(b) Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom P, Q dan R. Table 1 shows the proton number and nucleon number of atoms P, Q and R. Atom unsur Nombor proton Nombor nukleon Atom of element Proton number Nucleon number J 8 16 K 11 23 L 19 39 Jadual 1 Table 1 Berdasarkan Jadual 1, kenal pasti atom unsur J, K and L dari segi Based on Table 1, identify the atoms of the element J, K and L in terms of (i) Bilangan neutron Number of neutron (ii) Bilangan petala Number of shell [6 markah] [6 marks] (c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena. Diagram 1.1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene. Suhu Temperature (OC) 80 I II Masa t1 Time (s) t2 t3 Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Huraikan lengkung dari bahagian I dan II, dalam huraian anda sertakan: Describe the curve from the region of I and II, in your description include: keadaan jirim state of matter pergerakan zarah-zarah movement of the particles [4 markah] [4 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 51
Bahagian C Section C 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara pelajar dalam satu kumpulan untuk menentukan takat beku. Diagram 1 shows the conversation between students in a group to determine freezing point. Bahan X terdiri Apakah takat beku Takat beku bahan X daripada molekul. bahan X? adalah 80 oC. Substance X consists What is freezing of molecule. point of substance Freezing point of X? substance X is 80 oC. Apakah bahan X? What is substance X? Rajah 1 Diagram 1 (a) Kenal pasti bahan X. Jelaskan maksud takat beku. Identify the substance X. Explain the meaning of freezing point. [4 markah] [4 marks] (b) Lukis graf lengkung bagi menunjukkan takat beku bahan X. Kemudian, terangkan perubahan keadaan jirim bagi setiap perubahan suhu tersebut. Namakan proses perubahan keadaan jirim yang terlibat. Draw a graph of the curve to show the freezing point of substance X. Then, explain the change in state of matter for each change in temperature. Name the process of change of state of matter involved. [6 markah] [6 marks] (c) Berdasarkan Rajah 1, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan daripada perbualan di atas. Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi susunan radas, prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan. Based on Diagram 1, describe an experiment to prove the statement from the above conversation. Your answer should include apparatus set-up, procedure, result and conclusion. [10 markah] [10 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 52
Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia Chapter 3 The mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation 3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass SHORT NOTE 1. Konsep ‘jisim atom relatif, JAR’ dengan membandingkan jisim atom sesuatu dengan jisim atom unsur lain yang dipilih sebagai piawai. The concept of ‘relative atomic mass, RAM’ by comparing the mass of atom of an element to the mass of atom another element that is chosen as the standard. 2. Karbon-12 dipilih sebagai piawai: Carbon-12 is chosen as the standard: mudah dikendalikan memandangkan unsur ini merupakan pepejal pada suhu bilik it is a solid at room temperature and thus can be handled easily karbon-12 mudah bergabung dengan unsur-unsur lain carbon-12 combines easily with other elements karbon-12 mudah dijumpai dalam kebanyakan bahan carbon-12 is found in most substances jisim atom relatif karbon-12 adalah tepat 12.0 the relative atomic mass of carbon-12 exactly 12.0 3. Jisim molekul relatif, JMR sesuatu molekul ialah jisim purata molekul tersebut berbanding dengan 1 kali jisim satu 12 atom karbon-12. The relative molecular mass, RMM of a molecule is the average mass of the molecule compared to 1 of the mass 12 of one carbon-12 atom. 4. Jisim relatif bahan ion dipanggil jisim formula relatif, JFR. The relative mass of an ionic substance is called the relative formula mass, RFM. Exercise 1 : Jisim Atom Relatif, JAR Example : Relative Atomic Mass, RAM Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi atom magnesium, Mg. Determine the relative atomic mass of magnesium atom, Mg. [JAR / RAM : Mg = 24] = 24 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim atom relatif. State the meaning of relative atomic mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menentukan jisim relatif bagi semua unsur atom. Complete the table below with determine the relative atomic mass of all atom elements. Unsur JAR Unsur JAR Element RAM Element RAM Hidrogen / Hydrogen , H Natrium / Sodium , Na Helium / Helium , He Magnesium / Magnesium , Mg Litium / Lithium , Li Aluminium / Aluminium , Al Berilium / Beryllium , Be Silikon / Silicon , Si Boron / Boron , B Fosforus / Phosphorus , P Karbon / Carbon , C Sulfur / Sulphur , S Nitrogen / Nitrogen , N Klorin / Chlorine , Cl Oksigen / Oxygen , O Argon / Argon , Ar Fluorin / Fluorine , F Kalium / Potassium , K Neon / Neon , Ne Kalsium / Calcium , Ca Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 53
3 Berikan tiga sebab mengapa karbon-12 digunakan sebagai piawai untuk menentukan jisim atom relatif dan jisim molekul relatif. Give three reasons why carbon-12 is used as a standard to determine the relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Jisim suatu atom adalah sangat kecil. Oleh itu, ahli kimia menentukan jisim atom dengan membandingkan jisim atom tersebut dengan atom yang lain yang dipanggil jisim atom relatif. Rajah menunjukkan perbandingan jisim antara atom X dengan atom karbon-12. The mass of an atom is very small. Therefore, a chemist determines the mass of an atom by comparing the mass of the atom with another atom which is called relative atomic mass. Diagram shows the comparison of mass between atom X with atom carbon-12. Atom X C-12 C-12 C-12 C-12 (a) Kenal pasti atom X. Identify the atom X. ………………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi atom X? What is the relative atomic mass of atom X? ………………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) Beri alasan anda di 4(b). Give your reason in 4(b). ………………………………………………………………………………………………... Exercise 2 : Jisim Molekul Relatif, JMR Example : Relative Molecular Mass, RMM Tentukan jisim molekul relatif bagi heksane, C6H14. Determine the relative molecular mass of Hexane, C6H14. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12] = 6(12) + 14(1) = 86 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim molekul relatif. State the meaning of relative molecular mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 54
