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Ann Susan Philips (Social Science )

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Ann Susan Philips X-B Social Science Notes 2021-2022

Nationalism in India 1) How did the First World War help in the growth of the Nationalist Movement in India? (pg 54) • The war created a new economic and political situation. • Led to an increase in expenditure which was met by the additional taxes on Indian people. • Prices increased that led to difficulties for the common people. • Villages were forced to supply soldiers. • Crops failed leading to shortage of food. • Spread of influenza epidemic. • The feeling that the Indians were being unnecessarily dragged into the war, made them united. • When Mahatma Gandhi returned to India, he brought in the concept of Satyagraha. 2) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act? Or Why did Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act? (pg 55) • The Act was hurriedly passed. • Took away many civil liberties of Indians. • Indians took it as an insult. • Mainly because they were expecting constitutional concessions after the end of the war. 3) Why did Gandhi decide to withdraw non-cooperation movement? (pg 61) • Gandhi felt that the movement was becoming violent. • Example, Chauri Chaura incident. • Satyagrahis needed to be trained properly. • Some Congress leaders were tired of mass struggle. • They wanted to participate in elections. 4) What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? Or “A Satyagraha was a battle through non- violence.” Explain. (pg 55) • Novel method of mass agitation used by Gandhi in South Africa. • Applied the same in the Indian National Movement. • It stressed on the power of truth and non-violence. • Physical force was not needed. • Satyagrahi could win the battle without using force.

5) Discuss in brief the Jalianwala Bagh massacre. (pg 56) (direct answer) 6) Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. (pg 63) • Gandhi found salt as a powerful symbol to unite the nation. • It was an important item used by people of all sections. • He sent a letter to the Viceroy putting forward 11 demands. • The demands would help the people to identify themselves with the movement. • Most important demand was to abolish salt tax. • He believed that this was the most oppressive part of British rule. 7) Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates? • Condition of the Muslims was inferior to Hindus. • So, they wanted a separate electorate. • In case of joint electorate, the Hindus who are a majority will not give a fair chance to the Muslims to win the election. • They felt, the Muslims will be at the mercy of the Hindus. • Hindus felt, separate electorate will be against the spirit nationalism. 8) How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain. Or How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India? Explain with examples. • Bharat Mata as Identity of the nation: 1) In the 20th Century, various images of Bharat Mata came up. 2) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay of Bengal wrote Vande Mataram dedicated to motherland. 3) He created the first image of Bharat Mata. 4) Abanindranath Tagore also painted the image of Bharat Mata. • Folklore as Identity of the Nation: 1) Folklore must be restored to bring in a sense of pride. 2) Rabindranath Tagore began reviving folk songs, dances etc. 3) In Madras, Natesa Shastri published “The Folklore of Southern India” in Tamil. • Flags as Identity of the Nation: 1) Flags were created to unify people. 2) During Swadeshi Movement, tricolor flag was created. 3) In 1921, Gandhi had designed the Swaraj flag. 4) Carrying the flag, and holding it high during marches became a symbol of defiance. • History as Identity of Nation: 1) History of India was reinterpreted. 2) India began looking at its past as glorious, prosperous. 3) Indians began blaming the British for destroying the rich Indian past. 9) Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh. (pg 59) • The talukdars and landlords asked for high rents and other cesses from the peasants.

• Peasants had to do unpaid work for landlords. • There was no security. • They had to bear the burden of high revenue and were oppressed by the talukdars and landlords. 10) Explain any three reasons for the lukewarm response of some Muslim organizations towards the Civil Disobedience Movement. (pg 68) • Muslims were disappointed with Non-cooperation movement (NCM). • NCM ended without any concrete outcome. • Congress was highly associated with the Hindus. • Both the communities were organizing religious processions. • Clashes and riots between the two communities. • Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate, but no compromise could be arrived at. • Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status. • When the civil disobedience movement began, they could not trust. 11) How did Gandhi try to integrate the Depressed Classes into society? Explain. (pg 67 & 68) • Organized Satyagraha so that they could enter temples, have access to public well, tanks etc. • He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables. • Asked the upper castes to change their attitude towards them. • He went on fast when the British agreed to have a separate electorate for Dalits. • He believed that would slow the process of national integration. 12) Why did the rich peasants take part in the CDM? (pg 65) • Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat were hit by trade depression and falling prices. • They were unable to pay government revenue as their income reduced. • The government did not want to reduce the revenue. • They were unhappy about it. • So, they decided to support CDM with an intention to reduce the revenue. 13) Explain the causes that led the tribals to the revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. (pg 60) • The British government had closed many large forests. • They did not allow the tribal people to enter into these forests. • This affected their livelihood. • Their daily activities were affected. • The government was forcing them to work for free in the building of roads. 14) I) Describe the extent of people’s participation in the non-cooperation movement in the towns. Or Categorize and discuss the different urban segments which joined the NCM. (II) What were its economic effects? (III) Why did the movement decline? (pg 58)

