Words to Sentences

Students’ Workbook Words to Sentences EN33101 Basic English 5 Belongs to Name ……………………………..………………………………… Class …………… No. ……… Teacher Miss Palida Chaiyapho Foreign Languages Department Suraphinphittaya School The Secondary Educational Service Area Office 33

สาระ มาตรฐาน และตัวชว้ี ดั ทีเ่ ก่ียวข้อง สาระที่ ๑ ภาษาเพ่อื การสือ่ สาร มาตรฐาน ต ๑.๑ เขา้ ใจและตคี วามเรื่องที่ฟงั และอา่ นจากสื่อประเภทตา่ ง ๆ และแสดงความคดิ เหน็ อย่างมี เหตผุ ล ชน้ั ตัวชี้วดั สาระการเรียนรแู้ กนกลาง ม. ๔-๖ ๑. ปฏิบัตติ ามคาแนะนาในคมู่ ือ คาแนะนา คาชีแ้ จง คาอธิบาย คาบรรยาย เช่น ประกาศเตือนภัยต่างๆ การใชง้ านต่างๆ คาชีแ้ จง ยาและการใช้ยา การใช้อุปกรณแ์ ละสิ่งของ การสบื ค้นข้อมูลทาง คาอธบิ าย และคาบรรยายท่ีฟงั อนิ เทอรเ์ น็ต และอา่ น - Modal verb: should/ ought to/ need/ have to/ must+ verb ทเ่ี ปน็ infinitive without to เชน่ You should have it after meal. (Active Voice)/The doses must be divided. (Passive Voice) - Direct/Indirect Speech - คาสนั ธาน (conjunction) and/ but/ or/ so/ not only…but also/ both…and/ as well as/ after/ because etc. - ตวั เชือ่ ม (connective words) เช่น First,… Second,… Third,… Fourth,… Next,… Then,… Finally,…etc. ๓. อธิบายและเขยี นประโยค ประโยคและข้อความ และขอ้ ความให้สัมพนั ธ์กบั ส่ือท่ี การตคี วาม/ถ่ายโอนขอ้ มลู ให้สมั พนั ธ์กบั ส่ือทไี่ ม่ใชค่ วามเรยี ง เช่น ภาพ ไม่ใช่ความเรียงรปู แบบต่าง ๆ ท่ี แผนผงั กราฟ แผนภูมิ ตาราง อกั ษรย่อ จากกล่มุ สาระการเรียนรู้อื่นดว้ ย อ่าน รวมท้งั ระบแุ ละเขียนสื่อที่ การพูดและการเขียนอธบิ าย โดยใช้ Comparison of adjectives/ ไมใ่ ชค่ วามเรียงรปู แบบต่างๆ ให้ adverbs/ Contrast : but, although, however, in spite of…/ สมั พันธก์ ับประโยค และ Logical connectives เชน่ caused by/ followed by/ consist of. ขอ้ ความทฟ่ี ังหรืออา่ น etc. ๔. จบั ใจความสาคัญ วิเคราะห์ เรื่องท่ีเปน็ สารคดีและบันเทิงคดี ความสรปุ ความ ตคี วาม และ การจับใจความสาคญั การสรุปความ การวิเคราะห์ความการตีความ แสดงความคดิ เห็นจากการฟัง การใช้ skimming/scanning/guessing/context clue และอา่ นเร่ืองท่ีเปน็ สารคดีและ ประโยคทีใ่ ชใ้ นการแสดงความคดิ เห็นการให้เหตผุ ลและการยกตัวอยา่ งเชน่ บนั เทิงคดีพร้อมทัง้ ให้เหตผุ ล I believe…/ I agree with… but…/ Well, I must say…/ What do และยกตัวอย่างประกอบ you think of/about…?/I think/don’t think…?/ What’s your opinion about…?/ In my opinion…/ - if clauses - so…that/such…that - too to…/enough to… - on the other hand,… - other (s)/another/the other (s) - คาสนั ธาน (conjunctions) because/and/so/but/ however/because of/due to/owing to etc. - Infinitive pronouns: some, any, someone, anyone, everyone, one, ones etc. - Tenses : present simple/present continuous/ present perfect/past simple/future tense etc. - Simple sentence/Compound sentence/Complex sentence

รายละเอยี ดการศกึ ษาและทาแบบฝึกหดั ในสถานการณ์การแพร่ระบาดของเชอื้ ไวรัสโคโรนา 2019 (COVID-19) ระหวา่ งวันท่ี 1-30 มิถุนายน 2563 1. การศกึ ษาเนอ้ื หาความรู้ นกั เรยี นสามารถศึกษาเพ่มิ เติมไดจ้ ากห้องเรยี นใน Google Classroom ที่เขา้ รว่ มชนั้ เรียนในรายวชิ า อ33101 ภาษาอังกฤษพน้ื ฐาน 5 2. การทาแบบฝึกหัด ตารางแสดงกาหนดการทาแบบฝึกหัดในแตล่ ะสัปดาห์ สัปดาหท์ ่ี วันท่ี หวั เรื่อง ชอ่ื เรอ่ื ง หนา้ Exercises 1 2 1-7 ม.ิ ย. 63 Phrases in English 1) นามวลี 1-3 Exercise 1 3 (noun phrase) Exercise 2 4 2) กริยาวลี 4-5 Exercise 1 5 (verb phrase) Exercise 2 8-14 ม.ิ ย. 63 Phrases in English 3) คุณศัพทว์ ลี 6-7 Exercise 1 (adjective phrase) Exercise 2 Exercise 3 4) กริยาวเิ ศษณ์วลี 8-9 Exercise 1 (adverb phrase) Exercise 2 Exercise 3 5) บุพบทวลี 10-11 Exercise 1 (prepositional phrase) Exercise 2 Exercise 3 15-21 ม.ิ ย. 63 Clauses in English 1. Independent clause 12-13 Exercise 1: Clauses 2. Dependent clause Exercise 2 2.1 Noun clause 14-16 Exercise 3: Noun Clauses Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6 Exercise 7 Exercise 8 22-28 ม.ิ ย. 63 Clauses in English 2.2 Adjective clause 17-19 Exercise 9: Adjective Clauses Exercise 10 Exercise 11 2.3 Adverb clause 20-22 Exercise 12: Adverb Clauses Exercise 13 29-30 ม.ิ ย. 63 Sentence Structure Sentence Types 23-26 Exercise 1