2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, Zn = 65, Br = 80] (a) Glukosa, C6H12O6 (b) Gas oksigen, O2 Glucose Oxygen gas (c) Air, H2O (d) Etanol, C2H5OH Water Ethanol (e) Gas klorin, Cl2 (f) Karbon dioksida, CO2 Chlorine gas Carbon dioxide (g) Sulfur dioksida, SO2 (h) Metana, CH4 Sulphue dioxide Methane (i) Air bromin, Br2 (j) Kalium karbonat, CaCO3 Bromine water Calcium carbonate Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 55
3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut. Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40] (a) Jisim molekul relatif bagi C3H7XH ialah (b) Jisim molekul relatif bagi 60. Na2XO3.10H2O ialah 286. The relative molecular mass of C2H5XH The relative molecular mass of is 60. Na2XO3.10H2O is 286. (c) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XCl2.2H2O (d) Jisim molekul relatif bagi XO2 ialah 46. ialah 244. The relative molecular mass of XO2 is The relative molecular mass of 46. XCl2.2H2O is 244. (e) Jisim molekul relatif bagi CaX2.6H2O (f) Jisim molekul relatif bagi X10H8 ialah ialah 219. 128. The relative molecular mass of The relative molecular mass of X10H8 is CaX2.6H2O is 219. 128. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 56
Exercise 3 : Jisim Formula Relatif, JFR. Example : Relative Formula Mass, RFM Tentukan jisim formula relatif bagi natrium klorida, NaCl. Determine the relative formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl. [JAR / RAM : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5] = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi jisim formula relatif. State the meaning of relative formula mass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim formula relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the relative formula mass of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C =12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, Fe = 56, Cu = 64, Zn = 65] (a) Magnesium sulfat, MgSO4 (b) Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium sulphate Magnesium nitrate (c) Zink klorida, ZnCl2 (d) Zink sulfat, ZnSO4 Zinc chloride Zinc sulphate (e) Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3 (f) Kalium karbonat, K2CO3 Ammonium carbonate Potassium carbonate (g) Ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 (h) Kuprum(II) nitrat, Cu(NO3)2 Iron(II) sulphate Copper(II) nitrate Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 57
3 Tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur atom X yang berikut. Determine the relative atomic mass of the following atom element X. [JAR / RAM : C =12, O = 16, N = 14, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65] (a) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2(SO4)3 ialah (b) Jisim formula relatif bagi ZnX2 ialah 342. 136. The relative formula mass of X2(SO4)3 The relative formula mass of ZnX2 is is 342. 136. (c) Jisim formula relatif bagi X(NO3)2 ialah (d) Jisim formula relatif bagi Al(XO3)3 188. ialah 213. The relative formula mass of X(NO3)2 The relative formula mass of Al(XO3)3 is 188. is 213. (e) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2SO4 ialah (f) Jisim formula relatif bagi X2CO3 ialah 98. 106. The relative formula mass of X2SO4 is The relative formula mass of X2CO3 is 98. 106. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 58
3.2 Konsep Mol Mole Concept SHORT NOTE 1. Menurut Kesatuan Antarabangsa Kimia Tulen dan Gunaan (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC), definisi terbaharu bagi mol adalah According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the new definition of mole is definition of mole is Mol, simbolnya juga mol, ialah unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan. Satu mol bahan mengandungi 6.02214076 x 1023 entiti asas bahan tersebut. Nombor ini ialah satu nilai tetap yang dipanggil pemar Avogadro, NA yang dinyatakan dalam unit mol-1. Pemalar Avogadro, NA juga dikenali sebagai nombor Avogadro. The mole, with the symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole of substance contains 6.02214076 X 1023 elementary entities of the substance. This number is a fixed value known as the Avogadro constant, NA that is expressed in mol-1. The Avogadro constant, NA is also called the Avogadro number. 2. Pemalar Avogadro, NA ditakrifkan sebagai bilangan zarah yang terkandung dalam satu mol bahan, iaitu 6.02 x 1023 mol-1. The Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the number of particles contained in one mole of substance, that is 6.02 x 1023 mol-1. 3. Jisim molar ialah jisim satu mol bahan. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance. 4. Isi padu molar ialah isi padu yang ditempati oleh 1 mol gas. Isi padu molar sebarang gas bergantung pada keadaan, iaitu 22.4 dm3 mol-1 pada STP atau 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik. Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas. The molar volume of any gas depends on the condition, that is 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP or 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions. Exercise 4 : Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah Number of Moles and Number of Particles Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan Bilangan mol, n = Bi angan zarah bilangan zarah: The relationship between the number of mole NA and the number of particles: Number of moles, n = ������������������������������������ ������������ ������������������ ������������ Bilangan mol x NA Bilangan zarah Number of moles ÷ NA Number of particles Example 1 : Berapakah bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam 0.3 mol aluminium, Al? Example 2 : How many atoms are there in 0.3 mol aluminium, Al? = 0.3 mol x 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 = 1.806 x 1023 atoms Satu sampel zink klorida, ZnCl2 mengandungi 3.612 x 1024 unit ZnCl2. Hitungkan bilangan mol zink klorida, ZnCl2 yang terdapat di dalam sampel itu. A sample of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 contains 3.612 x 1024 ZnCl2 units. Calculate the number of moles of zinc chloride, ZnCl2 found in the sample. =6 3 612 1 21 = 6 mol Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 59