(I) The movement started with the middle class participation. • Many students left government schools and colleges, teachers resigned, lawyers gave up • their legal practices. Council election was boycotted. • (II) Foreign goods were boycotted. Liquor shops were picketed. • Foreign cloth was burned. • Import of foreign goods declined. • People began discarding foreign cloth. • They wore only Indian ones. • Indian textiles prospered. • • Khadi was expensive than mill made cloth. (III) Indian Institutions were slow in coming up. • Students, teachers and lawyers began once again joining work. • • 15) Explain the circumstances under which Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience movement in 1931. Or How did the colonial government react as the CDM spread in the country. Explain. (pg 64) • Congress leaders were arrested. • Violent clashes took place. • Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested. • Due to which there was angry protest. • Many were killed. • Mahatma Gandhi was arrested. • Industrial workers attacked places like police posts, railway station. • Government tried to suppress the movement with force. • Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked. • Women and children were beaten. 16) Explain the reaction of the Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed in Imperial Legislative Council in 1916. (pg 55) • Rowlatt Act gave the British government to repress political activities. • Indians reacted to it unitedly. • A hartal was begun on 6th April. • Rallies were organized. • Workers went on strike. 17) Describe the actions taken by the British administration against nationalists who opposed the Act. (pg 55) • Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.

• Mahatma Gandhi was stopped from entering Delhi. • The police on 10th April open fired on a peaceful procession. • Martial was imposed. 18) Examine the events that led to the CDM. (pg 62-63) • Simon Commission was instituted to deal with the economic problems of India. But did not have any Indians. • Viceroy Irwin offered a dominion status and Round Table Conference. • Congress did not accept. • Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1929 demanded Purna Swaraj. • They declared that they would be celebrating 26th January as the Independence Day. • But many people did not support. • Thus, Gandhi started a mass movement- CDM. 19) Why did Gandhi relaunch the CDM? (pg 64-65) • Gandhi was disappointed with the Round Table Conference held in London. • When he returned from London, he found Jawaharlal Nehru and Ghaffar Khan in jail. • Congress was declared illegal. • Government tried to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. 20) Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during the NCM. (pg 60) • Peasants in the hills began protesting when they were forced to work for free in the construction of roads. • They were stopped from entering their own forest reserves. • The movement here was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. • He claimed that he had many super natural powers. • He spoke about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. • Asked people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. • But said that force should be used to liberate themselves. • The peasants attacked police stations. • Tried to kill British officials. • Carried on Guerrilla warfare. 21) Examine the role of industrial working class in the CDM. (pg 66) • Though many did not participate, yet a few did. • They boycotted foreign goods. • Strikes were organized by railway workers. • Wore Gandhi caps. • Participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. 22) Examine the role of women in the CDM. (pg 67)

23) How did NCM spread in the countryside? Explain. (pg 59 & 60) • In the countryside, peasants and tribal people participated in the movement. • In Awadh, movement led under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra. • It was against the increased rents by the landlords; begar. • They demanded reduction in revenue, abolition of begar. • Congress tried to integrate this movement into the wider struggle. • But the use of violence and the wrong interpretation of Gandhiji thoughts led to the decline of the movement. • In Andhra Pradesh, Gudhem Hills, a movement began by the tribal against the reservation of their forest areas that affected their livelihood. • The movement was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. • Again, the use of the violence led to its decline. 24) Discuss in brief the satyagraha movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi after arriving to India. (pg 55) 25) “Plantation workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.” Explain (60) • For plantation workers of Assam, it meant to move in & out freely. • It meant having a link with their villages. • Actually, the workers were not allowed to do so. • When they heard of NCM, thousands of workers left the plantation and headed home. • But they were caught by the police and brutally punished. 25) What was the reaction of the people after the Jallianwalla Bagh incident? How did the government try to suppress the revolt? (pg 56) • There were strikes. • Clashes with the police • People attacked the government buildings. • Government used to force to suppress the movement. • People were made to rub their nose on the ground, salute all the sahibs, • People were beaten. • Villages were bombed. 26) Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch NCM? (pg 56) • He knew that to launch a successful nationalist movement, they had to bring Hindus and Muslims together. • During that time, Khilafat Committee was formed in order to defend the Khalifa’s temporal power. • Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi to join hands. • Mahatma Gandhi saw it as a good opportunity. • Thus, he decided to start NCM.

