BodySystemsFlipbook-ValerieSanchez

Body Systems Flipbook

Table of Contents:Integumentary System:Muscle System:​Skeletal System:Special senses​:Nervous system:​Cardiovascular System:Respiratory System:​Digestive System:Urinary System:Reproductive System:



Integumentary System:Key Terms: ● derm/o​: skin ● kerat​/o​ ​: horny tissue; hard ● xer​/o: dry ● xanth/​ o: yellow ● erythr/​ o: red ● pedicu​/o: foot, toes, nails ● onych/​ o: nail ● myc​/o: fungus ● pil/​ o: hair ● lip/​ o: fat ● rhytid​/o: skin wrinkle ● albin/​ o: no melaninFunction:​act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retainbody fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate bodytemperature.Vocab:​ ● Epidermis:​ the superficial, thinner layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. ● Dermis:​ a layer of dense irregular connective tissue lying deep to the epidermis. ● Keratin​: an insoluble protein that makes up hair and nails. ● Melanin:​ a dark black, brown, or yellow pigment found in the skin and hair. ● Hair Follicle:​ a structure composed of epithelium that surrounds the root of a hair. ● Nail​: the hard, keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the terminal portions of the fingers and toes.

● Skin:​ the external covering of the body consisting of a superficial, thinner epidermis and a deep, thicker dermis that is anchored to a subcutaneous layer. ● Subcutaneous layer​: a continuous sheet of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue between the dermis of the skin and the deep fascia of the muscle. ● Dermatology:​ study of the integumentary system.Disease/​ ​Disorder:​-Contact dermatitis​: an inflammation of the skin resulting from contact with asubstance to which one is allergic.-Psoriasis​: a chronic skin disorder characterized by a rapid division and movement ofkeratinocytes through the epidermal strata.-Albinism:​ an abnormal, nonpathological, partial, or total absence of pigment in skin,hair, and eyes.-Cyanotic​: the bluish color of the mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin that occurswhen blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs.Healthcare Careers:​-Dermatologist -​ specializes in the integumentary.-Plastic Surgeon- ​does surgery on any burns or augmentation.

Muscle SystemTerms:​ ● my​/o: muscle ● myel/​ o: ● osteo​/o: bone ● cost​/o: rib ● crany/​ o: skull ● -pexy​: fixation ● chondr​/o: cartilage ● arthr​/o: joint ● -plegia​: paralysis ● kinesi​/o: movementVocab:h​ ttps://quizlet.com/16479636/anatomy-muscle-vocab-flash-cards/ ● Tendons- ​cordlike things that attach muscled indirectly to bones, cartilages. ● connective tissue- ​coverings of each other

● smooth muscle- ​involuntary muscle with no striations found in walls of hollow visceral organs (stomach, bladder, respiratory) ● cardiac muscle- ​striated involuntary muscle found only in the heart ● epimysium- c​ overing of muscle. ● endomysial- ​sheath of connective tissue that surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber. ● myosin- a​ protein that, together with actin, is responsible for muscular contraction and relaxation. ● myosin- ​a protein that, together with actin, is responsible for muscular contraction and relaxation ● fascicle- ​bundle of muscle fibers. ● motor unit- a​ motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controlsFunction:“The main function of the muscular system is movement. Muscles are the only tissue inthe body that has the ability to contract and therefore move the other parts of the body.Related to the function of movement is the muscular system's second function: themaintenance of posture and bodyposition”.http://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.htmlDiseases​/​Disorders:​-Exercise intolerance- ​condition in which a person is not able to perform anymovement because of muscles-Muscular Dystrophy- ​condition marked by progressive weakening and wasting of themuscles.-Myotonia- i​ nability to relax voluntary muscle after vigorous effort.-Limb girdle- ​Erb's muscular dystrophy is a genetically and clinically heterogeneousgroup of rare muscular dystrophies.Healthcare Career:-Exercise physiology- ​rehabilitation of the mental physical diseases.-Sports medicine- s​ cience of athletic nutrition and muscles.