1 Nyatakan unit SI untuk kuantiti sesuatu bahan. State the SI unit of amount of substance. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan molekul dan bilangan atom bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate number of molecules and number of atoms of each of the following substances. [Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1] (a) Sebuah balang gas berisi 2 mol gas (b) Sebuah belon berisi 1.5 mol gas nitrogen, N2. ammonia, NH3. A gas jar is filled with 2 mol of nitrogen A balloon is filled with 1.5 mol gas, N2. ammonia gas, NH3. (c) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.2 mol gas (d) Sebuah belon berisi 1.2 mol gas etena, C2H4. hidrogen, H2. A sample contains 0.2 mol of ethene A balloon is filled with 1.2 mol gas, C2H4. hydrogen gas, H2. (e) Sebuah balang gas berisi 0.8 mol gas (f) Satu sampel mengandungi 0.5 mol gas oksigen, O2. helium, He. A gas jar is filled with 0.8 mol of oxygen A sample contains 0.5 mol of helium gas, O2. gas, He. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 60
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol dan bilangan unit formula bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate number of mol and number of formula units of each of the following substances. [Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1] (a) Satu sampel natrium klorida, NaCl (b) Sebuah belon berisi gas oksigen, O2 mengandungi 3.612 x 1023 atom. mengandungi 2.408 x 1024 atom. A sample of sodium chloride, NaCl A balloon is filled with oxygen gas, O2 contains 3.612 x 1023 atoms. contains 2.408 x 1024 atoms. (c) Satu sampel karbon dioksida, CO2 (d) Sebuah belon berisi gas nitrogen, N2 mengandungi 1.0836 x 1025 atom CO2. mengandungi 6.02 x 1025 atom. A sample of carbon dioxide, CO2 A balloon is filled with nitrogen gas, N2 contains 1.0836 x 1025 CO2 atoms. contains 6.02 x 1025 atoms. (e) Satu sampel magnesium oksida, MgO (f) Satu sampel kuprum, Cu mengandungi mengandungi 8.428 x 1023 atom. 6.02 x 1024 atom. A sample of magnesium oxide, MgO A sample of copper, Cu contains 6.02 x contains 8.428 x 1023 atoms. 1024 atoms. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 61
Exercise 5 : Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan Number of Moles and Mass of Substances Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan jisim Bilangan mol, n = Jisi Jisi (g) ) bahan: ar (g The relationship between the number of mole and the number of substances mass: Number of moles, n = ������������������������������ ������������������������ (������) ) ������������������������ (������ ������������������ Bilangan mol x Jisim molar Jisim (g) Number of moles Molar mass Mass (g) ÷ Jisim molar Molar mass Example 1 : Berapakah jisim bagi 1.5 mol magnesium, Mg? What is the mass of 1.5 mol of magnesium, Mg? [JAR / RAM : Mg = 24] = 1.5 mol x 24 g mol-1 = 36 g Example 2 : Berapakah bilangan mol molekul yang terdapat di dalam 44.8 g sulfur dioksida, SO2? How many moles of molecules are found in 44.8 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2? [JAR / RAM : O = 16, S = 32] JMR/RMM = 32 + (16) = 64 g mol-1 44 8 g = 64 g = 0.7 mol 1 Apakah jisim molar? What is molar mass? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the mass of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, Fe = 56] (a) 0.4 mol serbuk besi, Fe. (b) 2.2 mol karbon monoksida, CO. 0.4 mol of iron fillings, Fe. 2.2 mol of carbon monoxide, CO. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 62
(c) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.05 mol (d) Satu eksperimen memerlukan 0.08 mol hablur ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4. hablur ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3. An experiment requires 0.05 mol of An experiment requires 0.08 mol of ammonium sulphate crystals, ammonium nitrate crystals, NH4NO3. (NH4)2SO4. 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung bilangan mol bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the number of each of the following substances. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23, P = 31, S = 32, I = 127, Pb = 207] (a) 29.4 g asid sulfurik, H2SO4. (b) 4.61 g plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2. 29.4 g of sulphuric acid, H2SO4. 4.61 g of lead(II) iodide, PbI2. (c) 7.84 g asid fosfat, H3PO4. (d) 28.6 g natrium karbonat terhidrat, 7.84 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4. Na2CO3.10H2O. 28.6 g of sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3.10H2O. 4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung jisim molekul relatif bagi setiap bahan berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances. (a) 0.9 mol gas X berjisim 3.6 g. (b) 0.3 mol bahan X berjisim 18.9 g. 0.9 mol of gas X has the mass of 3.6 g. 0.3 mol of substance X has the mass of 18.9 g. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 63
Exercise 6 : Bilangan Mol dan Isi Padu Gas Number of Moles and Volume of Gases Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan isi Bilangan mol, n = Isi padu gas padu gas: Isi padu ar The relationship between the number of mole and the volume of gas: Number of moles, n = ������������������������������������ ������������ ������������������ ������������������������������ ������������������������������������ Bilangan mol x Isi padu molar Isi padu gas Number of moles Molar volume Volume of gas ÷ Isi padu molar Molar volume Example 1 : Hitungkan isi padu 1.2 mol gas neon, Ne dalam dm3 pada STP? Calculate the volume of 1.2 mol of neon gas, Ne in dm3 at STP? [Isi padu molar / Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 pada/at STP] = 1.2 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 26.88 dm3 Example 2 : Berapakah isi padu 0.03 mol gas hidrogen, H2 dalam cm3 pada keadaan bilik? What is the volume of 0.03 mol of hydrogen gas, H2 in cm3 at room conditions? [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] = 0.03 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 0.72 dm3 = 0.72 x 1000 cm3 = 720 cm3 1 Apakah isi padu molar? What is molar volume? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3 pada STP bagi setiap gas berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3 at STP of each of the following gases. [Isi padu molar = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 pada STP] [Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP] (a) 0.5 mol gas klorin, Cl2. (b) 1 mol karbon dioksida, CO2. 0.5 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2. 1 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 64
