The Industrial Revolution_ A History in Documents (Pages from History) ( PDFDrive.com )

150 T H E I N D U S T R I A L R E V O L U T I O N Websites Annie Besant and the London Ironbridge Gorge Museums Saugus Iron Works 1888 Match Girls Strike www.ironbridge.org.uk/ www.nps.gov/sair/ http://anglais.u-parislO.fr/ The website of this English museum The Saugus Iron Works in Massachusetts offers a virtual tour of the first iron was the first in the United States to article. php3?id_article= 84 bridge in the world and the surrounding incorporate all aspects of the iron- This site provides a review of the industrial towns. Visitors can view the making process. The National Park match girls strike and includes images inventions of Abraham Darby and the Service website features explanations of the strikers as well as links to other products that were made in the of iron-making technology as well as examples of British working-class Ironbridge Gorge. the role of iron in early Massachusetts. protest movements. Blacknet John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four The Union Makes Us Strong: www.blacknet.co.uk/history/index.html Centuries of British-American Relations Trade Union Council History Online This website examines the black pres- www.loc.gov/exhibits/british/brit-5.html http://tuci.unl.ac.uk/index.php ence in Britain and notably the migration This Library of Congress online exhibit The site of the British Trades Union of Africans to eighteenth- and nineteen- features information about some of the Council contains information on the ty-century Britain during the period of principal inventions used during the history of trade unions in Britain, includ- the Atlantic slave trade and the industrial industrial revolution on both sides of ing its prominent leaders, interactive revolution. the Atlantic, such as the steam engine, timelines, and images. locomotive, and electromagnet. Eco-museum of Fourmis-Trelon, France Victoria Station: the Great Exhibition www.theotherside.co.uk/tmheritage/ Lowell National Historical Park at the Crystal Palace www.nps.gov/lowe/loweweb/ www.victorianstation.com/palace.html visit/visit-avesnes-ecomusee.htm An illustrated introduction to Britain's The website of this eco-museum intro- Lowel!_History/prologue.htm celebration of the industrial and econom- duces one of the regions where the The website of Lowell National Histori- ic achievements of Britain's industrial industrial revolution began in eigh- cal Park in Lowell, Massachusetts—one revolution, held in London in 1851. teenth- and nineteenth-century France, of the birthplaces of America's industrial offering information about the region's revolution—tells about nineteenth- Victorian Poor Law and Life textile production, iron smelting, forging century industry in Lowell: how textiles in the Workhouse of iron tools, and glass making. were made, the lives and working condi- www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/ tions of \"mill girls,\" and the use of water- History of International Migration power in early industry. poorlawov.html www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/migration/ Created by a professor at Brown University, this site includes descriptions chapter3.html of the ways the British dealt with the Sponsored by Leiden University in the poverty of the industrial revolution. It Netherlands, this site contains useful also provides images of the Rotherham information about how the industrial and Southwell workhouses and descrip- revolution stimulated the movement tions of the workhouses by contempo- of peoples across Europe and between rary writers. Europe and America. Also included are links to information on Irish migration.

T E X T C R E D I T S 151 Text Credits Every effort has been made to contact and secure pp. 35-37: Rev. D. Davies, 'The case of the Son's, 1880), 90-92. permission to reproduce the documents in this Labourers in Husbandry\" (1795), pp. 55-57, cited in pp. 77-78: Reverend Rufus Wm. Bailey, The Family book from the original copyright holder. G. D. H. Cole and A. W. Filson, eds., British Preacher or Domestic Duties (New York: John S. Taylor, Working-Class Movements: Select Documents, i 789—1875 1837), 22-25, 34. Main Text (London: MacMillan, 1951), 3-4. pp. 78-79: Isabella Beeton, Mrs. Beetcm's Book of pp. 37-38: J. G. Eisner, Landwirtschaftliche Reise durch Household Management [1861] (London, 1880), iii, p. 11: Norbert Truquin, \"Memoirs and Adventures Schlesien, 4 vols., in 2 (Breslau 1823) vols. 1-2, vol. I, 1-2, 5-8, 21-22, excerpted from Erna Olafson of a Proletarian in Times of Revolution,\" in The pp. 70-74, cited in Pollard and Holmes, eds. and Hellerstein, Leslie Parker Hume, and Karen M. French Worker.