg'k5{ . tfl] sPsf] ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfgk' 5{ . nfOgdf xNnf gu/L a:gk' 5{ . cfÇgf ;fyL cfP÷cfPgg\\ x/] /] lzIfsnfO{ t?' Gt va/ ug'k{ 5{ . p4f/ 6f]nLnfO{ ;3fpgk' 5{ . -u_ lzIfssf] lgbz]{ g gkfP;Dd Toxfa“ f6 otfplt nfUg' x'b“ }g / 3/ klg hfg' x'b“ }g . -3_ cfk\"m RoflkPsf] jf y'lgPsf] cj:yfdf wo} {tfsf ;fy p4f/ 6fn] Lsf] k|ltIff ug'{k5{ . p4f/ 6f]nL cfPsf] ;ª\\s]t kfPkl5 dfq cfjfh lbgk' 5{ . lj|mofsnfk != ljBfnodf lzIfssf] lgb]{zgdf e\"sDkLo ;/' Iff cEof; (drill) u/ . @= e\"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf af/]df kl/jf/ / l5d]sdf klg hfgsf/L u/fpm . 3/df klg kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ ldn]/ cEof; u/ . #= cfÇgf] 3/sf] es\" DkLo ;/' Iff gS;f tof/ kf/ . ;a}sf] gS;f sIffdf kb| z{g u/ . cEof; != es\" Dksf] kl/ro b]pm . 85 @= es\" Dk hfgc' l3, uO/x]sf] ;dodf / uO;s]kl5 s] s] ug{'k5{ < ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

kf7 M !) xfjfx'/L ck/fx\\gsf] ;do lyof] . glbd x';]g / ;fyLx¿ ljBfnoaf6 kmsb“{ } lyP . crfgs xfjf rNg yfNof] . wn' f] p8o\\ f] . cgf7} f] cfjfh cfof] . ?vx¿ xfjfn] xNnfO/x] sf / otfplt nlRs/x]sf lyP . cufl8 a9g\\ } ;lsPg . uLtf, O;f / ab' w\\ dfg l56fl] 56f] lx8“ g\\ yfn] . Pp6f ?vsf] xfu“ f ef“lrP/ pgLx¿sf] glhs} v:of] . pgLx¿ 8/fP . Ps csfn{ fO{ RofKk ;dft/] yr' S' s a;] . cln k/ Pp6f 3/sf] 5fgf p8fof] . csf{] 3/sf] 5fgfsf] h:tf kftf klg p8fP/ cln k/ nu]/ kmflnlbof] . sx] L ;dokl5 x/' L atf; sd eof] . cfkmt\" km{ cfO/xs] f lszf/] bfOnfO{ bv] ]/ pgLx¿ Ps} :j/df s/fP . ælszf/] bfO ca xfdL s;/L 3/ hfg] < lx“8\\g} ;lsPg . 3/sf] 5fgf klg p8fof,] Æ uLtfn] 8/fp“b} elgg\\ . ltdLx¿ cflQg' kb}{g, x/' L atf; sd eO;ss] f] 5 . d;“u} lx“8 3/ hfcf“} eGb} lszf/] n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;fy} lnP/ lx8“ ] . af6fd] f lszf/] Ln] pgLx¿nfO{ x'/L atf; lsg cfp“5 eGg] ;DaGwdf atfpg yfn] . xfjfsf s0fx¿ w]/} ePsf] :yfgdf xfjfsf] rfk -bafa_ a9L x'G5 . jfo' rNgsf nflu Ps 7fpd“ f xfjfsf] rfk a9L / csf]{ 7fp“df sd xg' k' 5{ . tfkjm| d a9b\\ f xfjfsf] rfk sd xG' 5 . xfjfsf s0fx¿ tft]kl5 xNsf x'G5g\\ / dflylt/ hfG5g\\ . To;nfO{ Ifltkl\" t{ ug{ jl/kl/af6 sd rfk ePsft] km{ jfo' axG5 . xfd|f] kY[ jLnfO{ jl/kl/ jfo'd08nn] 9fs]sf] 5 . jfod' 08ndf /x]sf] xfjf (air) rnfodfg eof] eg] To;nfO{ jfo' (wind) elgG5 . jfo' l56f] ultdf axo\\ f] eg] To;nfO{ x/' L atf; elgG5 . ult cem} a9]df cfw“ L elgG5 . xfjf hlxn] klg ;al} t/ ;dfg rfk agfP/ a:g] :jefjsf] x'G5 . t/ tfkj|mdsf] c;dfgtfn] ubf{ of] ;Dej xb“' }g . rfkdf ;Gt'ng Nofpgsf lgldQ xfjf a9L rfkaf6 36L rfktkm{ axG5 . ltdLx¿n] rp/df e'd/L k/]/ sfut / wn' f]sf s0fx¿ 3'dfp“b} cfsf;tkm{ p8fPsf] b]vs] f] xf}nf . s'g} :yfgdf tfkj|md PSsfl; a9/] xfjfsf] rfk tLa| ultdf 