(c) 3 mol gas ammonia, NH3. (d) 0.3 mol gas oksigen, O2. 3 mol of ammonia gas, NH3. 0.3 mol of oxygen gas, O2. . 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan menghitung isi padu gas dalam cm3 pada keadaan bilik bagi setiap gas berikut. Complete the table below with calculate the volume of gases in cm3 at room conditions of each of the following gases. [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] (a) 1 mol gas klorin, Cl2. (b) 0.01 mol karbon dioksida, CO2. 1 mol of chlorine gas, Cl2. 0.01 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2. (c) 0.08 mol gas ammonia, NH3. (d) 0.5 mol gas oksigen, O2. 0.08 mol of ammonia gas, NH3. 0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2. . (e) 0.7 mol gas hidrogen, H2. (f) 2 mol gas karbon monoksida, CO. 0.7 mol of hydrogen gas, H2. 2 mol of carbon monoxide gas, CO. . Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 65
Exercise 7 : Hubung Kait antara Bilangan Mol dengan Bilangan Zarah, Jisim dan Isi Padu Gas Relationship between the Number of Moles, Number of Particles, Mass and Volume of Gases 1 Rajah menunjukkan dialog antara cikgu Siti dengan Aina. Diagram shows the dialogue between teacher Siti and Aina. Cikgu Siti : Aina, sila sediakan gas X yang terdiri daripada 1.204 x 1023 Teacher unit XO2. Aina, please prepare gas X which is consist of 1.204 x 1023 Aina XO2 units. : Cikgu, gas X perlu menggunakan isi padu molar pada keadaan bilik atau pada STP? Teacher, gas X should use molar volume at room condition or at STP? Cikgu Siti : Aina, kamu perlu mengukur dengan menggunakan isi padu Teacher gas pada keadaan bilik iaitu 24 dm3. Aina, you need to measure using the volume of gas at room conditions which is 24 dm3. Aina : Baik, cikgu. Yes, teacher. (a)(i) Jisim molekul relatif XO2 ialah 96 g mol-1. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi X dalam XO2. The relative molecular mass of XO2 is 96 g mol-1. What is the relative atomic mass of X in XO2. (ii) Kenal pasti unsur X. Identify the element X. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 66
(b) Hitungkan, Calculate, [Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1] (i) Bilangan mol Number of mole (ii) Bilangan atom Number of atom (iii) Isi padu gas X dalam cm3 Gas volume X in cm3 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 67
3.3 Formula Kimia Chemical Formula SHORT NOTE 1. Formula kimia ialah perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili atom dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu. Chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms founds in the elementary entities of the substance. 2. Formula empirik ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. The empirical formula is the chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each element in a compound. 3. Formula molekul ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom setiap jenis unsur yang terdapat di dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian. The molecular formula is the chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element found in a molecule of a compound. Exercise 8 : Formula Empirik dan Formula Molekul Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) formula kimia, chemical formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) formula empirik, empirical formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) formula molekul, molecular formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan membandingkan dan membezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi glukosa. Complete the table below by comparing and contrasting molecular formula and empirical formula of glucose. Persamaan: Similarity …………………………………………………………………………………………………... Formula molekul Perbezaan Formula empirik Molecular formula Difference Empirical formula Formula kimia Chemical formula Nisbah bilangan atom Ratio of number of atoms Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 68
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan formula molekul dan formula empirik beberapa bahan. Complete the table below with molecular formula and empirical formula of several substances. Bahan Formula molekul Formula empirik Substance Molecular formula Empirical formula Air Water Ammonia Ammonia Hidrazin Hydrazine Propena Propene Benzena Benzene Asid sulfurik Sulphuric acid Heksena Hexene Exercise 9 : Penentuan Formula Empirik Determination of an Empirical Formula Example 1 : 1.35 g aluminium berpadu dengan 1.2 g oksigen untuk menghasilkan aluminium oksida. Apakah formula empirik aluminium oksida? 1.35 g of aluminium combines with 1.2 g of oxygen to form aluminium oxide. What is the empirical formula of aluminium oxide? Unsur Al O Element Jisim 1.35 1.2 Mass (g) Bilangan mol atom 1 35 = 0.05 12 = 0.075 Number of moles of atoms 27 16 Nisbah mol atom 5 = 1 75 = 1.5 Mole ratio 5 5 Nisbah mol atom paling ringkas 2 3 Simplest mole ratio of atom [JAR / RAM : O = 16, Al = 27] 2 mol atom aluminium berpadu dengan 3 mol atom oksigen. Jadi, formula empirik aluminium oksida ialah Al2O3. 2 mol of aluminium atoms combine with 3 mol of oxygen atoms. Thus, the empirical formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 69
1 Satu sampel kalium bromida mengandungi 6.24 g kalium dan 12.8 g bromin. Apakah formula empirik kalium bromida? A sample of potassium bromine contains 6.24 g of potassium and 12.8 g of bromine. What is the empirical formula of potassium bromine? [JAR / RAM : K = 39, Br = 80] 2 Satu sampel 26.1 g stanum klorida didapati mengandungi 11.9 g stanum. Nyatakan formula empirical stanum klorida itu. A sample of 26.1 g of tin chloride contains 11.9 g of tin. State the empirical formula if the tin chloride. [JAR / RAM : Cl = 35.5, Sn = 119] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 70
3 0.03 mol unsur Y berpadu dengan 7.62 g iodin untuk menghasilkan garam iodida. Nyatakan formula empirik bagi garam iodida itu. 0.03 mol of element Y combines with 7.62 g of iodine to produce an iodide salt. State the empirical formula of the iodide salt. [JAR / RAM : I = 127] 4 Seorang ahli kimia menganalisis sebatian yang memberikan bau kepada buah pisang yang masak ranum. Dia mendapati sebatian ini mengandungi 64.62 % karbon, 10.77 % hidrogen dan 24.61 % oksigen. Apakah formula empirik sebatian tersebut? A chemist analysed the compound that gives smell to fully ripe bananas. He found that the compound contains 64.62 % carbon, 10.77 % hydrogen and 24.61 % oxygen. What is the empirical formula of that compound? [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 71
