Summary of Sentence Writing in English

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This page about sentence structure will focus on the differences between simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences and compound-complex sentences. Clauses are the buliding blocks of sentences. There are four types of sentence: 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-Complex A simple sentence is one clause with a subject and verb. Computers are important in the modern world. Formula = SV However, it can have more than one subject and verb: 2 subjects: Computers and other technological devices are important in the modern world. Formula = SSV 2 Verbs: I search for information and play games on my computer. Formula = SVV 2 subject and 2 verbs: My brother and I search for information and play games on our computers. Formula = SSVV

A compound sentence consists of 2 or 3 clauses. It is when simple sentences are joined together. In this sentence structure, the clauses are joined with the following coordinating conjunctions: F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so The word 'fanboys' is an easy way to remember the different conjuntions that make up compound sentences. Obviously the most common are 'and', 'but', 'or' and 'so'. Here are some examples of compound sentence structure: Computers are important, but they can be dangerous too. Formula = SV but SV Computers are important, but they can be dangerous too, so we must be careful. Formula = SV but SV so SV. Avoid writing too many clauses as the sentence may get difficult to follow, and you cannot use each one more than once in a sentence to join clauses. This is wrong: Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress, and we must ensure everyones has access to them. Incorrect formula = SV and SV and SV. X Two possible corrected versions: Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress. We must ensure everyones has access to them. Formula = SV and SV. SV. Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress, so must ensure everyones has access to them. Formula = SV and SV so SV. Using semicolons There is an instance when you can have a compound sentence structure without a coordinating conjuntion, and this is when you join two clauses with a semicolon. It is used when two ideas are related. For example: Computers are used widely in most countires; they are a sign of progress.

Complex sentences are more complicated (which is maybe why they are called 'complex'!). There are different types of complex sentences and these will be looked at in more detail later, so here you are just provided with the basics. Complex sentences are two (or more) clauses joined together, but they are NOT joined by 'FANBOYS' (coordinating conjunctions). They ARE joined by subordinating conjunctions. These are subordinating conjunctions: after even if unless although even though until as if when as if in order to whenever as long as in case whereas as much as once where as soon as since wherever as though so that while because that before though For example: People take natural health supplements even though they may not have been tested. Our children may not be properly educated if we don't spend more on schools. I went to bed as soon as he left because I was tired. These are all adverbial clauses. In these types of complex sentence, the second clause can be used to start the sentence. In this case, a comma is needed in the middle. Even though they may not have been tested, people take natural health supplements. If we don't spend more on schools, our children may not be properly educated. As soon as he left, I went to bed because I was tired. Noun clauses and relative clauses are also a type of complex sentence structure, but these will be looked at later. Compound-complex sentences are the same as complex sentences but they also have a simple (or compound) sentence before or after the 'complex' part. For example:

I ate a lot when I got home, but I was still hungry. The part that is underlined is the complex sentence. As you can see, it also has a simple sentences connected to it. It can also have a full compound sentence attached to it: I ate a lot when I got home, but I was still hungry, so I went shopping to buy some more food. These are compound-complex sentences.

In order to understand a complex sentence, you need to understand independent and dependent clauses A clause is a group of words with a subject and verb. This is a dependent clause: ...because it was raining so hard. If something or someone is 'dependent' then it needs or relies on something else for aid, support, life etc. For example, a baby is dependent on its mother. Without the mother the baby cannot survive. In a similar way, a dependent clause cannot 'survive' on its own. It relies on something else. The clause above \"....because it was raining so hard\" cannot be used on its own as a sentence because it does not make sense. In order to function, it needs an independent clause. An independent clause can function on its own as a sentence: I took my umbrella. This has meaning so is ok on its own. It makes a simple sentence. If we now join this independent clause with the dependent clause, we have a complex sentence that has meaning: I took my umbrella because it was raining so hard.