- Autobiographiesfrom the Early Industrial trans., The Process of Industrialization, 261—63. Offen, eds., Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Era, ed. and trans. Mark Traugott (Berkeley: p. 39: Arthur Young, A Tour in Ireland: withgeneral Women's Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France, and University of California Press, 1993), 254. observations on the present state of that kingdom, made in the the United States (Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 22-23: Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: years 1776,1777, and 1778 and brought down to the end of 1981), 296-301. The Life of Martha Ballard Based on Her Diary, 4785-1812 1779, vol. 1 (Dublin: G Bonham for Whitestone, pp. 81-83: Lydia Maria Child Papers,Anti-Slavery (New York: Vintage, 1991), 36-38. From A MID- 1780), 384-87. Collection, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y, WIFE'S TALE by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, copyright p. 44: Adam Smith, AHInquiry into theNature and cited in Gerda Lerner, The Female Experience-, An © 1990 by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Used by permis- Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Kathryn Sutherland American Documentary (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, sion of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 1979), 125-26. House, Inc. 291-92, 299. pp. 83-84: A. Guepin, Nantes au XIXe siecle (Nantes, p. 24: Report by Wintgens to v. Buggenhagen on pp. 44-45: Samuel Smiles, Self Help: Character and 1835), cited in Pollard and Holmes, eds. an rans., the woolen industry in Aachen, Duisberg, February Conduct (London: John Murray, 1859), 2, 8, 21, 23, The Process of Industrialization, 494—96. 8, 1781. Printed in Horst Kriiger, Geschicteder 238-39. pp. 85-86: Alexander Schneer, Uber die Zustande der Manufacturen und der tnanufacturarbeiter in Preussen pp. 46-48: The Family Economy, 14-15, arbeitenden Klassen in Breslau, (Berlin, 1845), 25-31, in (Berlin, 1958), 508-10, cited in Sidney Pollard and pp. 48: Charles Dickens, Hard Times (1843,- reprint, Pollard and Holmes, Tfoe Process of Industrialization, Colin Holmes, eds., Documents of European Economic New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 56. 497-500. History, vol. 1, The Process of Industrialization, 1750-1870 pp. 49—50: Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of pp. 87-88: Parliamentary Papers, 1833, vol. 20, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968) 88-89. Manufactures, 3rded. (1835) (New York: Burt Factories Inquiry Commission, First Report of the Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Franklin, 1861), 29, 339-40. Central Board, C. 1,42-43. pp. 25-26: Peter Gaskell, Artisans and Machinery, pp. 52: Richard Guest, Compendious History of the pp. 88-90: Gaskell, The Manufacturing Population of (London: John W. Parker, 1836), 6, 11-16. Cotton Manufacture (Manchester, 1823), 44-48, cited England (London: Baldwin and Cradock, 1833), pp. 26-27: \"Poem Descriptive of the Manners of the in Brian Tierney and Joan Scott, eds., Western Societies-. 106-9. Clothiers,\" written about the year 1730, cited by A Documentary History vol. 2 (New York: Knopf, pp. 91-92: Parliamentary Papers, 1843, vol. 14, Edward Thompson, The Making of the English Working 1984), 140-43. Children's Employment Commission, part 1, 45, 61-62, Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 300-301, pp. 52-53: B. Samuelson, Esq., M.P. to the Vice- cited in Hellerstein, Hume, and Offen, Victorian bracketed translations by L. L. Frader. Thompson's President of the Committee of Council on Women, 236-37. footnote says: 'The M.S. copy in Leeds Reference Education, 1867, British Parliamentary Papers, pp. 92-93: Adolphe-Jean Focillon, 'Tailleur d'habits Library is transcribed by F. B. in The Publications of 1867-1868, vol. 54, 27-31,- reproduced in Pollard de Paris,\" in Frederic Le Play, LesOwners europeens, the Thorseby Society XLI Part 3 No. 95, 1947, pp. and Holmes, Industrial Power and National Rivalry, vol 6, Les Ouvriers de I'occident, populations desorganisees, 275-9; there are extracts in H. Heaton, Yorkshire 88-89. 2nd ed. (Paris: A. Mame et Files, 1878), pp. Woollen and Worsted Industries (1920), 344-7.\" pp. 53-55: Solomon Northup, Narratives of Solomon 387-414, trans. Laura L. Frader. pp. 28-30: Regulations relating to the gild of lock- Northup, Twelve Years A Slave. . . (Auburn, New York: pp. 94-95: Frederick Engels, The Condition of the smiths, gun and watch and spring makers, Derby and Miller, 1853), 165-69. Working Class in England, with an introduction by Eric Bandenburg, Prussia, 1734. Printed in C. O. Mylius, pp. 55-57: Betina Eisler, The Lowell Offering: Writings Hobsbawm (London: Panther Books-Granada Cor/His Constitutionum Marchicarum, 5 vols. (1737-40), by New England Mill Women (New York: Harper, Publishing, 1969), 172-75. vol. 5, part 2, appendix, pp. 61-63, cited in Pollard 1977), 51-53. pp. 100-103: Nelly Hoyt and Thomas Cassirer, eds. and Holmes, The Process of Industrialization, 43-45. p. 57: Louis Reybaud, Etudes sur le rCgime des manufac- and trans., Encyclopedia-. Selections [by] Diderot, pp, 30-31: Edict of 1776. Printed in Robert Jacques tures: Condition des ourvriers en soie (Paris: Michel Levy d'Alembert, and a Society of Men of Letters (New York: Turgot, Oeuvres.. . avec les notes de Dupont de Nemours Freres, 1859), 38-39, trans. L. L. Frader. Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1965), 259-62, 266-267. 2nd ed., vol. 2 (Paris, 1884), 302-7, cited in Pollard pp. 58-60: Schroterand Becker, ed. Die deutsche pp. 103-104: Charles Mackenzie, Facts Relative to the and Holmes, The Process of Industrialization, 53-55. Maschinenbau-industrie, 112-16, cited in Pollard and Present State of the British Cotton Colonies, 56-57. p. 32: \"Petition des femmes du Tiers-Etat au Roi, ler Holmes, eds. and trans., The Process of Industrialization, pp. 104-105: Charles Mackenzie, Facts Relative to the Janvier 1789\" (n.p., n.d.) in Bibliotheque historique 534-36. Present State of the British Cotton Colonies and to the de la Ville de Paris, 12807, vol. 1, no. 17. Translated pp. 60-62: William Cobbett, Political Register, Connection of their Interests with those of the Aiotfcer Country by and reproduced in Darlene Gay Levy, Harriet November 20, 1824, vol. 2, cited in Richard L. (Edinburgh: Thomas Bryce and Co, 1811), 13, 15, Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson, Tames, Documents of the Industrial Revolution, 1750—1850 16, 19-20. Women of Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795 (Urbana: (London: Hutchinson Educational, 1971), 91-92. pp. 105-106: From Speeches to the Reichstag. University of Illinois Press, 1979), 18-20. pp. 62-65: Emile Zola, Germinal, trans. Peter Collier Printed in Heinrich von Poschinger, Fiirst Bismarck als pp. 33-34: Frances Collier, The Family Economy of the (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 41-43. VoVeswirty vol. 3, (Berlin 1889-1891), 14-15, 86-89, Working Classes in the Cotton Industry, 1784-1833,ed. R. By permission of Oxford University Press. 209-10, cited in Pollard and Holmes, eds. and S. Fitton (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 55. pp. 76-77: John Ruskin, \"Of Queen's Gardens,\" in trans., Documents of European Economic History, vol. 2, pp. 34-35: William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russia, Sesame and Lilies [1865] (New York: John Wiley and Industrial Power and National Rivalry, 1870-1914 (New Sweden and Denmark, 5 vols. (London, 1784,- 4th ed. York: St. Martins Press, 1972), 172-74. 1792)3:174-81, quoted in Pollard and Holmes, The Process of Industrialization, 24-25.

152 T H E I N D U S T R I A L R E V O L U T I O N pp. 106-107: Jules Ferry, h Tonkin it laMen Patrie nion publique du Vauxhall, le 13 juillet 1868,'f p. 48: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, ed. (Paris, 1890), 37, 40-43. Printed in G. Mosse et (Paris; Imprimerie A. Levy, 1868) in Pauif Minck: Andrew Skinner (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), al., eds., Europe in Review (Chicago, 1964), 369-70, Communard itffministe, preface et commentaries 109-12. and in Pollard and Holmes, Industrial Powerand d'Alain Dalote (Paris: Syros, 1981), 119-23, p. 58: Edward Baines, History of the Cotton National Rivalry, 169-70. 128-29, trans. Laura L. Frader. Manufacture in Great Britain (1835), cited in Tames, pp. 108-109: Henry Cooke, (British Commercial pp. 131-32: The Jackson [Mississippi] Daily Clarion, Documents of the Industrial Revolution, 68. Employee, Agent in Russia), Report on Russian Railways, June 24, 1866, printed in Philip S. Foner and Marshall's Flax Mill, 1819, quoted in Tames, Diplomatic and Consular Reports, Miscellaneous Ronald L. Lewis, eds., Black Workers: A Documentary Documents of the Industrial Revolution, 93. Series, no. 522, (March 1900), 4-7, cited in History from Colonial Times to the Present (Philadelphia: p. 86; Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives. Studies Pollard and Holmes, Industrial Power and National Temple University Press, 1989), 142. Among the Tenements of New York, ed. David Leviatin Rivalry, 134-35. pp. 132-33: Leaflet printed in Dokumente und (Bedford St. Martins, 1996), 141-42. pp. 109-10: S. I. Kanatchikov, fz istorii moego bytiia Materialien zur Geschichte der deutschen Arheiter-hetvegung, p. 88: Parliamentary Papers, 1842, vol. 17, 163, cited (The Story of My Life) (Moscow, and Leningrad, (Zentralkomite d. S.E.D., Berlin) series 1, vol. 4 in Edgar Royston Pike, \"Hard Times\": Human 1929), in Victoria E. Bonnell, ed.. The Russian (1967), pp. 91-95, cited in Pollard and rHolmes, Documents of the Industrial Revolution (New York: Worker: Life and labor under the Tsarist Regime (Berkeley: eds. and trans., Industrial Power and National Rivalry: Praeger, 1966), 258 University of California Press, 1983), 45-47. Documents of European Economic History, vol. 2. (New p. 91: R. A. Slaney, MP, reporting on the state of pp. 110-11: J. J. Rein, The Industries of Japan Together York: St. Martin's Press, 1972), 352-55. Birmingham, etc. State of Large Towns, 2nd with an Account of its Agriculture, Forestry, Arts, and pp. 134—35: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, \"The Report, Parliamentary