Exercise 10 : Penentuan Formula Molekul Determination of a Molecular Formula Example 1 : Satu sebatian mempunyai formula empirik CH2. Jisim molekul relatifnya ialah 56. Apakah formula molekul sebatian itu? A compound has the empirical formula CH2. Its relative molecular mass is 56. What is the molecular formula of the compound? [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12] JRM sebatian RMM of compound = n[12 + 2(1)] Diberikan JRM sebatian 14n = 56 Given the RMM of compound 56 14 n= =4 Maka, formula molekul sebatian ialah C4H8. Hence, the molecular formula of the compound is C4H8. 1 Asid etanoik mempunyai jisim molar 60 g mol-1. Jika formula empiriknya ialah CH2O, tentukan formula molekul asid etanoik. Etahnoic acid has a molar mass of 60 g mol-1. If its empirical formula is CH2O, determine the molecular formula of ethanoic acid. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16] 2 Hidrokarbon terdiri daripada karbon dan hidrogen. 5.7 g satu hidrokarbon mengandungi 4.8 g karbon. Jika jisim molekul relatif hidrokarbon itu ialah 114, tentukan formula molekulnya. Hydrocarbons consist of carbon and hydrogen. 5.7 g of hydrocarbon contains 4.8 g of carbon. If the relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 114, determine its molecular formula. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 72
3 Berapakah jisim zink yang diperlukan untuk berpadu dengan 0.5 mol klorin bagi menghasilkan zink klorida, ZnCl2? What is the mass of zinc required to combine with 0.5 mol of chloride to produce zinc chloride, ZnCl2? [JAR / RAM : Zn = 65] 4 Andaikan anda ialah seorang peladang. Anda ingin memilih baja dengan kandungan nitrogen yang tinggi untuk tanaman anda. Berikut ialah tiga jenis baja yang lazim digunakan. Assume you are a farmer. You want to choose a fertiliser with a high nitrogen content for your plants. Three types of commonly used fertilisers are as follows. Baja Formula kimia Fertiliser Chemical formula Ammonium nitrat NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate Urea CO(NH2)2 Urea Nitrosol Ca(NO3)2 Nitrosol Baja yang manakah anda akan pilih? Berikan alasan bagi pilihan anda. Tunjukkan jalan kerja penghitungan yang dibuat. Which fertiliser would you choose? Give reasons for your choice. Show the steps used in the calculation. [JAR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 73
Exercise 11 : Formula Kimia Sebatian Ion Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Example 1 : Tulis formula kimia bagi kalium diklomat(VI). Write chemical formula of potassium dichromate(VI) K+ Cr2O72- 21 K2Cr2O7 Pembinaan formula kimia kalium dikromat(VI) menggunakan kaedah silang. Constructing the chemical formula of potassium dichromate(VI) via cross-change method. 1 Lengkapkan warna pada kation dan anion bagi cas berikut. Complete the colour at cation and anion of the following charge. Kation Warna Anion Warna Colour Cation Colour Anion Ion ferum(II), Fe2+ Ion manganat(VII), Iron(II) Ion, Fe2+ MnO4- Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ Manganate(VII) ion, Copper(II) Ion, Cu2+ MnO4- Ion mangan(II), Mn2+ Ion kromat(VI), CrO42- Mangan(II) Ion, Mn2+ Cromate(VI) ion, CrO42- Ion dikromat(VI), Cr2O72- Dicromate(VI) ion, Cr2O72- Ion nikel(II), Ni2+ Nickel(II) Ion, Ni2+ Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ Iron(III) Ion, Fe3+ Ion kromium(III), Cr3+ Chromium(III) Ion, Cr3+ Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 74
2 Lengkapkan jadual berikut dengan menyatakan formula ion kation dan anion bagi setiap sebatian. Complete the following table with state the ionic formula of cation and anion of each of the following compounds. Sebatian Kation Anion Compound Cation Anion Aluminium sulfat Aluminium sulphate Kalium sulfat Potassium sulphate Natrium sulfat Sodium sulphate Litium sulfat Lithium sulphate Argentum sulfat Silver sulphate Kuprum(I) sulfat Copper(I) sulphate Ammonium sulfat Ammonium sulphate Kalsium sulfat Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulfat Magnesium sulphate Zink sulfat Zinc sulphate Barium sulfat Barium sulphate Ferum(II) sulfat Iron(II) sulphate Kuprum(II) sulfat Copper(II) sulphate Plumbum(II) sulfat Lead(II) sulphate Stanum(II) sulfat Tin(II) sulphate Ferum(III) sulfat Iron(III) sulphate Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 75
Exercise 12 : Penamaan Sebatian Kimia Naming of Chemical Compounds 1 Tulis formula kimia bagi sebatian berikut. Write the chemical formula of the following compounds. Asid sulfurik Asid hidroklorik Asid nitrik Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Hydrochloric acid Kalium hidroksida Natrium hidroksida Asid etanoik Potassium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Ethanoic acid Ammonium karbonat Ammonium hidroksida Zink klorida Ammonium carbonate Ammonium hydroxide Zinc chloride Natrium sulfat Argentum sulfat Ammonium sulfat Sodium sulphate Silver sulphate Ammonium sulphate Kalsium nitrat Plumbum(II) sulfat Magnesium nitrat Calcium nitrate Lead(II) sulphate Magnesium nitrate Kuprum(II) sulfat Aluminium sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat Copper(II) sulphate Aluminium sulphate Copper(II) carbonate Natrium klorida Barium klorida Aluminium oksida Sodium chloride Barium chloride Aluminium oxide Magnesium oksida Ferum(II) oksida Magnesium sulfat Magnesium oxide Iron(II) oxide Magnesium sulphate Plumbum(II) nitrat Stanum(II) nitrat Ferum(III) nitrat Lead(II) nitrate Tin(II) nitrate Iron(III) nitrate Zink sulfat Stanum(II) sulfat Aluminium karbonat Zinc sulphate Tin(II) sulphate Aluminium carbonate Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 76
