Military Journal Issue 03 2016

June 2016 MILITARY FREE ISSUE NR 03 Journal THEME STORY Volume IGeorge EdwardJones: LIFE IN 2016THE RAF SPECIALTY OF THIS MAGAZINE The Cold War Era! CYPRUS PROBLEM A Cold War Legacy! INDEPENDENT DIGITAL MAGAZINE OF HISTORICAL & MODERN MILITARY ISSUES BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION

On the cover:Young Turkish Cypriot girl fighter Editor In Chief-Hoofdredacteur Rob Vaneker Associate Editor Robert Wilbrink & Giesbert Oskam Contributing writers Rob Vaneker, Dik Winkelman (Koerier) Jan Grefhorst Associate writers Hans Hollestelle Jim Gaines-Gerrit Jacobs-Jim.E Malbourough-Giesbert Oskam-Maarten Muns-Lorraine Mc Williams-A.J.Camps Advertisements and Projects Robert Wilbrink Graphic artist Rob Vaneker Circuliation officer Robert Wilbrink Publisher: AVMJ Netherlands2 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

From theeditorAustralian-born Islamic StateRecruiter Killed in USAirstrikeAn Australian citizen suspected of being a top recruiter for the country's a safer place for him having left it,\" said AustralianIslamic State terrorist group has been killed in a U.S. airstrike Immigration Minister Peter Dutton.in Iraq.Australian Attorney-General George Brandis toldreporters Thursday that Melbourne native Neil Prakash died in Attorney-general Brandis also said he was informed by the Unitedan airstrike in Mosul on April 29.Brandis says Prakash was States that another Australian, Shadi Jabar Khalil Mohammad,actively involved in recruiting terrorists, appearing in IS was killed in an air strike in Syria last month along with herpropaganda videos, and was linked to a number of terrorist Sudanese husband, who were both recruiters for Islamicplots in Australia. Brandis says Prakash also encouraged so- State.Mohammad was the sister of Farhad Jabar, a 15-year-oldcalled \"lone-wolf\" attacks against the United States. who shot and killed a civilian police employee in Sydney last October. Jabar was killed in a gunfight with police shortly\"Although we should be gladdened by this news because afterward.Canberra has launched a wide-ranging anti-terrorismPrakash was the most dangerous Australian we knew of, we campaign since late 2014. Authorities have conducted a series ofshouldn't be complacent either that this is by no means the counter-terrorism raids across the country, arresting at leastend of struggle against ISIL (Islamic State Group), it's by no several people on suspicion of planning domestic terrorist attacksmeans the case that Prakash was the only dangerous and involvement with Islamic militants fighting in Iraq and Syria.Australian in the Middle East who was trying to reach back toAustralia,\" said Brandis. \"This is a good outcome for the safety and security of our country. He's an evil person. He was involved in the deaths of people. He was wanting to inspire hatred in our country. He wanted young people to be following in the footsteps of martyrs elsewhere, committing terrorist acts here, and our3 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

06. Life in the RAF final part-Theme StoryI played football (there was no rugby team) for the Officers Messonly in the summertime as conditions in winter were not suitablefor outdoor sport..Quote!10. A cold War Legacy21. Kamikaze PilotsIn the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippines, the Kamikaze SpecialAttack Force began the first of its suicide missions..24. Army Special Activities Detachment28. Editorial: Equipment for light infantery31. Editorial: Memorial Days in Benelux33. AdvertisementsVarious providers For(free)advertising information, please email to: [email protected] • Magazine Military Journal 2016

SPECIAL THEMEGeorge EdwardJones: LIFE IN THERAF: Final PartPlaying Football long period after the war. It enabled us crew and I was waiting for an extension to to get a position off the coast of Iceland be given.. I may not have mentioned that weI played football (there was no rugby to within 6 miles and this then reduced had three different films every week and on ateam) for the Officers Mess only in the to about half a mile near the Shetlands. Friday an E.N.SA Show. We had a visit fromsummertime as conditions in winter Gracie Fields. On one trip about 100 mileswere not suitable for outdoor sport. The last operational trip was on 1st July off the coast of Norway on a beautiful clearThere was a squash court, also 1944 with another crew, duration 16 day we saw the Cruiser HMS Belfast and abadminton, also the station had two hours. This completed 889 hours of small aircraft carrier and four destroyerswhalers approx 15ft with main sail, jib OP’s' flying (a normal tour of duty was heading straight towards the coast. Theand rigger which once passed out as 800 hours). S3 patrols with an average message from this Force said 'Please informproficient by the Group Captain we were time of 16 hours and 50 minutes. their Lordships (Lords of the Admiralty) thatallowed to sail. Also a large rowing boat operation --- been delayed by 24 hours duewas available and on a good day we During this time at Sullom Voe three to inclement weather'. We heard afterwardswould row across the Voe to a pier at submarines were sunk and one involved that they had attacked a German Convoythe little village of Sullom. We would go Jack Cruickshank who was severely and sunk three ships. We lost one completearound the local houses buying eggs wounded but flew the aircraft back and crew which went out on patrol, there werethen tea at the post office before rowing then ran it up on the beach as the hull never any signals by radio and they neverhome. was full of holes. He won the V.C. but his returned. They may have flown into the navigator Dicky Dickson was killed. My Faroe Islands in bad weather. Also anotherContinued operational flying was a crew went out on patrol on 24 May crew were killed in a local flying accident.combination of convoy escorts, anti-sub 1944, without me, without me, a Southpatrols and Leigh light patrols. We were now African named Capt. Maxwell took overequipped with a navigational aid called and got a U.476 sub. The reason that'Gee'. It was an early type of the 'Decca' they went without me was that I hadnavigational system which was in use for a reached my 800 hours ahead of the5 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

A worker at Electric Boat Co. in New London, Conn. in 1943.“Next installment begins here-Lough Erne George Edward Jones (Ted) second from the left at Foynes ,May 2016 Home on leave then and posted to Lough Erne 131 O.T.U.(Operational Training Unit). It was a very long journey from my as when confirmed). Des Mock whom I had been flying withhome at Nailsworth in Gloucestershire to Enniskillen .... 30 hours during our Captain's Course at Invergordon, had been posted toby train and boat. Just as a matter of interest the details are as Killadeas a couple of months earlier and through him and a gamefollows:: leave home by taxi to Stonehouse Railway Station for the of tennis in Enniskillen I met Noreen Crozier!!!.11am train to Gloucester, change for Birmingham, then changefor Crewe and then change for Stranraer, take the boat to Larne In September 1944 I had the experience of teaching an A.T.Afollowed by a train to Belfast. In Belfast change stations and get pilot to fly a Catalina. First Officer Harmer and he had been flyingthe train to Enniskillen arriving about 5.30pm the following for more years than I had been alive. He started in 1918. A.T.A. isafternoon. Air Transport Auxiliary who were pilots who ferried new planes from factory to airfields. Also at this time I was involved in training I started flying in August 1944 as an Instructor for new crews in the use of the Leigh light sometimes homing in by radarcaptains and crews who were due to go on operations. One small on the lighthouse of St John's Point in Donegal Bay. I oftenpoint to learn to fly or should say, I had to get used to flying from wondered what the Keepers thought of this very brilliant lightthe right hand seat and operate the controls with different hands. coming at them out of the darkness. I forgot to mention that I was made up to Flight LieutenantActing in November 1943 (the Acting Rank carried the same pay SEPTEMBER 19446 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