Papers, i&45, vol. 18, app., p. Commerce (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1889; Lawrence Textile Strike,\" in The Rehel Girl (New 18, cited in Pike, \"Hard Times,\" 241-42. facsimile edition published by Curzon Press, St. York: International Publishers, 1973), [27-28, p. 92: Lady Bell (Mrs. Hugh Bell), At the Works, A John's Studios, Church Road, Richmond, Surrey 137-38. Study of a Manufacturing Town (1907 (London: TW92QA), 380-81. pp, 136-37: Speech delivered by Michael Thomas Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1911), 123-24. p. 116: Letter to a Huddersfield employer, 1812. Sadler, M.P. in the House of Commons, March 16, p. 94: Jemima Sanborn to Richard and Ruth Home Office Papers, 40/41, cited in Cole and 1832. Reprinted in Memoirs oftheLife and Writing of Bennett, May 14, 1843, in Farm to Factory-. Women's Filson, British Working-Class Movements, 114—15. Michael Thomas Sadler (1842), 338-39, excerpted in Letters, i830-fsso ed. Thomas Dublin (New York: pp. 117-18: The Economist, March 2, 1822, cited in Pike, \"HardTimes,\" 117-18. Columbia, 1981), 25. Cole and Fiison, British Working-Class Movements, pp. 137-38: Massachusetts Genera! Court, House p. 99: Interview with Carl Lund, cited by Maths 207-9. of Representatives, House Document 50, (1845), Isacson and Lars Magnusson, Proto-hdustrialization in pp. 119-20: Cole and Filson, British Worfa'ti^-Gass 15-17, cited in Philip S. Foner, The Factory Girls Scandinavia: Craft Skills in the Industrial Revolution Movements (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977), (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1987), 132. The interview p. 121: Home Office Papers, (1829), cited in Cole 241-42. was cited in an exhibition, listed in the bibliogra- and Filson, British Working-Class Movements., 247—51. p. 139: \"Report of Florence Kelley,\" in Illinois, phy as Verkstadsminnen, (Stockholm: M. Rhenberg, pp. 122—123: Louis Blanc, The Organization of Labor, Factory Inspectors, Second Annual Report for the Year 1953). (1840), translated by Marie Paula Dickore in Ending December 15, 1SP4 (Springfield, Illinois, 1895), p. 105: V. 1. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of University of Cincinnati Studies, series 2, vol. 7, 12-24, cited in Robert H. Bremner, ed., Childrenand Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, no. 1 (January-February, 1911) , 15-16, 51-56. Youth in America-. A Documentary History, vol. 2, 1905). pp. 123—25: Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, The 1866-1932 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 106: Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, De la colonisation chcz IK Communist Manifesto, with an introduction and notes 1970,673. peuples modemes, 4th edition (Paris: 1891). by A. J. P. Taylor (Harmondsworth, England: pp.140-41: Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, Essai sur la reparti- p. 110: E. A. Oliunina, Porhiowsfei promyset v Moskve I Penguin, 1985), 80-91. tion des richesses et sur la tendrance a une moindre inegalite\" v derevniakh Moscovskoi I Riazamkoi gubemii. Mattrialy k pp. 125-26: Cole and Filson, British Working-Class des conditions (Paris, 1881), 42-44, trans. L. L. istorii domashnei promyshlennosti v Rossii (Mosow, Movements, 527-28. Frader. 1914), in Bonnell, The Russian Worker, 174. pp.126-27: \"The Internationale,\" in Rebel Voices: An p. 119: Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, 1WW Anthology, ed. Joyce L. Kornbluh (Ann Arbor: Sidebars or Life Among the Early Mill Girls (New York: Crowell, University of Michigan Press, 1964), 174. 1898), 84-85. pp. 127—28: Mikhail Bakunin,\"Revolutionary p. 26; James Orr, \"The Penitent,\" James Orr, The p. 121: Opening Circular of the Metropolitan Catechism,\" in Bakunin on Anarchy-. Selected Works by Posthumous Works of lames Orr of Ballycarry, «?itfc a Trades' Union, from Penny Papers for the People, the Activist-Founder of World Anarchism, ed. Sam Sketch of His Life (Belfast: Francis D. Finlay, 1817), March 26, 1831, in Cole and Filson, British Working Dolgoff (New York: Knopf, 1972), 76-81. quoted by Jane Gray, \"Gender and Uneven Class Movements: Select Documents 1789-J875, 246. pp. 129-30: \"Compte rendu de J. Card,\" Session of Working-class Formation in the Irish Linen p. 130: Edward O'Donnell, \"Women as Bread September 7, 1866, La Premiere Internationale: Receuil de Industry,\" in Laura L. Frader and Sonya O. Rose, Winners: The Error of the Age,\" The American documents, ed. Jacques Freymond (Geneva: Librairie eds., Gender and Class in Modem Europe (Ithaca: Federationist 4 (October 1897): 8. Droz, 1962), I : 75-6, trans. Laura L Frader. Cornell University Press, 1996), 37-38. © 1996 by pp. 130—31: Paule Minck, \"Le Travail des Femmes: Cornell University. Used by permission of the discours prononce' par Mme. Paule Minck a la reu- publisher, Cornell University Press. p. 43: Richard L. Tames, ed., Documents of the Industrial Revolution, (750-1850 (London: Hutchinson Educational, 1971), 70.