27) Why was NCM called so? (57) • In Hind Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi said that it was with the cooperation of the Indians that the British were able to establish themselves. • So, if the Indian refused to cooperate, the British rule would collapse. • They would get independence. 28) How could non-cooperation become a movement? (pg 57) • Movement would take place in stages. • First, surrender anything that it is related to the government. • If the government used force, a full civil disobedience would be launched. 29) Why were many Congressmen against NCM? (pg 58) • They were not interested to boycott the council elections. • They felt that the movement would become violent. • For a while, there seemed no compromise between those who were supporters and those who were not supporters of the movement. • Finally, a compromise was established. 30) “In such a situation of internal debate and dissension, two factors again shaped Indian politics towards late 1920s.” Explain. (pg 62) • Worldwide economic depression. • Agricultural prices fell. • Demand for export fell. • Exports also declined. • Peasants suffered. • Establishment of Simon Commission to deal with this situation. • But had no single Indian member. They were all British. 31) Why did the poorer peasantry participate in the CDM? (pg 65) • Wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted. • Small tenants could not pay rent due to economic depression. • But Congress did not support much as it would upset the rich peasants and landlords. 32) Why did the Indian Industrialists and merchants support CDM but later on withdraw its support? (pg 66) • They wanted to expand their business activities. • They felt that, this would give them opportunity to do so. • They help CDM by giving money. • But, the failure of Round Table Conference disappointed them. • They withdrew their support. MAP SKILLS

Locate and label the following with appropriate symbols on an outline map of India. 1) The place associated with the movement of indigo planters. 2) The place where Peasant Satyagraha took place. 3) The place where cotton mill workers organised Satyagraha. 4) The city related to Jallianwala Bagh Incident. 5) The place connected to the calling of the Non-Cooperation movement. 6) The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in December 1920. 7) The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in September 1920.

THE NEW INDIAN SCHOOL W.L.L. KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN CLASS X- ECONOMICS CHAPTER 2 SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1) What is meant by primary sector and why is it called agriculture and related sector? Answer: Primary sector consists of activities which produce goods by exploiting natural resources. e.g.; Crop cultivation, fishing, mining, maintaining dairy animals, forests and logging. Primary sector is also called agriculture and related sector because most of the natural products we get from agriculture, dairy, fishing and forestry. 2) Which activities are covered under secondary sector? Why is it called the industrial sector? Answer: Secondary sector includes activities in which natural products are changed in to other forms through ways of manufacturing that are associated with industry. For this reason it is also called Industrial sector, for e.g., sugar mills used sugarcane to produce sugar. Therefore sugar mills area part of secondary sector. The product is not produced by nature; rather it requires a process of manufacturing. 3) Which activities fall under tertiary sector? Why this sector also called service sector? Answer: Activities which help in the development of primary and secondary sector fall in tertiary sector. These activities do not produce a good, but are a support for the production process. For e.g.; goods produced in primary sector or secondary sector need to be transported, stored and sold. Communication is required for the purpose and services also may be required. Activities of transport, storage, communication, banking and trade, generate services. Therefore the tertiary sector is also called service sector. 4) Are different sectors of the economy independent of each other? Answer: No, activities in different sectors are interdependent, e.g.: Companies that produce cotton yarn purchase cotton which is transported to them from villages. Therefore, it is the secondary sector, i.e., cotton mills that use cotton which is a product of primary sector and the product is transported using services of tertiary sector. Thus primary, secondary and tertiary sector are all interdependent. 1

5) What is meant by GDP? Answer: GDP is the sum of total production of final goods and services produced by primary, secondary and service sectors during a year in a country . 6) What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shift that has been taken place between sectors? Answer: • At initial stages of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity. As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before. Many people could now take up other activities. There were increasing number of craft- persons and traders. Buying and selling activities increased many times. • Over a long time new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding. Those people who had earlier worked on farms now began to work in factories in large numbers. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment. • There has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in developed countries. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector. 7) Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how. Answer: The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. Also, this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country's GDP and per capita income. If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence, it is necessary to classify economic activities into these three basic sectors for smooth economic administration and development. 8) For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss. Answer : For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a country's economy. A focus on employment and GDP helps to determine two important things that are per capita income 2

and productivity. Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us to understand how that particular sector is functioning and what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it. 9) How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples. Answer : The tertiary sector is different from the other sectors because it does not manufacture or produce anything. For this reason, it is also known as the service sector. It aids the primary and secondary sectors in development. The tertiary sector involves services like transport, storage of goods, communications, banking and administrative work. 10) Why is tertiary sector becoming so important in India? Answer : The tertiary sector has become important in India because of the following reasons: • Services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are considered as basic services and are necessary for all people. • The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage etc. • With the rise in the income of people, they start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. • Over the past decade, certain new services based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. 11)\"Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.\" Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer. Answer : \"Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of the Indian economy\". This statement is not true. The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003. 12) Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these? Answer : Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. These are skilled and unskilled workers. At one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly 3