Phrases in English Phrases (วลี) คือ คา หรือ กลุ่มคาต้ังแต่ 2 คาขึ้นไปที่นามาเรียงกันอย่างมีความหมายและทาหน้าท่ี ใดหน้าท่ีหนึ่งในประโยค เช่น ประธานของประโยค กริยาของประโยค กรรมของประโยค ส่วนเสริม หรือส่วน กริยาวเิ ศษณ์ โดยไม่มภี าคประธานและภาคแสดง วลีแบ่งออกเป็น 5 ประเภทใหญ่ ๆ คือ 1. นามวลี (noun phrase: NP) จะมีคานามเป็นหลกั เชน่ women with long hair 1.1 โครงสรา้ งของ noun phrase 1) NP → N cats 2) NP → PN Oscar 3) NP → Pro They 4) NP → Det N the cats 5) NP → Det Adj N the small cats 6) NP → Det Adj+ N the small green cats the small young green cats 7) NP → Det Adj+ N PP the small green cats in the kitchen 8) NP → NP Poss NP cats’ paw 9) NP → NP Conj NP cats and dogs 10) NP → NP+ Conj NP a doctor, a nurse and a dentist Determiners คือ คาทใ่ี ชน้ าหน้าคานาม คานามในภาษาองั กฤษ โดยเฉพาะคานามนบั ไดเ้ อกพจน์ จะตอ้ งมคี ากากบั นาม กากับอยู่เสมอ คานามหนึ่งคาอาจมีคากากับนามมากกวา่ หนึง่ คากไ็ ด้ แบง่ ออกเป็น 4 ประเภท ดงั นี้ 1. Articles - a, an, the Ex. a boat, an architecture, the sea 2. Demonstratives - this, that, these, those, which etc. Ex. this school, that teacher, these books, those people 3. Possessives - my, your, our, their, his, hers, whose, her friend's, their friends', etc. Ex. my ancestors, your belongings, our parents, their parents 4. Quantifiers -few, a few, many, much, each, every, some, any etc. Ex. a few people, many children, much money, some food, etc. Determiner แตล่ ะตวั ใชน้ าหน้าคานามแตกต่างกนั เชน่ นาหน้าคานามพหูพจน์ คานามเอกพจน์ หรือ คานาม นบั ไม่ได้

2 Order of adjectives Determiner Observation Physical Description origin material qualifier noun beautiful Italian silver touring a expensive size shape age Color silk car an gorgeous English hat mirror four old red American wooden hunting roses delicious black basketball her antique Thai hair our sheepdog those long- boxes that cabin several stemmed players some food short big old square little enormous young 1.2 หน้าท่ีของ noun phrase นามวลที าหน้าทเี่ ชน่ เดียวกบั คานาม เชน่ 1.2.1 เปน็ ประธาน เช่น All the passengers were safe. 1.2.2 เปน็ กรรม เช่น We really enjoyed the food at that restaurant. 1.2.3 เป็นกรรมตรงและกรรมรอง เชน่ The manager gave all of us (กรรมรอง) a double raise. (กรรม ตรง) 1.2.4 เปน็ สว่ นเสรมิ ประธาน เชน่ The clock was a Christmas present from the ABC Company. 1.2.5 เปน็ สว่ นเสรมิ กรรม เชน่ We considered Mr. Johnson the best employee. 1.2.6 เป็นกรรมของบพุ บท เช่น The box of chocolates is intended for your children. 1.2.7 เป็นส่วนขยายคานามอื่น เชน่ John suffers from back problems. 1.2.8 เป็นกริยาวิเศษณ์ เชน่ School starts next month.

3 Exercises 1 Write noun phrases functioning as a subject to the phrase structure rules Directions: given below. PS rules a subject translation 1) NP → N ____________________________ ____________________________ 2) NP → PN ____________________________ ____________________________ 3) NP → Pro ____________________________ ____________________________ 4) NP → Det N ____________________________ ____________________________ 5) NP → Det Adj N ____________________________ ____________________________ 6) NP → Det Adj+ N ____________________________ ____________________________ 7) NP → Det Adj+ N PP ____________________________ ____________________________ 8) NP → NP Poss NP ____________________________ ____________________________ 9) NP → NP Conj NP ____________________________ ____________________________ 10) NP → NP+ Conj NP ____________________________ ____________________________ Exercises 2 Directions: Write noun phrases functioning as an object of a verb to the phrase structure rules given below. PS rules an object of a verb translation 1) NP → N ____________________________ ____________________________ 2) NP → PN ____________________________ ____________________________ 3) NP → Pro ____________________________ ____________________________ 4) NP → Det N ____________________________ ____________________________ 5) NP → Det Adj N ____________________________ ____________________________ 6) NP → Det Adj+ N ____________________________ ____________________________ 7) NP → Det Adj+ N PP ____________________________ ____________________________ 8) NP → NP Poss NP ____________________________ ____________________________ 9) NP → NP Conj NP ____________________________ ____________________________ 10) NP → NP+ Conj NP ____________________________ ____________________________