3.4 Persamaan Kimia Chemical Equation SHORT NOTE 1. Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia How to Write Chemical Equations Bahan Hasil tindak Tulis persamaan dalam bentuk perkataan terlebih tindak balas balas dahulu Hidrogen + oksigen → air Write the equation in words H2 + O2 → H2O Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas H2 + O2 → H2O Write down the chemical formula of each (2 atom H) (2 atom O) (2 atom H, 1 atom O) reactant and product Persamaan tidak seimbang Semak sama ada persamaan seimbang atau tidak Equation is not balanced Check whether the equation in balanced 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O Imbangkan persamaan dengan menyelaraskan (4 atom H) (2 atom O) (4 atom H, 2 atom O) pekali di hadapan formula kimia 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ce) Balance the equation by adjusting the coefficient in front of the chemical formula Tulis keadaan fizik setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas Write the physical state of each reactant and product Exercise 13 : Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia How to Write Chemical Equations 1 Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas berikut. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions. (a) Gas nitrogen + gas hidrogen → gas ammonium Nitrogen gas + hydrogen gas → ammonium gas ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (b) Logam natrium + air → larutan akueus natrium hidroksida + gas hidrogen Sodium metal + water → aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (c) Pepejal kuprum(II) karbonat terurai kepada pepejal kuprum(II) oksida dan gas karbon dioksida apabila dipanaskan Solid copper(II) carbonate decomposes into solid copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas when heated ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (d) Pembakaran serbuk aluminium dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan serbuk putih aluminium oksida Burning of aluminium powder in excess oxygen produces white aluminium oxide powder ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 77
2 Imbangkan persamaan kimia berikut. Balance the following chemical equations. (a) KI(ak) + Br2(ak) → I2(p) + KBr(ak) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (b) Zn(p) + AgNO3(ak) → Zn(NO3)2(ak) + Ag(p) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (c) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(ce) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. (d) AgNO3(p) →∆ Ag(p) + NO2(g) + O2(g) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Exercise 14 : Menggunakan Persamaan Kimia Using Chemical Equations Example 1 : Etanol terbakar dalam udara yang berlebihan seperti berikut. Ethanol burnt in excess oxygen as follows. C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O Berapakah isi padu gas pada keadaan bilik yang dibebaskan jika 4.6 g etanol dibakar lengkap dalam udara? What is the volume of gas released at room conditions if 4.6 g of ethanol burnt completely un air? [JMR / RAM : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16] [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] Bilangan mol di dalam etanol 4.6 g etanol = ass (g) ) Number of moles in 4.6 g of ethanol ar ass (g 46g = 46 g = 0.1 mol 1 mol C2H5OH : 2 mole CO2 1 mole of C2H5OH : 2 moles of CO2 0.1 mol C2H5OH : 0.2 mole CO2 0.1 mole of C2H5OH : 0.2 moles of CO2 Isi padu gas karbon dioksida, CO2 The volume of karbon dioxide, CO2 = Bilangan mol X Isi padu molar = Number of moles X Molar volume = 0.2 mol x 24 dm3 = 0.2 mol x 24 dm3 = 2.4 dm3 = 2.4 dm3 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 78
1 Selesaikan masalah numerikal stoikiometri berikut. Solve numerical the following stroichiometry problems. (a) Penguraian kalsium karbonat oleh haba menghasilkan kalsium oksida dan karbon dioksida. Berapakah jisim kalsium karbonat yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1.2 dm3 gas karbon dioksida pada keadaan bilik? Decomposition of calcium carbonate by heating to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. What is the mass of calcium carbonate required to produce 1.2 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas at room conditions? [JMR / RAM : C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40] [Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik] [Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] (b) Satu sampel ferum(III) oksida dipanaskan dalam aliran gas hidrogen berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 5.6 g logam besi. Hitungkan jisim sampel ferum(II) oksida itu. A sample of iron(III) oxide is heated in stream of excess hydrogen gas to produce 5.6 g of iron metal. Calculate the mass of the iron(III) oxide sample. [JMR / RAM : O = 16, Fe = 56] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 79
Chapter Review 3 Paper 1 Questions 1 Antara pernyataan berikut yang A CH2 manakah benar bagi 1 mol bahan? B C3H6 Which of the following statement is true C C3H8 for 1 mole of substance? D H6C3 A 1 mol zink mengandungi 6.02 x 1023 4 Formula kimia bagi ferum(III) sulfat molekul ialah 1 mol of zinc contains 6.02 x 1023 Chemical formula of iron(III) sulphate is molecules A Fe3(SO4)2 B 1 mol karbon dioksida mengandungi B Fe(SO4)3 bilangan molekul yang sama dengan C FeSO4 bilangan atom dalam 12 g karbon-12 D Fe2(SO4)3 1 mol of carbon dioxide contains the same number of molecules as the 5 Ester menghasilkan bau wangi yang number of atoms in 12 g carbon-12 terdapat pada epal hijau iaitu C3H7COOCH3. C 1 mol gas oksigen mengandungi 6.02 x Ester produces the fragrant smell found 1023 atom in green apple as C3H7COOCH3. 1 mol of oxygen gas contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms Unsur C H O Element D 1 mol ammonia mengandungi bilangan atom yang sama seperti dalam 12g Apakah nisbah mol atom paling ringkas? karbon-12 What is simplest mole ratio of atom? 1 mol of ammonia contains the same number of atoms as in 12g of carbon-12 A 3:7:2 B 5 : 10 : 2 2 Formula kimia bagi kuprum(I) oksida C 7:9:2 ialah D 10 : 20 : 4 Chemical formula of copper(I) oxide is 6 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah A CuO persamaan kimia seimbang? B CuO2 C Cu2O Which of the following is a balanced D Cu2O2 equation? 3 Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur A PbCO3 → 2PbO3 + 3CO2 propena. B AuCO3 → Au + CO2 + O2 Diagram 1 shows the structural formula C 4Al(NO3)3 → 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2 of propene. D Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO3 + 4NO2 + O2 Rajah 1 80 Diagram 1 Apakah formula empirik bagi propena? What is the empirical formula of propene? Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4
