The Practice of Social Research by Earl R. Babbie (z-lib.org)

Index AAPOR, 42, 51 Anthropological ethnography, 91–92 Bivariate relationships, 202–205 AAPOR code of ethics, 43 Anti-Semitism, 481, 482 Black, Donald, 311 Abdollahyan, Hamid, 154 APA Style Guide, 515 Blair, Johnny, 242, 262 ABS, 146, 256 APSA Style Guide, 515 Blodgett, Timothy, 159 Abstract, 499 Arithmetic average, 421, 422 Bogardus, Emory, 216 Academic change, 337 Aronsson, Karin, 350 Bogardus social distance scale, 215–216 Academic publishing, 518–519 ASA Style Guide, 515 Bogle, Kathleen A., 17 Accuracy, 188 Asch experiment, 66 Bollen, Kenneth, 203 Adams, Cecil, 166 Asher, Ramona, 106 Bolstein, Richard, 247 Address-based sampling (ABS), 146, 256 Attributes, 13, 180 Books in Print, 524 African Americans, 47–48 Attribution process, 285 Boruch, Robert, 364 Age differences, 110 Audit trail, 355 Bowen, Glenn, 355 Agreement reality, 5 Auster, Carol, 301–302 Breaching experiments, 335 AIDS, 339 Austin, James, 376 Brennan, Mike, 248 Alternative experimental Authority, 6 Brown, L. Dave, 371, 372 Auto-kinetic effect, 67 Brown v. Board of Education, 65, 47 settings, 287–290 Autoethnography, 334 Browne, Kath, 130 American Almanac, 312 Average, 420–423 Burawoy, Michael, 52, 338 American Association for Public Axial coding, 398 Bureaucracy, 320 Axiom, 70 Bush, George W., 124, 125 Opinion Research (AAPOR), 42, 51 Azadarmaki, Taghi, 154 Aminzade, Ron, 318, 319 CA, 395 Analysis of data Babbie, Earl, 35, 48, 50, 74, 204, 318, Cahn, Naomi, 103 326, 449, 452, 453 Calvin, John, 315 evaluating the report, 505 Campbell, Donald, 278–280, 283, overview, 387–388 Bailey, William, 381 qualitative analysis. See Qualitative Ball-Rokeach, Sandra, 290 284, 383 Baron, James, 208 Campbell, M. L., 340 data analysis Bart, Pauline, 371 Campbell’s law, 383 quality, 386–387 Basics of Qualitative Research Capital punishment, 380–381 quantitative analysis. See Quantitative Carbone, June, 103 (Strauss/Corbin), 393 Carpini, Michael, 107 data analysis Beatty, Paul, 242 Carr, C. Lynn, 111 statistical analyses. See Statistical Becker, Howard, 338 Case-oriented analysis, 391 Bell, Derrick, 65 Case study, 338–340 analyses Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein/Murray), 48 CATI, 257 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 486–488 Bellah, Robert, 330 Causal time order, 282 Analytic induction, 304 Belmont Report, 33–34 “Cause” and “effect” indicators, 203 Analyzing existing statistics, 307–314 Benard, Stephen, 287 Cell phone, 255, 256 Beneficence, 34 Census, 49–50 Durkheim’s study of suicide, 307–309 Benton, J. Edwin, 240 Census Bureau, 314 evaluating the research report, 504 Berg, Bruce, 198, 298, 302, 304 Central tendency, 420–423 globalization, 309–310 Berkman, Michael, 108 Central tendency theorem, 141 reliability, 311 Berra, Yogi, 345 Chambers of commerce, 313 sources of existing statistics, 311–314 Best college (U.S.), 424 Channeling, 90 units of analysis, 310 Bian, Yanjie, 106, 234 Charbonneau, Jan, 248 validity, 310–311 Bias, 132–133, 235–236 Charmaz, Kathy, 396 Bibliographic styles, 515 Cheung, Yuet Wah, 363 Analyzing Social Setting Bibliography, 563–575 Chi square, 475–477, 545–546 (Lofland et al.), 325 Biddle, Stuart J. H., 26 Chicago School, 333 Bielby, Denise, 184 Child and youth well-being index, 215 Anderson, Elijah, 166 Bielby, William, 184 Chirot, Daniel, 170–171 Anderson, Eric, 334 Bishop, G. F., 234 Chisolm, Rupert, 289 Anderson, Leon, 333 Bivariate analysis, 430–434 Andorka, Rudolf, 361 Anomalies, 58 Anomia, 175 Anomic suicide, 309 Anomie, 175, 308 Anonymity, 35–36 ANOVA, 486–488