I started at the Flying Instructor's The wedding was in the private ChapelSchool at St Angela's (the landplane base) of Wesley College and the reception was inabout two miles form Killadeas. 12(0) F.I.S .. half of the Ballroom of the Hibernian Hotel. I had a suit made by a tailor called Tom Gaul Together with Flying Officer Mathew our in a shop off Molesworth Street. £12 plusInstructor was F/L Des Mock who had done tea and clothing coupons obtained from thethe course earlier and received an A2 housekeeper in the hotel for more tea (TeaCategory for instructing Instructors how to was rationed at 11 oz per week). Noreeninstruct. It was very interesting and involved had her hair set in the hairdressers inthe theory of flight and as you were flying Switzers. The water was boiled on an openhaving to say exactly what was taking place. fire as the gas supply was cut off at 8.30 toThis improved one's flying ability for one had 9 am each morning.to be seen to be doing what was said. Inother words if the airspeed was said to be We moved to Uncle Fred's house at 7at 70 knots for a night landing that's what it Fair Street in Drogheda on the Sunday, thenhas to be. back to Ballinamallard on Monday and back flying on Tuesday. I finished the course in November 1944and was awarded A2 Category. Back to 131 St Angel.'s was the landplane base forO.T.U. at Killadeas to continue instructing the Costal Command Flying Instructorsuntil 8 March when checked out by Coastal School, the aerodrome was about 1.5 milesCommand Flying School Instructors for from Killadeas on the road to Enniskillen.transfer to 12 (0) F.I.S. St Angela's. I went The aircraft there were as follows:home for a week, then to Dublin with Wellington, Beaufort, Oxford, Mosquito andNoreen, married on 31 March 1945 by Dr Buckmaster.Irwin in Wesley College Chapel, StStephen's Green. I started my first course with two pupils on 6 April 1945 flying Catalinas from Details of the Wedding Killadeas. Each training session was about 4 hours. During this time I had the odd trip in We arrived by train from Enniskillen on a Beaufort & Wellington and someMonday 26 March and booked into the instruction on Sunderlands.Hibemian Hotel:Rooms 26 and 27. OnTuesday we went to see Dr Jack Irwin, Second course with two more pupilsNoreen's Uncle by marriage, a Methodist for the whole of this month. Went home onMinister and Headmaster of Wesley College. leave and no flying in June. The war inHe lived in Leeson Park and he advised us Europe was over. So C.C.F.I.S. was in thethat it was possible to marry with a special balance. All Catalinas were taken off activelicence. It was necessary to have a flying. We did try to take one on a trip todeclaration signed by the Secretary of the Germany to see bomb damage but no go.Methodist Church ... a Dr Morley Thompsonwho lived in Cork. I phoned Cork to find that I telephoned the Chief Flying Instructorhe was in Belfast, phoned Belfast to find he at Alness in Scotland , Squadron leaderwas on his way to Dublin. We eventually 'Wimpey' Rabin to see if they neededcaught up with him and then to Dublin Sunderland Instructors at 4 (C) O.T.V. havingCastle with Uncle Jack for the special flown one for 1.5 hours. He said ok so wentlicence .... £5. Phoned Noreen's Mother on there on 29 June 1945.Wednesday to say the wedding wasarranged for Saturday....” Come to Dublinand bring money “!. She arrived on Fridaywith money and organised a cake fromDrogheda. Uncle Fred and Aunty Mabelcame as did Aunty Betty. Phil Adams wasbest man and Georgia Adams was matronof honour. (Cousins).7 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

May 1945: Had 2 hours and 45 minutes training on Sunderlands before being qualified for solo. Didseveral trips back to Killadeas transferring Aircraft.3 September 1945: Went to Iceland with a party of radar More instructing on C.C.F.I.S. until the end of March 1946 thenspecialists. I was chosen as Captain of this trip having prior posted back to 4 (c) O.T.U. with last flight on 29 April 1946.knowledge of the area at Reykjavik. We spent five days there Demobilised on 14 May1946 at Headnesford and then home toand brought back a load of cheap spirits and fags. We went 'Brookville', Ballinamallard. My Total Flying Hours were 1768through the customs at Invergordon with a small amount plus 9 at Grosse Isle giving a Grand Total of 1,777 Flyinghaving sent the rest in another motor boat to the west pier. Hours. Went to live in Dublin on 12 August 1946 at 13 BelgraveDuring my time away Noreen came over from Ballinamallard Square. Then to 19 Castle Grove in March 1948.by boat and train. FlU Webber met her at the station andescorted her to the Rhua Hotel. Later on we had the top floor Note from the editorial staff: We want to thank Ted Jonesflat in Mrs McKenzie's house called 'Drumbuie' in the town. (composer) for his amazing written story and especially ourAs Noreen was pregnant we wanted somewhere without associate writer, Mrs Lorraine McWilliams from RAFAROI forstairs so managed to get a bungalow for £2 a week just her composition.outside the town. These were built for dockyard workers in1914-1918 war as Invergordon was a major naval base and George Edward Jones (Ted) Author of thisare identical to the houses built for servicemen at Killester story again behind the wheel !after the 1914-1918 war. On 19 August 1945 we took thesame radar people to the Faroe Islands landing on LakeVaarga, returning on 23rd . The local village was calledSandevarg and myself and the 2nd pilot Scott Forrest stayedwith the local taxi driver (only one car then anyway). We hadmost of the Village up for an air test quite against the rules.They gave us two very big halibut to take back ... one of theOfficer's Mess and the other for the Sergeants.September 1945: C.C.F.I.S. the Sunderland Section wasmoved to Alness with F/L Street so I joined them as a qualifiedInstructor with an A2 Category. The amount of flying was cutdown now although the war in the Far East was still going on.31 January 1946: Nicholas was born at the Ross MemorialHospital, Dingwall. Doctor and hospital cost £13/13/00. R.A.F.gave a grant of £15. 15.00 (15 guineas). I had a two stroke1937 Francis Barnett to go visiting.8 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

A Cold war LegacyThe Cyprus ProblemLike other conflicted international the Greek mainland, 240 miles north of religious and political divisions are derivedissues such as Northern Ireland, Egypt, and 60 miles west of Syria and from this underlying ethnic division, in mythe Cyprus issue is embedded in Lebanon. It has an area of about 3,572 view. The manipulating foreign powerslevels of difficulty corresponding square miles and is approximately 140 include Greece, especially under theto the actors involved. First, each miles from east to west and 40 miles military junta (1967–74), Turkey from 1571major participant has its own and from north to south. About 80 per cent to 1878 and at present, Britain from 1878very different “national narrative”, of the population is Greek, and 18 per to 1960 and onwards, and the Unitedand two of these participants, cent is Turkish, the remaining 2 per cent States from 1963 onwards. Russia alsothe Greek and Turkish Cypriots, being made up of Armenians, Britons played a considerable if lesser role,live by subtexts which differ and Maronites. In nine thousand years, especially during the time of Archbishopsubstantially from their every major and several minor empires Makarios, who became the first presidentmotherlands’. Second, ethnic in the eastern Mediterranean have of the newly created Republic of Cyprus indivisions are so severe that there conquered it. This produced a different 1960. Makarios sought to balance theare as many “truths” as political culture from that of mainland United States and Soviet Union againstparticipants: a Greek and Turkish Greece, a culture with a highly each other during the Cold War to avoidtruth, a Greek Cypriot and developed administration and a genius NATO control over Cyprus, striving at firstTurkish Cypriot truth, a British for hospitality and courtesy. It also for a unitary Greek Cypriot state prior toand US truth, and a UN narrative produced a certain cultural unwillingness enosis (union) with Greece. The ethnictruth about how Cyprus became to “get involved” in politics, especially in division is also responsible for the cleara victim . incremental reform movements. failure to develop a single common Cypriot nationality rather than the two (GreekCyprus is the third-largest island of the The Ethici Divide Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot) which developed.Mediterranean after Sardinia and Sicily. The core explanation for the Cyprus tragedy in the ethnic division between  It is located about 40 miles from Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots as manipulated by foreign powers. ExistingTurkey’s southern coast, 500 miles from9 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

