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MilitaryAugust-oktober2016//FreeIssue04// JOURNAL Magazine SPECIALTY The Cold War 32 PAGES THEME STORY IN THIS ISSUE The Irish at the Somme-France 1916INDEPENDENT DIGITAL MAGAZINE OF LANYE-WOUT HISTORICAL, MODERN MILITARY ISSUES BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION

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 table of contents05 14 19 23 STALIN RUSTED REMAINS ADVERTORIAL THE IRISH The man who the world would come to know as Joseph Stalin On a narrow strip of heavily Right from the start of its 125-They were confronted, not by was born Iosif Vissarionovich wooded land, ringed with year-plus history, Rheinmetalla handful of shell-shocked Dzhugashvili, on December beaches and jutting out six has always been a trustedsurvivors, but by six well- 21, 1879, in the Georgian miles from the coast of partner of the artillery corps.prepared German divisions. village of Gori, a small town Northern New Jersey. Author Courtesy: RheinmetallWhat ensued was the biggest in the southern reaches of the Hans Hollestelleblood bath in the history of the vast Russian Empire. AuthorBritish army. Author Rob Robert WilbrinkVaneker

03 // August 2016 // Military Journal Military Journal26 
 Britain and Islam EDITOR IN CHIEF-EDITORIAL In the early medieval era, English Christians largely Rob Vaneker regarded Islam as a variant, or at worst a heresy, within CREATIVE DIRECTOR Christianity rather than as an alternative religion:Author Rob Vaneker Ellie Hawthorne PUBLISHER AMVJ Netherlands30 REPORT COLUMNIST First of 10 Japan-built MRRV’s arrivés in the Philippes to Maarten Muns,Erik Sweers,Dik improve Coast Guards ability to protect the country’s Winkelman,Giesbert Oskam,Jan Grefhorst, Ellie maritime territory: By Rob Vaneker Hawthorne,Christopher Klein CONTRIBUTORS31 THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS PILOT Theo van Looshuizen,Robert Wilbrink The 12th day of the Cuban Missile Crisis dawned with CIRCULATION -DISTRIBUTION the United States and the Soviet Union on the precipice AMVJ of atomic confrontation.By Christopher Klein EDITOR RESEARCH Hans Hollestelle CREATIVE DIRECTOR,GRAPHICS Robert Wilbrink Free advertising or publishing an related artikel? Please send us a message via email to the editorial board. Work Email, [email protected] All Rights Reserved: AMVJ Publishers Netherlands 2016

04 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
 Editor’s Note Next front ISIS may be Asia Pacific As the U.S. launches Operation Odyssey Lightning  against the Islamic State group in Libya, a fourth front in the war against the brutal militant  group, U.S. commanders are casting a wary eye on  a possible fifth front: the Asia-Pacific..The U.S. is launching strikes in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and now Libya, but military leaders and strategists are alarmed by waves of violence and signs that countries with large Muslim populations like the Philippines and Bangladesh could be ISIS’s next global stronghold.In a July 27 speech to the Rebuild Japan Initiative Foundation, U.S. Pacific Command head Adm. Harry Harris said the region would need to work together to stop ISIS from metastasizing into what the U.S. military calls the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. “I often talk about the U.S. strategic rebalance to this region,” Harris said. “Regrettably, I believe that ISIL is also trying to rebalance to the Indo-Asia-Pacific. To halt the Islamic State’s cancerous spread in Asia, we can’t work alone. We must work together.“Thankfully, Japan and many other like-minded nations have joined the counter-ISIL coalition. Together, we can — and will — eradicate this disease.” On July 2, a group of militants claiming allegiance to ISIS burst into a Bangladeshi restaurant and killed 20 foreign citizens, including an American and seven Japanese. It was the latest in a series of brutal attacks on foreigners and progressives in the country, which has raised the specter of a new wave of violence in the country.Closer to home, U.S.-ally the Philippines has also seen a surge in violence from extremist groups on the islands of Mindanao, Sulu and Basilan. In May, the militant group Abu Sayyaf, which pledged allegiance to ISIS in 2014, released a video of the beheading of Canadian citizen John Ridsdel, which was followed by a beheading video in June of a second Canadian hostage, Robert Hall, after the group did not receive ransom for the men\"Our partners in the Indo-Asia-Pacific are attuned to the threat posed by foreign terror fighter recruitment and recognize the potential threats to security they face from returning fighters,\" he said. \"U.S. Pacific Command and Special Operations Command Pacific are working with our regional partners to proactively counter this threat.\"

05 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
 The Irish AT THE SOMME FRANCE E THEME STORYThe Somme offensive1916 ///The Somme offensive was initially conceived as a joint Anglo-French advance which would break the German lines and open the road toBerlin. The area was not chosen for any great strategic reasons: the German line was not particularly weak there nor was the fate of anystrategically important city or railway junction at stake. The area was chosen because here the British and French trenches interlocked!On 24 June 1916, 1,537 artillery pieces opened fire on German lines on a twenty-mile front. The bombardment continued until7.30am on 1 July. This was the first time that such a large bombardment had been carried out and the British high commandconfidently expected that the German troops would be decimated, the few shell shocked survivors being only too eager to surrenderOnalmost any other part of the German line these expectations might have been realised but the Somme sector, with its chalk sub-soil,had been put to good use by the Germans. A series of strong points, with bunkers up to forty feet (twelve metres) deep had beenconstructed to protect the six German divisions on the front. Critically of the 1,537 British artillery pieces, only 467 could be describedas ‘heavy’ and of these only six fifteen-inch Howitzers could penetrate the deep bunkers.

06 // August 2016 // Military Journal 1Juli 1916 
 Therefore when the men of the sixteen British divisions (four regular, four territorial and eight Kitchener’s ‘new army’) went over the top on 1 July 1916 Irish involvment They were confronted, not by a handful of shell-shocked survivors, but by six well-1916 /// prepared German divisions. What ensued was the biggest blood bath in the historyThe prevailing impression that only Ulster Protestants took part in the of the British army.long-awaited ‘big push’ on 1 July 1916 is called into question by theparticipation of other Irish infantry units. The 1,000-strong battalion (at Field Marshal Douglas Haig\"Master of the Field\"full strength), subdivided into companies and platoons, was at this time \"the Butcher of the Somme\"the basic administrative unit of the British infantry. There were four 'Butcher' Haig the Butcher of the Somme\"[battalions in a brigade and three brigades in a division. In addition tothe twelve battalions of the 36th (Ulster) division, were four battalionsof Tyneside Irish (the 103rd brigade of the 34th division)—all ‘newarmy’—and seven regular Irish battalions distributed in other divisions,a total of twenty-three Irish infantry battalions in allThe objective of the36th (Ulster) division was to dominate the area between Beaucourt tothe north and Thiepval to the south, necessitating the capture of allGerman trench systems in front of them and particularly the stronglydefended Schwaben Redoubt, nick-named ‘the Devil’s Dwelling Place’ In the weeks before the offensive the division had practised attacking dummy trenches. One veteran recalled that ‘you could have attacked those positions with your eyes shut, we had practised it so much’.