skilled and educated workers. At the other end, there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, etc. 13) Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer. Answer : Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. I agree with this view. The unorganised sector does not offer any job security. Neither does it allow for scope of trade or workers' unions. Workers can be easily exploited in this scenario. They cannot afford to rebel against an employer's tyranny as the latter can fire them at any time. 14) What is disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas? Answer : Disguised unemployment means under employment i.e., a person is not able to work to his full potential in absence of a job. eg, A casual labour in a city gets work for only three hours in a day whereas he is capable of working 8 hours. In rural areas, eight members of a family work together on a small piece of land where the crop can be cultivated by 5 people. 15) How can more employment be created in rural areas? Answer : More employment in rural areas can be created by, • Constructing dams, canals or digging wells in villages. • Creating storage facilities and providing transport services linking villages to other villages and to towns and cities. This would provide employment not just to farmers but also to others who Engage in transport and trade • Agro-based industries can be set up in rural areas or semi-rural belts. These industries such as storage go downs, food processing industry, milk collection centres, fish products and processing can serve to generate employment. • Construction of schools, cowsheds, panchayatghars and some other permanent structures can engage people in construction activities and provide employment. • Making a provision for education and health services in rural belts can also result in employment. • Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also an employment generation proposal. • It can be done by tourism, or regional craft industry, or new services like IT. A study conducted by the Planning Commission (known as NITI Aayog) estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone. 4

16) How is organized sector different from unorganized sector? Answer : It is a sector where the employment terms The unorganized sector is characterized by are fixed and regular, and the employees get small and scattered units, which are largely assured work. outside the control of the government. They are registered by the government and There are rules and regulations but these are have to follow its rules and regulations, not followed since they are not registered with which are given in various laws such as the the government. Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc. The job is regular and has fixed working Jobs are low-paid and often not regular. hours. If people work more, they get paid for the overtime by the employer. Workers enjoy the security of employment. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. People working in the organised sector get There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, several other benefits from the employers holidays, leave due to sickness etc. such as paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc. People get medical benefits. The factory There are no such facilities in the unorganized manager has to ensure facilities like sector. drinking water and a safe working environment. When they retire, these workers get pensions as well. Examples of the organised sectors are Examples of the unorganized sectors are Shop Government employees, registered keeping, Farming, Domestic works, industrial workers, Anganwadi workers, Labouring, Rickshaw pulling, etc. village health workers etc. 5

17) Why do you think MGNREGA, 2005 is referred to as Right to work? Answer : • The central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in about 625 districts of India. • It is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005). Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. • If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people. 18) The workers in the unorganized sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples. Answer : The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. In the construction sector, labourers are employed on a daily basis. Hence, they have no job security. Here, wages too differ from time to time. Consequently, the government has set up a minimum wages act to protect such workers from economic exploitation. The same problem exists for miners working in private mining companies. Their safety is secondary to the company's profits, and as a result, many miners suffer grievous injuries (and many a times, even die) due to inadequate safety gear and norms. Governments of most nations have now laid down strict rules for private enterprises to ensure workers' safety. Most companies in the unorganized sector do not provide health insurance to their employees. Some of these might be involved in dangerous factory production that may harm a worker's health in the long term. These workers need to be protected against the tyranny of the employer, and it is here that the government steps in. 19) How to Protect Workers in Unorganised Sector? Answer : There is a need for protection and support of the workers in the unorganised sector. Here are a few points which will help in doing so. • The government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours. • The government can provide cheap loans to self-employed people. • Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education, health, food to these workers. • The government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime, paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc. 6

20) How is public sector different from private sector? Answer : Public Sector Private Sector Public sector includes those enterprises which Private sector includes enterprises with are owned by the government and those private ownership and delivery of services in services which are provided by the the hands of private individuals or companies. government. Activities in public sector are undertaken by Activities in private sector are guided by the the government for the needs of the society motive to earn profits. To get such services and their welfare. we have to pay money to individuals and Example: Railways or post office companies Example: Tata Iron And Steel (TISCO) or Reliance Industries. 21) Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation. Answer : • Government raises money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the services rendered by it. • Governments have to undertake heavy spending such as the construction of roads, bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigation through dams etc. Also, it has to ensure that these facilities are available for everyone. • There are some activities, which the government has to support to encourage the private sector to continue their production or business. • The government in India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a ‘fair price’ and sells at a lower price to consumers through ration shops. In this way, it supports both farmers and consumers. • Running proper schools and providing quality education, health and education facilities for all are some of the duties of the government. • Government also needs to pay attention to aspects of human development such as availability of safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor and food and nutrition, taking care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country. 7