Complex sentences have three types: 1. Adverbial Clauses 2. Relative Clauses 3. Noun Clauses In the following sections, there is a brief explanation of how to construct each of these with some examples. However, they are complicated, so lessons explaining them in more detail will follow later on. Adverbial clauses answer questions such as how? why? when? where? They are made by connecting an independent clause and a dependent clause with a subordinating conjunction. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions that make complex sentences: because while although when even though if until as For example (the subject is in green and the verb in blue).: Some experiments on animals give us the wrong result because animals’ bodies are not exactly the same as our own. SV subordinating conjunction SV Some experiments on animals give us the wrong result ------ INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ------ ...because animals' bodies are not exactly the same as our own. ------ DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATING) CLAUSE ------ In adverbial clauses, however, it is possible to put the dependent clause before the independent clause. In fact, more often than not, this is the case. When you do this though, you MUST put a comma after the dependent clause (a comma is not needed when the independent

clause comes first): Because animals’ bodies are not exactly the same as our own, some experiments on animals give us the wrong result. subordinating conjunction SV, SV Here are some further examples. Notice how in some sentences the dependent clause comes first, in others it is second. This is your choice: Even though he arrived late, he did not apologize. Pollution will get worse if car emissions are not reduced. While the number of people going to Japan increased, the number going to the UK decreased. I don't know when he will arrive. Like adverbial clauses, relative clauses are made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. However, these clauses have a different use. Relative clauses are used to modify a noun. In other words, to give more information about it. The relative pronouns who, which, that and where are used to do this, and the relative clause is placed after the noun it is modifying. For example: Animal experimentation, which is legal in most countries, should be banned. Animals experimentation should be banned. ------ INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ------ which is legal in most countries ------ DEPENDENT (RELATIVE) CLAUSE ------ Unlike adverbial clauses, the dependent clause (which is the relative clause) can break up the independent clause - the dependent clause just needs to go after the noun, wherever that is. Notice also that there are two Subject-Verb combinations. This will always be the case with complex sentences as there are two clauses. Here are some more examples. The dependent (relative) clause is in red, the independent clause is in bold, and the noun being modified is underlined. A library is a place where you can borrow books.

Global warming is a problem that must be solved. Obesity, which is the condition of being overweight, affects millions of children. A person who breaks the law must face serious penalties. Noun clauses are probably the most difficult to master of the complex sentences, so we'll focus here on the most common and easiest form which you will probably have used many times. We'll look at them in more detail later. A noun clause answers the question 'who?' or 'what?'. Unlike relative clauses, which come after the noun, noun clauses come after the verb. For example: What do you think about corruption? I think that corruptions is wrong and that those guilty of it should be punished. In this example, there are two noun clauses, and they are the object of the verb 'think'. The noun clauses are the dependent clauses because they do not make sense on their own. They need the independent clause \"I think...\". I think ------ INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ------ that corruption is wrong that those guilty of it should be punished ------ DEPENDENT (NOUN) CLAUSE ------ Here are some more examples. The dependent (noun) clause is in red, and the independent clause is in bold: I agree that capital punishment must be abolished. I hope that the government intervenes to resolve the situation. I believe that experimentation on animals is unethical. It is common to omit 'that' when speaking. For example, we can say: I believe experimentation on animals is unethical. However, in formal writing such as IELTS, or academic writing generally, you should include it. There are further rules and possibilities to use these adverbial, relative and noun clauses, but we will look at them in more detail later. This lesson provides you with the basics on how they are used.

If you don't know what a noun or a noun phrase is, you should check these out before you continue with this lesson. Also, make sure you know what sentence clauses are and check out this lesson on complex sentences if you are not sure of the difference between dependent and independent clauses. This is a noun clause definition: A group of words (which do what a noun does) with a subject and a verb that can be a subject, an object, or an object of a preposition. Here are 4 common types of noun clauses (NC): 1. Subject NC 2. Direct Object NC 3. Object of Preposition NC 4. Subject as Complement NC It is a dependent clause which means it must also have an independent clause, but we will look at this further when we analyse each type. Before we look at these in turn, let's look at how this type of clause begins.

They start with a relative or adverb pronoun. These are the words that commonly commence such a clause: where why if that when whether how how (adj) who whom which what - \"ever\" words wherever whomever whenever whatever whichever whoever however however (adj) Now we'll look at the different types. Before we do this, take a look at these noun clause examples (the whole clause is in bold and the relative or adverb pronoun is in red). Each different type is shown: Subject NC How governments are fighting global warming is being scrutinised by the media. Direct Object NC Most people believe that obesity cannot be reduced just by reducing calorie intake. Object of Preposition NC He talked with whichever person arrived first. Subject as complement NC It is important that the individuals do everything they can to help educate their children.