But it was not a preventable tragedy that so little transethnic “Cypriot nationalism” developed, for in myview there is no “Cypriot nation”only two ethnic communities, one Greek distinct ethnic groups divided along internal preconditions [italics added] of aand one Turkish.1 Since the Turkish linguistic, religious, cultural, and lasting intercommunal peace”.invasion of 1974, 37 per cent of Cyprus political lines … Communal dualismlies on the Turkish-occupied side of the became the foundation of political Stanford professor Thomas Ehrlich agrees:“Green Line” that divides the island, with structures and practices that prevented the “preconditions” for one nationality justthe balance on the Greek side, even the development of a … common do not exist for they “could only develop ifthough both are legally part of the patriotism, joint Cypriot consciousness, supported by pressures from without”.TheRepublic of Cyprus. Adamantia Pollis is and unifying political culture supportive European Union and the United Statescorrect in suggesting that British of the Cypriot state could help mightily in this regard bycolonialism bears much responsibility for pushing hard for immediate Cypriot entrythe lack of a strong Cypriot sense of Note that intermarriage—a crucial into the European Union, then for a bizonal,“nationhood”. Still, I very much doubt measure of communal integration— bicommunal, federal solution brokered bythat such a dual nationalism could have was rare. As Demetrios A. the United Nations and supported by allbeen avoided, for Cyprus has been the Theophylactou remarks in a tribute to participants.Intercommunal division alsoobject of foreign manipulation since his parents who did marry across the made difficult the development of a “civilNeolithic times. As Joseph S. Joseph ethnic divide, they were “one of a society” in Cyprus, without the essentialobserves: handful” of couples to do so.Kyriacos “third sector” between the government at Markides has argued that Cyprus never the top and the people at the bottom.Despite four centuries of coexistence became a “consociational democracy”and physical intermingling, the [two like Switzerland owing to the failure ofcommunities] remained separate and political will of both elites. He concludes that “nothing short of a ‘cultural revolution’ can establish the10 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

On 30 November 1963, Archbishop Makarios proposed “Thirteen Points” in an attempt to break outof the brutal constraints of the London–Zurich Accords, which polarised the republic ethnically andled to political dreadlock.Constitutional Gridlock working to bridge the ethnic gap were easily silenced by EOKA and TMT and the later EOKA-B.The accords gave Turkish Cypriots greater representation inthe cabinet, House of Representatives, civil service, army and In addition to ethnic division, there was the religious/politicalpolice than their numbers warranted. The vice-presidency was division among Greek Cypriots. Ioannis D. Stefanides notesreserved for a Turkish Cypriot and carried the right of veto. that under Makarios II, Archbishop Makarios’s predecessor asSeparate elections and separate municipalities were head of the Cyprus Church, “the role of the Church as themandated for Greek and Turkish Cypriots.In the words of Ethnarchy of the Greek Cypriot community was completelyJoseph S. Joseph, Makarios’s Thirteen Points “mainly transformed into a factional, political one.” The Churchaddressed constitutional deadlocks”, the most important excommunicated leftists and launched an economic boycott ofrecommendations being:abolition of the veto right of the their businesses. Eventually, “the division of Greek Cypriotpresident and the vice-president; abolition of the separate society reached absurd proportions—not only the trade unionsmajority votes in the parliament; establishment of unified but also coffee shops, cinemas and even football clubs camemunicipalities; unification of the administration of justice; to be divided along party lines.” Separation of church (mosque)participation of the two communities in the public service in and state is not yet fully developed on Cyprus.proportion to their population; and abolition of the Greekcommunal chamber. The Cold WarMakarios’s move to alter the constitution thus entailed the The Cold War, which dominated the Cyprus problem, began inremoval of some of the privileges and protections of the 1947 as a “loose bipolar” model. Two superpowers, the UnitedTurkish Cypriot minority, which totally rejected the Thirteen States and the Soviet Union, largely controlled worldPoints. Their unveiling led to predictable Turkish Cypriot diplomacy. A subset of “non-aligned” states flourished, to theviolence, probably under Ankara’s leadership if not dictation. mutual dismay of Washington and Moscow, each of which constantly tried to create Kaplan’s “tight bipolarIn their national narrative, Greek and Greek Cypriot analysts model”.Anomalously, the Soviet Union was only a superpowergenerally downplay the Thirteen Points as an illegal violation of in military terms, since it was economically weak; only itsthe London–Zurich Accords. Thus, Philippos K. Savvides defence sector was world class. Also, it was confronted byclaims the Thirteen Points “sought merely to amend overwhelming economic competition from advanced Firstconstitutional provisions that had become detrimental to the World countries united in opposition to it.Unfortunately fornormal functioning of the Cypriot government”, even while Greece and Cyprus this fundamental fact was not clearlypartly correctly arguing that “the disproportional rights understood by most American leaders, many of whom seemedprovided to the Turkish minority impaired the orderly obsessed by an unrealistic phobia of the omnipotent “Evilfunctioning of the state, thus leading to the collapse of the first Empire”. Evil it surely was, but weak it also was. The coerciveCypriot Republic”. Savvides does not mention the economy of the Soviet Union was an ineffective use of its“ghettoisation” of the Turkish Cypriots in enclaves after 1964, peoples’ vast resources, hard work and scientific genius.nor the fact that the British supported but the Greek prime Moreover, its armed forces system lacked air- and sea-lift,minister and friend of NATO, Constantine Karamanlis, confining its offensive capability to contiguous areas, while itopposed the Thirteen Points. For their part, Turkish Cypriots, never had a “blue-water” navy. In my view, Washington’sin line with their national narrative, fail to note that Ankara to a obsession with the Soviet Union was responsible for a goodlarge extent compelled them to regroup in the 3 per cent of deal of the Cyprus tragedy. The irony is that both the obsessionCyprus which constituted the “ghettoes”. Thus, Ankara and the tragedy were unnecessary from either a geopolitical orexacerbated real, pre-existing Turkish Cypriot fears of Greek moral point of view. The Soviet threat could have beenCypriot terrorists. Greek Cypriots tend to downplay this fear contained by largely economic and more nuanced militarysince it violates their national narrative.The London–Zurich means at far less cost to all involved, including Cyprus.Accords could have led to a truly “consociational”, power-sharing society, but only if reformers from both communitieshad been able to transcend their exclusivist national narrativesand persuade their communities to do likewise. Makarios wasnot able to do so, neither was Ankara nor Athens. Reformers11 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

! The Murder of a Turkish Shepherd,Cyprus Cilvil War The Cyprus Civil War,Limassol,Cyprus 196412 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

The former UN Checkpoints Cyprus !NonAligned State reality since “nothing is but thinking makes it so”Cyprus was, nevertheless, a “non- absent. Rational diplomats, such asaligned” state much to the impotent fury George Kennan, the originator of The current world system is unstable,of Washington. Indeed, Makarios was “containment”, complained that with Cyprus and Greek–Turkish relationsoften referred to as “the Castro of the Washington overmilitarised the Cold War. a dangerous part of that instability. WithMediterranean”, even though he allowed But to John Foster Dulles, America’s the demise of the Soviet Union, we nowAmerican U-2 spy-planes to fly from “misguided missile” as Adlai Stevenson live in a unipolar world in transition. ABritish bases in Cyprus and permitted termed him, the Cold War was a series of concentric “levels” may bevital British and US electronic monitoring Manichaean struggle. One wonders at posited, of which the largest is the outerstations to operate throughout the island. the subconscious motivations of both or world level now occupied solely by theMoreover, the Cypriot communist party, superpowers which explain this mirror United States. The next or regional levelAkel, upon which he depended for image, each seeing the other as an evil, is occupied by regional actors such asmaintaining his position, was Euro- aggressive adversary. Without it, the the three guarantor powers of the 1960communist and relatively independent of Cyprus tragedy might have been Cyprus constitution: Britain, Greece andMoscow. But to many US leaders, all avoided, as might the Vietnam and Turkey. Finally, Cyprus is part of the thirdcommunist parties were alike, just as all Soviet–Afghan wars, for in foreign policy, or local level and vibrates to tonescommunists were alike. A nuanced perception is often more important than emanating from the world and regionalunderstanding of the Soviet threat was levels. Greek analyst Alexis Alexandris has noted several Greek–Turkish points of friction that involve the three levels and have a reverberating effect on Cyprus.13 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