THE NEW INDIAN SCHOOL W.L.L KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN CLASS X ECONOMICS NOTES CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT Chapter1. DEVELOPMENT 1. Define per capita income. Ans: Per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its total population.. 2. Define infant mortality rate. Ans: Infant mortality rate indicates the number of children who die before the age of 1 year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in a year. 3. Define literacy rate. Ans: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 and above. 4. Define net attendance ratio. Ans:It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 yeas attending school as a percentage of children in the same age group. 5. Define life expectancy rate. Ans: Life expectancy at birth means average expected length of life of a person. 6. Define gross enrolment ratio. Ans: It means enrollment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school. 7. What is economic development? Ans: Economic development is a process in which real per capita income is increased in the long run accompanied by reduction in poverty, unemployment and inequality. Thus economic development includes both economic growth as well as economic welfare. 8. Define economic growth. Ans: Economic growth is a process whereby national income and per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time. 9. What is sustainable development? Ans: Development without environmental degradation and with conservation of resources for the future generation. 10. State the two developmental goals common to all. Ans: Higher level of income and better quality of life are the two goals common to all. 1

11. Why do different persons have different as well as conflicting notions of developmental goals? Ans: Developmental goals may be common, different or conflicting. (I) Common goals: there are some needs which are common to all like income, freedom, equality, security, respect, friendship etc. (II) Different goals: Development or progress does not mean the same thing for every individual. Each individual has his own idea of development. For example: development for a farmer might be irrigation facilities, for an unemployed youth it may be employment opportunities etc. (III) Conflicting goals: what may be development for some may become destruction for some others. Eg: Industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land. 12. “Developmental goals are different for different people.” Explain the statement with appropriate examples. Ans. Development or progress does not mean one and the same thing for every individual. Each individual has his own notion of development.  Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different.  People seek things that are more important for them, i.e., things that can fulfill their aspiration or desires.  Examples:  Development for a farmer might be proper irrigational facilities.  For a girl, it might mean gender equality or more freedom. 13. Give examples to prove that there are other important development goals than income. Ans: If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting it one would try to consider many factors, apart from income such as: (I) Facilities for the family: I would have to check if there is good educational facility for children, a good house and locality to stay in, good medical facilities also should be available. (II) Job security: a job which gives high pay but no job security will reduce one’s sense of security and freedom. (III) Opportunity to learn: There should be opportunity for personal carrier growth. (IV) Working atmosphere needs to be cooperative and healthy: If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. A safe and secured environment may allow more women to take up jobs or run a business. (V) Time for your family: working hours should be fixed and adhered to so that there is time for spending with family. Leave facility must be there as well. 2

14. “For development people look at a mix of goals”. Explain the statement. • If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. • There would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. • A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. 15. How has the world development report classified countries? What are the limitations of this report? Ans: (I) World Bank classifies countries according to per capita income. (II) Countries with per capita income of US $12,056per annum and above are called rich countries. (III) Counties with per capita income less than US $955 or less are called poor countries. (IV) Countries with income between US $955 and $12,056 are called middle income countries. Limitations (I) It considers only income and no other aspects like literacy, health etc. (II) It does not tell how this income is distributed among people. 16. What is the criterion used by the UNDP for classifying countries? Ans: UNDP has used the criterion of human development index to measure the development of countries. HDI is calculated on the basis of *Per capita income- Per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its total population *Education Index – In this it is considered that what are the expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling. *Life expectancy at birth-: Life expectancy at birth means average expected length of life of a person. 17. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana in spite of lower per capita income? 3

Ans: Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana in spite of lower per capita income because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facility. This results in: (I) Lower infant mortality rate (II) Higher literacy rate (III) Higher net attendance ratio. 18. Why do we use averages to compare the development of countries? (I) We use averages for a better understanding (II) For comparison between countries, total income is not very useful. (III) Different countries have different populations, so total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. 19. What is body mass index? How is it calculated? Ans. Body Mass Index is used by nutrition scientist to find out if adults are nourished or not. It is calculated in following steps.  Calculation of weight of the person in Kgs.  Calculation of height of the person in meters.  Squaring the height measured in meter.  Dividing the weight by the square of the height.  Thus BMI = weight in Kg Height in M2 20. “The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generation.” Explain the statement by giving suitable examples. Ans: It is quite true that the future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generation. (i) The statement explains that the overuse of resources by the present generation would lead to insufficiency of resources for the future generation. (ii) Development without adequate resources is impossible. (iii) Example: (a) nearly 1/3 of the country is over using their ground water resources. (b) overusing of fossil fuels like petroleum and coal. 21. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain. Ans: The issue of sustainability important for development because of the following reasons. (I) Natural resources are not unlimited. They should be used carefully so that cycle of development may run. (II) Reserves of mineral oil and ground water are depleting with a rapid pace. 4

(III) Conservation and preservation has become the need of the hour for the coming generations. (IV) If natural resources are exploited and depleted by the present generation, the development will be stagnant after sometime because resources won’t be available for further process. (V) Sustainability can be achieved by using the resources judiciously and by maintaining the ecological balance. 22. Do the terms economic growth and economic development mean the same thing. Discuss. Ans. Economic growth is a process of consistent rise in national income and per capita income over a long period of time. Economic development is a process of persistent rise in national income and per capita income over a long period of time with social justice. It is concerned not only with increase in income but also with distribution of income. Thus economic development is a wider concept than economic growth. 5

Manufacturing Industries Question-1 What is manufacturing? Solution: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Question-2 Name any three physical factors that affect the location of the industry. Solution: The three factors are a. Availability of raw materials. b. Power resources c. Favourable climate. Question-3 three human inputs that control the location of industries. Solution: Human inputs that control the location of industries are: • Labour • Market and • Transport facilities.