For these explanations, the subjects will be in green, the verbs in blue, and the objects in red. In this type of sentence the NC (underlined) is the subject of the sentence: What causes so many difficulties in the IELTS test is the writing section. So looking at the whole sentence above, we have a subject, a verb and an object. But remember that a NC is a 'clause', so it too must have a subject and a verb (and possibly an object): What causes so many difficulties in the IELTS test is the writing section. In the above example, the adverb pronoun (\"what\") is the subject. It does not have to be as in this example, where \"I\" is the subject:

Whether I go or not is up to me. Important: Note that the verb \"is\" is singular. A NC is counted as a singular subject, so it takes a singular verb. You can learn more about subject verb agreement here. When the clause is the direct object, then it comes after the verb in the independent clause: This history book describes how England became the first industrialised nation. Again, remember that the NC has a subject and a verb (and possibly an object): This history book describes how England became the first industrialised nation.

A common NC you will know is the \"that\" clause, following verbs such as \"think\", \"believe\" and \"feel\", for example: A growing number of people feel that animals should not be exploited by people and that they should have the same rights as humans, while others argue that humans must employ animals to satisfy their various needs, including uses for food and research. Discuss both views and give your opinion. And you may then give your opinion: Personally, I do not believe that it is necessary to exploit animals for our own satisfaction. Note that if you are speaking it is fine to leave \"that\" out of the sentence (this is then a reduced noun clause). I believe students should not have to wear a uniform.

But for formal writing you should keep the \"that\" in the sentence. I believe that students should not have to wear a uniform. In this case, the NC comes after a preposition: My Aunt is very chatty. She speaks to whoever will listen! And here it is with the subject and verb of the NC highlighted: My Aunt is very chatty. She speaks to whoever will listen! These type of sentences have the following structure: It + be + adjective + (NOUN CLAUSE: that + S + V) It is important that the government tackles obesity. It is essential that children have enough leisure time.

Relative clauses are a type of complex sentence. It essential that you know how to write complex sentences if you want to do well in the writing test. Consumption of pizzas was far higher than hamburgers, which were consumed approximately 5 times a year. Community contributions, which were the second largest revenue source, brought in 10.4% of overall income, and this was followed by program revenue, at 2.2%. CO2, which damages the ozone layer, comes from several sources, but the most problematic are those coming from the burning of fossil fuels from power plants. Email and social networking sites such as Facebook and MSN have created online communities that are global in scale. Relative clauses can refer to: People = who / that Things = which / that Places = where Below are some essential rules about these types of clauses that you must know.

The rules refer to independent and dependent clauses, so make sure you understand these first. 1) Relative clauses modify nouns, and they must come after the noun they are modifying: noun relative clause The car, which is my father’s, is in the garage. noun relative clause The car is in the garage, which is locked. In the first sentence, the relative clause is referring to \"the car\", so it comes after that noun. In the second sentence it is referring to \"the garage\". 2) There must be an independent and dependent clause: __________________________________________________ Ind Clause Dep Clause Ind Clause 3) As there are two clauses, there must be a subject and verb in The car, / which is my father’s, / is in the garage. each: S SV V The car, / which is my father’s, / is in the garage. This is because a relative clause is two simple sentences joined together. In other words: SV The car is in the garage. SV The car is my fathers.

4) If you miss part of one of the clauses out, or one of the subjects or verbs, you will create a fragment (an incomplete sentence): S SV The car / which is my father’s. This is incorrect as there must be a full dependent and independent clause. 5) The verb in the relative clause must agree (i.e. singular subject takes singular verb) with the noun it is modifying: Subj (sing) verb (sing) The car, / which is my father’s, / is in the garage. __________________________________________________ 6) If the information is ‘extra’ information, there are commas: The car, which is my father’s, is in the garage. The relative clause is not identifying the noun, it is just extra information about who owns it. __________________________________________________ 7) If the information is ‘essential’, there are no commas: The car which is in front of the house is mine. 8) With ‘essential’ relative clauses, ‘that’ can replace ‘who’ or ‘which’: This is identifying which car, so it is essential. There are The car that is in front of the house is mine. probably other cars, so without the relative clause we will not know which car is being talked about. The police have not found the person that stole my car. In other words, if you said \"the car is mine\", this would not help us. Which car?

In this lesson we will look in more detail at adverbial clauses. These clauses are a type of complex sentence, so it is essential that you are able to use them in your writing and speaking. In the table below you can see the most common types of adverbs used to make adverbial clauses. You can also see what they are used for and some example sentences. Time Clauses In reference to a period of time or another event He arrived before I did. After I have finished studying, I intend to work abroad. As the climate gets hotter, sea levels will rise. I will keep learning English for as long as it is necessary. While I am studying, I usually listen to the radio. Rates of obesity increase when too much junk food is eaten. Since I started going to fitness, I have lost 5 kilos. I will keep learning English until I am upper intermediate. Conditional Clauses Expressing a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined If we clone humans, it may have terrible consequences. What would you buy if you won the lottery? Our food will not be safe unless GM crops are banned.