4 2) กริยาวลี (verb phrase: VP) ประกอบดว้ ย main verb (กรยิ าแท้) และ auxiliary verb (กรยิ า ช่วย) โดยจะมคี ากรยิ าแท้เปน็ หลกั ใน verb phrase หน่ึง ๆ อาจมกี ริยาชว่ ยมากกว่า 1 คา เชน่ must have been thinking Verb Phrase ทาหน้าท่เี ชน่ เดียวกบั คากรยิ า คอื บอกใหท้ ราบวา่ ประธานของประโยคทาอะไร หรอื เกดิ อะไรขนึ้ กบั ประธานของประโยค โครงสรา้ งของ Verb Phrase 1. VP → V (He) runs. 2. VP → V NP (He) writes an email. 3. VP → V Adv (He) runs quickly. 4. VP → V NP Adv (He) wrote an email quickly. 5. VP → Vlink AP (Arthur) looks happy. 6. VP → Vbe AP (Arthur) is funny. 7. VP → Vbe NP (Arthur) is an architecture. 8. VP → Vbe PP (Lucy) is in the garden. 9. VP → V PP (She) plays in the park. 10. VP → Aux VP (Tim) should clean his room. 11. VP → VP+ Conj VP (Cathy) thinks Ben smokes and drinks. V.link = ____________________________________________________________ V.be = ____________________________________________________________ AP = ____________________________________________________________ Aux. = ____________________________________________________________ Adv. = ____________________________________________________________ Exercise 1 Directions: Find verb phrases and identify each phrase structure rules from the sentences below. Example: I made a cake. [V] made [NP] a cake VP → V NP 1. Tom can swim. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Tara cried. _______________________________________________________________ 3. Our parents are lovely. _______________________________________________________________ 4. Shelly made a sandwich nicely. _______________________________________________________________

5 5. John feels relaxed. _______________________________________________________________ 6. Pete shouted madly. _______________________________________________________________ 7. Sandy bought a new dress. _______________________________________________________________ 8. Jim is on the bus. _______________________________________________________________ 9. Allen explores the secret area and meets the native people. _______________________________________________________________ 10. We stay at a hotel. _______________________________________________________________ 11. Tim and Tom are twins. _______________________________________________________________ 12. It will rain. _______________________________________________________________ Exercise 2 Directions: Write each verb phrase from phrase structure rules given below. 1. VP → V __________________________________________ 2. VP → V NP __________________________________________ 3. VP → V Adv __________________________________________ 4. VP → V NP Adv __________________________________________ 5. VP → Vlink AP __________________________________________ 6. VP → Vbe AP __________________________________________ 7. VP → Vbe NP __________________________________________ 8. VP → Vbe PP __________________________________________ 9. VP → V PP __________________________________________ 10. VP → Aux VP __________________________________________ 11. VP → VP+ Conj VP __________________________________________

6 3) คุณศัพท์วลี (adjective phrase: Adj. P) จะมีคาคุณศัพทเ์ ป็นหลัก ประกอบด้วยคาคณุ ศพั ท์ กับส่วนขยายคาคณุ ศพั ท์ ซงึ่ มที งั้ ประเภทท่อี ยหู่ นา้ คาคุณศพั ท์ และประเภททอ่ี ยู่หลังคาคณุ ศพั ท์ เช่น very happy โครงสรา้ งของ Adjective Phrase 1. AP → Adj (The cookies smelled) delicious. (She baked a) delicious (cake). 2. AP → Adv Adj (The cookies smelled) very delicious. (She baked a) very delicious (cake) 3. AP → Adj S (We are) glad that they got married. 4. AP → Adj PP (I am) frightened of the scorpion. 5. AP → Adv Adj PP (I am) really frightened of the scorpion. 6. AP → Adj To VP (Shelly is) excited to study abroad. 7. AP → Adv Adj To VP (Shelly is) extremely excited to study abroad. หน้าท่ขี อง Adjective Phrase คุณศัพทว์ ลีทาหนา้ ท่เี ช่นเดยี วกับคาคณุ ศพั ท์ 1. ทาหน้าท่ีขยายคานาม เชน่ Highly sensitive people are hard to deal with. 2. ทาหนา้ ทีเ่ ป็นสว่ นเสรมิ ประธาน เช่น The children are happy to see their parents. 3. ทาหน้าทเ่ี ปน็ สว่ นเสรมิ กรรม เชน่ The teachers made us aware of the importance of the entrance exams. 4. ทาหนา้ ทขี่ ยายคาสรรพนาม โดยอยูข่ ้างหลงั คาสรรพนามที่ถูกขยาย เชน่ I want to eat something very spicy. Exercise 1 Directions: Write an adjective phrase of found in the passage. Then write its phrase structure rule. Example: I am lucky. lucky AP → Adj 1. Jacob isn’t afraid of any creeping creatures. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Jennifer wears very expensive perfume. _______________________________________________________________ 3. It is nice to meet my old friends today. _______________________________________________________________ 4. Laura is extremely good at Chinese. _______________________________________________________________