Question-4 Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement? Solution: Limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum are important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement. Question-5 How do industries pollute the environment? Solution: Industries have increased pollution and degraded the environment. Industries create four types of pollution mainly air, water, land and noise. The smoke emitted by the industry pollutes the air and water immensely. Air pollution is caused by the presence of a higher proportion of undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide and sulphur oxide. Source of water pollution are numerous. Most important is the industrial effluent that discharges into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic. They pollute the water. Unwanted loud noise is also pollution. It arises from industries and the different means of transport. Noise causes impairment to hear. Question-6 Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry? Solution: Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it, is done in two or more successive stages.

• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. • Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases: • Primary treatment by mechanical means. • This involves screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation. • Secondary treatment by biological process. • Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical, and physical processes. This involves the recycling of wastewater.

Question-1 Distinguish between the following (a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals (b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Solution: (a) Ferrous Minerals: Ferrous minerals account for about three- fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals after meeting her internal demands. (b) Non-ferrous Minerals: India’s reserves and production of non- ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. However, these minerals, which include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, and gold, play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering, and electrical industries. Let us study the distribution of copper and bauxite. Conventional Sources of Energy:  Conventional source of energy has been used since the early times.  Coal, Petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity, thermal power are the source of energy.  All conventional sources of energy except hydro- electricity are exhaustible.

 These sources cause environmental pollution.  These sources require huge capital. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:  Non- the conventional sources of energy have come into use only recently.  Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal, biogas are examples of these sources of energy.  Most of the non- conventional sources of energy are inexhaustible.  These sources do not cause environmental pollution.  Small amount of money is sufficient to have these sources. Question-2 What is a mineral? Solution: Geologists define a mineral as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest one. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals. The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals. Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the

earth. Even the food that we eat contains minerals. In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites. Question-3 How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks? Solution: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid, molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes. Question-4 How do we need to conserve mineral resources? Solution: In order to conserve mineral resources, we must see to that our consumption of minerals does not increase our wants. We must remember that these resources are one of the greatest gifts of God and we must use these in such a manner that our future generations also enjoy this gift Question-5 Describe the distribution of coal in India.

Solution: In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coals occur in the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Jharkhand is the largest producer where Jharia, Bokaro, karampur , Palamu are the major coalfields. In West Bengal, Raniganj, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling are the coalfields. Sarguja, Bilaspur, Raigarh and Bastar districts are coal fields found in Chhatisgarh. M.P. has coal fields in Chinaware district and in Maharashtra, Chanda is the main field. Question-6 Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India? Solution: 1. Solar energy has a bright future in India because 2. India is blessed with plenty of solar energy because most parts of the country receives a bright monsoon period.

3. India has developed technology to use solar energy for cooking, water heating, space heating, crop drying, etc. 4. It is an abundant, inexhaustible, and universal source of energy. 5. India is a tropical country. 6. It is pollution-free. Question-7 Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture Solution: Globalization is the new trend in the world scenario, which aims at integrating our economy with that of the world: 1. Its aim is to be realised within a certain time frame. 2. It is based on free and open international trade. 3. It ensures that only quality and competitive goods would survive the world market. Impact 1. Indian farmers now are exposed to a new industrial environment. They would have to compete with other farmers of other countries in producing quality and competitive goods. 2. With the use of favourable climatic conditions and soil conditions, improved and new implements, efficient labor

we would have to produce goods, which could complete in the world markets. 3. India would need the technologies being used by foreign countries. Infrastructure like the development of roads, electricity, irrigation, and credit facilities will have to be developed.