Reason Clauses To explain why My English is not improving because I am not studying enough. Since the govenment cut spending, poverty has increased. Pollution is increasing as there are too many cars. Purpose Clauses To show the purpose of doing something I am studying IELTS in order to attend university abroad. He went to the gym so that he could lose weight. Concession Clauses To show contrast between two statements, or surprise. Although e-readers are popular, most people still prefer books. The Minister wants to incease taxes though his party disagrees. Even though I studied every day, I didn't get the score I needed (surprising) Internet usage increased, while phone usage decreased.* Whereas you have a lot of time to study, I do not.* Place To talk about location of position Wherever he goes, I will go. I am not sure where I put my pen. Remember that adverbial clauses are made up of two clauses - an independent clause and a dependent clause (look at these lessons on sentence clauses and complex sentences again if you are not sure what clauses are). 1) Switching the Clauses The first thing to note is that the independent and dependent clauses can be switched around: After I have finished studying, I intend to work abroad. (Dependent Clause + Independent Clause) I intend to work abroad after I have finished studying. (Independent Clause + Dependent Clause) In all of the sentences in the table above, the clauses can be switched around.

2) Commas Note though that if you switch them around and put the dependent clause first, a comma must come at the end of the dependent clause: After I have finished studying, I intend to work abroad. (Comma) I intend to work abroad after I have finished studying. (No Comma) This might seem like a minor point but it is quite important in your writing. Complex sentences can sometimes get confusing if commas are missing as it can become unclear where one clause ends and the other begins. If any of your sentences are confusing, this will definitely reduce your score. *'While' and 'Whereas' are execptions to this rule because they do have commas even when they appear in the middle of the sentence. 3) Meanings Even though certain adverbs have been grouped together in the adverbial clauses table, this does not mean that they are all synomyms for each other. Some you can interchange with each other without changing the meaning. For instance, 'since', 'as' and 'because' all have the same meaning and you can choose which one you want to use. But some you cannot. For example, look at these conditional adverbs: I will go if you go. I will go unless you go. The word 'unless' does not work in the second sentence. It has to be changed: I won't go unless you go. Now it has the same meaning. Similarly, 'although', 'even though', and 'though' are all synonyms of each other and can be interchanged, but 'while' and 'whereas' canot always be swapped with them. So you need to practice each individual word and check how it is used. A common mistake with adverbial clauses (and other complex sentences) is to write fragments. A fragment is an incomplete sentence: My English is not improving. Because I am not studying enough. A dependent clause (the second one in this case) cannot be a sentence on its own. By placing a full-stop after \"improving\", this has turned the second clause into a sentence fragment. A dependent clause must have an independent clause attached to it:

My English is not improving because I am not studying enough. When you check your work, you should check your complex sentences and check that you have not written any fragments. Look at this sample essay. The adverbial clauses are coloured, with the independent clauses in green (and italics) and the dependent clauses in red (and underlined). The adverbs are shaded in yellow. Some people believe the aim of university education is to help graduates get better jobs. Others believe there are much wider benefits of university education for both individuals and society. Discuss both views and give your opinion. These days, more and more people are making the choice to go to university. While some people are of the opinion that the only purpose of a university education is to improve job prospects, others think that society and the individual benefit in much broader ways. It is certainly true that one of the main aims of university is to secure a better job. The majority of people want to improve their future career prospects and attending university is one of the best ways to do this as it increases a persons marketable skills and attractiveness to potential employers. In addition, further education is very expensive, so most people would not consider it if it would not provide them with a more secure future and a higher standard of living. Thus job prospects are very important. However, there are other benefits for individuals and society. Firstly, the independence of living away from home is a benefit because it helps the students develop better social skills and improve as a person. A case in point is that many students will have to leave their families, live in halls of residence and meet new friends. As a result, their maturity and confidence will grow enabling them to live more fulfilling lives. Secondly, society will gain from the contribution that the graduates can make to the economy. We are living in a very competitive world, so countries need educated people in order to compete and prosper. Therefore, I believe that although a main aim of university education is to get the best job, there are clearly further benefits. If we continue to promote and encourage university attendance, it will lead to a better future for individuals and society. It is good to have a variety of sentences types. and as you can see, there are a mix of adverbial clauses which demonstrates that the candidate has a good grammatical range. Try writing your own essay. When you have finished, go through your work and highlight the adverbial clauses, identifying the adverb and the dependent and independent clauses. Is there a mix? Are they used correctly with subjects and verbs present in each clause and no fragments?