7 5. Dark chocolate often tastes bitter. _______________________________________________________________ 6. Tom is extremely lucky to won the lottery. _______________________________________________________________ Exercise 2 Directions: Write each adjective phrase from phrase structure rules given below. 1. AP → Adj ______________________________________________________ 2. AP → Adv Adj ______________________________________________________ 3. AP → Adj S ______________________________________________________ 4. AP → Adj PP ______________________________________________________ 5. AP → Adv Adj PP ______________________________________________________ 6. AP → Adj To VP ______________________________________________________ 7. AP → Adv Adj To VP ______________________________________________________ Exercise 3 Directions: Circle adjective phrases found in each text. Passage 1 Passage 2 I don’t’ think we’ll believe in the idea of Kings and queens started to wear peace two hundred years from now. But wigs because going bald can't have Star Trek is science fiction, so we can be been very pleasant for a monarch. optimistic! Its idea of life in the future is a When Queen Elizabeth, covered her lot of fun. For example, we’ll be able to baldness with a wig, it became talk to each other with hand-held fashionable for people to copy her. ‘communicators’. And we’ll be able to have conversations with people who are on Passage 3 different planets, on a giant TV screen. My dream was to be a professional boxer but I broke my shoulder and I ended up doing this job at night. Adapted from Flash on English upper intermediate student’s book

8 4) กรยิ าวิเศษณว์ ลี (adverb phrase: Adv. P) จะมีคากริยาวิเศษณ์เป็นหลกั ประกอบดว้ ย คากรยิ าวเิ ศษณ์กบั ส่วนขยาย ซ่ึงมที ้งั ประเภทท่ีอยู่ข้างหนา้ และประเภทท่ีอยู่ข้างหลงั คากรยิ าวิเศษณ์ เชน่ very thoroughly โครงสรา้ ง Adverb Phrase 1. AdvP → Adv (Cindy) laughs loudly. 2. AdvP → Adv+ Adv (Cindy) laughs really loudly (Cindy) laughs extremely really really loudly (Cindy) laughs really extremely very very loudly หน้าทขี่ อง Adverb Phrase กริยาวเิ ศษณว์ ลีทาหน้าทเ่ี ช่นเดียวกับคากรยิ าวิเศษณ์ ดังน้ี 1. ทาหนา้ ทีข่ ยายคากริยา คาคณุ ศพั ท์ และคากรยิ าวเิ ศษณ์อืน่ เชน่ Henry walked extremely quickly. These umbrellas are very beautifully made. 2. ทาหน้าทีข่ ยายประโยค เชน่ Surprisingly indeed, everybody survived in the car accident. Exercise 1 Directions: Find adverb phrases and identify each phrase structure rules from the sentences below. Example: We waited patiently. AdvP → Adv patiently 1. That cat behaves incredibly stupidly. _______________________________________________________________ 2. This train goes fast. _______________________________________________________________ 3. The bird chirped very very noisily. _______________________________________________________________ 4. I will sit quietly. _______________________________________________________________ 5. The new Chinese teacher speaks extremely really really slowly. _______________________________________________________________ 6. They hardly ever cook for breakfast. _______________________________________________________________

9 Exercise 2 Directions: Write each adverb phrase from phrase structure rules given below. 1. AdvP → Adv ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. AdvP → Adv+ Adv ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Exercise 3 Directions: Write an adverb phrase of a sentence. Then write their phrase structure rules. Passage 1 Passage 2 … vocalist Tom Dempsey, created a new sound The most important person in my for the band; his silky voice sounded even nicer life with Portuguese lyrics, and contrasted very nicely with the drums; the band performed My father has been the most important intimate and quiet interpretations of their tuneful influence on my life. Why? Well, first of all, catchy new compositions … he had never shouted at us and he had always listened carefully to us. He was a Passage 3 great listener. He gave me confidence in myself. For example, my first bicycle: I had Depressing isn’t just feeling down. It’s a real tried to ride it for weeks and I kept falling illness with real causes. Depression can be off. He had watch me from a distance triggered by stressful life events, like divorce and just said ‘try again’. But he never lost or a death in the family. Or it can appear patience. Dad was a really gentle suddenly. generous person. Passage 4 I don’t really regularly save anything, if I need clothes or anything else, my mum usually gives me more money. She says it is her responsibility to take care my financial. Adapted from Flash on English upper intermediate student’s book

10 5) บุพบทวลี (prepositional phrase: PP) จะมีคาบพุ บทเป็นหลกั ประกอบดว้ ยคาบุพบทแล0ะ สว่ นเสรมิ (complement) ซึง่ ตาราบางเล่มจะเรยี กวา่ กรรมของบพุ บท เชน่ in the warehouse โครงสรา้ ง Prepositional Phrase 1. PP → P NP (my first time) on the airplane 2. PP → P PP (Light travels) out from the sun. 3. PP → PP Conj PP (My father may be) in the garden or on the roof 4. PP → PP+ Conj PP (My father may be) in the garden, on the roof or behind the house หนา้ ท่ีของ Prepositional Phrase 1. ขยายประธานของประโยค โดยอยตู่ ามหลังกรยิ า V. to be หรอื กรยิ าเชือ่ ม (linking verb) เชน่ Mr. Johnson is in the meeting room. 2. ขยาย noun phrase โดยอยใู่ นตาแหน่งหลงั noun phrase ท่ถี ูกขยาย เช่น Jane took a course in advanced English. Kate bought a house with a beautiful garden. 3. ขยายคาคุณศพั ท์ โดยอย่ใู นตาแหนง่ หลังคาคณุ ศัพทท์ ถ่ี ูกขยาย เช่น They are aware of the danger of the AIDS virus. I am happy with what I have. 4. ขยายประโยค เช่น In fact, the economy is improving. In my opinion, people are basically good. Exercise 1 Directions: Underline prepositional phrases from the sentences below and write their phrase structure rules. Example: You can put a toy box on the floor or in a cabinet. PP → PP Conj PP 1. Parents always worry about their kids. _______________________________________________________________ 2. He ran into the forest. _______________________________________________________________ 3. Should I put your shopping on the table or in the couch? _______________________________________________________________ 4. I don’t stick to the food in the hotel. _______________________________________________________________ 5. The other kids in the family looked up to him. _______________________________________________________________ 6. She doesn’t build her house in the city but in the country. _______________________________________________________________