Money and Credit Money: Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process & it is called medium of exchange. In many of our day to day transactions, goods are being bought & sold with the use of money. The reason as to why transactions are made in money is that, a person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants. Double coincidence of wants: When in the exchange, both parties agree to sell and buy each others commodities it is called double coincidence of wants. In the barter system double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. Demand Deposits in Bank: Deposits in the bank account that can be withdrawn on demand. People need only some currency for their day to day needs. For instance workers who receive their salaries at the end of each month, have some extra cash. They deposit it with the banks by opening a bank account in their name. Bank accept the deposits and also pay an interest rate on the deposits

Cheque: Paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from a person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque is drawn. Reserve Bank of India: It is the central bank of India which controls the monetary policy of the country. Reserve Bank of India supervises the activities of formal sector and keep the track of their activities but there is no one supervise the functioning of informal sector. Periodically banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending and to whom, at what interest rate, etc. Credit: The activity of borrowing and lending money between two parties. Collateral: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. Property such as land titles, deposits with banks, livestock are some common examples of collateral used for borrowing. Terms of Credit: Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of

repayment together comprise what is called the terms of credit. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the borrower. Formal sector: Includes banks & cooperatives; RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. To see that the bank maintains a minimum cash balance and monitors that these banks give loans not just to profit- making business and traders but also to small cultivators , small scale industries , to small borrowers etc. periodically banks have to submit information to RBI of their activities. Informal sector: Includes money lenders, traders, employers, relatives & friends etc. There is no one to supervise their credit activities. They can charge whatever rate of interest. There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back. Self Help Groups (SHG): A typical SHG has 15-20 members usually belonging to a neighborhood, who meet and save regularly. Saving per month varies from 25-100 rupees or more depending upon the ability of the

people. Members take small loans from group itself to meet their needs.

Nationalism in India Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Satyagraha: Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasized truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph. In India the first was at Champaran in 1916 to inspire plantation workers to struggle against oppressive plantation system. In 1917 Satyagraha at Kheda to support peasants. In 1918 Satyagraha at Ahmadabad: Among the cotton mill workers. Hind Swaraj’: The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized non-cooperation to British rule in India. New economic situation created in India by the First World War: • Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market

• As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hrs. • Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically after the war, as it was unable to modernize and compete with US, Germany, Japan. Hence within colonies like India, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position capturing the home market. The Rowlatt Act of 1919: It gave the British government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Jallianwala Bagh incident: On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a repressive measure. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. This brutal act of General Dyer provoked unparalleled indignation. As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many

North Indian towns. There were hartals, clashes and attacks on government buildings. Non-cooperation programme was adopted at Nagpur in Dec. 1920. Effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economy of India: Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People began discarding imported clothes and wearing Indian ones. The production of Indian textile mills and hand looms went up. Use of khadi was popularized. Non-cooperation Movement in the countryside: • In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars and landlords who demanded extremely high rents and a variety of other ceases from the peasants. Peasants were forced to work in landlords’ farms without any payment (beggar). Peasants had no security of tenure, thus being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The demands of the peasants were— reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords

• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s against the closure of forest areas by the colonial government, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. They felt that their traditional rights were being denied. • For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens without permission. In fact the permission was hardly granted. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and left for their homes. Slowing down of Non-cooperation Movement in cities: • Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long. • Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up.

• So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts. Khilafat movement: Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British. Chauri Chaura incident: In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch a no tax movement. The police opened fire at the people who were taking part in a demonstration, without any provocation. The people turned violent in their anger and attacked the police station and set fire to it. The incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh . When the news reached Gandhiji, he decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle. Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Moti Lai Nehru for return to council Politics. Simon Commission 1928 and boycott. Lahore Congress session and demand for Puma Swaraj in 1929. Dandi march and the beginning of civil Disobedience movement. Features of Civil Disobedience Movement: People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws. Foreign cloth was boycotted and people

were asked to picket liquor shops. Peasants were asked not to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. Students, lawyers and village officials were asked not to attend English medium schools, colleges, courts and offices. ‘Salt March’: On 31st January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, one of which was the demand to abolish Salt Tax. Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an oppression on the people by the British Government. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum and if his demands were not fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil disobedience campaign. So, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to peace-fully defy the British. On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Who participated in the movement? Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country.

Gandhiji led the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement. In the countryside, the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. As rich communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also by refusing to buy and sell the imported goods. The industrial working class of Nagpur region also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Railway workers, dock workers, mineral of Chhota Nagpur, etc. participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. Limits of the movement less participation by untouchables— Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932, Luke warm response by some Muslim Political Organization. Provisions of Poona pact of 1932: Signed between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate. The sense of collective belonging: Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belonging:

1. Use of figures or images: The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism 2. Indian folklore: Nationalists started recording and using folklore’s and tales, which they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation of these became a way to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of price in one’s past. 3. Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags: Carrying the tricolor flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging. 4. Reinterpretation of history: Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the colonizers.