07 // August 2016 // Military Journal Officers of the 36th andTimetabled bombartment /// Meanwhile, officers of the 36th were convinced that the conformity with contemporary French practice, gave the Germanseven-day artillery bombardment would not only cut the six lines defenders the minimum amount of time to respond and long linesof barbed wire in front of them, but would also decimate the of advancing men were not hindered by the lines of barbed wire.opposing Germans. One officer told his platoon, ‘Tomorrow you’ll The 108th and 109th brigades advanced first. These units werejust light your pipes and cigarettes, slope arms and walk across. It’ll meant to capture the first four lines of German defences and thebe like a Sunday stroll. There’ll be no opposition’. Schwaben Redoubt, then the 107th brigade would advanceTwo officers—Lieutenant Colonels Crozier (9th Royal Irish Rifles) and through them to capture the final German trench system. InitiallyBernard (10th Royal Irish Rifles)—took a much more pessimistic the attack went well but then a number of factors combined toview. They both decided to disobey the divisional order instructing delay the advance.senior officers of the rank of lieutenant colonel and above not to As the attackers were sticking to the artillery’s rigid timetable manytake part in the assault. Crozier realised that if Thiepval village, German dugouts were not cleared out effectively. The defences hadwhich outflanked the 36th’s advance, held out then all the carefully survived the seven-day bombardment better than expected.laid plans would be rendered useless. He and Bernard concluded German artillery quickly ranged in on the attackers . Leslie Bellthat if they did not lead the attack personally, none of the junior recounts what happened to his unit:officers would have the nerve or experience to react to the situation We had no bother getting out of our trenches. You just had to walkand disobey orders if necessary. The division was due to attack at out over the top of them. My platoon got thirty yards when a big7.30am, four hours after dawn. Cyril Falls, a serving officer with the shell exploded above us wiping out the whole lot. I was badly hit in36th, who later wrote its history, stresses that this was to allow the the legs and was lying on the ground. Captain Robertson wasFrench artillery to carry out counter-battery fire. Falls believed that running up with his platoon and as he ran past, give me a kick tothe British attack would have been more successful had it started at see if I was still alive and could carry on. I was lying on my side anddawn. As it turned out the 36th suffered few casualties before the watched him and the others advance, until a shell burst above themassault as they assembled under cover in Thiepval Wood, unlike and downed him and some of his men.other units, such as the Tyneside Irish.The artillery support for the 36th was firing to a rigid timetable:7.20am, hurricane bombardment of the German front-line;7.30am, as troops advanced, a barrage targeted on the secondGerman line; 7.33am, a barrage targeted on the third line;7.48am, a barrage targeted 400 yards behind the third line;7.58am, a barrage targeted on the fourth line; 8.48am, a barragetargeted on the fifth line; 10.08am, a barrage targeted 300 yardsbeyond the fifth line. This system of artillery control was to havedisastrous consequences but in the absence of reliable telephoneor radio communication between the infantry and artillery it wasthe only option available.At 7.10am, just before the bombardment reached its crescendo,the first wave of the 36th entered no-man’s land. Unlike otherdivisions which advanced in lines, the 36th sent its men forward insmall groups to penetrate more effectively the breaks in the barbedwire caused by the shelling. No other British unit went over the topuntil the bombardment actually finished. These tactics, in

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Orange handkerchief?TheTommies are here’ /// The 107th brigade coming up in support was badly shot up. Crozier recalls that German shells were falling on his unit at the rate of six per minute.The unexpected response shook the attackers morale. Bernard waskilled leaving the 10th Royal Irish Rifles leaderless. Major GeorgeGaffikin supposedly rallied them by holding up an orangehandkerchief and roaring, ‘Come on boys, this is the 1st of July, nosurrender!’. A single eye witness account of this incident waspassed on to Michael MacDonagh who incorporated it into his1918 The Irish on the Somme. Crozier, in The Men I Killed (1937)[possibly the most tasteless title in English publishing] relates,perhaps more plausibly, that he and some other officers had tothreaten shoot some men who were trying to retreat.The Schwaben Redoubt held for two hours against all eightbattalions of the first wave. The fighting was described by onesoldier as ‘a Belfast riot on the top of Mount Vesuvius’. To makematters worse, Thiepval village successfully beat off the attack ofthe 32nd division and began to concentrate fire on the flank of the36th. At this stage, many men of the 36th, were killed by ‘friendlyfire’. Feldwebel Felix Kircher of the German 26th field artilleryregiment recalled:At 9 o’clock, I was down in my dug-out in the Staff Redoubt whensomeone shouted down to me in an amazed voice, ‘The Tommiesare here!’ I rushed up and there, just outside the barbed wire, wereten or twenty soldiers with flat steel helmets. We had no rifle, norevolver, no grenades, no ammunition, nothing at all; we werepurely artillery observers. We would have had to surrender but thenthe English artillery began to fire at our trench; but a great deal ofshells were too short and hit the English infantrymen and theybegan to fall back. If the English could have got through theywould have only met clerks, cooks, orderlies and such like. For adistance of several hundred metres to right and to left from usthere were no German soldiers..(Continued P. 09) An inexperienced army and difficulty in communicating were some of the challenges that World War One generals faced. Images courtesy of Mary Evans ,Picture Getty Images.

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 By 9am the 36th was thus beating off three into action. I am the only officer and onlyholding the German front and Schwaben counter-attacks. By the evening nearly all thirty-four other ranks are with me nowRedoubt. However if the advance was to the officers were casualties, ammunition out of the 115.continue fresh reinforcements were was almost exhausted and no The men of the 36th division behavedneeded. As early as 8.30am this was clear reinforcements had arrived. At this stage with the utmost bravery but ultimatelyto Major General Nugent, who asked Lance Corporal J.A. Henderson and his their sacrifices were in vain. They were thecorps headquarters if the 107th brigade men were ordered to retire: ‘As I was only British division to reach the Germanshould advance, as planned, without coming out I met the relieving troops second lines, but on 3 July they held littleThiepval having fallen to the 32nd moving up. I have never seen such a look more ground than they had on the 1st.division. At 9.15am he received of terror on the faces of human beings.’ Some Unionist historians, for exampleinstructions to halt the advance, but with The men cried and I cried’ Hugh Shearman in his Not An Inch: Atelephone lines severed Nugent’s runner The 2nd July found some units of the Study of Northern Ireland and Lordarrived too late to prevent the reserve 36th still holding out. Corps HQ had been Craigavon (1942), have blamed the poortroops from going over the top.n the able to send only two battalions of West support from the 29th and 32ndmiddle of the battle, two runners were Riding Territorials as reinforcements. Later divisions, which operated on the flanks ofsent from brigade with a message; one that day the shattered remains of the the 36th, but this is grossly unfair. Thesewas hit on the way and the other handed Ulster division withdrew as the 49th divisions also lost heavily on the first dayover the message to me. It read, ‘Please relieved them. The division had lost 5,500 of the Somme and had tried their utmostre-submit drawing of the foot of Private officers and men killed, wounded and to press home their attack. The experienceWarke, size of boot 13’. Private Warke, missing. At roll call on 3 July Captain of the 36th illustrates what happens to awho had particularly big feet was in the Montgomery of the 9th battalion, Royal successful unit if reinforcements are notmiddle of the Schwaben Redoubt at the Irish Rifles recalled: immediately available to exploit its initialtime. I was furious that such a stupid Not a few of the men cried and I cried. A breakthrough.message could be sent at such a time and hell of a hysterical exhibition it was. It is astamped it into the mud. very small company now. I took 115 otherThe 36th held the German front-line and ranks and four officers (including myself)Schwaben Redoubt throughout 1 July, Communications farce: While fending off a German counter attack, Captain Norman Strong of the 10th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers was made painfully aware that to some staff officers it was just another routine day:

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 /// The Tyneside Irish brigadeOther Irish units whose experience was very similar to the 36th division were the24-27th battalions, Northumberland Fusiliers, better known as the Tyneside IrishThis was one of the so-called ‘pals’ units patter’ of machine guns in the distance. By Regular battalions of Irish regiments werewhich came into existence in September the time I’d gone another ten yards there also heavily represented on the first day of1914 as a result of private initiative—in seemed to be only a few men left around the Somme. The 1st battalion, Royalthis case by the Newcastle Irish Club. me, by the time I had gone twenty yards, I Inniskilling Fusiliers, with the 29thOn the 1 July 1916 the objective of the seemed to be on my own. Then I was hit division advanced across no-man’s landTyneside Irish brigade was the capture of myself. under heavy fire only to find the enemy’sthe villages of La Boisselle and Thus the Tyneside Irish suffered heavy barbed wire intact. They suffered 568Contalmaison, once other units of the casualties before they even reached no- casualties in attempting to reach the34th division had secured the German man’s land. Just one small group of German lines. The 2nd battalion, Royalfront-line. The brigade had to cover over around fifty men penetrated the German Dublin Fusiliers, with the 4th divisionone mile of open ground even to reach lines. Later it was reported that some of began to advance at 9am, immediatelythe British front lines. However during this them had even reached Contalmaison. encountering heavy enfilade (or sideways)advance the brigade was subjected to but none survived to tell of this struggle. fire from Beaumont-Hamel. At 9.05amheavy fire from their right, where the The losses were horrific: in the 26th two runners arrived and informed MajorGerman front line outflanked the British. battalion, which suffered the fewest Walsh, the commanding officer, that theSergeant T. Galloway described the casualties, nineteen officers and 470 men attack was to be postponed.advance: were either killed or wounded.I could see, away to my left and right, longlines of men. Then I heard the ‘patter,