Index ■ 577 “Choosing a CAQDAS Software defined, 295 DeFleur, Lois, 311 Package” (Lewins/Silver), 404 evaluating the research report, 504 Defronzo, James, 63 illustrations, 305–306 Degrees of freedom, 476, 477 Chossudovsky, Michel, 61 manifest/latent content, 300–302 Delgado, Richard, 66 Christian, Leah, 260 qualitative data analysis, 304–305 Democracy, 317 Christianity, 316–317 sampling, 297–300 Demographic Yearbook, 312 Citing bibliographic sources, 515 strengths/weaknesses, 306–307 Demoralization, 282 Citing Internet materials, 511 units of analysis, 297–299 Denscombe, Martyn, 262 Clark, Roger, 100 Content validity, 192 Dependent variable, 16 Contingency questions, 238–239 Descriptive statistics, 460 Class Acts: Service and Inequality in Luxury Contingency table, 239 Descriptive studies, 91, 176–177 Hotels (Sherman), 332 Continuous variable, 425 Design. See Research design Control group, 273, 274 Designing Effective Web Surveys Classical experiment, 272–275 Control variable, 447 Clinton, Bill, 33 Convenience sampling, 128 (Couper), 260 Closed-ended question, 231, 232 Conversation analysis (CA), 395 Determinism vs. agency, 23–24 Cluster sampling, 153, 300 “Convert” approach, 329 Dewey-Truman presidential Coates, Rodney, 222 Cook, E., 455 Code notes, 400 Cook, Thomas, 279, 280 poll, 126–127 Code of ethics, 42, 43 Cooley, Charles Horton, 61, 62, 285 Dickson, W. J., 274 Codebook, 417–418 Cooney, Margaret, 342 Diffusion or imitation of treatments, 282 Coding, 300, 396–400, 414–417 Cooperation rate, 248 Dillman, Don, 248, 260 Coefficient of reproducibility, 220, 221 Copernicus, 375 Dimension, 170, 179–180 Cognitive interviewing, 242 Corbin, Juliet, 336, 390, 393, 400 Diminished democracy, 317 Cohen-Mansfield, J., 21 Correlation, 93 Direct observables, 167, 168 Cohort study, 107–108, 109 Correlation matrix, 465 Disconfirmability, 72 Coleman, James, 47 Correlation squared (r2), 467 Discovery of Grounded Theory, The Collapsing response categories, 427–428 Correll, Shelley J., 287 College satisfaction, 187 Cost-benefit analysis, 365 (Glaser/Strauss), 336 Collins, G. C., 159 Cost-benefit studies, 361 Discrete variable, 425 Columbia school, 442 Couper, Mick P., 260 Discriminant analysis, 488–490 Comfort hypothesis, 74, 75, 430, 434 Covert research, 40 Dispersion, 423–425 Common Cause, 313 CPS, 232 Disproportionate sampling, 158, 159 Comparative and historical research, Craig, R. Stephen, 305–306 Distorter variable, 454, 455 Crawford, Kent, 373, 374 Distribution of chi square, 545–546 314–319 Crime statistics, 311 Distributions, 418–420 analytic techniques, 318–319 Criterion-related validity, 191 Distributive justice, 79 defined, 314 Critical race theory, 65–66 Domestic violence, 377–379 evaluating the research report, 504 Critical realism, 68 Don’t knows, 428–429 examples, 314–317 Cross-case analysis, 391 Double-barreled questions, 232, 233 sources of data, 317–318 Cross-sectional study, 105–106 