Outcome of democracy How do We Assess Democracy’s Outcomes? Democracy is a better form of government than dictatorship in the following respects: • Promotes equality among citizens. • Enhances the dignity of the individual. • Improves the quality of decision making. • Provides a method to resolve conflicts. • Allows room to correct mistakes. Democracy Produces Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government People have the right to choose their rulers and they have control over their rulers. Citizens can participate in decision making. Thus, democracy produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Democracy ensures that decision making is based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find out this information. Citizens can take part in decision making whenever they want. A democratic government is the people’s own government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Economic Growth and Development

Economic development depends on several factors: the country’s population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc. There is a significant difference in the rates of economic growth between countries under dictatorship and democracy. So, democracy is preferred as it has several positive outcomes. Economic Outcomes of Democracy The following points show the relationship of democracy with economic growth and economic inequalities. 1. Dictatorial regime has had a slightly better record of economic growth. But when we compare their record only in poor countries, there is virtually no difference. 2. There can be a very high degree of inequalities within democracies. 3. There is often inequality of opportunities available to the poorer sections of the society. Reduction of Inequality and Poverty All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. In the process of bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing, we find growing economic inequalities. • A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Their share in the total income of the country has been increasing.

• Those at the bottom strata of the society have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining. In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. Accommodation of Social Diversity No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. However, we can learn to respect these differences and we can evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is a plus point of democratic regimes. But democracy must fulfil 2 conditions in order to achieve this outcome: 1. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view. 2. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting the dignity and freedom of the individual. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Let’s take the case of the dignity of women. The long struggles by women have created some sensitivity that respect and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. The same is true of caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal

opportunity. Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self- interest. Democratic examination never gets over. As it passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy. Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government: A democracy is concerned with ensuring that people have the right to choose their rulers and have control over the rulers. When possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision-making in a democracy. Democracy ensures that decision-making is based on norms and procedures. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. Thus democracy entails transparency. For a democracy to produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government, it must ensure the following— Regular, free and fair elections; Open public debate on major policies and legislation’s; Citizens’ right to be informed about government policies; A government free from corruption Two conditions necessary for a democracy to achieve harmonious society: Democracy must fulfill the following two conditions in order to achieve a harmonious social life: 1. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority needs to work

with the minority so that government may function to represent the general view. 2. Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic groups, etc. Democracy remains democracy so long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. No individual should be debarred from participating in a democracy on the basis of religion, caste, community, creed and other such factors.. Outcomes of democracy: There are certain things that democracy must provide. In a democracy people have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over them. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision making , that affects them all. It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures and is accountable to people. Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens—regular, free and fair elections, open public debate on major policies and legislation’s, and citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning. Democracy is a better form of government than others: Based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Thus the necessary delay in implementation. Decisions are acceptable to people and are more effective. • A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of- decision-making. There is transparency. • Democratic government is legitimate government, people’s own government.

• There is inability of democracy to achieve higher economic growth which is a cause of worry. • Ability to handle differences, decisions and conflicts is a positive point of democratic regimes. • Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. Dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed in a democracy: Dignity of women. The one way to ensure that women related problems get adequate attention is to have more women as elected representatives. To achieve this, it is legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third seats in local government bodies for women. In March 2010, the Women’s Reservation Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha ensuring 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State legislative bodies. Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and discriminated castes. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it. Some political parties are known to favour some castes. Democracy provides for equal status and opportunities for all castes. Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen. A democracy ensures that people will have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. There is transparency in a democracy like India. In October 2005, the Right to Information (RTI) law was passed which ensures all its citizens the right to get all the information about the functions of the government departments

CLASS : X THE NEW INDIAN SCHOOL W.L.L TIME: 2 hrs. KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN CLASS TEST SOCIAL SCIENCE (087): POWER SHARING & FEDERALISM DATE: 18/05/2021 MAX. MARKS :40 Instructions: a) Write down all the answers on a full-scape paper b) Upload the same through your respective google classroom (clear images-check before uploading) c) Use blue ball point pen only d) Underline the key words with a pencil or the same colour pen e) Leave lines between each answer; draw double line after each answer f) Mention the section and number the questions correctly g) Clearly mention the following details on your answer script- Name, Class & Sec, Subject, Subject Code, Day & Date, Medium of Answering (i.e. English) h) Mention the number of pages used (on the first page) i) Keep the handwriting legible j) MOST IMPORTANTLY, DO NOT COPY. SECTION A 2 1. What do you mean by a good democratic front? 2 2. What do you understand by Scheduled Languages? SECTION B 3 3. Draw a comparative analysis between power sharing arrangement in 3 Belgium and Sri Lanka. 3 3 4. Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united. Justify the statement with valid arguments and appropriate examples. 5. Brussels was the epicentre of tension. Justify. 6. Why did the Sri Lankan Tamils feel alienated? Page 1 of 2

7. Why is it very difficult to make changes to the power sharing 3 arrangement between the Union and the State Governments? Explain 3 with examples. 3 8. Illustrate Belgium’s shift from a unitary to a federal form of government. 9. Very often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. Explain or Justify the statement in reference to that of India. SECTION C 5 5 10. Explain- The idea of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. Also explicate the different forms that have common arrangements of power sharing. 11. Belgian model, though complicated, is effective. Explain. 12. Federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early 5 years after the Constitution came into force. Justify Page 2 of 2


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