Phrases (EnglishClub) A phrase is one or more words that form a meaningful grammatical unit within a clause. There are five main types of phrase in English, as below. Noun Phrase A noun phrase (NP) can be a single noun or a group of words built around a single noun, for example: Animals need water. Who ate the last sandwich? All passengers with tickets can board now. Verb Phrase A verb phrase (VP, also called a \"verb group\") consists of a main verb and its auxiliary verbs (including modals), for example: We have been working since 9am. I will be going to France next week. It may have been being repaired. Adjective Phrase An adjective phrase can be a single adjective or a group of words built around a single adjective, for example: He has clever ideas. It was a very big meal. The students were really bored with the film. Adverb Phrase

An adverb phrase can be a single adverb or a group of words built around a single adverb, for example: Please do it now. He spoke very softly. They did it as fast as possible. Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by its object (usually a noun phrase), for example: They were arguing about money. The window was behind a large brown sofa. They resumed after an unusually large meal. The table below shows all five phrase types used in a single clause: he is jumping over the very lazy dog as fast as possible NP VP PrepP AdvP NP AdjP EnglishClub TIP Note that the word \"phrase\" can also mean any short group of words such as EnglishClub's \"because people speak English\" and other company mottos, as well as expressions typical of idioms such as a piece of cake, back to square one and caught red-handed.

What is a Sentence? (EnglishClub) In simple terms, a sentence is a set of words that contain: 1. a subject (what the sentence is about, the topic of the sentence), and 2. a predicate (what is said about the subject) Look at this simple example: sentence subject predicate verb You speak English. The above example sentence is very short. Of course, a sentence can be longer and more complicated, but basically there is always a subject and a predicate. Look at this longer example: sentence predicate subject verb Ram and Tara speak English when they are working. Note that the predicate always contains a verb. Sometimes, in fact, the predicate is only a verb: sentence subject predicate verb

sentence Smoke rises. So we can say that a sentence must contain at least a subject and verb. There is one apparent exception to this – the imperative. When someone gives a command (the imperative), they usually do not use a subject. They don't say the subject because it is obvious - the subject is YOU! Look at these examples of the imperative, with and without a subject: sentence subject predicate verb Stop! Wait a minute! You look! Everybody look! Note that a sentence expresses a complete thought. Here are some examples of complete and incomplete thoughts: sentence He opened the door. complete thought? YES Come in, please. Do you like coffee? NO not a sentence people who work hard a fast-moving animal with big ears Note also that a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (AmE period) or a question mark or an exclamation mark (AmE exclamation point). Look a these examples: People need food. How are you?

Look out! EnglishClub TIP Actually, it is not easy to define a sentence. Grammarians do not all agree on what is or is not a sentence. For the purposes of introduction, this page describes rather simple sentences. Of course, sentences can be much longer and more complex, and these will be covered on other pages. Recommended Links Cambridge Dictionary Daily Writing Tips Sentence (linguistics) - Wikipedia

The 4 Types of Sentence Structure (EnglishClub) In What is a Sentence? we saw the minimum requirements for the formation of a sentence. Now we can look in more detail at the four types of sentence structure. Simple Sentence Structure A simple sentence consists of one independent clause. (An independent clause contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.) I like coffee. Mary likes tea. The earth goes round the sun. Mary did not go to the party. Compound Sentence Structure A compound sentence is two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semi-colon. Each of these clauses could form a sentence alone.

I like coffee and Mary likes tea. Mary went to work but John went to the party. Our car broke down; we came last. There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so Complex Sentence Structure A complex sentence consists of an independent clause plus a dependent clause. (A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, and contains a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.) We missed our plane because we were late. Our dog barks when she hears a noise. He left in a hurry after he got a phone call. Do you know the man who is talking to Mary? Here are some common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while Here are the five basic relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose Compound-Complex Sentence Structure A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

John didn't come because he was ill so Mary was not happy. He left in a hurry after he got a phone call but he came back five minutes later. EnglishClub TIP A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause. The above sentences are basic examples only. In some cases other arrangements are possible (for example, a dependent clause can come before an independent clause).