Double-blind experiment, 274–275 Compensatory rivalry, 282 Cross-tabulations, 207 Douvan, Elizabeth, 109 Completion rate, 247 Cullum-Swan, Betsy, 393 Drivers’ education programs, 361 Composite measures, 198 Current Population Survey (CPS), 232 Drug treatment programs Compulsory heterosexuality, 341 Curtin, Richard, 258 Computer-assisted telephone interview Curvilinear regression analysis, 468 (Hong Kong), 363 DuBois, W. E. B., 65 (CATI), 257 Daly, John, 240 Duneier, Mitchell, 334 Computer simulation, 381–382 Danieli, Ardha, 343 Dunlap, Riley E., 73 Comte, Auguste, 59, 60, 314 Dannemeyer, William, 48 Durkheim, Emile, 63, 77, 174, 295, Concept, 70, 166, 168 Darwin, Charles, 10, 60 Concept mapping, 401 Data analysis, 8. See also Analysis of data 307–309, 310, 314 Conception, 165, 168 Data collection, 8 Concepts and variables, 12–17 Data processing, 117 E-E projects, 379 Conceptual analysis, 304 Data reduction, 460–461 Early positivism, 59–60 Conceptual funnel, 173 Dating, 17 “Easier Said than Done: Writing an Conceptual order, 173 Davern, Michael, 248 Conceptualization, 114, 166, 169, Davis, Fred, 329 Autoethnography” (Wall), 334 Davis, James, 107–108, 264 Ecological fallacy, 103–104, 310 174–176, 177 De Coster, Stacy, 208 Ecowarriors: Understanding the Radical Confidence interval, 142, 143, 470 de Leeuw, Edith D., 262 Confidence level, 142, 470 de Seve, Michel, 455 Environmental Movement (Scarce), 37 Confidentiality, 36–38 Death penalty, 380–381 Education and anti-gay prejudice, 16 Conflict paradigm, 61 Debriefing, 39 Education Resources Information Conrad, Clifton, 337 Deception, 38–39 Constant comparative method, 392 Deduction, 22 Center (ERIC), 531 Construct validity, 192 Deductive reasoning, 22–23, 74–78 Edwards, Jennifer, 170–171 Deductive theory construction, 78–80 Eketone, Anaru, 343 Constructing Grounded Theory Definitions, 176–177. See also Glossary Elaboration model, 442–447 (Charmaz), 396 Deflem, Mathieu, 317 Elaboration paradigm, 447–455 Electronic catalog, 526 Constructs, 168 Element, 134 Contact rate, 248 Elements of social theory, 69–70 Content analysis, 295–307 Elements of Style, The (Strunk/White), appropriate topics, 296–297 512 coding, 300–305 Emancipatory research, 343 computer programs, 304 Emerson, Robert, 62 conceptualization, 302–304 Emic perspective, 330

578 ■ Index Empirical relationships, 202–205 qualitative evaluations, 371–373 Ferris, Kerry, 62 Empirical research, 460 quasi-experimental designs, 367–371 Festinger, Leon, 106 Empowerment evaluation, 362 rape reform legislation, 375–377 Field experiment, 285 Enron Corporation, 11 Sabido methodology, 379–380 Field research, 81. See also Qualitative Entertainment-Education (E-E) social indicators research, 380–382 specifying interventions, 364 field research projects, 379 specifying outcomes, 363–364 Fielding, Nigel, 266 Environmental sustainability index, 215 specifying the population, 364–365 Fine, Gary, 106 Epistemology, 4 use of research results, 375–380 Finite population correction, 143 EPSEM samples, 134 Ex post facto hypothesizing, 456–457 Fink, Jeffrey, 373, 374 ERIC, 531 Examples. See Research in real life Fisher, Patricia, 178 Error Existing statistics. See Analyzing existing Focus group, 349–350 Follow-up mailings, 247 nonsampling, 470 