! The airport in FamagustaThey include the delimitation of the Although Britain exacerbated Cypriots felt enosis was possible if theyAegean continental shelf, the extension intercommunal discord in Cyprus for forced the issue. The 1960 constitution wasof Greek territorial limits according to reasons of state, this policy succeeded a “second best” solution. It provided for anthe UN Law of the Sea, the Greek– only because of pre-existing ethnic and imperfect “guaranteed independence”Turkish dispute over Aegean airspace, religious/political divisions. Ironically, the without partition, and allowed Britain tothe military status of Aegean islands, the Cyprus tragedy might have been retain sovereign military bases on Cyprus. ItTurkish Aegean Fourth Army, Greek– avoided had the British given more also provided many smaller British zonesTurkish NATO command structures, and weight to realistic political concerns and for electronic surveillance of the SovietTurkey’s desire to enter the European less to unrealistic security needs in the Union and Middle East, artillery practice andUnion. Alexandris observes that eastern Mediterranean. But the British parachute training. Finally, London hoped“although it cannot be included in the “national narrative” precluded accepting for an end to Greek Cypriot armedGreek–Turkish bilateral issues”, Cyprus only regional power-status for Britain. resistance against British rule, acontinues to burden Greek and Turkish Moreover, Britain’s Cyprus policy had “consummation devoutly to be wished” butforeign policy agendas. He concludes been inconsistent, reflecting shifting never realised. London would have to reifythat Cyprus is “both the cause and views of the British national interest. In the “Turkish threat” to offset Greek andvictim of a recrudescence of a Greek– 1954, Colonial Secretary Henry Greek Cypriot hopes for enosis.Turkish antagonism”. Hopkinson ruled out Cypriot independence forever, yet earlierBritain’s Role London had twice offered Cyprus to Greece (and was twice refused by Athens).No wonder many Greek14 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

Pict!ures left to right: US John Foster Dulles- Secretary UK,front right Henry Hopkinson- US ambassador Henry.J.Tasca It is ironic that as America’s power declined relatively, initiatives such as the Acheson and Ball plans, whose goal was “aEurope’s increased absolutely. Both phenomena are due partly to permanent peaceful solution of the Cyprus problem within athe disintegration of the Soviet Union and the break-up of Eastern Western setting securing Western strategic interests”.Europe and Yugoslavia into competing multinational nation-states, US Culpabilityeach dominated by a single ethnic elite. The European Union,which vastly increased its power, now projects that power into the The United States was not without guilt in creating theeastern Mediterranean. The European Union gradually developed Cyprus tragedy. It has been alleged16 that in June 1974, just priorfrom a strictly Coal and Steel Community into a vast customs to the Greek-backed coup in Cyprus that prompted the Turkish invasion of the island, US ambassador to Greece, Henry J. Tasca,union, and later embarked upon monetary union (EMU). In 1994, apparently failed to pass on to Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannides, headthe European Union established the European Security and of the Greek junta, the official position of the US government: thatDefence Identity (ESDI) to create a European military fighting Washington opposed any military adventure in Cyprus. Such anforce. That Washington greatly assisted this process of European adventure would (and did) gravely injure US policy in the easternmilitary, political and economic integration is difficult to reconcile Mediterranean by creating a crisis between two US NATO allies, Greece and Turkey.with the frequent description of the United States as a“hegemonic power”. The Bush administration and EU leaders areaware that Turkey’s taksim (partition) of Cyprus has not resolvedthe geopolitical danger of a Greek‑Turkish war over the island.Thus, both the United States and European Union support theLondon–Zurich Accords, which established not partition, but a“guaranteed independence” for Cyprus.The United States alsoaccepted (if grudgingly) the failure of its own NATO-based THE EUROPEAN UNION15 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!Tasca explained his reluctance to deal with Ioannides by saying that the latter was only a “cop”, inthat his sole official standing was as head of the military police To be continued Greek and Turkish national feelings. After Congress instituted a boycott on US arms sales to Turkey, Ankara closed down US But that hardly relieved Tasca from the responsibility of liaising bases in Turkey. America’s good friend, the wise though with Ioannides, since diplomats may not choose the leaders of conservative Greek prime minister Constantine Karamanlis, countries to which they are accredited.Tragically, it is widely withdrew Greece from the military arm of NATO. believed by many Greeks and Turks and by some foreign students of eastern Mediterranean affairs that Washington Kissinger’s statecraft, though brilliantly successful in the Middle financed EOKA-B despite its killing of patriotic but dissenting East and in East–West relations, was unsuccessful in Europe Greek Cypriots. If the United States helped finance the Turkish and an unnecessary failure in the eastern Mediterranean, Cypriot TMT, which certainly followed similar practices offending both America’s key allies there and helping create the towards its dissenting majority, then Washington must bear an Cyprus catastrophe. Fortunately, US policy on Cyprus has additional burden of shame. changed. Washington has recently made behind-the-scenes efforts to push the Turkish side towards talks on resolving the President Nixon’s policy Cyprus quandary. The US problem was and is rather a mild case of “chronic neo-isolationism”: a reluctance to become President Nixon’s policy in the eastern Mediterranean was involved deeply in foreign entanglements. surely counterproductive in victimising Cyprus and Greece. He sent Vice-President Spiro Agnew to visit the junta leadership The US ambassador to Cyprus, Donald Bandler, has in Athens, thereby according the dictatorship a degree of announced that US Cyprus Presidential Emissary Alfred Moses approval and legitimacy. Nixon’s secretary of state, Henry and State Department Co-ordinator for Cyprus Thomas Kissinger, clearly “tilted” towards Ankara in the grim “July Weston will work for a settlement. The new Bush Days” of 1974 and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The Nixon administration has made it clear that it agrees with the vision of administration did nothing to prevent the totally illegal and ex-Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, as outlined in continued occupation of northern Cyprus (37 per cent of the remarks to the press in June 1997: “What we seek is the island) by Turkish troops as well as the importation of up to reunification of Cyprus. We believe that the division of the forty thousand Anatolian settlers, which illegally changed the island is unacceptable ... We continue to support the demography of the area. Turkey’s acts are in clear violation of establishment of a bizonal, bicommunal federation. We will do customary international law and treaty obligations freely everything we can to bring the process forward.” accepted by Ankara, i.e., the Lausanne Treaty of 1923, under which Turkey surrendered all its rights over Cyprus and the Greece island became a British colony, and Article IV of the Treaty of Guarantee of the London–Zurich package. Article IV required There is a tendency among Greeks to analyze Greek– any of Cyprus’s three guarantor powers (Greece, Turkey and American relations (or international politics in general) in a Britain), after consultation in the case of unilateral intervention, sentimental fashion. Terms such as “we have been to re-establish the situation on the island ante-bellum. That is, betrayed by our friends” or “we have been sold out” have each guarantor power “reserved the right to take action with been employed frequently by political elites as well as by the sole aim of re-establishing a state of affairs created by the the Greek media. But international politics, despite present treaty”. This clearly Turkey did not do. Rather, in protestations to the contrary, is not being played in a field August 1974, it began a further advance from occupying of law and morality but in an arena of shrewdness and about 3 per cent of Cyprus to some 37 per cent after its own power. recalcitrance led to the failure of the Geneva meeting of the three guarantor powers. We who recall Greece after the Civil War are astounded at her remarkable development into a rapidly maturing civil society, Moreover, Kissinger’s Realpolitik backfired as both of together with her efforts to participate fully in European America’s allies, Greece and Turkey, responded angrily to his monetary union and ESDI. Greece would provide Cyprus with “tilts”—first towards the Athens junta, then towards Ankara. an “elder brother” upon Nicosia’s entry into the European Nor did he really follow Bismarkian Realpolitik, for the “Iron Union. Entry remains Nicosia’s major foreign policy goal, and I Chancellor” was careful never unnecessarily to offend weaker believe it would give a fillip towards reuniting the island. A link- powers. Kissinger, by contrast, seemed oblivious to both up with NATO via the Western European Union, an EU defence alliance to which Greece already belongs, would clearly provide16 • Magazine Military Journal 2016 an additional spur to Cyprus’s reunification and increase Nicosia’s international importance.