7. The cookies with almond fell onto the floor. 11 _______________________________________________________________ 0 8. A young girl is gazing out to the sea. _______________________________________________________________ 9. Television in my country is high quality. _______________________________________________________________ 10. Francis Drake set off on his first voyage at the age of 12. _______________________________________________________________ Exercise 2 Directions: Write each prepositional phrase from phrase structure rules given below. 1. PP → P NP _______________________ ______________________ 2. PP → P PP _______________________ ______________________ 3. PP → PP+ Conj PP _______________________ ______________________ Exercise 3 Directions: Circle preposition phrases in the passages below. Passage 1 Passage 2 This week the finest Comedy Club in the land England: a country in danger? brings you four world class stand-up comedians. You will laugh loud for over two A few hundred years ago, 90% of the trees in hours. Avoid disappointment by booking early England were cut down, mostly for houses or for these sell-out shows … for ships that were used to fight wars. Naturally, this led to many animals losing their homes. Today the threat of extinction to animals and plants is still very real. Passage 3 Passage 4 Kings and queens started to wear wigs British geneticists are going to vaccinate all because going bald can't have been very school children with a ‘smart gene’. The team pleasant for a monarch. When Queen of university scientists has identified the gene Elizabeth, covered her baldness with a wig, for intelligence on human DNA. Now they are it became fashionable for people to copy her. going to put this gene into children under the age of twelve. Professor R. Ubbish says the vaccination won’t work on adolescents or on children who don’t like science. แหลง่ ท่ีมา 1. http://www.stou.ac.th/schools/sla/englishwriting/cd-rom/Module4/Presentations/phrases.htm 2. Flash on English upper intermediate student’s book

Clauses in English 12 0 Clauses (ประโยคย่อย หรือ อนุประโยค) คือ ประโยคทเี่ ปน็ ส่วนหนง่ึ ของ compound หรือ complex sentences ตวั อยา่ ง My sister arrived early in the morning, and my brother arrived at noon. ประกอบด้วยประโยคยอ่ ย 2 ประโยคต่อไปนี้ โดยเช่อื มเขา้ กนั ดว้ ย and 1) My sister arrived early in the morning. 2) My brother arrived at noon. · The woman who is standing over there is my boss. ประกอบดว้ ยประโยคย่อย 2 ประโยคต่อไปน้ี 1) The woman is my boss. 2) Who is standing over there. ประโยคย่อย who is standing over there ทาหนา้ ที่ขยายความ the woman เพอ่ื ให้เกดิ ความชัดเจน ยิ่งขึน้ ว่าเป็นผู้หญิงคนไหน ประโยคย่อยหรือ อนปุ ระโยค แบง่ ออกเปน็ 2 ประเภทใหญ่ ๆ คือ 1. Independent clause (ประโยคยอ่ ยอสิ ระ) คือ ประโยคยอ่ ยท่ีสามารถอย่ไู ด้ตามลาพงั กล่าวคอื เปน็ ประโยคยอ่ ยทไ่ี ดใ้ จความสมบรู ณ์ โดยไม่ต้องอาศัยประโยคย่อยอน่ื ตัวอย่าง My sister arrived early this morning. My brother arrived at noon. 2. Dependent clause (ประโยคยอ่ ยไม่อสิ ระ) คือ ประโยคย่อยทอ่ี ยตู่ ามลาพังไมไ่ ด้ เช่น ประโยค ยอ่ ย who is standing over there. ทท่ี าหน้าทข่ี ยายความ The woman ในประโยค The woman who is standing over there is my boss.

Exercises 1: Clauses 13 0 Directions: Decide whether each group of words is a clause or not a clause. Put a tick () in the suitable column. 1. the most exciting moment during a flight  a clause  not a clause 2. my grandmother has never used a laptop  a clause  not a clause 3. with youth unemployment at record highs all over Europe  a clause  not a clause 4. she wanted to find a job  a clause  not a clause 5. when Penny goes to Italy  a clause  not a clause 6. the cold ugly fact  a clause  not a clause 7. without eating for long periods  a clause  not a clause 8. the village is very quiet  a clause  not a clause 9. your blood sugar levels  a clause  not a clause 10. because of the support from his parents  a clause  not a clause 11. the finest Comedy Club in the land  a clause  not a clause 12. the same motif appears again and again  a clause  not a clause Exercises 2 Directions: Decide if each clause is independent or dependent. Put a tick () in the suitable column. 1. while we know a lot about the healthy food  independent  dependent 2. you accumulate hours  independent  dependent 3. swap parties have really taken off  independent  dependent 4. whose family lived in Brixton between 1947-1953  independent  dependent 5. we are not talking about a doughnut  independent  dependent 6. what we are wearing  independent  dependent 7. at primary school, I was very well-behaved  independent  dependent 8. if you are flying 9. before he went to the zee with his mum  independent  dependent 10. apparently, we are not good at maths  independent  dependent 11. what puts me off using computer most  independent  dependent 12. the effect on how we feel is not well known  independent  dependent  independent  dependent