Skeletal System:Function:-performs vital functions support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calciumstorage and endocrine regulation that enable us to survive.Vocab​: ● Axial skeleton: ​bones of the Cranium, ribs, spine, and sternum. ● Appendicular skeleton:​ bones of the arms, legs, along with scapula, clavicle, and pelvis. ● Bone: ​rigid tissue made up of cells embedded in a solid calcium-phosphate matrix. ● Periosteum: t​ ough membrane on bones surface that contains a network of blood vessels supplying nutrients and nerves which signal pain.

● Spongy bone: ​connective tissue inside compact bone that is hard and strong. Made of lattice work only spikes; makes bones light and strong. ● Compact bone:​ thick layer of bone that enables the shaft of the long bone to endure the large amount of stress it receives upon impact with a solid object. ● Bone marrow:​ inside tissue of a long bone where blood cells are produced (red) or fat is stored (yellow). ● Endoskeleton skeleton:​ found on the inside of the body​. ● Exoskeleton skeleton:​ found on the outside of the body​. ● Cartilage tissue: t​ hat is relatively rigid, but more flexible than bone tissue; found on the ends of all bones at the joints; acts as a shock absorber to protect the ends of the bones.https://quizlet.com/1917515/skeletal-system-vocab-flash-cards/Diseases/​ D​ isorders:​-Arthritis- i​ nflammation of the joint-Spina bifida- ​A birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to developproperly.-Osteomalacia​-softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D orcalcium-Leukemia-​too many white cells developed, body can't fight infectionsHealthcare Careers​: ● Orthopedic surgeon- t​ reats diseases and injuries of the skeletal system ● Radiologists- ​specialize in diagnosing diseases and injuries with x-rays

Special sensesFunction: - The ​special​ sensory receptors for sight and hearing are located in large, complex sensory organsCareers:-Optometrist- s​ tudy of the eye detects any disease-Cataract surgeons- s​ urgeons that do surgery on the diseases of a cataract affectedeye.diseases/disorders:-Tinnitus-​ ringing in the ear-Bell palsy- ​paralysis of one side of the face-Color blindness- ​seeing different colors than meets the eye-Myopia-​ sensitivity to light

Terms: ● irid/o: i​ ris ● -cusis: ​hearing ● -iopia: v​ ision condition ● ot/o: ear ● tympan/o: ​tympanic membrane ● ophthalm/o: e​ ye vision ● Metry-: ​measuringmetry.Vocab: ● Eyelids - p​ rotects eyes ● Canthus- ​corners of the eye ● Eyelashes- ​protects from anything entering the eye ● Lacrimal sac- w​ here tears flow into ● Eyeball- t​ he eye itself ● Fibrous layer- t​ he outer layer of the eye ● Cornea- ​transparent part of the outer fibrous layer ● Iris-​ colored part of the eye ● Pupil- r​ ounded opening of the iris ● Sensory layer-​ retina is the innermost layer

Nervous systemFunction:​ - Is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the bodCareers​:-Neurosurgeon- ​they do surgery on brains and nervous system-Neurologist- t​ hey know the study of the brain and detect diseasesDisease:​-Stroke- ​The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage ofblood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain.-Parkinson's disease- a​ ffects their brain and causes tremors on the brain-epilepsy ​- any kind of flashing light will affects the.r eyes and will affect their brain.-Brain tremors- ​the brain starts vibratingVocab​- ● Neurons- c​ ells that transmit impulses ● Axon- l​ ong fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body ● Cerebrum- l​ argest part of the brain responsible for voluntary actions ● cerebellum -​ second largest part of the brain ● Brain stem- ​connects brain to spinal cord ● Thalamus- r​ eceives messages from sensory receptors ● Spinal cord- r​ eceives impulses and controls reflexes

● Nerve- b​ undle of nerve fibers ● Nerve pathways- n​ erve impulses travel through ● Excitatory- ​neurotransmitter that increases nerve impulsesTerms:​ ● neur​/o- nerve ● mening/​ o- membranes surrounding the spinal cord ● myel​/o spinal cord ● ambu​/o walk ● -esthesia b​ ecoming aware ● psych​/o mind ● concuss​/o injure by concussion ● Encephal- ​inside the brain