P I C T U R E C R E D I T S 153 Picture Credits Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library: 131; Georges 3.2002.542. DIG-HUL 85,- The J. Paul Getty NARA, NWDNC-241-PATENTRES-72X: 56,- Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884, Oil on can- Museum, Los Angeles, Movement maker Jean NARA, NWDNS-102-LH-960: 68 (bottom),- NARA, NWDNS-102-LH-7A: 93,- Records of the vas, 207.5 x 308 cm, Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Romilly, Clock on Bracket 1758, Gilt Bronze, enam- U.S. House of Representatives, National Archives: eled metal, H: 4 ft. 2 in.; W: 1 ft. 5 3/4 in.,- D: 7 1/4 cover text; The National Archives of the UK: ref. Collection, Photography © The Art Institute of in.: 30,- The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, H045/6753: 87,- National Archives of the UK: Chicago: 141,- Time Table of the Lowell Mills, Jean-Francois Millet, Man with a Hoe 1860-1862, Factory Inspector's Report, 1836: 137,- © Board of September 21, 1853, Baker Library, Harvard Oil on Canvas, 31 1/2 x 39 in.: 36,- Giraudon / Art Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington: 18,- Resource, NY: Cover,- The Granger Collection, © NTPL: 10,. General Research Division, The New Business School: 89,- Bibliotheque Nationale de New York: 21, 27, 34, 102, 104, 116, 123, 127, 129,- York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden France: 40, 115; By Permission of the British Library Foundations: 82,- Print Collection, Miriam and Ira 143.g. 1: 49; By permission of the British Library, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, AE 185.769: 47,- D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, 1044.g.23: 42,- By Permission of the British Library, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, Elton Collection, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Ac.9654.c/9: 124,- By Permission of the British Tilden Foundations: 108; Rare Books Division, The AE 185.131: 145; Historical Archives Krupp, Essen: New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Library B.S. Ref.18 volume 17: 63; By Permission of 3; The Library Company of Philadelphia: 33,- Foundations: 80,- Robert N. Dennis Collection of the British Library, Cup.652.c.33: 107,- By Library of Congress, American Memory: 13, 95; Stereoscopic Views, Miriam & Ira D. Wallach Permission of the British Library, G.I5028: 101; By Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New Library of Congress, George Grantham Bain York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Permission of the British Library, Photo 29 (29): 96,- Collection: 134,- Library of Congress, Manuscript Foundations: 54,- North Wind Picture Archives: 29; Edward Owen / Art Resource, NY 25,- The Royal By Permission of the British Library, PP 300: 79; © Division: 139; Library of Congress, Prints and Collection © 2005 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: The Trustees of the British Museum: 135; © Photographs Division: 14, 44, 50, 61, 64, 69, 70 72, 77,- Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museums, (top), 71, 81, 86, 112, 139,- Corporation of London, Libraries, Washington DC: 142; Snark/Art Gloucestershire, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library: London Metropolitan Archives: 67; Lowell National Resource, NY: 2, 17, 84,- Courtesy Strong Museum, 38; Chicago Historical Society DN-0001248, Historical Park: 51, 55, 59, 66 (bottom),- Maine Rochester, NY 2005: 74; Tower Hamlets Local Photographer: Chicago Daily News: 70 (bottom),- State Archives: 23,- Manchester Library and History Library and Archives: 133; Courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society ICHi-38937: 1989.51.1: University of Texas Libraries, The University of 118; Chicago Historical Society ICHi34602: 114; Information Service: Manchester Archives & Local Texas at Austin: 31,- Victoria & Albert Museum, Courtesy of Corner Brook Museum and Archives: Studies: 52,- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift London / Art Resource, NY 75 144; Eskilstuna Art Museum, Sweden: 109; Lewis of Lincoln Kirstein, 1959 (JP3346) Photograph, all Wickes Hine, (Oshkosh Wisconsin, 1874-1940, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York). Insufficient Repair. rights reserved, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.: Bad Sanitation: Front door opening on unpaved, rubbish I l l , - The Walter Havighurst Special Collections, strewn alley. Pittsburgh Survey. The Social Museum Miami University Libraries, Oxford, OH: 90,-\" A Collection. Courtesy of the Fogg Art Museum, cotton office in New Orleans.\" Edgar Degas, musee Harvard University Art Museums, On deposit from des Beaux-Arts de Pau. Photographe: Jean- the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Christophe Poumeyrol: 98; © Musee Reattu, Aries: 66 (top),- Collection du Musee des Vallees: 68 (top);

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I N D E X 155 Index References to illustrations and their 127, 141. See also Middle class, Working Engravings, as documentation, 65 captions are indicated by page numbers class Etiquette, 74 in bold. Clipper ships, 96 Clockmakers, 29-30 Factories, 12, 14, 15, 42, 43, 66, 68, 129 Accident report, 7-8 Clothing manufacture. Sec Garment indus- Factory Act of 1833, 136 Advertisements, 13, 33 try Factory Girls' Association, 113 African Americans, 54, 115, 131-132 Coal mining, 49, 62-63, 64, 88, 115, Facts Relative to the Present State of the British Agricultural revolution, 22, 38-39, 41 118-120 Agriculture, 35-38. Seealso Serfdom Cobbett, William, 60-62 Cotton Colonies (Mackenzie), 103-105 Albert, Prince, 77 Colonies, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104-107 Family life, in industrial age, 73-95 American Federation of Labor, 130 Combination Acts, 120 Family wage, 73-74, 115 America, and industrial revolution, 13, 53, Communist Manifesto, The (Marx & Engels), Family, dissolution of, 94-95 123-125 Ferry, Jules, 106-107 55-57 Compendius History of Cotton Manufacture, A Flax industry, 21, 22, 27, 38, 39 America, pre-industrial, 20, 21, 22-23 (Guest), 50-52 Flying shuttle, 41 Anarchists, 127-128 Condition of the Working Classes in England, The Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 134-135 Annals of Commerce (MacPherson), 42 (Engels), 94-95 Focillon, Adolphe-Jean, 92-93 Arkwright, Richard, 41, 46 Cooke, Henry, 107-109 France, and industrial revolution, 13, 40, Artisans and Machinery (Gaskell), 24-25 Cooperative and Economical Society of At the Works (Bell), 92 London, 117 43, 52-53, 57, 62-63, 83-84 \"Atlantic economy,\" 20-21 Cottage industry, 21-22. See also Putting France, pre-industrial, 11, 19-20, 21, 30-32 Auden, W. H, 6 out system France, workers' housing, 83-84 Cotton gin, 56 Frugal Housewife, The (Child), 82 Bailey, Rufus William, 77-78 Cotton industry, 42, 50-52, 53-56, 70, 97, Bakers, 29 98, 104-105, 106 Garment industry, 66, 70, 92-93, 110, Bakunin, Mikhail, 127-128 Coxe, William, 34-35 132, 143, 144 Ballard, Martha, 22-23 Crimmitschau strike, 132-133 Beeton, Isabella, 78-81 Crop rotation, 37-38 Gaskell, Peter, 24-26, 88-90 Bell, Mrs. Hugh, 92 Gender division of labor, 42, 70, 117 \"Bertha, the Sewing-Machine Girl,\" 95 D'Alembert, Jean, 100 Germany, and industrial revolution, 13, Bicycles, 75 Davies, Reverend David, 35-37 Bismarck, Otto von, 105-106 Degeyter, Pierre, 126 58-60, 84-85 Blanc, Louis, 122-123 Dickens, Charles, 48-49 Germany, pre-industrial, 23-24, 28-30, Book of Household Management (Beeton), 79-81 Diderot, Denis, 100 Bourgeoisie, 115, 123-125 Division of labor, 48. See also Gender divi- 37-38 \"Breaker boys,\" 64 Germinal (Zola), 62-63 British Factory Commission, 86 sion of labor Glass works, 69 Doherty, John, 120 \"Godfrey's cordial,\" 91-92 Calico, 52 Domestic life, 78-83 Goode, Jane, 86-88 Capital, 12, 44 Domestic servants, seeServants Gottfried, Johann Eisner, 37-38 Capitalism. SeeIndustrial capitalism Drugs and child care, 90, 91-92 Government reforms, 65, 