Pr!esident John F. Kennedy Exits White House with Archbishop Makarios III, President of the Republic of Cyprus Interior of the Airport in Famagusta,Cyprus17 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!GREEKAnalysts But a federal solution embracing a mind-boggling but contributed greatly to It is doubtful that thebicommunal and bizonal state the ultimate division of the island. Also its summum bonum clearlyincorporating both the Turkish Cypriots’ selection of Nicos “Turk Killer” Sampson to sought by many Greekelastic “confederation” and the Greek head the coupist regime in CyprusCypriots’ “Three Freedoms” (democracy displayed a rather primitive understanding analysts—recreation of acum sovereignty) is possible in my view. of Cypriot, regional and world geopolitical “democratic unitary”Federation also offers the possibility of reality.future evolution into a democratic unitary Cypriot state—is possiblestate when mutual trust has developed Turkey today. Too much blood hasand mutual fear subsided. But a new form been shed, too muchof “consociation” will have to be A strong ESDI would clearly have profounddeveloped, with powerful guarantees for effects on the strategic shape of the history has intervened.the Turkish Cypriot minority and full eastern Mediterranean, including Greek–security for the Greek Cypriot majority. Turkish relations and the Aegean and Cyprus disputes. For the European Union, Moreover, the Greek side must take the price would include Turkey’s entry as asome responsibility for the role of EOKA full member; for Turkey it would clearlyleader, General George Grivas, whose require two painful major changes:share in the unfolding of the Cyprustragedy is hardly emphasised in Greek 1. Resolution of the Cyprus and Aegeannational narratives or Greek Cypriot disputes with Greece. This would obligesubtexts. Rarely is he given responsibility Turkey to follow Greece’s example begunfor contributing to the pathological fear of by Andreas Papandreou and almostGreek Cypriots observable among Turkish completed by current prime minister,Cypriots in the North. Costas Simitis: good relations with one’s European and Balkan neighbours. Any catalogue of Greek policy failuresmust also include junta leader Ioannides’s 2. A drastic reform of domestic policies tofatal error of judgment in precipitating the meet EU entry conditions on economics,Turkish invasion of Cyprus by trying to politics, and on human rights for all citizensoverthrow the elected leader of the of Turkey, including Kurds and Greeks.Cypriot people, Archbishop Makarios. Thejunta’s inability to realise the implicationsof Turkey’s propinquity to Cyprus is a bit18 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!   Would Turkey be prepared to carry out such painful, difficult The failure of past US and British policy on Cyprus is nowchanges? It may have little choice, despite the opposition of clearly recognised by both Washington and London. Thethe powerful Turkish military. For the alternative is to be problem is, “what is to be done” now? The only real solution ismarginalised as a permanent Third World power. This would for a package agreement on the Aegean and Cyprus betweenprobably mean a tragic descent into a secular military Athens and Ankara similar in scope and daring to that signeddictatorship such as Iraq’s. Or—even worse from the Kemalist by Paris and Bonn in the 1950s, or the Balkan Pact agreedelite’s point of view—into another Iran, under the heel of Muslim upon by Greek premier Eleftherios Venizelos and Turkishextremists such as Necmettin Erbakan. On Turkish views of the president Kemal Ataturk in the 1930s when Venizelos actuallyinternational legal status of Cyprus, careful study suggests they recommended Ataturk for the Nobel Peace Prize. We must notare simply untenable. This is why Athens demands that the delay for lack of courage to begin a new one.!issues be submitted to the International Court of Justice, whileAnkara insists they be considered only in bilateral talks. Turkey Author: Dr.A.J.Camps-USA-May 2016knows it would lose, while Greece knows it would win.The end of the Cold War has changed everything. The policy ofGreek Foreign Minister George Papandreou of principledrapprochement with Ankara has met with a positive responsefrom his Turkish counterpart, Ismail Cem. The views of bothforeign ministers are hopeful precisely because they share acommon appreciation of “neo-realist”, mutual national self-interest. Yet Turkish leaders muststill be persuaded that theircurrent “Hispaniola formula” forCyprus is both dangerous andcounterproductive, adding little toany side’s security. In fact, itfacilitates an eventual disastrousGreek–Turkish war. If theEuropean Union and UnitedStates move together, Turkey willeither join in or be marginalised.For Turkey needs Europe, andEurope needs a reformed Turkey.The FutureSomething there is thatdoesn’t love a wall … Before Ibuilt a wall I’d ask toknowWhat I was walling in orwalling out, And to whom Iwas like to giveoffense.Something there isthat doesn’t love a wall,Thatwants it down.—Robert Frost, “MendingWall” George Papandreou,One family has dominated Greek politics for more than half a century: the Papandreous.19 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!KamikazePilotsJapan’s Suïcide Squad in WWll“Transcend life and death. Eliminate attack. Just when the Mongols were on He also pointed out that one plane crashall thoughts about your life and your the verge of defeating the Japanese, a targeting a ship could cause moredeath. Only then you will disregard destructive typhoon swept through the destruction than 10 planes firingyour earthly life totally. You will be land. This typhoon, named Kamikaze relentlessly at it. Based on this combatempowered to focus your attention on (Divine Wind) by the Japanese, observation, it was decided that pilotseradicating your enemy with eliminated the whole Mongol army. After would deliberately crash their planes intounwavering determination. In the the fall of Saipan (July 1944), the the warships of the Allies.meantime, reinforce your excellence Japanese restored the memory ofin flight skills.” Kamikaze by ascribing it to the suicide attack missions of their air force. TheText from the manual of the Kamikaze commander of Japan’s First Air Fleet inpilots, located in their cockpits the Philippine Islands, Vice Admiral Takashiro Ohnishi, had pointed out thatOrigins of Kamikaze the best way to inflict maximum damage on the warships of the Allies was to The Mongols invaded Japan in 1281. deliberately crash aircraft into them.The powerful warlord Kublai Khan led the20 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

USS Bunker Hill hit by two Kamikazes in 30 seconds on 11 May 1945 off Kyushu. Dead – 372. Wounded – 264! In the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippines, the Kamikaze Special Attack Force began the first of its suicide missions. On October 25th, 1944, 5 Zero farewell poems and letters to his lovedairplanes were escorted to the target by ones, receiving a 1000-stitch sash, andthe top Japanese pilot Hiroyoshi taking part in a final ceremony.Nishizawa. USS St. Lo, an escort carrier,was the first important warship that was The 1000-stitch sash was a garment insunk by a Kamikaze attack. which thousand different women put in one symbolic stitch each. The finalThe Kamikaze strike resulted in massive ceremony included a drink of spiritualfires that led to an explosion in the ship’s concoction that’d ensure success in thebomb magazine. The carrier sunk within mission. Then, he’d wedge himselfan hour. Kamikaze pilots scored several between 500-pound bombs.direct hits that day. They caused severedamage to other warships of the Allies as The Key Motivation for Kamikaze Pilotswell. The Kamikaze artists were told thatThe Average Kamikaze Pilot they’d be fighting for God, their Emperor. And their supreme act would bring The average Kamikaze pilot was a deliverance to Imperial Japan as it’duniversity student. Loyalty to the done in the 13th century.Japanese Emperor, family, and nationwere his key motivations. He was in hisearly 20s and pursuing science. Heprepared for his worthy destiny by writing21 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

! The Kamikaze Pilots’ “Big Day” Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa,who flew his Aircraft into the USSThe 5-Point Oath for All Kamikaze Pilots April 6, 1945, is perhaps, the biggest Bunker Hill day in terms of Kamikaze attacks inLike other regular military personnel, the WWII. Over 350 Kamikaze aircraft Calls for Kamikaze pilotsKamikaze pilots were also indoctrinated made a desperate dive at the Allied received a greatwith the following oath: fleet in the crucial Battle for Okinawa. response. For every This simultaneous Kamikaze wave available Japanese*Loyalty is your obligation. drove several Allied sailors almost plane, there were three*Propriety is your way of life. insane.Twenty Kamikaze aircraft made applicants. Experienced*You must esteem military valor highly. a simultaneous lunge toward USS pilots were refused the*You must have the highest regard for Laffey. Her gunners took out nine chance to becomerighteousness. within seconds, but six rammed into Kamikaze pilots because*You must live a simple life. her. Fortunately, the USS Laffey had a they were needed to world-class Commanding Officer. The train the raw volunteers.The Kamikaze Pilot’s Prestigieus”Coffin” ship came back to fight in the Korean War. The Mitsubishi A6M2, nicknamed theZero, was the Kamikaze pilot’s premium Summarymachine. Its range was a decent 1,930miles. The Zero could hit a maximum Although Kamikaze attacksspeed of 332 mph. This flying coffin was dominated the final Japanese defensealmost 30 feet long, and its wingspan of Okinawa, the Allies gained victory atwas about 39 feet. The Japanese a heavy price. The Allies lost almostmodified this aircraft to accommodate 13,000 personnel but killed 110,000one 500-pound bomb. Japanese in this operation. Imperial Japan had set aside several thousandThe Zero had been the main strike plane Kamikaze planes in the event of anduring the Pearl Harbor attack. But other attack on the Japanese mainland.Littlesophisticated planes forced the Zero to Boy (Hiroshima) and Big Manthis humble role. And you can take many (Nagasaki) ensured that this wouldn’tPearl Habor tours that show the be necessary. Kamikaze pilot traineesdestruction the Kamikaze attacks can are alive even today 70 years after thetruly cause. war to tell the tale. They’re in their Nineties, tough. Author: Rob Vaneker-Editor in Chief- May 2016Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero Zen22 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!ARMY SPECIAL ACTIVITIES I have heard from several sources that in the late 1950’s thereDETACHMENT ONE & THE was a small Army group flying with Fleet Air ReconnaissanceNAVY EA3B SKYWARRIOR Squadron (VQ-1). I don’t know what their mission was but understand that they flew in P4M’s. I had contact with a Navy guyThis is a tale about a very small Army group that who indicated they flew out of Shemya Alaska. In the early 1960’sofficially didn’t exist for several years. The story is the there was intense interest by our government in Soviet missilebest that I can piece together from many sources and development. At that time, the Air Force had primary focus on Airmay have some errors but I believe is essentially to Air and Air to Ground missiles. The Navy’s primaryaccurate. In some cases I have had to read between the responsibility was to study Ship to Ship missiles and likewise thelines to figure out what was really or probably going on. Army had the primary mission to study Ground to GroundIt has only been in the last couple of years with recent Missiles.The U.S. ICBM program was just being deployed, overbooks and the Internet that my research has been flight reconnaissance was severely restricted with the successfulpossible. introduction of Soviet Surface to Air missiles (SAM), and our early surveillance satellites could not loiter over a particular area. The23 • Magazine Military Journal 2016 Russian ICBM project was of particular interest to the United States. The Army needed a high altitude platform to collect optical and telemetry information. A jurisdictional disagreement between the Army and Air Force resulted in the Army teaming up with the Navy. The Navy agreed to provide, maintain and fly a high altitude platform while the Army would provide the Intelligence gathering, analysis, equipment and back end crew. The chosen platform was the A3D-2Q Skywarrior later redesignated the EA3B.