11 // August 2016 // Military JournalRegulars, Guillemont and Ginchy ///He managed to stop part of C and D companies advancing. The 47th brigade was under strength even before going intoHowever for the rest of the battalion, already in no-man’s land, the action at Ginchy, on 7 September: there were 1,048 ‘effectives’,recall order came too late. At 12 noon, when the order was finally about one-quarter of the establishment of a brigade. At the lastreceived from corps HQ to attack and consolidate the position,  moment the attack was delayed for a further two minutes, to allowWalsh reported that this was impossible. Of the twenty-three extra time for a final shelling of German trenches. However theofficers and 480 men who had assembled that morning, fourteen 48th brigade did not receive this order and attacked at 4.45pm.officers and 311 men were now casualties. The order had to be The result was that the German counter-barrage fell on the tightlyamended and Major Walsh was now told to collect all available packed ranks of the 47th brigade, just as the men were preparingmen to defend the British front-line. to go over the top. The brigade was then decimated by three hundred Germans with only five machine guns. Soon theGuillemont and Ginchy assembly trenches were filled with dismembered bodiesAgainstThis, then, was the contribution of the Irish to the ill-fated ‘big this stubborn resistance the 47th brigade failed to make anypush’ of 1 July 1916. However, the Somme campaign was to progress and lost 448 casualties on 9-10 September, about half ofstretch over a period of four months. A massive German offensive its remaining effectives. During this period, nevertheless, theyat the end of August was followed between 3 and 9 September by successfully beat off several German counter-attacks. The brigadethe battles for Guillemont and Ginchy in which the 47-49th was relieved in the early hours of 10 September. Brigadier Generalbrigades, 16th (Irish) division, were prominent. On 3 September Pereria reported:the 47th brigade backing up the decimated 20th (Light) division The chief cause of the failure was that the enemy’s trenches weremade a significant advance but lost 1,147 out of the 2,400 untouched by our artillery, their morale was unshaken and, whenattackers. we attacked, we found them fully prepared.Between 4 and 8 September elements of the 16th division wereused to reinforce the 5th and 20th divisions. Over this period ofdefensive trench warfare the 8th battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers,alone had four officers killed and five wounded, thirty-six menkilled, ninety-five wounded and forty missing. So far Ginchy hadheld against all attacks and on 9 September the 16th division wasordered to attack it. The bombardment started at 7am but theinfantry were not detailed to attack until the late afternoon in theexpectation that a German counter-attack would not be made untilthe following morning.Shelled by both sidesYet again artillery support was far from ideal, as the 7th battalion,Royal Irish Rifles, war diary records. At 7.55am the commandingofficer warned the 61st (Howitzer) brigade, Royal Field Artillery,that their shells were falling short in the British trenches. Thismessage had to be repeated at 8.45am and again at 10.30am. At11.08am the 8th battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, alsocomplained of shells falling short in their lines.

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 By contrast the 48th brigade of clay and earth go shooting up into the advanced (no reliable figures exist forachieved great success. It attacked in two air—yes, and even parts of human bodies German losses). Field-Marshal Douglaswaves, the 1st battalion, Royal Munster and that when the smoke cleared away Haig justified the losses on two counts;Fusiliers, and 7th battalion, Royal Irish there was nothing left. I shall never forget firstly, the Somme offensive had relievedRifles, were to lead off, with the that horrifying spectacle as long as I live. pressure from the hard pressed Frenchremaining two battalions following in Nevertheless the brigade met ‘slight forces at Verdun; and secondly, thesupport. Like the 47th, the 48th brigade opposition’, and at 5.25pm Ginchy itself British army in the Somme sector wouldwas also severely under strength. Indeed, was captured. Unfortunately the 48th have suffered very high casualties, up toby 2pm, after enduring hours of shelling, brigade paid a high price for this success; 250,000 he reckoned, in the normalmuch of it from British artillery, the 7th half the attacking force were casualties. course of events, without staging anbattalion, Royal Irish Rifles, had just 150 The failure of the 47th brigade and the attack. However in making this statementeffectives; the 7th battalion, Royal Irish 55th division, on the 48th’s flanks meant Haig not only demonstrated his poorFusiliers, the divisional reserve, was that the unit became a focus for German mathematical skills but neglected tobrought up to reinforce it and at 4.45pm counter-attacks, and it was shelled mention that the Somme battles had tiedboth battalions attacked. Second heavily during the night. Early on the up few German divisions and that theLieutenant Young of the 7th battalion, next day the 16th Division, after its ordeal Russian offensive on the Eastern frontRoyal Irish Fusiliers, remembered the was relieved by the 3rd Guards brigade. had been primarily responsible forscene: Haig’s spectacular failure ending the German attacks on Verdun. ItThe bombardment was now intense. Our Thus ended Irish participation in the is difficult to see the Somme offensive asshells bursting in the village of Ginchy Somme campaign of 1916. It lasted from anything more than a spectacular failure,made it belch forth smoke like a 1 July to 24 November, 147 days. The especially as during the spring offensivevolcano… We couldn’t run. We advanced allies captured 120 square miles of land, of 1918 German forces reoccupied everyat a steady walking pace, stumbling here and advanced six miles. They had inch of ground in the Somme sectorand there…(a shell) landed in the midst suffered 419,654 casualties, forty men which the allies had captured in 1916.of a bunch of men about seventy yards killed or wounded for every yardaway on my right. I have a most vividrecollection of seeing a tremendous burst Costly success-Haigs spectacular faillure

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 The Irish at the Somme w.w.1 • T. Denman, Ireland’s Unknown Soldiers: the (Irish) Division in the Great War (Dublin 1992). • L. Macdonald, Somme (London 1987). • M. Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme (London 1971). • P. Orr, The Road to the Somme. Men of the Ulster Division tell their story (Belfast 1987).

14 // August 2016 // Military Journal 1879 
 BRIEF STORY OF A PARANOID AND STALIN GIFTED POLITICIAN The man who the world would come to know as Joseph Stalin was born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, on December 21, 1879, in the Georgian village of Gori, a small town in the southern reaches of the vast Russian Empire. STALINS CHILDHOODHe was the third child born to Vissarion Dzhugashvili, a poor shoemaker, and his wife Yekaterina, who augmented her husband'sincome by working as a domestic servant. However, the young Iosif was the only one of their offspring to survive infancy. Vissarion wasan abusive, hard-drinking man, who eventually failed as an independent artisan and left his family to work in a factory in Tiflis, thecapital of Georgia, when his son was five years old. For the rest of Stalin's childhood, Joseph and Yekaterina lived in the home of apriest, Father Charkviani, where the pious, hard-working woman attempted to ensure that her only son would be well-educatedenough to escape the drudgery of a lower- class existenceGeorgia was a mountainous region, which at the time of Stalin's birth hadbeen under the rule of the Tsar for only about fifty years. Like other great despots (the Austrian-born German ruler Hitler, the Corsican-born French leader Napoleon), Stalin was an outsider, a provincial in the empire he came to rule. Georgians possessed their ownculture and language, which was radically different from the official Russian of the empire, and the young Stalin only began learningRussian when he was nine years old. Years later, at the height of his power, he still spoke with a pronounced Georgian accent, andwhile he boasted that he had forgotten the language of his birth, it is reported that in his last years his ability to speak Russiandeteriorated, and he spoke only in Georgian. In other ways, too, he retained pieces of his native culture--during his early days as arevolutionary, he took the name \"Koba,\" after a legendary Georgian bandit. But he never showed any partiality to Georgia politically:he generally treated it, in his own words, as merely a \"little piece of Soviet territory called Georgia.”Culturally separate as it was, oneinstitution that Stalin's birthplace shared with the larger Russian Empire was the Orthodox Church; indeed, Georgia actually convertedto Christianity more than 500 years before Russia. The Church played a strong role in his early life: he lived with a priest, and hisschooling was religious. His mother enrolled him in the Gori Church School in September 1888, when her son was nine, and hegraduated six years later, despite various interruptions. (One of these interruptions lasted a whole year: Stalin's father took the youngboy to Tiflis to work alongside him in a shoe factory. Vissarion seems to have intended this as a permanent career for his son, but hismother intervened, and succeeded in bringing her son home to Gori. Thereafter his father was never a strong presence in Stalin's life--he would die before World War I, although the exact date is uncertain.)

15 // August 2016 // Military Journal Partners? 
 STALIN A DIMINUTIVE BOYEXCELLENT GRADES1894Stalin graduated from thechurch school in July1894, near the top of hisclass.!Stalin was a somewhat misshapen and diminutive boy: Theological Seminary, where he enrolled in September 1894.smallpox left his face scarred and pitted for the rest of his life, Yekaterina worked hard to help him afford the tuition, and sheand a case of blood poisoning caused his left arm to grow nourished a strong hope that her son would become a priest.shorter than his right; in a school photograph he appears Indeed, even years later, when Stalin ruled all of Russia, she toldconsiderably smaller than the boys around him. (Indeed, he an interviewer that she would have preferred for him to havewould never cut a very imposing figure--he grew to just five feet entered the priesthood. Russia, in retrospect, might havefour inches, and for the rest of his life his shortness rankled him, preferred it as well. In the winter after he left the Seminary,causing him to resort to platform shoes and other devices in an Stalin obtained a job as an accountant at the Tiflis Observatory.effort to appear taller than he actually was.) However, Stalin This position was to be the only regular employment he everreceived excellent grades, and distinguished himself in the had, and functioned as little more than a front for his activitiesschool choir. He seems to have loved reading, devouring the as a Marxist: many of his co-workers belonged to the Socialclassics of Georgian literature as well as adventure novels, and Democratic Party, and the observatory provided an idealhe had a passion for the outdoors, spending days climbing in meeting place and hideaway for forbidden literature. He workedthe wild, mountainous countryside around Gori. Thus he was there for more than a year, during which time he made his firstardent and energetic, and developed physical strength despite political speech--addressing a crowd of nearly 200 workers onhis short arm and small stature. He was swarthy, too, and April 23, 1900--and was given control over disseminatingcontemporaries described his eyes as being yellowish--many Marxist propaganda among railway workers. At this point, hecompared them to the eyes of a tiger. took the name of \"Koba,\" after a famous Georgian bandit fromHe had a reputation for being callous toward his fellow his childhood reading. In March of 1901, however, the policestudents, and had been in trouble with the school authorities a raided the observatory, and although Stalin escaped, he lost hisfew times, but there were no other signs of the direction his job and became a professional revolutionary, as he wouldcareer was to take. Indeed, he seems to have been a pious remain until the Revolution.young man--unsurprising, given his upbringing. At his mother'surging, he applied for and won a small scholarship to the Tiflis

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 The Cold War and Stalin’s Last Years.At the close of the Second if people began to long for something aspect of Stalin's peculiar personality: hisWorld War, the Soviet people, better, they might rebel. Thus he now unlimited will to power. He hadwho had borne so many began a drive to maintain control at all vanquished Trotsky and Zinoviev, Bukharinburdens during the conflict, costs. His inner circle was shaken up: and Kamenev, and even the Germannow harbored the hope that Lavrenti Beria remained in power as head Reich; the United States was simply thetheir lives would improve. To of the secret police, but Molotov began to latest in a long line of rivals with whom heStalin's mind, of course, such fade into the background, and Georgi had jockeyed for supremacy.thinking presented a danger: Malenkov, who had enjoyed Stalin's trust Soviet foreign policy in the late 1940s, since the beginning of the war, was then, was characterized by a steady (Continued P. 17) replaced by Andrei Hanoi, who led a belligerence, and the application of renewed ideological offensive. Soldiers constant pressure on politically sensitive who had seen too much of the prosperous areas. Eastern Europe quickly belonged to West were interned in camps to keep them Stalin, as did East Germany, and in from \"infecting\" the population with February 1948 Stalinist forces seized subversive ideas; there was a new purge of power in Czechoslovakia. At the same the military, in which even the great time, Moscow supported Communist Zhukov was reduced a minor provincial forces in the Greek Civil War, pressed command; and a new cultural offensive Turkey to give up control of the Bosphorus, was launched against newspapers and backed Communist parties in Italy and other literature considered threatening to France, supported Communist insurrection the regime. The Western Allies, now Soviet in Indochina (Vietnam), and backed a enemies in the fight for global influence, Stalinist dictatorship in North Korea--all came under heavy attack in the press, the while denouncing the \"warmongers\" where Stalinist writers invented imagined in the West. Then, in the summer of 1948, atrocities and attributed them to the Stalin ordered a blockade of West Berlin, Americans and the British. Meanwhile, which was controlled by the Allies; Britain \"Praising American Democracy\" received and the U.S. only managed to retain their listing in secret police handbooks as hold there via a patchwork airlift from West grounds for arrest.The post-war conflict Germany. But Western leaders were tiring with the West came as no surprise to of Stalin's bullying tactics. By the late Stalin. In part, it constituted a continuation 1940s, sympathy for the Soviet Union was of the Marxist dream of world revolution, a in sharp decline in the United States, and dream revived by a series of Communist the Cold War had begun in earnest. uprisings from Greece to China in the late Indeed, Stalin faced opposition even in 1940s. In part, it was a reassertion of Eastern Europe: Marshal Tito, the Russian nationalism that went back to the Communist leader of Yugoslavia, Tsars. But most importantly, the Cold War quarreled sharply with Stalin in 1948, and that emerged as the Soviets moved to broke from the Soviet bloc. expand their sphere of influence at the expense of the West was a reflection of what may have been the most important

17 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
 In 1949 the Soviets finally films, which he watched constantly. He he was planning another great purge, thissucceeded in exploding an atomic bomb, became devoted to pseudo-scientific one to be directed against Molotov, Beria,and China fell to the Communists under theories as well, although this was not a Malenkov, and others. Meanwhile, hisMao Zedong. The Marxist revolution--the new attachment--Marxist claptrap had anti-Semitic campaign continuedmere dream of revolutionaries in Stalin's long dominated true science in the Soviet throughout the Soviet Union and theyouth--seemed to finally be at hand, and Union, especially in the biological Eastern bloc, and as 1952 drew to a close,that December, Mao attended the sciences. He also continued in his he hatched a plot to eliminate all Jewsimpressive celebration of Stalin's constant political plottings, and, as from western Russia. This was to beginseventieth birthday. The aging man was always, saw enemies everywhere. with the \"discovery\" of the so-calledstill dangerous: in 1948, he had abruptly \"Doctors' Plot\": his (Jewish) doctorseliminated Zhdanov and his allies (they In 1950, Mao and Stalin signed a Sino- would be accused of collaborating with awere all shot), and returned Malenkov to Soviet friendship treaty, although the two foreign power and plotting to kill him.favor. Meanwhile, his latent anti- dictators were wary of one another. In From there, Stalin planned to haveSemitism was coming to the fore in his March of that year, the Stalinist leader of leading Jewish Communists \"request\"old age, and undertook an undeclared North Korea, Kim Il Sung, came to resettlement in the east, a request thatcampaign of persecution against the Moscow. He left bearing one of Stalin's would of course be granted. The Doctors'Soviet Union's Jews. Nonetheless, Stalin last poisonous presents to the world-- Plot was \"detected\" in January of 1953,was increasingly feeble, and gradually permission to invade the American- and a wave of anti-Semitic hysteria sweptbecame dependent upon Malenkov, backed South Korea. When the Korean the country. But by now Stalin's healthBeria, and others in day-to-day affairs; his War threatened to spread, however, Stalin was failing rapidly. As late as February 28,formidable daughter Svetlana was never considered involvement--indeed, he was able to dine with a group thatfrequently in attendance on him, during his last years he blanketed the included Beria, Malenkov, and Nikitaalthough she later said they \"had nothing West with propaganda for peace. And the Krushchev, who would ultimately emergeto say to each other. propaganda was not wholly ill received: as his successor. But the next day he\"(His two sons were disappointments: despite all his crimes, the Soviet Union suffered a stroke. For three days heVasily, the younger, was a dissolute still possessed admirers in Europe and wavered between life and death, beforedisgrace; Yakov had died, disowned by America- -a remarkable testament to the finally passing from this life, in greathis father, as a German prisoner of war.) seductive lure of Marxism.As Stalin pain, on March 5, 1953. It was, for RussiaStalin now took an obsessive interest in neared death, his paranoia intensified. and the world, the end of an era. There is evidence that during his last days The end of an era 1953 In great pain!