statistics Fool’s experiment, 10 PRE, 462, 467 Expectations communication model, 285 Ford, David, 377–379 sampling, 140 Expectations-states theory, 286 Foreign assistance programs, 371 standard, 140, 141, 470 Expected frequency, 475 Forslund, Morris, 484, 485 Type I, 478 Experimental design, 270–293 Foschi, Martha, 286 Type II, 478 Foster, Bruce D., 482 Errors in inquiry alternative experimental Foundations of social science, 8–17 illogical reasoning, 7 settings, 287–290 Fox, Katherine, 339 inaccurate observations, 6 Freaks, Geeks, and Cool Kids (Milner), 325 overgeneralization, 6–7 classical experiment, 272–275 Freeman, Howard, 359 selective observation, 7 double-blind experiment, 274–275 Freire, Paulo, 402 Eskenazi, Brenda, 289 ethics, 291 Frequency distribution, 419, 420 Estimated sampling error, 548 evaluating the research report, 502 Freud, Sigmund, 394 Estimates of sampling error, 139–141 evaluation research, and, 366–367 Functionalist paradigm, 63–64 Ethics experimental/control group, 273–274 analysis and reporting, 39 external validity, 283–284 Gallup, George, 126 anonymity, 35–36 field experiment, 285 Gallup Organization, 313 confidentiality, 36–38 illustration of experimentation, Galton, Francis, 143 deception, 38–39 Gambler’s fallacy, 7 evaluation research, and, 382–383 285–287 Gamma, 463–465 experiments, and, 291 independent/dependent variables, 272 Gamson, William, 349 field research, and, 355 internal validity, 280–283 Gang leader for a day, 501 human sexuality, 40 matching, 277–278 Gangsta rap, 306 informed consent, 34, 36 Motherhood penalty, 288–289 GapMinder software, 434 interview survey, and, 251 natural experiments, 289–290 Gardner, Carol, 62 IRBs, 39–42 preexperimental research Garfinkel, Harold, 62, 335 measurement, and, 194 Gates, Bill, 423 Milgram’s study of obedience, 44–45 designs, 278–279 GDI, 214 no harm to participants, 33–35, 40 pretesting/posttesting, 272–273 Geertz, Clifford, 193 professional codes of ethics, 42, 43 probability sampling, 276 GEM, 214 qualitative data analysis, and, Pygmalion effect, 285, 286 Gender Advertisements (Goffman), 394 randomization, 276–277, 278 Gender empowerment measure 410–411 selecting subjects, 275–278 reading and writing social research, strengths/weaknesses, 290–291 (GEM), 214 topics appropriate for experiments, Gender-related development and, 519 sampling, and, 159 271–272 index (GDI), 214 survey research, and, 266–267 validity, 279–284 General Social Survey (GSS), 18, 264, Tearoom Trade controversy, 42–44 web-based experiments, 288–289 theory, and, 83 Experimental group, 273 511, 533 unobstructive research, and, 320–321 Experimental mortality, 281 Generalized other, 62, 285 voluntary participation, 32–33 Explanation, 448–451 Genocide, 171 Ethnographic fallacy, 334 Explanatory cross-sectional studies, 106 Geographic information system (GIS), Ethnography, 333 Explanatory studies, 92, 106, 177 Ethnomethodology, 62–63, 334–336 Exploratory studies, 90–91 493–494 Etic perspective, 330 Extended case method, 338 Gibbs, Anita, 343 Evaluation research, 358–385 External validation, 213 GIS, 493–494 appropriate topics, 360–362 External validity, 283–284 Glaser, Barney, 80, 304, 336, 392, computer simulation, 381–382 Extrapolation, 469 death penalty, 380–381 Exxon