!An RC-135 Rivet Joint reconnaissance aircraft moves into position behind a KC-135T/R Stratotanker for an aerial refueling over Southwest Asia March 14, 2006. The Mission from 1961-1964 Navy arrangement with VQ-2 in Turkey. The back end crew consisted of 4 enlisted Army men who included an analyst, two In 1961, a Navy flight crew from Fleet Air Reconnaissance radio intercept operators and an optical recording operator. Squadron One (VQ-1) flew PR-9 to the States for installation Sometimes a position would be manned by our Army Captain of Army optical and telemetry gathering equipment. It became or Lieutenant. a one-of-a-kind bird. The first Army group assigned to the project flew missions in 1961 & 1962. They flew out of The optical equipment consisted of an ultra sensitive TV camera Shemya Air Force Base in the Aleutian Islands. I joined the that was aimed by the Navy plane captain who sat behind the group in 1963 as part of the 2nd group to work the mission. pilot. A conventional film movie camera that was pointed at a By then a second aircraft (PR-10) had been fitted with optical video display then recorded the closed circuit TV system. and telemetry gathering equipment although without the sophisticated antenna array as on PR-9. Our two aircraft were The Navy navigator did the actual navigation while we were known as Sun-1 (PR-9 BuNo 146449) and Sun-2 (PR-10 traveling at 500+ knots. Without radar and in radio silence this BuNo 144854). During the spring of 1964 our Army group was a challenging assignment given the state of navigational was formally identified as Special Activities Detachment One aids of the era. We had a Nikon 35mm camera with motor drive (SAD 1). Prior to that we did not have a formal name and I did taking star pictures during the event. The Naval Observatory not know our chain of command beyond our Army Captain. A would later figure out where we actually had been. At times they second Army group identified as SAD-2 flew in a similar Army/ came back with a report that we were not where we thought we had been.24 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!In the winter of 1964 we received one of the first airborne Loran receiversavailable which was installed at the analyst position. I was sent to theLoran school at the Pearl Harbor Submarine base. There were many verynice and very curious submariners in my class. On our first flight with it, Inoted that we made an inappropriate turn and accidentally flew over anisland with a known Russian SAM site. The navigator didn’t appreciate mypointing that out since he was still using the much more primitiveThe nature of the mission required us to be scramble ready At the end of each mission, I took the tapes to the Army Airmuch of the time. We had very short notice to be on station Force Joint Operations Group (AAFJOG) for post analysis. Theoff the Kamchatka Peninsula. Inevitable last minute ICBM guys there were always very helpful while also questioning ourlaunch delays often required in-flight refueling on our part. We sanity as they had watched the mission with their “over theflew summer missions out of Shemya AFB at the end of the horizon” radar. A special Air Force plane was sent to carry theAleutian Islands. The weather and cross winds precluded tapes and films to the NSA for further analysis after each of ourworking there in the winter. The EA3B was designed for carrier flights.landings and with the large tail plus the narrow main landinggear it was limited to cross winds of less than 25 kts. The I while ago I received the following from one of the guys thatstandard Navy response was to turn the runway into the wind. worked in AAFJOG on Shemya.We couldn’t get the Air Force to rotate their runway to meetour needs.. “ Knowing the survival potential in a ditching situation (or worse) for a Bering Sea or North Pacific region...havingAt times the winds would exceed the landing jumped into freezing water myself (once was more thanparameters while we were out on station. The nearest enough to have a thousand needles almost stop youralternate landing site was 300 miles away at Adak heart)...it takes tremendous courage to volunteer to fly that “then, potentially hostile“ area off Kamchatka, and to doAdditionally, we might not always have enough fuel to go on the hard take-off and landings dictated by that airfield onthat far. We positioned a destroyer anchor chain down each that speck of an island. I remember the alarms going offside of the only runway and connected them with a cable. for the air crew alerts while sitting in the Mess Hall atWhen needed, the cable could be propped up on a couple of Shemya, and laughing at the guys tripping over chairs andold tires that had been cut in half and we would catch it with each other to get out the door for the ride to the air strip.the tail hook. We would stop in very short order while making Never appreciated at that age what was really being askeda spectacular show of sparks at night. The Air Force was of those guys. We should have stood and saluted them, orreally not too keen on that arrangement. I think they were cheered them on. They must have thought we were idiotreally jealous that they couldn’t use it. “ground pounders.” REMFs to say the least. I learned a saying later, “You gotta love it.” Several years later, weThe seas around Shemya are so bad that there were no boats started modifying that saying to, “You don’t gotta love it,of any kind on the island. If we happened to go down off the you just gotta do it.”end of the runway, there was no way to get to us so we justflew in light cotton summer flying suits. I understand that theguys after us had to follow regulations and get into coldweather “poopy suits”. I don’t think it would have done themmuch good since the nearest rescue plane was a Navyamphibious Albatross that would have had to lumber out fromAdak. By the time it would have gotten to them the cold waterwould have taken its toll..25 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!In the winter we flew missions out of Barber’s Point NAS in Hawaii andMidway Island to cover the Russian Pacific missile range. Ground basedlistening stations in Europe and Asia would alert us as to when to fly.We maintained complete radio silence from takeoff to landing. stationed thousands of miles from their squadron support andI attended the Navy Radio Code School in Yokohama, Japan worked in cold and windy conditions at all hours of the day andto learn the first 10 letters of Morse code. Again, confused night. The Navy pilots were absolutely first class senior officers,and curious sailors were very nice to me. I received the coded with hundreds of hours. They always brought us back safely. Iinstruction giving us mission instructions, which kept me busy am humbled at the amount of support that was required to getthe entire flight. a plane with four Army personnel safely into position to accomplish the mission.During this early period, the Air Force was developing theirRC-135 aircraft known as Rivet Ball. I had a chance to tour itwhile on Shemya and it was very impressive. From what I candetermine, as soon as they solved initial video calibration andtracking problems, they took over the optical portion of ourmission. Rivet Ball had 10 cameras that looked throughoptically clear windows. That had to be much better than oursingle camera looking through a Plexiglas cockpit window.Their all officer crew was shocked when one night at the chowhall, they realized that very junior Army enlisted men werecrewing in the back of the A3’s.In 1965 the optical equipment was removed from PR-9. (back row) Dennis Nowicki, Terry O’Brien, Frank Updated telemetry receiving equipment was installed. The Rodman, Bill Craneproject then took on the name of Seabrine. As time passed,1st SAD crewmembers were awarded Army & Navy aircrew (front row) Jim Metz, Billy Green, Gene Thomaswings, some even earned membership in the Navy Tailhook These are the guys I spent most of my time withSociety for landing and launching off of carriers. Theycontinued the mission until 1972 with service in the Pacific Story: Courtesy Author Bill Crane-USAand Indian oceans. In 1969, the Air Force RC 135 aircraft And the Cold War museum-Vint Hill-USA-May 2016disappeared on a flight from Shemya AFB to Eielson AFB. Thefollowing comment is from the Air Force Rivet Ball web siteand confirms the importance of the mission and the Army/Navy involvement.“The loss of Rivet Ball, Rivet Amber and 19 crewmembers in1969 was devastating for all concerned. It was also a severesetback to our intelligence network and its ability to monitorthe Soviet missile threat. The need for a replacement was ofthe highest priority. The Air Force worked 24/7 on tworeplacement aircraft (RC-135S) named Cobra Ball I and CobraBall II. While Cobra Ball was under construction the Army(SAD-I) and Navy (VQ-I) returned with their EA-3B Skywarrior(“The Whale”) to help cover the gap until Cobra Ball was upand running.” [4]None of this story would have been possible without thededication of hundreds of the very best and dedicated Navyenlisted ground crews. They kept our birds flying while26 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

EDITORIA! L Equipment For Light Infantery In today's rapidly transforming Advanced technologies can make a major armed forces, the infantryman contribution to improving the survivability, continues to play a central role C4I capabilities, sustainability, mobility and in new operational scenarios. lethality of modern military operations. Our His mission spectrum is aim is a wellprotected soldier, equipped extremely complex, calling for with robust weapons, a clear view of the capabilities enabling high- tactical situation and reliable means of mobility operations in difficult, communication. unfamiliar terrain, even when dismounted. The important thing: providing the troops with an open infantry system based on More mobile, more effectieve,better protected modular combat equipment and delivering is the keyword. enhanced performance and reduced weight. And it isn't just with regard to increasingly often, the infantryman has to weight that we need to avoid operate in urban areas and under extreme overburdening the soldier: equipment climatic conditions. He has to contend with should be easy to use even under tough new asymmetric threats, and frequently field conditions. faces attacks from irregular forces. A modular design ensures operational Moreover: infantry in modern airmobile and flexibility and the ability to adapt to new other special operations have to be able to situations and mission requirements. carry out a multiplicity of highly diverse Moreover, modular equipment can be used missions. This doesn't just require new in multiple ways–including by other force structures; it requires modern branches of the military. equipment specifically tailored to the task.27 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!Meeting the infantry's need for high mobility requires an armed,airportable vehicle. An essential component of the total system: it can bearmoured to improve the survivability of its occupants, and equipped withadditional weapons for enhanced lethality.As a means of transport, it increases operational sustainability, situations and mission requirements. The equipment is easy toenabling troops to carry more equipment while ensuring use even under harsh conditions and in stressful combatcommunications with the next higher echelon as well as a situations when performance and low weight are paramount.network centric warfare capability. Naturally, diverse missionsand a high degree of specialization call for the deployment of As a globally leading developer and supplier of soldier systems,various vehicle systems. Rheinmetall can point to abundant experience in this field: the Group is already producing the modular Future Soldier -RHEINMETALL-The leading Solider System House Extended System (Gladius) on behalf of the German Bundeswehr, as well as various systems and componentFrom individual components to integrated systems solutions for other NATO partners. And in 2015 Rheinmetall’sbased on operational requirements and doctrines, Argus soldier system was contracted for the Canadian Forces’Rheinmetall offers flexible and scalable technology, a Integrated Soldier System Project (ISS), another example ofwide variety of command and control and display Rheinmetall’s flexible soldier systems solutions.solutions, different levels of integration as well asvariable vehicle integration, including Rheinmetall or Rheinmetall Defence: Cutting edge technology for lightthird-party hardware and software infantry operations.Rheinmetall Defence has longstanding experience and Building on a long, proud tradition of innovative competence,expertise in networked-enabled operations and system Rheinmetall Defence is Europe's leading supplier of systems forintegration. In particular, the Group’s ability to develop ground forces, offering a wide array of armoured vehicles,seamless C2 system architectures based on international weapons, ammunition, reconnaissance technology andstandards – from the individual rifleman up to brigade-level network-enabled capabilities.command posts – is essential for implementing soldiermodernization programmes. THANKS TO:Advanced technologies make a major contribution to FOR THIS ARTICLEimproving the five main capabilities of modern warfare –protection, lethality, command and control as well as mobilityand sustainment. Rheinmetall’s goal is a well-protectedsoldier, equipped with integrated weapons, with a clearpicture of the tactical situation and reliable means ofcommunication.The Rheinmetall soldier systems improve performance in allfive capability areas without overburdening the individualrifleman. The system is modular, resulting in reduced volume,weight and power consumption. This ensures greateroperational flexibility and the ability to quickly adapt to new28 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

! In addition, Rheinmetall Defence offers a wide range of training resources and instruction systems: the spectrum extends from a company-owned major training area to sophisticated training simulators. Rheinmetall Modular and flexible soldier systems solutions: light, medium and extended version.29 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