14 0 Dependent clause แบ่งออกเป็น 3 ประเภท คือ 2.1 Noun clause คือ ประโยคย่อยทีข่ ้นึ ต้นด้วย noun clause marker เช่น that, whether, if และ question words ซง่ึ ไดแ้ ก่ who, what, when, where, why, which และ how ประโยคย่อยประเภท นที้ าหน้าที่เหมือนคานาม เชน่ ทาหน้าทีป่ ระธาน กรรม เป็นตน้ ตวั อยา่ ง What you said is true. (What you said ทาหนา้ ทป่ี ระธานของประโยค) I believe that Jack is innocent. (that Jack is innocent ทาหน้าที่กรรมของประโยค) Exercise 3: Noun Clauses Directions: 1. Underline noun clause functioning as the subject of a sentence. 2. Circle the noun clause marker or wh-word in each sentence. 3. Translate the whole sentence. Example: What my older brother enjoys most is playing soccer. สง่ิ ทีพ่ ี่ชายของฉันสนกุ ทสี่ ดุ คอื การเล่นฟตุ บอล 1. That he has won the prize surprised me. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. What the receptionist did was very helpful. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. How it will end is still a mystery. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. What I like doing in my free time is drawing some pictures. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. Whoever I talk to does not involve with you. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 6. Whichever university you choose is fine with us. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 7. How you made that decision confuses me. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 8. What you said hurt me. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Exercise 4 15 Directions: Circle a noun clause that is a subject of a sentence. 0 Passage 1 Research shows it helps students get better results and improve behavior and concentration. Not only does breakfast make students less likely to be hungry later, but it also helps to maintain healthy weight. But remember: not all breakfasts are the same. We’re not just talking about a doughnut and coffee: what is recommended is high-fiber cereal with a handful of fruit, or a cup of oatmeal with some milk and berries. Only after you eat a good breakfast will you be able to keep going all day long at school. Passage 2 What make my visit to this market so special is that the whole market is on a canal and the brightly-dressed merchants sell their goods from their colorful boats. The day that I was there, there were hundreds of vegetables to clothes, toys and even cooking meals. Exercise 5 Directions: Complete each sentence by using a noun clause functioning as a subject of a sentence. 1. That ___________________________________________ was quite surprising. 2. What _______________________________________________ is love. 3. Where ______________________________________ is considered at the city hall. 4. Why __________________________________________ is a mystery to everyone. 5. Who __________________________________________ has not been announced. 6. Whoever _________________________________________ is my best friend. Exercise 6 Directions: Write a noun clause functioning as a subject of the sentence. Use three different Wh-words in a sentence and two that-noun clauses. 1. ___________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7 16 Directions: 0 1. Underline the noun clauses functioning as an object of a verb. 2. Circle the noun clause marker in each sentence. 3. Translate the whole sentence. Example: I wonder how long we have to wait here. ฉนั สงสยั วา่ เราตอ้ งรอทนี่ อ่ี กี นานแคไ่ หน 1. I will tell you what I will do later. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. You have asked me what I will do. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. We shouldn’t wear a uniform at school – we can wear what we like. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. I would have gone by bus if I had known what was going to happen. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. It is the fashion industry that decides what is trendy. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 6. I can’t figure out why she said that. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Exercise 8 Directions: Complete each sentence with a noun clause acting as an object of the sentence. Use at least three different Wh-words (relative pronouns) 1. I cannot remember … 1.1 ___________________________________________________________________ 1.2 ___________________________________________________________________ 2. I want to know … 2.1 ___________________________________________________________________ 2.2 ___________________________________________________________________

17 0 2.2 Adjective clause หรือ relative clause คือ ประโยคย่อยท่ขี ้นึ ตน้ ด้วย relative pronouns เช่น who, where (= at which), when (= at which, in which), why (= for which), whose, which, that, etc. ประโยคย่อยชนิดนีจ้ ะทาหนา้ ทเี่ ช่นเดยี วกบั คาคณุ ศพั ท์ ตวั อยา่ ง The boy who came late is my nephew. Give me a reason for which you don’t like the Prime Minister. Give me a reason why you don’t like the Prime Minister. The factory at which he works is far from the city. The 26-year-old woman whose car was not working called for help. Spring is the season when everything blooms. Exercise 9: Adjective Clauses Directions: 1. Underline an adjective clause and identify a noun phrase it modifies. 2. Circle the relative pronoun or relative adverb in each sentence. 3. Translate the whole sentence. Example: A nurse gave the man an injection which made him go to sleep. พยาบาลฉดี ยาใหก้ ับชายคนนัน้ ซึ่งยานั้นทาให้เขาหลับไป 1. Where is my ice cream that was in the freeze? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. The city where I was born is in the northeastern part of Thailand. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. The dog that you found belongs to my cousin. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. I remember the day when we first met. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. We didn’t understand the reason why our experiment failed. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Exercise 10 18 Directions: 1. Underline the adjective clause modified a noun phrase in a subject 0 position or in an object position of the verb. 2. Circle the relative pronoun or relative adverb in each sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. Fashion swap parties Swap parties have really taken off, especially in Italy. Italians love designer clothes, but they are pricey, so they have resorted to this trendy form of exchange. It’s simple, if you are hard up but want to shop, set up a swap shop. You just take clothes and accessories which you are bored with and swap them.