Soalan 7 hingga 10 berdasarkan Rajah 2. Questions 7 to 10 are based on Diagram 2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan peratusan mengikut jisim bagi unsur dalam alisin iaitu sebatian yang menyebabkan bau pada bawang putih. Diagram 2 shows the percentage by mass of elements in the allicin, which is a compound that causes the smell in garlic. Bawang putih Alisin Garlic Allicin X = 44.4% H = 6.21% S = 39.5% O = 9.86% Rajah 2 Diagram 2 7 Apakah maksud dengan formula D Formula kimia yang menunjukkan empirik? nisbah paling ringkas bagi bilangan What is meant by an empirical atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu formula? sebatian The chemical formula that shows the A Perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan simplest ratio of the number of atoms of menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili each element in a compound atom dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis 9 Apakah formula empirik bagi alisin? yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan What is the empirical formula of itu allicin? A representation of a chemical [JMR / RAM : H = 1, O = 16, S = 32] substance using alphabets to represent the atoms and subscript numbers to A C6H10S2O show the number of each type of atoms B C6H12S4O founds in the elementary entities of the C C12H5S2O substance D C12H10S4O B Perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan 8 Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi X jika menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili 3.7 mol dalam unsur X? atom dan nombor subskrip untuk What is the relative atomic mass of X if menunjukkan bilangan ringkas setiap 3.7 moles in element of X? jenis yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu A9 A representation of a chemical B 12 substance using alphabets to represent C 24 the atoms and subscript numbers to D 32 show the simplest number of each type of atoms founds in the elementary 10 Apakah yang mungkin bagi unsur X? entities of the substance A What is the possible of element of X? B Karbon C Formula kimia yang menunjukkan C Carbon bilangan sebenar atom setiap jenis D Nitrogen unsur yang terdapat di dalam satu Nitrogen molekul sesuatu sebatian Magnesium The chemical formula that shows the Magnesium actual number of atoms of each element Litium found in a molecule of a compound Lithium Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 81
Paper 2 Questions Bahagian A Section A 1 Tumbuhan hijau menjalankan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Formula molekul bagi glukosa adalah C6H12O6. SPM 16’ Green plant undergoes photosynthesis to produce glucose. The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. (a)(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul? What is the meaning of molecular formula? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Tulis formula empirik bagi glukosa, C6H12O6. Write the empirical formula for glucose, C6H12O6. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Persamaan kimia bagi fotosintesis adalah seperti di bawah. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as below. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditaksir daripada persamaan kimia itu. Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [2 markah] [2 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 82
(b) Paku besi yang terdedah kepada udara dan air menghasilkan karat, ferum(III) oksida terhidrat, Fe2O3.H2O. persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu adalah seperti berikut : An iron nail that is exposed to air and water to form rust, hydrated iron(II) oxide, Fe2O3.H2O. Chemical equation for the reaction is as follow: xFe + yO2 + zH2O 2Fe2O3.H2O (i) Seimbangkan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu dengan menentukan nilai x, y dan z. Balanced the chemical equation for the reaction by determine the value of x, y and z. x : …………….. y : …………….. z : …………….. [3 markah] [3 marks] (ii) Nyatakan bilangan mol ferum yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 mol ferum(III) oksida terhidrat. State the number of moles of iron that is required to produced 1 mole of hydrated iron(III) oxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (iii) Hitung jisim formula relatif bagi ferum(III) oksida terhidrat. Calculate the relative formula mass of hydrates iron(III) oxide. [Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass : H = 1, O = 16, Fe = 56] [1 markah] [1 mark] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 83
2 Jadual 1 menunjukkan empat bahan dengan formula kimia dan jisim molarnya. Table 1 shows four substances with their chemical formula and molar mass. Bahan Formula Kimia Substances Chemical formula Gas Nitrogen N2 Oxygen gas Kalsium klorida terhidrat CaCl2.6H2O Hydrated calsium chloride Kuprum(II) karbonat CuCO3 Copper(II) carbonate Asid sulfurik H2SO4 Sulphuric acid Jadual 1 Table 1 (a)(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim atom relatif? What meant by relative atomic mass? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim molekul relatif? What meant by relative molecular mass? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (b) Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam What type of particle is found in gas nitrogen : …………………………………… nitrogen gas asid sulfurik : …………………………………… sulphuric acid [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Hitung, Calculate, [Jisim atom relatif : Cu = 64, O =16, C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5] [Relative atomic mass : Cu = 64, O = 16 , C = 12, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5] (i) jisim molar kalsium klorida terhidrat. the molar mass for hydrated calsium chloride. [1 markah] [1 mark] (ii) jisim molar kuprum(II) karbonat. the molar mass for copper(II) carbonate. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 [1 markah] [1 mark] 84
3 Satu eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida telah dijalankan dengan jayanya oleh sekumpulan murid. An experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide was successfully done by a group of students. (a) Lukis dan labelkan susunan radas yang telah digunakan oleh murid tersebut untuk menjalankan eksperimen di atas. Draw and label the set-up of apparatus used by the students to carry out this experiment. [2 markah] [2 marks] (b) Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen ini. Table 2 shows the results of this experiment. Penerangan Jisim (g) Description Mass (g) Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung Mass of the crucible + lid 23.00 Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + pita magnesium 23.30 Mass of the crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon 23.50 Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + magnesium oksida Mass of the crucible + lid + magnesium oxide Jadual 2 Table 2 (i) Pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan kertas sebelum dipanaskan. Terangkan mengapa. The magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper before heating. Explain why. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 85