EDITORIA! L Pause for Memorial Day ceremonies in BeneluxBeing overseas offers you a unique Even if you never personally knew any service membersopportunity to experience Memorial Day in who are honored Memorial Day, you can gain a certainan especially touching way because many satisfaction knowing that you are honoring those whoEuropeans and their communi- ties were gave their lives in the fight for freedom.directly affected by German occupationand the sacrifice it took to shake off the Attending ceremonies at American Battle Monumentsyoke of tyranny.Memorial Day is an Commission, or ABMC, cemeteries is free and open to theopportunity to join others (who range fromnext of kin to high-ranking government public. For a full listing, visit http://www.abmc.gov/news-events/officials) in remembering America's fallen news/memorial-day-2016-abmc-sites.heroes. BELGIUMIn his address to the cadets at the 1962West Point graduation, Gen. of the Army The American Overseas Memorial Day Association BelgiumDouglas MacArthur said that those who organizes ceremonies at American military cemeteries inexperience \"the strange, mournful mutter Belgium. Read more about what's planned at these ceremoniesof the battlefield\" and give the supremesacrifice are set apart. at http://aomda.org.\"However horrible the incidents of war • Neupré. Wreath-laying and Air Force fly-over at Ardennesmay be,\" MacArthur said, \"the soldier whois called upon to offer and to give his life American Cemetery May 28 at 10 a.m.for his country, is the noblest developmentof mankind. • Aubel. Wreath-laying and fly-over by the Belgian air force at Henri- Chapelle American Cemetery May 28 at 4p.m. • Waregem. Wreath-laying and fly-over by the Belgian air force at Flanders Field American Cemetery May 29 at 3 p.m. •Isolated graves. For dates, times, addresses and GPS locations of Me- morial Day ceremonies at the isolated graves in Belgium, visit http://aomda. org/index.php?lang=en&pid=119. •Bastogne. Wreath-laying ceremony at Mardasson Memorial (not an Ameri- can military cemetery) in Bastogne June 3 from 2:30 to 4 p.m. Visit http://www. bastogne.be/events/memorial- day/view.30 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

! Honor Wereth 11The Netherlands Commemorate the Wereth 11 dur- ing a ceremony at the War Victims monument next to the church in the village of Wereth, Belgium, May 21 at 11 a.m. The Wereth 11 had been•Margraten. In a tradition observed the last-surviving Soldiers of the 333rd Field Artillery Battalion.since May 1945, a Memorial Day cer- Taken prisoner by the SS, these African-American Soldiers were tor- tured and murderedemony presided over by Dutch and during WWII's Battle of the Bulge. The Wereth Massacre occurred the same day as theAmerican dignitaries will be held at the Malmedy Massacre.Netherlands American Cemetery andMemorial, the country's only American The ceremony will include a wreath- laying, the Vogelweh Gospel Choir and a bugler from Bugles Across America as well as presentations by Belgian and American VIPs andmilitary cemetery, May 29 at 3 p.m. Arrive Belgian students. For details, visit http://www.wereth.org/en/home.from 1 to 2 p.m. to find parking since this Courtesy by Andrea Wales and Rita Hoefnagelsevent is regularly attended by thousands.Although the event is free and seating is USAG Benelux Public Affairs Office: The Gazette Beneluxon a \"first come, first served\" basis, youmust obtain seating tickets from the USAGBenelux-Schinnen Public Affairs Office bycalling DSN 360- 7331 or civilian +31 (0)46-443-7331.This 72st Memorial Day observance willfeature Dutch and American guestspeakers, the laying of wreaths by numer-ous national delegations and a fly-over bythe air force of the Netherlands to honorthe sacrifices of American servicemembers in World War II.31 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

! 09. *Joseph S. Joseph, Cyprus: Ethnic 05. * Private Archives and story notes by Conflict and International Politics: George Edward Jones.Author: From Independence to the Mrs.Lorraine McWilliams-Dublin Threshold of the European Union (London: Macmillan, 1997), p. 28. https://www.google.nl * Philippos K. Savvides, “US Foreign Policy toward Cyprus: Is 20. * Mahon, John K. (May 1959). Thethe ‘Theory of Continuity’ Still Relevant?”, Journal of the Pacific Historical Review. Vol. 28, No.Hellenic Diaspora 24, no. 1 (1998), p. 39. 2. * Ioannis D. Stefanides, Isle of Discord: Nationalism, * Millot, Bernard (1971). DivineImperialism and the Making of the Cyprus Problem Thunder: The life and death of the(London: Hurst and Company, 1999), p. 231. K a m i k a z e s . M a c d o n a l d . I S B N  0 - 3 5 6 - 0 3 8 5 6 - 4 . OCLC 8142990 .  * Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. (2006). Kamikaze Diaries: Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers. Chicago and* Morton A. Kaplan, System and Process in International London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBNPolitics (New York: John Wiley, 1962). 978-0-226-61950-7  * Sheftall, Mordecai G. (2005). Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. NAL Caliber.* Alexis Alexandris, “Greek–Turkish Relations: A View from ISBN 0-451-21487-0.Athens” (paper presented at a conference on US foreignpolicy and the future of Greek–Turkish relations, United Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall ofStates Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., 12 June 1996). the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. New York: Random House. OCLC 105915 . * One such offer was made at the 1912–13 London Balkan * Willmott, H. P.; Cross, Robin; Messenger, Charles (2004). conference in return for a British base at Argostoli or World War II. London: Dorling Kindersley. Cephallonia; the offer was renewed in 1915 in exchange ISBN 978-1-4053-0587-7. for Greek aid to Serbia, a British ally in the First World War. See Farid Mirbagheri, Cyprus and International * Zaloga, Steven (2011). Kamikaze: Japanese Special Attack Peacekeeping (New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 23. Weapons 1944-45. Osprey. ISBN 1-84908-353-3.* https://www.angloinfo.com/cyprus/how-to/page/cyprus- * WW2DB: Kamikaze Doctrine  moving-country-file-the-cyprus-probleem What motivated the Kamikazes?  on WW2History.com* Though bitterly critical of British and US policy towards Kamikaze Pilot Strikes USS Essex - 25 November 1944 Cyprus, Brendan O’Malley and Ian Craig argue that British Torpedo Bomber pilot recalls the experience of a Kamikazeminutes suggest US pressure compelled the Turks to agree striking the USS Essex, 25 November 1944to the London–Zurich Accords for “the Americans looked onguaranteed independence as the ultimate solution” (TheCyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the TurkishInvasion [London: I. B. Tauris, 1999], pp. 74–5).  32 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

!ANTIQUARIAN & INTERNATIONALBOOKSHOP OSKAMNETHERLANDSPlease ask for our alphabetic catalog regarding our large collection ofselected and antique books in different languages.Just apply for it by sending us an email or contact us by phone. You are mostwelcome for any order Please contact: Antiquariaat Oskam Amstellandlaan 64 1182 CE Amstelveen Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Phone: + 31 (0)20 - 640 257533 • Magazine Military Journal 2016

Readers of this magazine will have an automatic discount at any order by mentioning the code word ARSENAL PLEASE VISIT OUR WEBSHOP HTTP://WWW.JOPIESWEBSHOP.NL NIJMEEGS JOPIE ARMY DUMP STORE SINCE 1953 GROTESTRAAT 13 6511 VB NIJMEGEN NETHERLANDS TEL. +31 (0)24 3225480 EMAIL [email protected] OUR (DUMP)STORE YOU ARE AT THE RIGHT ADDRESS FOR FINDING SHORTS,OVERALLS,TROUSERS AND ALLKINDS OF SHOEWEAR,VESTS,RE-INACTMENT STUFF ETC. WE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN. YOU TOO? OVERSEAS ORDERS ARE WELCOME. 34 • Magazine Military Journal 2016