Linking, Intransitive and Transitive Verbs (EnglishClub) To understand sentence construction, it helps if you know a little about three types of verb: linking verbs intransitive verbs transitive verbs All verbs have a subject (the person or thing that \"does\" the action). The real difference between linking, intransitive and transitive verbs is whether or not they have an object (the person or thing that \"gets\" the action). S = subject V = verb SC = subject complement DO = direct object IO = indirect object linking verbs intransitive transitive verbs take a subject verbs take an object complement take NO object mono-transitive verbs di-transitive verbs take ONE object: a take TWO objects: an indirect object + direct object direct object cannot be passive can be passive S-V-SC S-V S-V-DO S-V-IO-DO be arrive clean buy seem break down destroy give become come eat pass cough like send appear go turn down show feel sleep want tell get look many verbs are ambitransitive—they can be intransitive OR transitive depending on context Linking Verbs

Linking verbs have NO object. Linking verbs link two parts of a sentence. They link the subject to a noun or adjective. In this sense, linking verbs are like a mathematical equals sign (=). subject verb subject complement Mary is a nurse. Mary = a nurse Linking verbs do not make sense if used alone: they need a \"subject complement\" to complete their meaning. They are (???) They are teachers I feel (???) I feel unwell In the above examples, teachers and unwell are subject complements. Linking verbs work in two different ways: 1. the two parts of the sentence are the same thing (Mary is my mother) 2. the first part has the quality described by the second part (Mary is English) The most obvious linking verb is the verb: be Other linking verbs include: appear, become, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn Linking verbs cannot be passive. Look at these example sentences with linking verbs: Is that your car?

I am feeling thirsty. John is my boyfriend. My father became an engineer. The milk will turn sour if you leave it. Her explanation did not appear plausible. Hillary remained under suspicion for the rest of her life. (Note that linking verbs are sometimes called \"copula verbs\".) EnglishClub TIP Although we talk about \"linking, intransitive and transitive verbs\" (just as most grammar books and websites do), it is really more accurate to talk about \"linking, intransitive and transitive usage\". This is because many verbs can be linking OR transitive OR intransitive depending on the exact meaning and context. example verb (grow) usage The sky grew dark. linking Roses grow slowly. intransitive I grow coconuts. transitive Intransitive Verbs Intransitive verbs have NO object. Their action is not transferred from the subject to something else. subject verb She cried. Many intransitive verbs can make sense if used alone:

He fainted. She cried. Our car broke down. Of course, we often do follow intransitive verbs with other words telling us how, where or when—but NEVER with an object: He fainted after lunch. She coughed bitterly. Our car broke down in Bangkok. Intransitive verbs cannot be passive. Examples of intransitive verbs are: bark, boast, change, cough, die, go, live, run, sit, sleep, wave Look at these example sentences with intransitive verbs: They live in London. Tell your dog to sit now. Were the dogs barking? The news hasn't changed. He died after a long illness. When I saw him he was running. The president waved to the crowds. Transitive Verbs Transitive verbs have an object. Their action is TRANSferred from the subject to something else (the object). Transitive verbs can be active OR passive. Some transitive verbs have one object, some have two objects—as shown below.

Monotransitive verbs Monotransitive verbs have ONE object: a direct object subject verb direct object He kicked the ball. Examples of monotransitive verbs are: bomb, clean, break, destroy, eat, kill, like, put off, trigger, turn down, want Look at these example sentences with monotransitive verbs: Do you love me? The Allies bombed Dresden. Pick it up and throw it away. Tara doesn't want a new car. Bond killed the snake and ate it. Can fracking trigger earthquakes? Do you think they'll turn down my offer / turn my offer down? Ditransitive verbs Ditransitive verbs have TWO objects: a direct object and an indirect object subject verb indirect object direct object Sue passed Ann the ball.

Examples of ditransitive verbs are: buy, give, grant, lend, make, pass, send, serve, show, teach, tell Look at these example sentences with ditransitive verbs: Make me an offer. Who teaches him French? The bank won't lend them any money. They will serve the guests lunch at 12:30pm. Kid refused to show the teacher her homework. Anthony bought his new girlfriend some roses on her birthday. The local council have granted us permission to open a shop. EnglishClub TIP Note that many verbs can be used intransitively OR transitively (mono- and di-) depending on the context and the verb's exact meaning. Such verbs are called \"ambitransitive verbs\". He reads at night. (intransitive) He is reading a book. (monotransitive) He read Mary the letter. (ditransitive)