18 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
 Brief story of a paranoid politician • Conquest, Robert. Reflections on a Ravaged Century. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000. • Conquest, Robert. Stalin: Breaker of Nations. New York: Penguin, 1991. • Deutscher, Isaac. Stalin: A Political Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. • McNeal, Robert. Stalin: Man and Ruler. New York: NYU Press, 1988. • Palmer, R.R., and Colton, Joel. A History of the Modern World. New York: Knopf, 1984.

19 // August 2016 // Military Journal 1963 
 THE RUSTED,REMAINS OF A NEWJERSEY MISSILE BASE On a narrow strip of heavily wooded land, ringed with beaches and jutting out six miles from the coast of Northern New Jersey into the Atlantic Ocean, sits a remarkable secret. AIRCRAFT CARRIERAt first, it looks like the top deck of an aircraft carrier. An old iron barbed wire fence surrounds the giant slab of concrete, which ishidden in layers of undergrowth. Faded yellow-painted markings, what looks like long rusted bay doors, are embedded into the floor.Old loudspeakers and disused arc lamps mark the perimeter. This was one of the most highly classified, top secret locations in the United States, a Nike missile base called Fort Hancock. If you werecaught anywhere near it in the last 50 or so years, the heavily armed patrols had orders to release their vicious attack dogs and shoot tokill on sight. Now in ruins, these forgotten remnants were New York’s last line of defense against Soviet nuclear attack.Named for theGreek winged goddess of victory, and developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories, the Nike missile was a surface-to-air missile, guidedby radar and a tracking computer. The program started in 1945, spurred by two cataclysmic events: the first successful atomic bombtest by the Soviet Union and their development of a long range bomber capable of 10,000-mile distances. The threat of Soviet aircraftcarrying atomic weapons suddenly became very real. The Nike missiles were a solution to prevent another Pearl Harbor fromhappening.The radar system would constantly monitor the skies for Soviet planes, while another radar would lock onto any planeinvading U.S. airspace, and track it. The radar would co-ordinate with the missile’s computer to zero in on the plane and destroy it. Western Electric began manufacturing the system with the missiles engineered by Douglas Aircraft. The first version called the NikeAjax was ready to be deployed by 1954. It was superseded in 1958 with the even more powerful Nike Hercules. They were situated inhidden batteries surrounding America’s most important strategic cities, in what the U.S. Army Ordnance brochure called “Rings ofSupersonic Steel”.  By 1963 there were over 200 Nike sites defending the U.S. against the threat of Soviet annihilation. Los Angeles,home to most of the U.S. aerospace industry, was a principal target, as was Chicago and Indiana, which had the bulk of U.S. steel.According to a well-sourced Wikipedia list, New York had 19 missile sites to protect it should the unthinkable happen. 

20 // August 2016 // Military Journal 1960 
 Launch sites were divided into three Western Electric main areas, which had to be at least 1,000 yards apart. The radar system, a camp of barracks and mess halls for the 100 men who manned the base, and the missile silos themselves. Left A drawing showing data flow of radar at control area from 'Procedures and Drills for the NIKE Ajax System,' 1956 (Photo: Library of Congress) 1963 ///Often the missile sites were built on existing military installations,which meant that in New York City, many 19th century forts built toprotect the city with more conventional heavy artillery were repurposedinto Nike sites. (Fort Totten and Fort Tilden, for example.) Due to theirbrief, the sites had to surround the city they were designed to protect,so many Nikes were secreted away in the backyards of Long Island,Westchester, and the potter’s field of Hart Island. The sites were hidden,with good reason, since the Hercules missile was armed with a \"BigRed\" nuclear warhead with a yield of about 30 to 40 kilotons of TNT.(The bomb that obliterated Hiroshima was 13 kilotons.) Militarysecurity surrounding the sites had zero tolerance for intrudersSandyHook in New Jersey proved to be an ideal site. Close enough to NewYork, but remote enough, it had long provided the perfect strategicposition for guarding entry into New York harbor due to the deepchannel that ran alongside it. Home to America’s oldest lighthouse, theslender spit of land had been fought over since the days of the War ofIndependence. 

21 // August 2016 // Military Journal 1890 
 The original Fort Hancock was Fort Hancock improved upon during the Civil War, and in the 1890s vast concrete gun /// batteries and mortar pits were built to protect Manhattan. Left A Nine Gun battery firing at Fort Hancock in 1941. (Photo: NPS/GATEWAY NRA Museum Collection) NY65At one point over 7,000 soldiers lived here in an army town thatincluded rows of grand yellow brick homes, officer’s quarters, a theatreand ball fields. The full-scale camp was largely vacated after World WarII and given over to a Nike launch site given the code name NY-56Thislaunch site borders one of the beaches at the far end of Sandy Hook.The nuclear missiles would have been housed underground in silosabout the size of a school gymnasium, from where they would emergeshould the threat of a Soviet atomic assault on Manhattan appear onthe horizon. As the Army brochure put it:“The silent sentinels of Nikestand ready for that day, a day we all hope many never come. We mustbe ready to protect ourselves with the newest weapons science canprovide.These “newest weapons” came at a cost of billions of dollars assites sprung up all over America.About 1,000 yards from the launch sitewas the radar complex. Today, hidden from view by the forest of thepeninsula, the radar guidance systems resemble giant seashells,perched upon rusting squat platforms, looking not unlike they wereplaced in the forest by the Dharma Initiative. Above:One of the original houses from when Fort Hancock was first built. At one point over 7,000 soldiers lived in this remote town. (Continued P. 22)

22 // August 2016 // Military Journal
 “Blazing Skies”This is not a drill! ///From here the skies were constantly From here the skies were constantly “They are disappearing, dug up, andmonitored with the official “tactical monitored with the official “tactical houses are built on it, and pretty sooncontrol” orders in place should the control” orders in place should the there aren’t going to be any of themunthinkable happen. A VHF radio unthinkable happen. A VHF radio arround David Tewksbury, a GISmessage would raise the alarm with message would raise the alarm with the specialist told Livescience.the words “BLAZING SKIES : THIS IS NOT words “BLAZING SKIES : THIS IS NOT A Today only a few remain intact. TheA DRILL” broadcast throughout the DRILL” broadcast throughout the base, problem of historic preservation arisesbase, over the now silent loudspeakers over the now silent loudspeakers due to the relative modernity of thesurrounding the launch site. “Blazing surrounding the launch site. “Blazing sites. Cold War era structures aren’t asSkies” was the code words for Skies” was the code words for easily protected on the National “aggressor engagement”.  Register of Historic Places. With no“aggressor engagement”. : By the 1970s however, the Nikes were official efforts made to preserve the sites rendered obsolete. The advent of the it is left to such volunteer groups as the Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile gave Cold War Veteran’s Association who are way to a new form of terror; a Soviet striving to protect and restore the bases nuclear attack that didn’t require in Lorton, VA and LA-43 in California. aircraft. With the ongoing war in With most of the original structures still Vietnam consuming the bulk of defense there, they offer tours of the old radar expenditure, the Nike program was sites, often given by actual Nike shelved in 1974’s Strategic Arms veterans who were based there. Visitors Limitation Talks agreement. No Nikes have the opportunity to tour inside the were ever launched in anger over US radar sites and “find out what it was like to go on full alert”. The launch site, soil. But the program wasn’t without however, would greatly benefit from casualties. In Leonardo, New Jersey, an more funding and protection. Today it Ajax missile exploded on May 22nd, silently rust away,watching the skies 1958, killing six soldiers and four over New York for the attack that never civilians. comes. What, then, happened then to the Nike missile launch sites? Today there are remnants of around 250 bases around the United States in varying levels of ruin. Those built on existing Army bases were simply decommissioned. Due to their proximity to major cities, some were sold to school districts, or turned into municipal yards. Others found their way into private use and became paintball sites. Some were turned into homes. In Virginia, one base even became a prison.