(ii) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, [2 markah] Based on the table above, [2 marks] Hitung jisim bagi: Calculate the mass of: Magnesium Magnesium : …………………….. Oksigen Oxygen : …………………….. (iii) Hitungkan nisbah mol bagi atom magnesium kepada atom oksigen. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Mg = 24] Calculate the ratio of moles of magnesium atoms to oxygen atoms. [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Mg = 24] [2 markah] [2 marks] (iv) Tentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida. Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (v) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut. Write the chemical equation of the reaction. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] (vi) Ramalkan sama ada boleh atau tidak formula empirik bagi plumbum(II) oksida ditentukan dengan kaedah yang sama dalam eksperimen ini? Terangkan mengapa. Predict whether the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide can be determined by this experiment? Explain why. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Logam W adalah kurang reaktif berbanding hidrogen terhadap oksigen. Bagaimana hendak memastikan bahawa tindak balas telah selesai. Metal W is less reactive than hydrogen towards oxygen. How to determine that the reaction is completed. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1 markah] [1 mark] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 86
Bahagian B Section B 1(a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan formula struktur nikotin. Diagram 1.1 shows the structural formula of nicotine. Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.1 Nyatakan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi nikotin. Bandingkan dan bezakan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi nikotin. State the empirical formula and molecular formula of nicotine. Compare and contrast the empirical formula and molecular formula of nicotine. [6 markah] [6 marks] (b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi satu oksida logam Y. Y kurang reaktif berbanding hidrogen. Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula for an oxide of metal Y. Y is less reactive than hydrogen. Oksida logam Y Oxide of metal Y Gas hidrogen Perahu porselin Hydrogen gas Porcelain boat Panaskan Heat Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.2 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 87
Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen tersebut. Information below show the results of the experiment. Penerangan Jisim (g) Description Mass (g) Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin 52.34 Combustion tube + porcelain boat Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin + oksida Y 105.86 Combustion tube + porcelain boat + oxide of Y Tiub pembakaran + perahu porselin + Y 102.02 Combustion tube + porcelain boat + Y Tentukan formula empirik oksida Y. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of Y. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Y = 107] [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Y = 107] [4 markah] [4 marks] (c) Hidrogen ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi hanya karbon dan hidrogen. Maklumat berikut ialah tentang satu daripada hidrokarbon. Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The information below is regarding one hydrocarbon. Karbon 85.7 % carbon 85.7 % hidrogen 14.3 % hydrogen 14.3 % jisim molekul relatif = 42 molecular mass = 42 [Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12] [Relative atomic mass : H = 1, C = 12] (i) Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, hitung formula molekul bagi hidrokarbon tersebut. Based on the information above, calculate the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. [5 markah] [5 marks] (ii) 4.6 g logam natrium dibakar dalam gas oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan natrium klorida. Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini. Hitungkan jisim natrium oksida yang dihasilkan. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Na = 23] 4.6 g of sodium metal is burnt excess oxygen gas to produce sodium oxide. Write the chemical equation of this reaction. Calculate the mass of sodium oxide produced. [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, Na = 23] [5 markah] [5 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 88
Bahagian C Section C 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara dua pelajar mengenai kaedah untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi logam yang lebih reaktif. Diagram 1 shows a conversation between two students about the method to determine the empirical formula for more reactive metals. Suzie, timbang 1.92 g serbuk X. Pembakaran serbuk X memerlukan 1.28 g oksigen. Suzie, weight 1.92 g of powder X. Combustion of powder X required 1.28 g of oxygen. Lili : Ok baiklah. Lili : Alright. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 89
(a)(i) Berdasarkan perbuatan di atas, tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida X. Based on conversation above, determine the empirical formula of oxide of X. [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, X = 24] [Relative atomic mass : O = 16, X = 24] [3 markah] [3 marks] (ii) Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat. Kemudian, berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditaksir daripada persamaan kimia itu. Write the chemical equation involved. Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation. [5 markah] [5 marks] (b) Terangkan kaedah yang digunakan. Kemudian, cadangkan serbuk X. Explain the method used in this experiment. Then, suggest the powder X. [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Dengan menggunakan contoh serbuk X, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan pernyataan di atas. Jawapan anda haruslah mengandungi prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan. By using one example of powder X, describe an experiment to prove the statement above. Your answer should include procedure, result and conclusion. [10 markah] [10 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 90
BOLEH DAPATKAN MODUL LENGKAP SEGERA: MODUL PRO-X KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 BERSERTA FREE BUKU SOALAN MODUL PRO-X KIMIA KSSM FORM 4 TERBITAN 2022 BERMINAT? LAYARI WEB INI… https://sites.google.com/view/ koleksibahankimiaspm e-mel: [email protected] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 4 91
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