Valdez case, 36–37 397, 401 defined, 359 Globalization, 309–310 domestic violence, 377–379 Face validity, 191, 201 Glock, Charles, 74, 452, 453, 456, 482 ethics, 382–383 Fact, 69 Glossary, 549–562 evaluating the research report, 504 Factor analysis, 483–486 Gobo, Giampietro, 252 experimental designs, 366–367 Fair Trade, 316 Goffman, Erving, 81, 394, 395 growth of, 360 Family stress, 208 Google Scholar, 509 logistical problems, 373–375 Family values, 103 Gottlieb, Bruce, 424 measuring experimental contexts, 364 Farquharson, Karen, 130 Greatbatch, David, 62 new vs. existing measures, 365 Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 48, 49 Greenwoord, Peter, 376 operationalizing success/failure, Fax survey, 258 Griffin, Larry, 319 Feinberg, Barry, 257 Griffith, Alison, 340, 341 365–366 Feminist paradigms, 64–65 Gronvik, Lars, 177 Feminist standpoint theory, 65 Gross national happiness, 215

Index ■ 579 Grounded theory, 80, 336–338 missing data, 208–209 Khayatt, Didi, 341 Grounded theory method (GTM), multivariate relationships, 205–207 Kidder, Jeffrey, 329, 352 Index of economic freedom, 215 Kinnell, Ann Marie, 395 392–393 Index scoring, 207–208 Kinsey, Alfred, 48 Group interviewing, 349 Index validation, 209–214 Kish, Leslie, 134n Groupthink, 350 Indianapolis Prosecution Experiment Knowing things, 3 Groves, Robert, 50, 248 Knowledge from agreement reality, 4–6 Grube, Joel, 290 (IPE), 377–379 Knowledge Networks, 259 GSS, 18, 264, 511, 533 Indicator, 169, 171–172 Knowles, Caroline, 331 GSS Household Enumeration Indirect observables, 167, 168 Kreuter, Frauke, 236 Induction, 21 Krueger, Richard, 349, 350 Questionnaire, 533–542 Inductive reasoning, 21–22, 74–78 Krushat, W. Mark, 189–190 GTM, 392–393 Inductive theory construction, 80–82 Kubrin, Charis, 98, 306 Guba, Egon, 409 Inferential statistics, 469 Kuhn, Thomas, 58 Guide to Writing Sociology Papers, A Informants, 131 Kvale, Steinar, 346, 348 Informed consent, 34, 36, 40 (Richlin/Klonsky/Strenski), 532 InfoTrac College Edition, 498, 511 Labeling theory, 285 Guttman scale, 219–221 Institutional ethnography, 340–341 Lambda, 462, 463 Institutional Review Board (IRB), Landon-Roosevelt presidential Hannon, Lance, 63 Haphazard sampling, 128 34, 39–42 poll, 125–126 Harming research subjects, 33–35, 40 Instrumentation, 281 Language and Social Reality: The Case of Harris Interactive, 259 Interactionist paradigm, 61–62 Hart, Stephen, 286 Interactive voice recognition (IVR), 257 Telling the Convict Code (Wieder), 335 Harvard Test of Inflected Interest convergence, 65 Larcker, David, 11 Internal validity, 280–283 Laslett, Barbara, 318, 319 Acquisition, 285 Internet, 505–511 Latent coding, 301 Hatchett, Shirley, 109 Latent content, 301 Hawking, Stephen, 69 citing Internet materials, 511 Laumann, Edward O., 48, 49 Hawthorne effect, 274, 329 evaluating quality of the material, Laws, 69 Health Hazard Appraisal (HHA), 189 Lazarsfeld, Paul, 387, 442, 444–446 Health status of states, 210–212 508–511 Lazarsfeld method, 442 Helms, Jesse, 48, 49 searching the Web, 506–508 Lee, Motoko, 216 Hempel, Carl, 172 useful websites, 505–506 Leech, Nancy, 26 Heritage, Johen, 62 Interpol, 317 Leeper, James, 469 Hermeneutic circle, 173 Interpolation, 469 Lennie, June, 362 HHA, 189 Interpretation, 