23 // August 2016 // Military Journal ADVERTORIALRh
 einmetall is the perfect partner of the Artillery in the 21st CenturyRight from the start of its 125-year-plus history, Rheinmetall has always been a trusted partner of the artillery corps. Artillery remains indispensable in competency of the Düsseldorf-based engagement capabilities. Equipped with amodern military operations – even in Group is its unsurpassed ability to recoiling 120mm muzzle-loader mortarasymmetric conflicts. Its precision and network individual components into designed for conventional ammunitionfirepower enable maximum scalability, highly effective “systems of systems”. with a range of 8,000m as well as forranging from a show of force using Finally, Rheinmetall’s outstanding terminal-phase guided munitions, thecarefully placed warning shots to simulation technology makes a major weapon is operated and reloaded fromscreening the movements of friendly units contribution to preparing troops for battle. the safety of the fighting compartment,with smoke/obscurant rounds, to denying Target engagement: 120mm mortar which shields the crew from ballistic andthe enemy access to critical terrain, Systems NBC threats. Thanks to automatic laying,breaking up enemy formations and Two recent additions to the Bundeswehr elevation and position determination,destroying high-value assets. Moreover, inventory are the 120mm mortar and plus fully automatic correction of thetoday’s “Disciples of St Barbara” also play Rheinmetall’s mobile Mortar Combat weapon position round after round, rapida central role in joint tactical fire support System, which uses the Wiesel fighting readiness to fire and high precision areoperations. vehicle as a platform. The Wiesel 2 assured. Able to move at high speed from lePzMrs mortar track serves as the effector one firing position to another, the Wiesel Rheinmetall supplies advanced, high- of this lightweight, air-portable, 2 lePzMrs is extremely well suited to hide-performance components covering every networkable system of systems, which hit-run-hide tactics.link in the operational chain: combines command, reconnaissance andreconnaissance, command and control,and engagement. Another core

24 // August 2016 // Military Journal 120MM 
 Besides high explosive, smoke/obscurant and illumination rounds, Rheinmetall’s innovative family of 120mm ammunition includes a newly developed propellant system. Long maximum range (up to eight kilometres) and high precision typify these state-of-the-art projectiles. Left IHE rounds STANAGIHE STANAG 4170 ///The IHE round is optimized for semi-hard targets. Apart fromsubstantially improved fragmentation, with the right fuse it is capableof penetrating reinforced concrete in accordance with STANAG 4536,while the HE version has all the insensitive characteristics required bySTANAG 4170.The smoke/obscurant projectile contains four smoke/obscurant pods, whose design is based on the DM1560 in the already-fielded 155mm smoke/obscurant round, the DM125. The smoke/obscurant compound used is the same, and is thus non-toxic.Moreover, it produces the same excellent concealment in the visual andinfrared spectrums. Finally, the infrared/illumination round enablesexcellent battlefield illumination in the IR spectrum from 0.7 to 1.2Lum, with a minimal signature in the visual spectrum for approximately45 seconds and a rate of descent of <6m/s.Rheinmetall also offerscomplete ammunition families for 81mm and 60mm mortars. Above:The Wiesel 2 IePMrs mortar track of the Bundeswehr invertory (Continued P. 25)

25 // August 2016 // Military Journal Training 
On behalf of the Norwegian armed The carriage weighs around 618 kilos; Modular and scalable, the JFTS is basedforces, Rheinmetall has also developed with the base plate, the entire system on Rheinmetall’s TacSi simulationthe Vingpos mortar weapon system. It comes to 998 kilos. Specifically technology, augmented by Virtualconsists of a carriage with integrated designed for integration in the CV90 Battlespace (VBS), a well-known producthydraulic recoil shock absorbers, a infantry fighting vehicle, the system can from the serious gaming domain. As acustomer-specific fire control computer, also be deployed in dismounted mode. result, the JFTS combines Rheinmetall’soperator interface and base plate. Target data is acquired via various unsurpassed simulation expertise with sensors and command and information tried-and-tested serious gaming systems, or entered manually. At the technology. This enhances customer push of a button, the mortar orients acceptance, as VBS is used in itself in the direction of the target, with simulation-supported training a laying accuracy of under 5 mils. The worldwideJFTS meets the full range of carriage for the Norwegian programme military requirements, from lecture hall is designed for the British L16A2 81mm instruction to high-fidelity FAC mortar, but it can also be adapted to simulations, and is qualified for NATO receive 120 mm mortars. standard operating procedures. While simulation-supported training Customer-specific sensors, weapons and will never fully replace the live-fire C4I assets can be incorporated into the variety, it nevertheless offers valuable system, contributing to a opportunities for low-cost initial, comprehensive, highly realistic training continuing and advanced training. experience. Rheinmetall and Here, too, Rheinmetall has long years of eurosimtec are currently drawing on experience..In cooperation with their JFTS experience and expertise to eurosimtec, Rheinmetall’s Training & complete a recently won order for Simulation division has developed the regenerating the BT33 gunnery training Joint Fires Training System, of JFTS. simulator. Among other things, it is used for Throughout much of its 125-year-plus training forward artillery and forward air history, Rheinmetall has maintained observers, enabling trainees to practise close ties to the world of artillery. The a full range of tactical air support Group continues to build on the procedures at all skill levels as well as tremendous know-how it has calling in direct and indirect fire accumulated over the decades, support. The system can be used for ensuring it will go on serving artillery individual training of forward observers, users for many years to come, steadily joint terminal attack controllers and perfecting their reconnaissance, laser operators. Team-level training for networking, command, fire control, joint fire support teams is also possible. engagement, logistics and training Finally, the JFTS is suitable for higher- capabilities. echelon training as well, and can also be used in a mission rehearsal context. Source:DWT-info annual review magazine 2015 and thanks to Rheinmettal defence

26 // August 2016 // Military Journal ISLAMB
 RITAIN ANDA MATTER OF FAITH LIEUTENANT GENERAL SIR GEORGE CATHCARTIn the early medieval era, English Christians largely MEETS HIS DEATH AT THE BATTLE OF INKERMANNregarded Islam as a variant, or at worst a heresy,within Christianity rather than as an alternative During the Crimean War, 5 November 1854. Britainreligion. Its coming was therefore not seen as posed as a defender of Islam during the conflict but itsparticularly significant and its spread not alarming. relationship with the Muslim world hasn’t always beenThe explanation for this relaxed attitude is clear. so good. (Bridgeman Art Library)Judaism, Christianity and Islam emerged from thesame region, in broadly the same era, and enjoyeda common cultural inheritance. They drew on thestories and ideas of the Old Testament and theirpractitioners honoured the same prophets,including Abraham and Moses On the other hand,English Christians were not very well informedabout Islam until the early modern period when thecollection of manuscripts at Oxford’s BodleianLibrary fostered the development of a scholarlyapproach, and helped to undermine the moreabsurd medieval myths about the faith. Britain’s relationship with Islam has long beenperceived as troubled, but is that the wholestory? 10 key moments from history that bothhelp explain contemporary tensions and offercause for optimism...An English version of the Qur’an didn’t appear until 1649, and it wasn’t until 1734 that the orientalist George Sale produced a goodtranslation. The work of translating Arabic and Persian literature was greatly extended by Sir William Jones (1746–94), a scholarlyjudge who served in Calcutta. Between AD 632 and 936, Islam spread dramatically across the Arabian peninsula, the Middle East,Persia, Asia Minor, north Africa, Spain and southern France. Although England was not directly threatened, her kings responded tocalls for a crusade, initially made by Pope Urban in 1095, to ‘free’ Jerusalem from the Muslims. English crusading enjoyed its heydayin the 12th and 13th centuries, in the process generating one of the great English heroes, Richard the Lionheart (reigned 1189–99).In fact, the English contribution to the crusades was quite limited, although Richard’s efforts were to prove a huge drain on thecountry’s resources.In the 16th century English Protestants disparaged the whole enterprise, which they saw as tainted byCatholicism. Modern historians have also been critical, notably Sir Steven Runciman, who summed up the crusades as “a long act ofintolerance in the name of God”.Many historians have also come to recognise that Islam’s expansion was driven by pragmatic,empire-building ambitions rather than religious-ideological motives. Nonetheless, the crusades were hailed in propagandistliterature as a noble adventure to liberate Jerusalem from the barbarians. This had the effect of entrenching a good deal ofmisconception about Islam as an obscurantist and anti-western movement, a view that was still alive and well in the Victorian period.

27 // August 2016 // Military Journal The East India companyTAKES CONTROL OF DELHI,1803BRITAIN’S EMPIRE BUILDERS AND INDIAN MUSLIMS it was therefore convenient for Britain to support her, even toThe early modern world saw the rise of three great Muslim the extent of fighting Russia in the Crimean War. The flaw incivilisations: the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires. this alliance was that Britons increasingly saw Turkey as tooHence when the East India Company petitioned the Mughal inefficient and corrupt to be propped up indefinitely.court at Delhi for permission to trade, it represented what was Consequently, by the later Victorian period, Britain was willingthen a minor power before a grand one. to guarantee Turkish territory in Asia but not in Europe, andRelations between Britain’s empire-builders and India’s her commitment became increasingly nominal. Lord Cromer,Muslims were, on the whole, good: the British largely took a governor-general of Egypt, claimed that “Islam cannot berelaxed view of their own religion and until the 19th century reformed”, a view that conveniently lent justification to Britishdid not see India as an object of missionary activity. What’s rule as the only means of improving backward orientalmore, the subcontinent’s predominantly Hindu society served societies. However, this statement was inconsistent with theto emphasise the similarities between Christians and evidence of British India, where leading Muslims recognisedMuslims. As the European communities were small and all- the opportunities open to them in the universities and themale, British men often adopted an Indian social life and civil service created by the Raj. A major expression of this wasenjoyed personal relationships with Muslim women. They the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, established in therespected Muslims, who in time came to be seen as a bulwark 1870s, which later became the Aligarh Muslim University. against the rise of a nationalist movement. Although the The college promoted Islamic culture without being obsessiveBritish displaced the Mughal empire, they signed treaties about religion. It was designed not just to educate youngwith hundreds of Indian princes – including Muslim nawabs – Muslims, but to show that it was consistent to be a goodas a means of consolidating their rule. They promoted the Muslim while studying western languages, political ideas,cultural life of the great centres of Islamic society at Delhi, science and medicine. It generated a class of Muslim leadersLucknow and Hyderabad.For their part, as Islam ceased to who enjoyed a footing in both British and oriental societies,expand, Muslims largely reconciled themselves to non- and gave the lie to the prejudice that held Islam to beIslamic rule. Under the British Raj, they were free to practise incorrigibly backward and hostile towards the west.In THe latetheir religion, paid the land revenue and even served in the Victorian era, British attitudes towards Muslims grew moreBritish Army.  negative, partly due to the spread of evangelicalism, the 1857THE CRIMEAN WAR,1854 Indian rebellion, and a belief that Islamic capitals were seatsThe British enjoyed extensive commercial and diplomatic of debaucheryIn THe late Victorian era, British attitudeslinks with the Ottomans, who held the Caliphate, or temporal towards Muslims grew more negative, partly due to theleadership, of the Muslim world. This enabled Britain to pose spread of evangelicalism, the 1857 Indian rebellion, and aas a defender of Islam. Since the end of the Napoleonic Wars belief that Islamic capitals were seats of debauchery. Hostilityin 1815, Russia had been the chief military threat to Britain, reached a peak over Ottoman oppression of Christians in thebut she could not effectively challenge the British route to the Balkans. Victorian liberalism, with its support for self-east without extending her naval power from the Black Sea determination by the Greeks – who won independence after ainto the Mediterranean. In effect, Turkey blocked the way and 10-year war with the Ottomans– found Ottoman rule offensive. 

28 // August 2016 // Military Journal In 1880, in a series of foreign policy 
 speeches known as the Midlothian Campaign (after the constituency for which Treaty of Sevres,1920 he was standing), Gladstone attacked the Conservative government’s backing for the The First World War set Anglo-Muslim relations on a steep Ottomans as both politically misguided and downward path, from which they have never fully recovered. The morally wrong. Declaring that: “The Turks are, Ottoman empire opted to side with Germany, leading to military upon the whole, the one great anti-human conflict with Britain in the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia in which species of humanity,” he returned to power Turkish troops demonstrated that the Ottoman state was far from on a wave of indignation among the press being the decadent power claimed by some western propaganda. and political activists. War complicated British relations with India’s Muslims, thousands of whom were to be mobilised by Mohandas Gandhi’s non-co- operation campaigns. Turkey’s defeat resulted in the Treaty of Sevres, which provoked a nationalist revival, a renewed war and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. This left a secular and democratic Turkish state under Kemal Attaturk.In the wake of the Ottoman collapse, Britain helped create a series of small, unstable states – Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq – in the process antagonising Arabs who argued that they had been denied the large state Britain had promised. Finally, the 1917 Balfour Declaration (in which the British foreign secretary expressed sympathy with the idea of a Jewish “national home”) and her League of Nations mandate left Britain presiding over Jewish immigration into Palestine, prompting an Arab revolt. “Native troops” in the service of the East India Company, 1812. Many Muslims joined the British Army at this time. (Bridgeman Art Library)

29 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
 OVERTHROW OF PRESIDENT MOSSADEQThe creation of Israel in 1948 – following Britain’s Nationality Act, Commonwealth citizens enjoyed the rightwithdrawal from Palestine – saw 726,000 of the 1.3 to migrate to Britain. By 1984, 371,000 Muslims frommillion Palestinians being moved into refugee camps. Pakistan and 93,000 from Bangladesh, as well as othersEight years later, Britain’s invasion of Suez further from India and East Africa, had done so. The chief problemdamaged the country’s influence in the Middle East and they faced in Britain was not their religion – few attendedmade Egypt’s president Nasser a hero among many mosques – but their poverty. The second generationMuslims.  Meanwhile, the growing importance of oil led adapted to British society more successfully. Yet there wereBritain to try to maintain control in Iran. This resulted in grievances, most notably over perceived policethe nationalisation of the oil refineries in 1951 and, in a discrimination, racial prejudice and what was seen ascoup partly orchestrated by MI6 and the CIA, the Britain’s anti-Muslim foreign policy. These helped fuel theoverthrow of Iran’s prime minister, Mohammad response to Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses in 1988,Mossadeq. Yet things didn’t turn out as Britain planned: when British Muslims were part of a global demonstrationthe coup led to a cut in Britain’s oil supply and, while the against the novel, which some thought offensive to theirpro-western Shah assumed power in Iran, he was religion. The author was forced into hiding after the Iranianoverthrown by the Islamic revolution in 1978–79. The leader, Ayatollah Khomeni, issued a death threat againstpost-Shah Iranian regime has frequently been antagonistic him. towards Britain and the USA. Under the 1948 BritishBRITAIN ACQUIRES THE HABIT OF INTERVENTIONISM IN THE MUSLIM WORLD .THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR SAW AN ACCENTUATION OF BRITAIN’S ROLE BOTH IN REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES OF PARTS OF THE FORMER BRITISH RAJ WITH LARGE MUSLIM POPULATIONS, AND IN INTERVENING TO MANIPULATE MUSLIM REGIMES.Several decades of western backing for unpopular and had major domestic implications, alienating andauthoritarian regimes, as well as a pro-Israeli policy, radicalising young Muslims and creating terrorist. Thecontributed to the USA becoming a target for terrorism. World Trade Center atrocities als rise in IslamophobiThis culminated in the World Trade Center attacks of 2001, propaganda which played on the spectre of a Europein which terrorists murdered almost 3,000 people. In turn, overrun and subvertes by Muslims.this led to invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in2003. The troubled occupation of Afghanistan hasfollowed a similar patern to Britains Victorian wars and theUSSSR’s failed invasion of 1979 according to MI5,the wars

30 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
 10 REPORT:IMPROVING PHILIPPINE COAST GUARDFirst of 10 Japan-built MRRV’s arrivés in the Philippes to improve Coast Guardsability to protect the country’s maritime territoryJAPAN BUILTThe first of 10 Japan-built multirole response vessels (MRRVs) arrived in the Philippines on 18 August to improve thePhilippine Coast Guard's ability to protect the southeast Asian country's maritime territory and assets.Named Tubbataha , the MRRV was built by Japan Maritime United Corporation (JMUC) in Yokohama and is part of 10platforms ordered under a PHP8.8 billion (USD191 million) contract signed between the Philippine Department ofTransportation and Communications (DOTC) and JMUC in 2015. The final boat is scheduled to be delivered in 2018.According to specifications provided by JMUC, the MRRV features an overall length of 44 m, an overall width of 7.5 m and adraught of 4 m. The vessel is powered by two MTU 12V 4000 M93L diesel engines and has a standard cruising speed of 15kt. The boat can accommodate a crew of 25, including five officers.The Philippines is locked in a dispute with China over thesovereignty of a number of atolls and reefs in the South China Sea (SCS), but Beijing's military capabilities dwarf that ofManila.\"In the past few years, we have all been witness to the growing and evolving challenges the Philippine Coast Guardis facing and the maritime and sea-travelling public has had to face,\" Rear Admiral William Melad, the head of thePhilippine Coast Guard, was quoted by Kyodo news agency as saying.\"Who would not be angered by violations committedagainst our maritime laws that sometimes resulted in maritime accidents or even casualties?\" he asked. \"And who couldafford to take the bullying of our fishermen within our maritime jurisdiction?\"Melad added that as well as helping tointerdict poachers, smugglers, human and drug traffickers, he hoped the MRRVs would help the Philippines \"stand up forthe country's citizens against maritime bullies\".A Coast Guard spokesman was quoted as saying that the vessel is likely to bedeployed off the west coast, where the Philippines claims jurisdiction, despite China's occupation of Scarborough Shoal andReed Bank.

31 // August 2016 // Military Journal 
CUBAN Rudolf Anderson Jr MISSILE CRISIS 1962 PILOT WHOSE DEATH May Have Saved MillionsOn October 27, 1962, Rudolf Anderson Jr. streaked through Anderson’s pressurized flight suit and helmet, likely killingthe stratosphere, 14 miles above a planet tied up in knots. him instantly. The U-2 plunged 72,000 feet to the tropicalTwelve days before, the Air Force major had flown one of the island below. Target number 33 was destroyed. Within hours,first top-secret reconnaissance missions over Cuba that word of the shootdown reached the White House Cabinetconfirmed the existence of Soviet missile sites just 90 miles Room, which all day long had crackled with tension amid newsfrom the American mainland. Anderson was not originally that the Soviet nuclear missile sites were nearly operationalscheduled to fly on this day, but he lobbied hard for the and that another U-2 plane had accidentally flown over theassignment when the mission was added to the schedule. Soviet Union, sending Soviet MiG fighters scrambling inMission 3127, Anderson’s sixth foray over Cuba as part of pursuit. Assistant Secretary of Defense Paul Nitze said, “They’ve“Operation Brass Knob,” would be his most dangerous yet, fired the first shot,” and President John F. Kennedy remarked,with Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) now operational “We are now in an entirely new ball game.” Attorney Generaland war seemingly imminent.Shortly after Anderson entered Robert F. Kennedy would later write in “Thirteen Days,” hisCuban air space, his unarmed, high-altitude U-2 spy plane memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, “There was the feeling thatappeared as a blip on Soviet radar. As the Soviet military the noose was tightening on all of us, on Americans, ontracked the intruding aircraft, their concern mounted that the mankind, and that the bridges to escape were crumbling.”pilot was photographing secret locations of tactical nuclear Military leaders overwhelmingly urged Kennedy to launchweapons positioned near America’s Guantanamo Bay Naval airstrikes against Cuba’s air defenses the following morning.Base. “Our guest has been up there for over an hour,” The president, however, correctly suspected that Soviet leaderLieutenant General Stepan Grechko told a deputy. “I think we Nikita Khrushchev had not authorized the downings ofshould give the order to shoot it down, as it is discovering our unarmed reconnaissance planes, and he didn’t want topositions in depth.” With the commanding general, the only abandon diplomacy just yet. For Kennedy and Khrushchev,man authorized to order a surface-to-air missile launch, Anderson’s death crystallized their realization that the crisisnowhere to be found, Grechko gave the order himself: was rapidly spiraling out of their control. “It was at that very“Destroy Target Number 33.Two surface-to-air missiles rocketed moment—not before or after—that father felt the situation wasinto the sky near the eastern port city of Banes. One exploded slipping out of his control,” Khrushchev’s son Sergei wouldnear the U-2. Shrapnel pierced the cockpit along with later write.

32 // August 2016 // Military Journal The 12th day of the Cuban Missile Crisis dawned with the United States and the Soviet Union on the precipice of atomic confrontation. That morning, a Soviet missile shot the U-2 reconnaissance plane of U.S. Air Force Major Rudolf Anderson Jr. out of the Cuban sky. The lone combat death of the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the standoff to a tipping point—one that actually pulled the two sides back from a potential nuclear war that could have killed millions. Kennedy worried that retaliatory airstrikes would inevitably result in all-out war.“It isn’t the first step that concerns me, but both sides escalating to the fourth or fifth step and we don’t go to the sixth becausethere is no one around to do so,” he told his advisers. That night, the president dispatched his brother to meet with SovietAmbassador Anatoly Dobrynin and offer a top-secret deal to peacefully end the standoff. The Soviets agreed to remove theirnuclear missiles from Cuba, while the Americans pledged to withdraw intermediate nuclear missiles from Turkey and not invadeCuba. The tensest moments of the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended, with Major Anderson the only combat casualty in a standoffthat had the real possibility of killing millions. When Kennedy learned that the 35-year-old Anderson had a wife and two sons, 5and 3 years old, it struck home. “He had a boy about the same age as John,” he told his advisers. “Your husband’s mission was ofthe greatest importance, but I know how deeply you must feel his loss,” Kennedy wrote in a letter to Anderson’s widow, twomonths pregnant with a baby girl. Anderson posthumously became the first-ever recipient of the Air Force Cross, the service’shighest designation short of the Medal of Honor.Memories of Rudolf Anderson may have faded, but he’s not forgotten in hishometown of Greenville, South Carolina, where he built model airplanes as a young boy and chose “Good humor is the clear bluesky of the soul” as his high school yearbook quote. On the 50th anniversary of his death, the city of Greenville—in conjunction withFurman University and the Upcountry History Museum—will unveil the redesigned Major Rudolf Anderson Jr. Memorial, which wasoriginally installed in 1963. Thirteen engraved granite slabs embedded in the lawn describe each day of the Cuban Missile Crisis,and surrounding an F-86 Sabre Jet, similar to one flown by Anderson, are text panels describing his boyhood, his distinguishedmilitary career and his lasting legacy of contributing to the peaceful resolution of the crisis “Anderson’s death escalated the crisissignificantly,” said Upcountry History Museum historian Courtney Tollison. “It could have provoked a cascading series of eventsthat if you follow to their logical conclusions lead to a nuclear World War III. Instead, his death was a jolt to Kennedy andKhrushchev and pushed the crisis to a point where they had to take one of two paths, both of which had clear consequences.”