19 Exercise 11 Directions: Complete each sentence by using an adjective clause to modify a noun or a noun phrase. 1. My friend likes a cat _____________________________________________________ 2. The police has caught the woman ___________________________________________ 3. The book ______________________________ was important for her literature review. 4. Last month, I met a famous actor ___________________________________________ 5. I don’t know the reason ___________________________________________________ 6. John is decorating a house _________________________________________________ 7. People ______________________________________________ will become healthy. 8. My parents spend two months in Bangkok ____________________________________ 9. The student _____________________________________________ gets straight ‘As’. 10. The shoes ___________________________________________ were not expensive.

20 0 2.3 Adverb clause คือ ประโยคยอ่ ยทีข่ ึน้ ตน้ ดว้ ยคาสนั ธาน ที่เรียกว่า subordinate conjunction ซึ่งทาหนา้ ทต่ี า่ ง ๆ เชน่ ไดแ้ ก่ when, while, before, after, since, as, 2.3.1 บอกเวลา (Time) until, as soon as, as long as etc. 2.3.2 บอกเง่ือนไข (Condition) ไดแ้ ก่ if, if only, unless, provided, after, etc. 2.3.3 บอกวตั ถุประสงค์ (Purpose) ได้แก่ so that, in order that, for fear that etc. 2.3.4 บอกความขัดแย้ง (Contrast) ไดแ้ ก่ although, though, even though, even if 2.3.5 บอกสถานที่ (Place) ไดแ้ ก่ where, wherever, as far as etc. 2.3.6 บอกลักษณะ (Manner) ไดแ้ ก่ as, as if, as though, etc. 2.3.7 บอกการเปรยี บเทยี บ (Comparison) ได้แก่ as (adj./adv.) as, not so (adj./adv.) as etc. 2.3.8 บอกสาเหตุ/เหตผุ ล (Reason) ไดแ้ ก่ because, as, since, seeing, that, now that 2.3.9 บอกผล (Result) ไดแ้ ก่ so, so that, so…that, such…that, so…as to ตวั อย่าง Since he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that he got an A. Although he thinks he's smart, he isn't. I'll buy you an ice cream, if you stop crying. Though he started early, he finished late. Exercise 12: Adverb Clauses Directions: 1. Translate the whole sentence. Categories of adverb Example word Meaning 1. บอกเวลา (Time) when as long as 2. บอกเง่ือนไข (Condition) as soon as until as since while before after if if only unless provided after

21 Categories of adverb Example word Meaning 3. บอกวัตถปุ ระสงค์ (Purpose) so that in order that 4. บอกความขัดแยง้ (Contrast) for fear that although 5. บอกสถานท่ี (Place) though even though 6. บอกลักษณะ (Manner) even if how someone does something, where or how something is done. wherever 7. บอกการเปรยี บเทียบ (Comparison) as far as 8. บอกสาเหตุ/เหตผุ ล (Reason) as as if 9 บอกผล (Result) as though as (adj./adv.) as not so (adj./adv.) as because as since seeing that now that so so that so…that such…that so…as to Exercise 13 1. Underline an adverb clause. Directions: 2. Circle the subordinating conjunction in each sentence. 3. Translate the whole sentence. Example: As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live. ทันทีทค่ี ณุ ไว้ใจตวั เอง คณุ ก็จะรู้วา่ ตอ้ งดาเนนิ ชีวติ อย่างไร 1. When the clock strikes midnight, she has to leave. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

22 2. Until spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. He behaved as if nothing had happened. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. After the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. He won’t help you unless you ask him. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. We’ve decided to ban mobile phones at all times while you are in the school. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Whenever I try to comfort people, I somehow make things worse. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 8. Since you’re always late, I’m going to start showing up late too. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 9. If you stay with a host family, you will learn more of the language. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Provided that the flight is on time, we will arrive by midnight. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 11. I don’t know how to react when you yell at me like that. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 12. I only started to seriously rethink my life once I graduated a high school. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

23 Sentence Structure The following statements are true about sentences in English: A new sentence begins with a capital letter. He obtained his degree. ข้นึ ต้นประโยคดว้ ยตวั พมิ พใ์ หญ่ A sentence ends with punctuation (a period, a He obtained his degree. question mark, or an exclamation point). จบประโยคดว้ ยเครอ่ื งหมายตา่ ง ๆ ( . / ? / ! ) A sentence contains a subject that is only Smith he obtained his degree. given once. มีประธานตวั เดิมตวั เดียวกนั แค่ตวั เดยี ว A sentence contains a verb or a verb phrase. He obtained his degree. มคี ากริยา หรอื กลมุ่ คากริยา A sentence follows Subject + Predicate He (subject) obtained his degree (predicate). ประกอบด้วย ภาคประธาน และ ภาคแสดง A sentence must have a complete idea that He obtained his degree. stands alone. This is also called an independent clause. ไดใ้ จความสมบรู ณ์ Sentence Types There are four types of sentence in English A Simple sentence ประโยคท่ีมีโครงสรา้ งงา่ ย ๆ อาจเรียกอกี อยา่ งหนง่ึ ว่า Basic Sentences ประโยคเหลา่ น้สี ามารถเพ่มิ ส่วนขยายหรือนามาเช่ือมต่อกบั ประโยคหรือข้อความอ่นื ๆ ทาใหเ้ กิดประโยคที่ ยาวขึ้นและซับซ้อนขึน้ ได้ Here are a few examples: She read. She completed her literature review. He organized his sources by theme. They studied APA rules for many hours.