Cardiovascular System:Health careers​:-Cardiovascular s​ urgeon- does surgery on patients with any heart disease-Cardiologists- s​ pecializes in the study of the heartVocab ● Heart​: muscular organ that pumps blood ● Aorta​: largest artery in the heart ● atrium​(plural: atria) one of two upper chambers of the heart capillary s​ mallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls

● carbon Dioxide ​(CO2) gas (waste) released by the body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation ● coronary arteries b​ lood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle ● deoxygenated blood ​blood that is oxygen-poor ● diastole r​ elaxation phase of the heartbeat ● electrocardiogram ​record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or TMed term: ● angi​/o, vas/o, vascul/o vessel ● aort/​ o aorta ● arteri​/o artery ● ather​/o fatty (lipid) paste ● atri/​ o atrium ● cardi/​ o heart ● coron/​ o circle or crown ● my/​ o muscle ● pector​/o, steth/o chest ● sphygm/​ o pulse ● thromb​/o clot ● ven/​ o, phleb/o vein ● varic​/o swollen, twisted vein ● ventricul​/o ventricle (belly or pouch)Diseases:Heart attack- h​ eart starts beating fastHigh blood pressure- y​ our blood pressure goes up when stressed or angry.Coronary artery disease- ​your arteries aren't working how they should.Cardiac arrest- h​ eart starts slowing down in heartbeat.

Respiratory SystemFunctions:ventilation movement of air into out of lungsexternal respiration gas exchange btw air in lungs and bloodinternal respiration gas exchange btw blood and tissuesupper tract nose, pharynx, larynxVocab ​:

● Nasal Cavity-​the cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucous and inhaled contaminants outward and away form the lungs. ● Larynx-v​ oice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords ● Trachea-​one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids ● Bronchi-T​ he passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs ● Lungs-​two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration ● Bronchioles-p​ rogressively smaller tubular branches of the airways ● Alveoli-​tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood ● Cilia-​short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface ● Mucus-​protective secretion of the mucous membranes ● Breathing-p​ assing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normalMed term: ● bronch​/o, bronchi/o combining form - bronchial tube, bronchus ● cyan/​ o combining form -blue skin bc of low oxygen ● laryng/​ o combining form - larynx ● ox​/o combining form - oxygen ● pector/​ o, thorac/o combining form - chest ● pharyng/​ o combining form - pharynx, throat ● pleu/​ o respiratory fine pleura

● Pulmon/​ o lung ● Thorac/​ o thoracic ● Oxy ​oxygen conditionDiseases:​-bronchiolitis ​medical term - inflammation of bronchiole (acute viral infection occurringin infants younger than 18 months of age)-​hypercapnia m​ edical term - pt to excessive carbon dioxide in the blood-p​ neumoconiosis m​ edical term - abnormal condition of dust in the lungs-c​ yanosis s​ kin turning blue bc of no oxygenHealth careers:-Pulmonologist- ​specializes in the study of the lungs-Allergist ​- specializes in the study of allergies

Digestive System:Function​:Series of organs that converts food into essential nutrients that are absorbed into thebody and eliminates unused waste material.Vocabulary:​ ● Stomach- ​One of the two anatomical regions involved in the physical breakdown of food, organ in which protein digestion begins. ● Small intestine- O​ rgan in which most chemical digestion takes place. ● Large intestine- O​ rgan that absorbs water from undigested material. ● Mouth- O​ ral cavity; mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion of carbs start. ● Colon- ​Organ primarily involved in water absorption and feces formation. ● Rectum- ​Lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored.