36o\\ f] eg] rf/}lt/af6 To; :yfgtkm{ jfo' axG5 . jl/kl/af6 Ps} k6s xfjf cPkl5 Toxf“ xfjfsf] dfqf PSsfl; a95\\ . clg xfjf 3d' L 3d' L dflytkm{ hfG5 . ToxL g} e'd/L xf] . o;nfO{ rjm| jft klg elgG5 . lzIf0f ;e' mfj M g]kfndf lzIff kfPsf ;a} gful/s ;w}“ g]kfndf g} /lx/xG5g\\ eGg] 5}g . pgLx¿ ;db' |L lsgf/, Ifq] , d?el\" d If]q / jfo' rNg] If]qdf ku' ] eg] xfjf x'/L / cfw“ Lx¿af6 hf]lug ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] o; af/d] f Jofjxfl/s 1fg / l;k l;sfpgx' f];\\ . 86 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

;d'b|L lsgf/fsf] rj|mjft lgs} 7'nf] / zlStzfnL x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;d'b|L cf“wL elgG5 . ;d'b|L cf“wL rn]sf] ;dodf w]/} jiff{ / x'/L atf; rN5 . ;d'b|L lsgf/f Ifq] df a:gx] ¿n] hlxn] klg /l] 8of] ;fydf /flv/xg'k5{ . ;db' L| cfw“ Lsf] k\"j;{ r\" gf lbg ;lsG5 . ;\"rgf ;'g/] ;fjwfgL ckgfPdf wg, hgsf] Iflt x'gaf6 hf]lug ;lsG5 . cf“wL rln/xs] f ;dodf / /fl] sPkl5 klg 3/af6 lg:sg' Pjd\\ hyfefjL lx“88'n ug'{ x'b“ g} . cdl] /sfdf o;nfO{ x'l/sg] (Hurricane) / 6fg] f{8f] (Tornado) elgG5 . hfkfgdf 6fOkmg' (Typhoon) / aª\\unfbz] tyf ef/tdf cf“wL elgG5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] lxdfnL k|bz] df klg dWofx\\ gbl] v xfjf rNg yfN5 . o;/L xfjf rNgs' f] sf/0f kj{tLo jfo' rNgfn] xf] . dWofx\\g;Dd a];Lsf] xfjf tft]/ dflytkm{ hfG5 . ns] df lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] xfjfsf] rfk To;} klg a9L xG' 5 . a];Laf6 p7]sf] xfjf klg ylkPkl5 xfjfsf] rfk a9\\g uO{ kj{taf6 a;“] Ltkm{ jfo' axG5 . x'/L atf; rn]sf] ;dodf 3/df cug] f] jf r'nfs] f] cfuf] lgefpg'k5{ . ‰ofn, 9f]sfaf6 jfol' eq l5¥of] eg] lg:sg] 7fp“ kfpb“ g} / 5fgf g} p8fP/ lg:sG5 . x/' L atf; nfus] f] ;dodf lah'nLsf] tf/, vDaf / ?vsf] glhs a:g' x“b' g} . e'd/L k/s] f] jf ed' /L cfO/x]sf] lbzftkm{ hfg' x“'b}g . To;af6 6f9} /xgk' 5{ . lj|mofsnfk rf/ kf“r hgfsf] ;d\"xdf a; . cf“wL cfpg'cl3, cf“wL cfO/x]sf] ;dodf / cf“wL cfO;s]kl5 ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLx¿sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ . a'“bfut ¿kdf tL ;fjwfgLx¿nfO{ sfuhdf nv] L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . cEof; != xfjf x/' L cfpg] sf/0fx¿ lrq;lxt j0f{g u/ . ;fd\"lxs sfo{ k|foM ;a} :yfgx¿df lbp“;f] !@ ah]kl5 xfjf rNg yfN5 . lsg xfn] f < tnsf egfOx¿sf cfwf/df ltdL a;]sf] :yfgsf] ljleGg ;dosf] xfjfsf] ult dfkg u//] x]/ M x/' L atf;sf] c;/ xfjfsf] ult lsld kl| t306f w'jf“ l;wf dfly p75\\ . )–! w'jf“ htftt} km}nG5, ?vsf kftx¿ xlNnG5g\\ . !–^ ;;fgf xfu“ fx¿ xlNnG5g,\\ w'nf] p8\\g yfN5 . &–!^ ?vx¿ xlNnG5g\\, tf/x¿ r'“l8G5g\\ . !&–## ?vsf xf“ufx¿ ef“lrG5g\\, 7'nf ?vx¿ 9N5g\\ . #$–%% ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff * 87