24 A compound sentence ประโยคทเ่ี กดิ จากการนา simple sentence ซ่ึงมีความหมายสมบรู ณ์ ในตัวเองอย่แู ล้วสองประโยคข้นึ ไปเชือ่ มกนั ด้วยเคร่อื งหมายวรรคตอน หรอื คาเช่อื มทแี่ สดงความสมั พนั ธ์ ระหว่างประโยค คาที่แสดงความสมั พนั ธ์ (Coordinating conjunction) ไดแ้ ก่ For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) Here are a few examples: She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list. He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list. They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn. Complex Sentences คือ ประโยคท่ปี ระกอบดว้ ยประโยคหลัก (main clause/independent clause) กับอนปุ ระโยค (subordinate clause/dependent clause) ที่ไมส่ ามารถอยู่ไดโ้ ดยลาพงั แต่ต้อง อาศยั ประโยคหลกั เสมอ Here are a few examples: Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section. Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow. They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting. A compound-complex sentence ประโยคความผสม จะมี Independent Clause มากกวา่ 1 ประโยคและ Dependent Clause อยา่ งนอ้ ย 1 ประโยค เชอื่ มประโยคเขา้ ดว้ ยกันดว้ ย Coordinating Conjunction และ Subordinating Conjunction หรือ Relative Pronoun Here are a few examples: She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on her methods section even though she finished her methods course last semester. Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for organization. With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many hours, and they decided that writing in APA made sense because it was clear, concise, and objective.

25 Exercise 1 Directions: Identify each of the following sentences as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. 1. I made an airplane out of stone. (\"Stone Airplane\") _____________________ 2. I put a piece of cantaloupe underneath the microscope. (\"Nope\") _____________________ 3. Oaties stay oaty, and Wheat Chex stay floaty, and nothing can take _____________________ the puff out of Puffed Rice. (\"Cereal\") _____________________ 4. While fishing in the blue lagoon, I caught a lovely silverfish. (\"The _____________________ Silver Fish\") _____________________ 5. I could go to the library for a book, or I could go to the coffee shop for a snack. _____________________ 6. They just had a contest for scariest mask, and I was the wild and _____________________ daring one who won the contest for scariest mask--and (sob) I'm not _____________________ even wearing one. (\"Best Mask?\") 7. My voice was raspy, rough, and cracked.(\"Little Hoarse\") _____________________ 8. In the house, the telephone rang and rang. _____________________ 9. They say that once in Zanzibar a boy stuck out his tongue so far _____________________ that it reached the heavens and touched a star, which burned him _____________________ rather badly. (\"The Tongue Sticker-Outer\") 10. I'm going to Camp Wonderful beside Lake Paradise across from _____________________ Blissful Mountain in the Valley of the Nice. (\"Camp Wonderful\") _____________________ 11. I joke with the bats and have intimate chats with the cooties who _____________________ crawl through my hair. (\"The Dirtiest Man in the World\") _____________________ 12. Jerry raced his bike up the hill. 13. The antlers of a standing moose, as everybody knows, are just the perfect place to hang your wet and drippy clothes. (\"A Use for a Moose\") 14. We'll walk with a walk that is measured and slow, and we'll go where the chalk-white arrows go. (\"Where the Sidewalk Ends\") 15. If I had a brontosaurus, I would name him Horace or Morris. (\"If I Had a Brontosaurus\") 16. I am writing these poems from inside a lion, and it's rather dark in here. (\"It's Dark in Here\") 17. A piece of sky broke off and fell through the crack in the ceiling right into my soup. (\"Sky Seasoning\")

18. The grungy, grumpy, grouchy Giant grew tired of his frowny pout 26 and hired me and Lee to lift the corners of his crumblin' mouth. (\"The _____________________ Smile Makers\") 19. The animals snarled and screeched and growled and whinnied _____________________ and whimpered and hooted and howled and gobbled up the whole ice cream stand. (\"Ice Cream Stop\") _____________________ 20. I wanted to get to the window quickly because I wanted a picture _____________________ of the rainbow. _____________________ 21. Sarah was healthy, yet she sometimes had headaches. _____________________ 22. Since we had only gone a mile from camp, we decided to return _____________________ before dark. _____________________ 23. I opened my eyes and looked up at the rain, and it dripped in my _____________________ head and flowed into my brain. (\"Rain\") _____________________ 24. If you were only one inch tall, you'd ride a worm to school. (\"One _____________________ Inch Tall\") _____________________ 25. I don’t like ice cream anymore since it made me sick once. _____________________ 26. Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which take less space, are digital televisions. 27. They say if you step on a crack, you will break your mother's back. (\"Sidewalking\") 28. I love peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, and I usually eat them with chips. 29. John went to school today, but James remained at home. 30. The traffic light simply would not turn green, so the people stopped to wait as the traffic rolled and the wind blew cold, and the hour grew dark and late.(\"Traffic Light\") แหล่งทีม่ า https://www.thoughtco.com/identifying-sentences-by-structure-1692194 https://www.time4writing.com/downloads/PDFs/Printable-WritingSentences-SimpleComplexCompound- HS.pdf