● Chemical digestion- ​Process in which enzymes and other chemicals are used to break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks. ● Absorption- P​ rocess by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood. ● Ileum- ​Last and longest portion of the small intestine where most absorption takes place. ● Esophagus:​ a food shot for your food to pass through.Diseases/​ ​Disorders:​-Appendicitis- i​ nflammation in the appendix due to any kind of movement against t orinfection.-Stomach Cancer- ​Development of cancer cells in the stomach due to genetics orinfection.-Stomach Ulcer- A​ hole in the lining of the stomach corroded by the acidic digestivejuices which are secreted by the stomach cells.-Acid reflux- H​ eartburn or acid indigestion results in stomach acid backing up into theesophagus to create a burning sensation or sour taste in the mouth.Health careers:-Gastroenterology- I​ s the medical specialty most broadly concerned with diseases andconditions of the digestive system.-Hepatologists- ​Are specialists in liver conditions, often working collaboratively withsurgeons and oncologists to provide care before and after transplants, tumor removal,or other procedures.Med Term: ● cholecyst/​ o- gall bladder ● enter​/o- small intestines ● col​/o, colon/o- colon ● hepat​/o- liver ● gastr/​ o- stomach ● or​/o- mouth, oral cavity ● -pepsia- ​digestion ● chol​/e- bile ● proct/​ o- rectum/anus

Urinary System:Function​:Stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys.

Vocab​: ● trigone-​Triangular area in the urinary bladder. ● urea-M​ ajor nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. ● ureter-O​ ne of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. ● urethra-​Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. ● uric acid-N​ itrogenous waste excreted in the urine. ● urinary bladder-​Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine. ● reabsorption-P​ rocess whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream. ● renal artery-B​ lood vessel that carries blood to the kidney. ● renal pelvis-C​ entral collecting region in the kidney ● renal tubule-​Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.Diseases:​-glycosuria-​excess sugar in urine-hematuria-​blood present in urine-Pyuria- p​ us or WBCs present in urine-Pyelitis- ​infection of renal pelvisHealth careers:-Urologists- ​provide medical and surgical management fordisorders of the urinary tract in both men and women.-Nephrologists- p​ rovide medical management to patients withMed term​: ● -cele- ​cavity ● -lysis- ​separating

● cyst/​ o- bladder● nephr​/o- kidney● ren​/o- renal● -uria- ​urine● -pexy- ​fixation● -ectasis- e​ xpansion● pyel/​ o- renal pelvis

Reproductive System:Function:-Female​:The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish theoffspring until birth.-Male​: to produce and deposit sperm.Vocab: ● gonads- r​ eproductive glands-male, testes. ● gametes- r​ eproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells. ● sperm ​-the male reproductive cell. ● ova -​ Also known as eggs, the gametes produced by females. testes -The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. ● seminiferous tubules -​ Small convoluted tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis takes place. ● interstitial ​-cells in the testes, these cells lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce the hormone testosterone. ● epididymis -​ coiled duct on top and at side of the testis that stores sperm before emission. ● vas deferens- ​a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. ● urethra duct- ​through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct.Diseases​/D​ isorders:​-chlamydia- ​a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genusChlamydia.-cryptorchidism- ​failure of one or both testes to move into the scrotum as the malefetus develops.-epididymitis- ​painful inflammation of the epididymis.-fibroid tumors- b​ enign muscle tumors in the uterus.Health Careers:​

-G​ ynecologist- ​A physician who specializes in treating diseases of the femalereproductive organs and providing well-woman health care that focuses primarily on thereproductive organs.-Urologist- ​is the study of surgical and medical diseases of the male and femalereproductive system.Med Term​: ● cervic​/o neck; uterine cervix ● salping​/o Fallopian tube ● ov​/o- ovum ● Orchid​/o- testes ● oophor/​ o, ovari/o ovary ● Men​/o- menstruation ● Mamm​/o- breast ● Gynec/​ o- woman reproductive ● Colp​/o- vagina ● Prostat/​ o- prostateCitations:https://quizlet.com/16479636/anatomy-muscle-vocab-flash-cards/\"The Integumentary System.\" ​Methamphetamine. N.p., 2012. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.\"Muscular System.\" I​ nnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.\"Respiratory System | Definition of Respiratory System by ...\" N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2016.\"Your Digestive System.\" K​ idsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. The NemoursFoundation, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.