kf7 M !! clkm| sf dxfb]z k[YjLaxfb/' / em/gfsd' f/L hfgsf/Ld\"ns ed| 0f sfoj{ |mdcGtut{ clk|msfsf] OlhK6 ku' ] . pgLx¿ ljBfyL{ xg' \\ . pgLx¿nfO{ Toxf“sf] lzIff dGqfnosf clwsf/Ln] :jfut u/] . To;kl5 clk|msfsf] kl/ro tn pNnv] ePcg;' f/ u/fP M ljZjsf ;ftcf6] f dxfb]zdWo] clkm| sf bf];|f] 7n' f] dxfbz] xf] . o; dxfbz] nfO{ e\"dWo /]vfn] lar efudf sf6]sf] 5 . To;n} ] o;sf] blIf0fL efu blIf0fL ufn] fw{df / pQ/L efu pQ/L uf]nfw{df k5{ . o; dxfbz] sf] Ifq] kmn sl/a # s/f]8 @ nfv $& xhf/ ju{ lsld 5 . o; dxfb]zsf] 7n' f] If]q pi0f kb| z] df k5{ . To;n} ] o; dxfb]zsf] w]/}h;f] :yfgdf jif}{el/ udL{ xG' 5 . udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOg] x'gfn] o; dxfbz] df w/] h} ;f] sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \\ . pgn] clkm| sfsf] efl} ts gS;f bv] fpb“ } ljleGg Ifq] sf] kl/ro lbP . pQ/ klZrdL If]qdf P6n; kj{t >0] fL 5 . oxf“sf] kxf8L efu xfdf| ] b]zdf ePsf] lxdfno kj{t zª[ v\\ nf h:t} 5 . To;bl] v blIf0ftkm{ ljZjs} 7n' f] d?e\"ld /x]sf] 5 . of] ;xf/f d?e\"ld kj\" { klZrd km}lnPsf] 5 . oxf“ jiff{ xb'“ }g . To;}n] o;sf] w/] }h;f] ee\" fudf dflg;sf] a;fa] f; 5g} . sxL“sxL“ kfgL pknAw xg' ] Ifq] df dfgj a;fa] f; 5 . oxf“ l;p8“ L hftsf (Cactus) sf“8f ePsf t/ kft gePsf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxfs“ f] d'Vo hgfj/ p“6 xf] . clxn] lzIf0f ;'emfj M P6n; Unf]a gS;f jf OG6/g]6af6 vfh] L u/L o; dxfb]z;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg tYox¿ vfh] L ug{ nufpg'xf];\\ . 88 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff *

xfdL a;s] f] :yfg OlhK6 klg oxL d?el\" ddf /xs] f] 5 . t/ of] :yfgnfO{ ljZjs} nfdf] gfOn gbLn] kfgL pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . of] gbL ;xf/f d?el\" dsf] kj\" {tkm{ blIf0faf6 pQ/ axs] f] 5 . oxf“ kf| rLg sfndf dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . ;xf/f d?e\"ldb]lv blIf0ftkm{ ljzfn 3f“;] d}bfg km}lnPsf] 5 . of] cª\\u|]hL cIf/ C sf] pN6f] cfsf/df /xs] f] 5 . o; db} fgsf] dWo efunfO{ ;efgfsf] 3f;“ ] db} fg klg elgG5 . o; If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/x¿ kfOg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ljZjsf] lrl8ofvfgf klg elgG5 . o; Ifq] sf dflg;x¿ kzk' fng / sl[ if k;] f u5g{ \\ . oxf“ cToGt ul/aL 5 . lxhfc] fh o; If]qdf 7n' f 7n' f /fli6«o lgs~' hx¿ :yfkgf ePsf xg' fn] ko6{ g Joj;fo klg km:6fPsf] 5 . clkm| sfsf] dWo efudf klZrdL lsgf/f;Dd ljzfn hªu\\ n /xs] f] 5 . o;nfO{ ed\" Wo /v] Lo jiff{ hªu\\ n klg elgG5 . of] hª\\un sªu\\ f] gbLsf] jl/kl/ kml} nPsf] 5 . oxf“ lbglbg} jiff{ x'G5 . oxf“ cUnf / 7'nf ?vx¿ 5g\\ . o; If]qdf klg dfgj a;fa] f; lgs} kftnf] 5 . oxf“sf] hghLjg lgs} lk5l8Psf] 5 . clk|msfsf] ;ae} Gbf pQ/L / ;ae} Gbf blIf0fL ;d'b|L lsgf/L efudf e\"dWo ;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ lxp“bdf hf8f] / jiff{ xG' 5 eg] u[id Ct'df udL{ xG' 5 t/ jiff{ x“b' }g . of] If]qdf ;G' tnf hftsf kmnkmn' vt] L x'G5 . clk|msf dxfb]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;g' , tfdf, lx/f, o/' ]lgod h:tf axd' \"No kbfy{sf vfgLx¿ 5g\\ . o;sf cnfjf kmnfd, k6] «fl] nod kbfy{, h:tf, vlghx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\\ . clk|msfsf clwsfz+ hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /xs] f 5g\\ . pgLx¿ /fu] / ef]sn] u|:t 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != clk|msfsf] cflys{ lj|mofsnfksf] j0f{g u/ . @= clkm| sf dxfb]zsf] ed| 0f cfkmn“} ] u/]sf] h:t} u/L Ps ofqf ljj/0f tof/ kf/ . #= clk|msfsf] gS;f x/] L tnsf tYox¿sf] vfh] L u/ M lhaf| N6/ hn ;o+ f]hs, ;xf/f d?e\"ld, ed\" Wo /]vf, Olyofl] kofsf] pRr el\" d, gfOn / sª\\uf] gbL, lsnL dGh/f] kxf8, leS6f]l/of tfn . $= ltdLn] clkm| sfsf] ljleGg Ifq] x¿sf af/d] f hfgsf/L kf| Kt u¥of} . olb ltdL clkm| sfsfdf a;f]af; ug{'k/d] f s'g 7fp“df a:5f,} lsg < cEof; != clkm| sfnfO{ slt ef}uf]lns kb| ]zdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 < @= gk] fn / clk|msfsf dxfb]zsf ldNg] s'/fx¿sf] ;\"rL agfpm . ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 89

kf7 M !@ pQ/ cd]l/sf Kof/L ;fyL jiff,{ xfdL clk|msf e|d0f u/]/ clxn] ;+o'St /fHo cdl] /sfsf] Goo' fs] {df cfOk'u]sf 5f}“ . cd]l/sfsf 7n' f ;x/x¿dWo] Goo' fs] { klg ljzfn ;x/ xf] . of] pQ/ cdl] /sf dxfbz] df kbf{] /x5] . xfdLnfO{ oxf“ pQ/ cdl]/ sfsf] kl/ro u/fpg] lel8of] bv] fOof] . o;af6 dn} ] pQ/ cdl] /sfsf af/d] f w/] } hfgsf/L kf| Kt u/“] . pQ/ cdl] /sf ljZjsf] t;] |f] 7n' f] dxfb]z xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn @ s/f]8 $@ nfv @& xhf/ ju{ lsld 5 . o; dxfb]zsf] pQ/L efudf cToGt lr;f] w|'jLo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxf“ dflg;x¿sf] a:tL 5g} t/ sxLs“ xL“ Pl:sdf] hftsf dflg;x¿ a:tf /x]5g\\ . dnfO{ cRrDd nfUof], logLx¿ t lxps“ f] l9Ssfaf6 ags] f] 3/df kf] a:tf /x5] g\\ . pgLx¿ a:g] lxp“sf] 3/nfO{ OUn' elgb“ f] /x5] . Toxf“ lxp“df a:g] ;]tf] efn' klg kfO“bf] /x]5 . oxf“ t olt lr;f] /x5] ls ;d'b|sf] kfgL klg hd]/ Pp6} l9Ssf x“b' f] /x5] . Toxf“ dflg; h:t} pleP/ lx8“ \\g] kG] uO' g gfdsf] r/f klg /x]5g\\ . z/L/el/ e'jf ePsf] kfgL aflx/ klg a:g ;Sg] l;n df5f klg oxL kfOb“ f] /x]5 . pQ/sf] bz] Sofgf8fdf ljzfn hªu\\ n /x5] hxf“ ;Nnf, w'kL / ba] bf/ hftsf ?v kfOg] /x]5 . oxfs“ f 7'nf 7'nf sf/vfgfx¿df KnfOp8, kmlg{r/, sfuh agfOb“ f] /x]5 . pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] dWo efudf kl]| /h gfdsf] ljzfn 3f“;] d}bfg /x]5 . o; d}bfgdf Jofj;flos ¿kdf ux“' vt] L ul/b“ f] /x]5 . Toxf“ v]tLsf] ;a} sfd dl] ;gaf6 x'g] /x]5 . Toxf“ pTkfbg ePsf] ux'“ o/' f]k, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clkm| sf;Dd lgsf;L x'G5 . To;}n] o; Ifq] nfO{ ljZjsf] cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 . kzk' fng oxf“sf] k|dv' Joj;fo /x5] . o; dxfbz] sf] klZrdtkm{ /sL kj{t >]0fL gfd u/s] f] kxf8L Onfsf /x5] . of] kxf8 pQ/ / blIf0f nfDrf] cfsf/ df km}lnPsf] /x5] . o; dxfb]zsf] dWo k\"jL{ efudf ckn]lrog gfd u/]sf xf]rf kxf8x¿ lzIf0f ;e' mfj M o; kf7df P6n;, Unfj] , gS;f jf OG6/g]6sf] k|ofu] u/L o; dxfbz] ;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg tYox¿sf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ vfh] L ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 . 90 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\\ of lzIff, sIff *

ePsf] Ifq] 5 . To;bl] v klZrdtkm{ kf“r cf6] f 7n' f 7'nf tfnx¿ /x]5g\\ h;nfO{ u6|] nS] ; elgG5 . oLdWo] ;k' ]l/o/ tfn ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] tfn xf] . of] tfn xfdf| ] b]zeGbf sx] L dfq ;fgf] 5 . o; dxfb]zdf Sofgf8f, o'P;P / d]lS;sf]n] clwsf+z e\"efux¿ cf]u6]sf /x5] g\\ . blIf0ftkm{ ;;fgf bz] x¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . oLdWo] ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sf / Sofgf8f cToGt ljsl;t d'ns' x¿ xg' \\ . oxf“ sl[ if, pBfu] , Jofkf/ / ko6{ g Joj;fosf] /fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf] /x5] . oxf“ uf/] f hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] afxN' o eP klg ljZjsf ;a} bz] sf dflg;x¿ a;fa] f; ubf{ /x5] g\\ . o; dxfb]zdf blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ a9L hf8f] x'b“ } hfg] xfjfkfgL kfO“bf] /x]5 . ;fyL, xfdL oxf“ ;ft lbg 3'd/] blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] af| lhn / chl{] G6gf hfg] sfoj{ |md 5 . To;sf af/]df klg nV] b} u/fn}“ f . cfhnfO{ olTt g} . pxL ltdf| ] ;fyL em/gf lj|mofsnfk != Ps If0f ;fr] t M -s_ s] lxp“sf] 3/leq hf8f] x“b' g} xfn] f t < -v_ s] ltdL klg OUnd' f a:g ;S5f}, lsg < @= P6n;df pQ/ cdl] /sfsf] gS;fx¿ x/] / tnsf] tflnsf e/ M dV' o kjt{ dV' o gbLx¿ tfnx¿ ;db' | ;x/x¿ cGo #= ;ft lbg;Dd /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgdf laxfg jf an] 'sLsf] sg' } ;dfrf/ ;G' g] jf xg] ]{ u/ . klqsf k9] klg x'G5 . pSt ;dfrf/df pQ/ cdl] /sfsf s'g} b]z;DaGwL ;dfrf/ cfpg ;S5 . tL ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/ / leQ] klqsfdf 6f;“ . cEof; pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] gS;f x/] L cfÇgf] sfkLdf pSt gS;f ptf/ . ;f] gS;fdf tnsf tYox¿ e/ . pQ/tkms{ f ;;fgf 6fk'x¿ gb]vfP klg x'G5 . ckn]lrog kjt{ dfnf, ;k' l] /o/ tfn, ldl;l;kL gbL, k|zfGt dxf;fu/ / jfl;ª\\6g 8L=;L= ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\\Vof lzIff, sIff * 91