86, 135-137, Caribbean, 20, 97, 98, 100 Catawba Cotton Mill, 70 Eiffel Tower, 142 138, 139 Child care, 90, 91-92 Enclosures, 22, 35-37, 38, 41, 42 Grand General Union of Operative Child labor, 8-9, 12, 63, 64-71, 86-88, Encyclopedia (d'Alembert & Diderot), 100 Engels, Frederich, 94-95, 114-115, Spinners, 121 93, 118, 120, 135-137, 138, 139 Grant, William, 46-48 Child, Lydia Maria, 81-83 123-125 Great Britain, and industrial revolution, Class differences, 14, 84, 122, 123-125, England. SecGreat Britain 12-13, 41-43, 48-52, 60-62 Great Britain, pre-industrial, 21, 22, 24-27, 32-34, 35-37 Great Exhibition of 1851 (London), 107 Greg, Samuel, 33-34 Guepin, Dr. Alphonse, 83-84

156 T H E I N D U S T R I A L R E V O L U T I O N Guest, Richard, 50-52 \"Llnternationale,\" 126-127 Minck, Paule, 130-131 Guild system, 19, 20, 22, 27-32, 99 La Pizza, Anna, 134 Mines. SeeCoal mining Gunmakers, 28 Labor parade, 71 Mudie, George, 117-118 Labor bondage, 32-35. See also Indentured Hand-loom weavers, 50-52 National Child Labor Committee, 138 Hard Times (Dickens), 48-49 servants, Serfdom, Slavery National Consumers League, 139 Hargreaves, James, 41 Labor supply, 22, 42, 43 New England Working Men's Association, Health and disease, 70, 85-86, 120 Labor unions, 15, 114,115, 120-121, 130 Home-based manufacture, 22, 25-26, Laissez-faire, 44 137 Laudanum, 91-92 Northup, Solomon, 53-55 74-75. See also Cottage industry, Putting Le Creusot, coal mines and ironworks, out system O'Donnell, Edward, 130 Household management, working class, 52-53,62, 115 Oliunina, E. A., 110 92 Le Remain, 100-104 Organization of Labor, The (Blanc), 122-123 Housekeeping, 78-83 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 105 Orr, James, 26 Housing, working-class, 83-84, 85-86 Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 106, 140-141 How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 86 Libraries, 145 Parks, 145 Living standards, 144-145 Parliamentary commissions, 16-17, 88, 91, Imperialism, 98, 105, 106-107 Locksmiths, 28 Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism Lowell mills, 55, 89, 113, 114 103, 120, 137 Lowell Offering, The, 55 Pattern workers, 109-110 (Lenin), 105 Lowell, Francis Cabot, 55 \"Penitent, The\" (Orr), 26 Indentured servants, 20, 32—34, 99, Seealso Ludd, Ned, 116 Pharmacopoeia, 91 Luddites, 116 Philosophy of Manufactures (Ure), 49-50 Labor bondage Lund, Carl, 99 Photographs, as documentation, 15-16, 65, Indochina, 106 Industrial capitalism, 12, 114-115, 123 Machines, effects of, 12, 42-43, 48-52, 86 Industrial revolution, origins, 11-14, 41 116 Plantations, 53-55, 100, 102-103 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Political economists, 43. See also Smith, Mackenzie, Charles, 103-105 134-135 MacPherson, David, 42 Adam Inequalities, 14-15, 114-115, 122, Manufactories, 12, 38, 39, 42 Political Register, The, 60 Manufacturing Population oj England, The Population growth, 41, 42 123-125, 127 Pottier, Eugene, 126-127 International Working Men's Association, (Gaskell), 88-90 Pre-industrial life, 11, 18-39 Manufacturing, pre-industrial, 11, 18, 19, Primary sources, 6 125, 127,129 Producers'cooperatives, 117-118 Invisible hand, 44 21 Proletariat, 115, 123-125 Ireland, and industrial revolution, 43 Marx, Karl, 114-115, 123-125 Protest posters, 9, 114 Ireland, pre-industrial, 21,26, 38-39 Mass consumption, 143 Protests and strikes, 8-9, 15, 17, 113-116, Ironworking industry, 10, 40, 47, 52-53, Men and women, relations, 73-74, 75, 132-135 See also Metalworking 76-78, 94-95. See also \"Separate spheres\" Proto-industrial activity, 21 Mercantilism, 44 Putting out system, 21, 24, 41, See also Japan, and industrial revolution, 14, 43, Merrimack Manufacturing Company, mill 99, 110-111 Cottage industry rules, 59 Kanatchikov, Semon I., 109-110 Metalworking, 99, 109-110. Set also Railways, 17, 99, 107-109, 144, 145 Kay, John, 41 Raw materials, 97-98 Kelley, Florence, 138 Ironworking industry Rebel Girl, The (Flynn), 134 Keltsch, Herrvon, 37-38 Metropolitan Trades Union, 121 Reform legislation. Sec Government reforms Kerr, Charles, 126 Middle class, 14, 46, 72, 73-75, 76-83 Millet, Jean-Francois, 36

I N D E X 157 Rein, J. J., 110-111 Steamships, 145 White lung disease, 70 Rendu, Ambroise, 45 Steel production, 61 Whitney, Eli, 56 \"Revolutionary Catechism\"(Bakunin), Story of My Life, The (Kanatchikov), Women and men, relations, 20, 73-74, 75, 127-128 109-110 76-78, 94-95. Seealso \"Separate spheres\" Revolutions, Russian, 99, 105 Strikes. See Protests and strikes Women, and domestic life, 73-74, 77-83, Reybaud, Louis, 57 Sugar plantations, 102-103 Riis, Jacob, 86 Sweatshops, 95 92-93, 129 Robinson, Harriet, 114 Sweden, and industrial revolution, 99 Women, and labor unions, 113-116, Royal Overseas Trading Co., 58-60 Ruskin, John, 76-77 Tenements, 75, 86 131-135 Russia, and industrial revolution, 14, 43, Ten-hour day. See Work hours Women, and work, 12, 15, 22-23, 28, Textile industry, 13, 16-17, 41-43, 46-49, 99, 107-110 31-32, 42, 54, 55-57, 62-63, 66, 68, Russia, pre-industrial, 34—35 50-52, 55-57, 59, 60-62, 68, 86-88, 70, 73-75, 84-85, 88, 90, 91, 92-95, 113, 116, 120-121, 132-135, 143. See also 111, 128-132 Sadler, Michael, 135-137 Cotton industry, Flax industry, Garment Wool combing, 11 Samuelson, Bernard, 52-53 industry, Silk industry Work hours, 14, 88-90, 132, 133, 134, Sandborn, Jemima, 93 Textile industry, pre-industrial, 23-24, 137, 139, 140-141, 144 Schneer, Alexander, 84-86 25-27, 50-52 Workers' protests. See Protests and strikes Timetables, for work, 89 Workers' rights. See Labor unions Self Help, with Illustrations of Character and Trade Union League, 116 Working class, 14-15, 16, 73-76, 83-95, Trade unions, 112, 125-127 99, 125-126. See also Proletariat Conduct (Smiles), 45-46 Trade unions, emblems, 112, 118, 135 Working conditions, 14, 16-17, 69, \"Separate spheres,\" 73-74, 75, 76-78. See Trading networks, global, 97 140-141 Trans-Siberian railway, 107—109 Working conditions, coal mines, 62—63, also Gender division of labor Truquin, Norbert, 11, 17 118-120 Serfdom, 20, 34-35, 99. See also Labor Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 30-31, 32 Working conditions, cotton mills, 55-56, 60-62, 70 bondage Unions. See Labor unions Working conditions, flax mills, 58 Servants, domestic, 79 Ure, Andrew, 46, 49-50 Working conditions, metalworking facto- Sewing machine, 143, 144 ries, 58-60 Sexual harassment, 95 Working conditions, silk industry, 57, 68 Silk industry, 57, 68, 99, 106, 110-111 Slaney, A. E., 91 Victoria, Queen, 77 Young, Arthur, 19-20, 38-39 Slater, Samuel, 55 Visual documents, 15-16 Zola, Emile, 62-63 Slavery, 20-21, 32, 53-55, 118, 119. See Wages, 134, 144-145 also Labor bondage Wardle, Betty, 88 Slave trade, 97, 98, 100-104 Washerwomen of Jackson, Mississippi, 131 Smiles, Samuel, 44-46 Water frame, 41 Smith, Adam, 43-44, 46, 48 Watt, James, 41, 50 Smith, Thomas, 33-34 \"Social workshops,\" 122-123 Wealth of Nations, An Inquiry into the Nature and Socialism, 114-115, 122-125 Songs, 17, 62, 126-127 the Causes of (Smith), 43-44, 48 Spinning frame, 51, 68, 70 Wealth, 14 Spinning jenny, 25, 41, 42 Weaving. See Textile industry Spinning mule, 25 Weekends, 144 Steam engine, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51 West Africa, 100, 101 Steam loom, 50-52 West Indies, 100, 101, 102 Steam power, 48

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Acknowledgments The author thanks Rachel Gillett and Robyn Christensen for their invaluable assistance on this project.

About the Author Laura L. Frader is professor of history and chair of the department of history at Northeastern University, and a faculty associate in residence at the Center for European Studies at Harvard University. Frader is the co-editor of Gender and Class in Modem Europe and author of Peasants and Protest-. Agricultural Workers, Politics and Unions in the Aude, i850—i9i4, andMasculin/Feminin-. Bodies, Citizens, and Breadwinners in Modern France.