451–452 Lennon, Rachel, 100 Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr., 318 Interpretation method, 442 Level of significance, 474 Hilts, Philip, 361, 375 Interquartile range, 425 Levels of measurement Historical research. See Comparative Interval measures, 181–182 Interview, 250 implications, 182–184 and historical research Interview survey, 250–255 interval measures, 181–182 Hite report (1987), 230 Interviewer transcript (researcher nominal measures, 180–181 Horney, Julie, 376, 377 ordinal measures, 181 Howard, Edward, 362 memos), 351 ratio measures, 182 Howell, Joseph, 354 IPE, 377–379 Leviticus analysis, 398–401 Huberman, A. Michael, 391, 392 IRB, 34, 39–42 Lewins, Ann, 404 Human inquiry, 4–5 Irwin, John, 376 Libin, A., 21 Human sexuality, 40 Isaac, Larry, 319 Library, 524–532 Humphreys, Laud, 42, 44 Ison, Nicole, 347 Books in Print, 524 Hurst, Leslie, 338, 339 Item analysis, 209–213 electronic catalog, 526 Hydén, Margareta, 350 IVR, 257 getting help, 524 Hypothesis, 70, 73, 81 Ivy League college, 450–451 Reader’s Guide to Periodical Hypothesis testing, 74, 94 Jackson, Jonathan, 170 Literature, 524, 525 Ideal type, 161, 347 Jacobson, Lenore, 285 searching the periodic Idiographic, 20 Jaffee, Daniel, 316 Idiographic explanation, 92–93 Jasso, Guillermina, 79 literature, 531–532 Illogical reasoning, 7 Jenness, Valerie, 52 specialized references/databases, Impoverished neighborhoods, 166 Jensen, Arthur, 47–48 Inaccurate observations, 6 Job-related self-esteem, 208 524, 526 Independent variable, 16 Jobes, Patrick, 337 Library of Congress, 498 Index, 198–201 Johnson, Jeffrey, 131 Life examples. See Research in real life Index construction, 201–214 Jones, Bill, 376 Life history interview, 111 Journalism, 327 Likert, Rensis, 217, 231 bad index vs. bad validators, 213–214 Judgmental sampling, 128–129 Likert scale, 217–218 basic logic, 200 Lincoln, Yvonna, 409 bivariate relationships, 202–205 Kaplan, Abraham, 69, 167, 168 Linear regression analysis, 465–467 empirical relationships, 202–205 Kasl, Stanislav, 289 Links between theory and external validation, 213 Kasof, Joseph, 236 illustration (status of women), 214 Kaupapa Maori research, 343 research, 82–83 index scoring, 207–208 Keeter, Scott, 107, 255 Linton, Ralph, 64 index validation, 209–214 Kendall, Diana, 355 Lipsey, Mark, 359 indexes vs. scales, 198–201 Kendall, Patricia, 443–446, 450 Literary Digest presidential polls, 125–126 item analysis, 209–213 Kentor, Jeffrey, 309 Literature review, 498–499 item selection, 201–202 Lofland, John, 102, 325, 330, 347, 355, 390, 397

580 ■ Index Lofland, Lyn, 355 Marijuana smokers, 82 Multiple time-series design, 370–371 Log-linear models, 490–492 Marsden, Peter V., 264 Multistage cluster sampling, 153–160 Logic of multivariate analysis, 441–458 Marshall, Catherine, 173, 328 Multivariate analysis, 434–435. See also “Martian” approach, 329 elaboration model, 442–447 Marx, Karl, 61, 229, 314–315 Logic of multivariate analysis elaboration paradigm, 447–455 Matching, 277–278 Multivariate relationships, 205–207 ex post facto hypothesizing, 456–457 Mathematics, 460 My Lai massacre, 44 explanation, 448–451 Matrix questions, 239–240 Myrdal, Gunnar, 47 interpretation, 451–452 MAXQDA, 304 multivariate analysis, defined, 434 Maynard, