CLIMATES IN TURKEY (2)

CLIMATES IN TURKEY Melis Nisa Şahin



CLIMATES IN TURKEY WRITER Melis Nisa ŞAHIN DESIGNER Melis Nisa ŞAHIN DATE OF ISSUE 27.04.2023 1

CONTENTS 01 Preface...4 02 What is a Climate...5 03 Differences Between Weather and Climate...6 04 Which Factors Affect the Climate of Turkey?...7 05 Climate Types in Turkey...9 2

CONTENTS 06 Continental Climate...10 07 Mediterranean Climate...21 08 Black Sea Climate...25 09 Marmara Climate...29 10 References...33 3

PREFACE Don't you want to learn about the climate of Turkey? How can it be warm and sunny in the south, while it rains nearly all year in the north? What is the diffrence?If you interest in the features of Turkey's climates, you are in the right place. It's important to know about the country that we live in. In this magazine I tried to do my best for you to learn about it. I hope you will like it and I hope, this magazine will help you to learn what you wonder. Melis Nisa ŞAHIN 4

Climates in Turkey

CLIMATES IN TURKEY BEFORE STARTING DO YOU KNOW WHAT CLIMATE IS? Climate is the common average weather conditions at a particular place over a long period of time. There are 10 different climate types in the world. 5

CLIMATES IN TURKEY NOW YOU KNOW WHAT CLIMATE IS BUT WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHER AND CLIMATE? WEATHER CLIMATE Weather changes The overall changes of within a short time a climate may take Weather conditions decades to occur affect smaller, Climates affect larger particular locations areas (like a country or (like a district) state) The scientific study of weather is called The scientific study of meteorology climate is called climatology 6

Turkey Turkey EQUATORIAL ZONE TROPİCAL ZONE TEMPERATE ZONE PPOOLALRARZOZNOENE SUBEQUATORIAL ZONE SUBTROPİCAL ZONE SUBPOLAR ZONE World Climate Map The colors on the map are linked to the average temperatures of the climateThe places marked in red on the map have an equatorial climate (the warmest climate) because sunlight always comes there at a right angle, this makes the equatorial zone warmer. 7

Which Factors Affect the Climate of Turkey? Turkey As you see on the world map , Turkey is situated between the subtropical zone and temperate zone on the world climate map. This geographic location influence the climate types of the country. Another factor which affects the climate is the landforms as well as the geographical location of the country. You'll also read about how this factor affects the climate. 8

AEGEAN SEACLIMATE TYPES IN TURKEY BLACK SEA MARMARA SEA MEDİTERRANEAN Turkey Climate Map Turkey has four main climate types. These are: Continental Climate Mediterranean Climate Black Sea Climate Marmara Climate 9

CONTINENTAL CLIMATE We can see the continental climate in a large part of Turkey. The yellow, orange and red colored areas on the map represent the continental climate. We have different colors for the same climate because continental climate has four different types. 1d 3 1c 1b 1a Turkey Climate Map abcd 10

a SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA CONTINENTAL CLIMATE All the types of 1a continental climate are similar, they just have little changes. We will talk about all types' features and diffrences. Unlike the general characteristics of the continental climate, in places where this type of continental climate is effective, summers are hotter and winters are less cold. 11

The annual average temperature is 16.4 °C. Most of the annual average precipitation of 565 mm falls in winter and spring. Compared to other types, precipitation is less in summer (2,6%). Average annual relative humidity1 is low(53,6%) , which is why summers are so hot. Weak steppes and xerophytic plant form the vegetation cover. Relative Humidity (RH); Is a ratio, expressed in percent, of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated. 12

b EASTERN ANATOLİA CONTİNENTAL CLİMATE In this type of continental climate, summers are short and cool, and winters are cold and long. Compared with type A, the annual average temperature is less (10.2°C). In winter, precipitation is in the form of snow. 13

The average annual precipitation is 579 mm. Most of the precipitation falls in the spring and summer. Compared to type A, the precipitation rate in summer is much higher (20.8%) Average annual relative humidity is 50.2%. The vegetation is steppe in the low areas, dry forest in the higher areas, alpine meadows in the highest areas. Xerophytic Forest Alpine Meadows 14

c CENTRAL ANATOLIA CONTINENTAL CLIMATE Winters are cold -as in the continental climate of Eastern Anatolia- provided that they are more in the east of the region, and summers are somewhat hot, again similar to the B type. The annual average temperature is 10.8°C. The amount of precipitation is less compared to other species (413,8 mm). 1c 15

Although the summer precipitation rate is more than type a, it is less than type b and d. (14.7%). The rainiest season is spring. Average annual relative humidity is 63.7%. Like all other types of Continental climate, there is temperature differences between day and night. Due to the high rainfall in high areas, the vegetation is the dry oak forests. The vegetation is the steppe in the lower areas (like other types of continental climate). 16

d THRACE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE Winters are colder there than type A, although not as much as C and B types and summers are hot. The annual average temperature is higher than type b and c. (13,2 °C) The annual average precipitation is 559 mm. Most of this precipitation falls in the spring and autumn seasons. 17

While the rate of summer precipitation is much higher than type a, it is almost equal to type c. (17,6%) Average annual relative humidity is 69%. As in all other continental climate types, there are temperature differences between day and night and between summer and winter. Xerophytic forest form a part of the vegetation as in type b. Anthropogenic steppes1 also form vegetation. Anthropogenic steppe is the name given to the steppes formed as a result of the destruction of forest cover by humans. 18

SOME CROPS THAT GROWN IN CONTINENTAL CLIMATE In the continental climate, crops such as wheat, sunflower and chickpea are grown, which do not need much water. 19

At the same time, some of the plants which need water can grow 20

MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE We see the Mediterranean climate in the Mediterranean, Aegean and southern Marmara The summer season is hot in the regions which affected by this climate. In regions close to sea level, winters are mild and rainy, frost and snowfall are rare. At the heights of the Taurus Mountains, winters are cold and snowy. The annual average temperature is 16.3 °C 21

The annual precipitation average is 725.9 mm. Most of this precipitation falls in the winter seasons. 5.7% of precipitation falls in summer, so the hot summer season is also dry. Average annual relative humidity is 63.2%. The vegetation is pinus brutia in natural areas and maquis in areas where the forest has been destroyed. In high areas, larch, fir and cedar trees grow. Pinus Brutia Maquis 22

SOME CROPS THAT GROWN IN MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE Citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit, lemon...) are grown in regions where the Mediterranean climate is effective. 23

Large amounts of olives and cotton are also grown in areas where the Mediterranean climate is effective. 24

BLACK SEA CLIMATE Black Sea climate is seen in the Black Sea coasts and northern Marmara. In the regions affected by this climate, summers are cool, winters are warm on the coasts, and cold and snowy in high regions. The annual average temperature is 13.0 °C. 25

Black Sea climate is the climate with the highest precipitation rate with 842.6 mm. This is due to the fact that the regions where the black sea climate is effective are rainy in all seasons. Average annual relative humidity is 71% In high regions coniferous trees which have adapted moist and cold conditions form the vegetation. The vegetation is forest consisting of broad-leaved tree species on the coasts 26

SOME CROPS THAT GROWN IN BLACK SEA CLIMATE In regions under the influence of the Black Sea climate, crops that need a lot of water such as tea, hazelnuts and rice are grown. 27

There are many different plants that grow in areas where the Black Sea climate is effective. 28

MARMARA CLIMATE TRANSITION CLIMATE Marmara climate is effective in the south of the Marmara region and in the north of the Aegean region. This climate shows a transition feature between the other three climates. Winters are not as warm as in the Mediterranean climate, but also not as cold as the continental climate. While the summers are not as dry as in the continental climate, it is also not as rainy as in the Black Sea climate. The annual average temperature is 13.0°C. 29

Average annual precipitation is 595.2 mm. We see that the average precipitation is less than the Black Sea climate and the Mediterranean climate. Most of the precipitation occurs in the winter season. Average annual relative humidity is 73% We can easily see the effect of the other three climates on the vegetation of this climate. In high areas, we can see forests that grow in the Black Sea climate In regions close to sea level, plants that grow in the Mediterranean climate form the vegetation. Steppe which grow in Black Sea climate is also part of vegetation. 30

SOME CROPS THAT GROWN IN MARMARA CLIMATE Many kinds of plants can be grown in regions where the Marmara climate is effective. 31

32

References weather.gov climatekids.nasa.gov climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org wikipedia.org dergipark.org britannica.com mgm.gov.tr dergipark.org.tr ankara.edu.tr 33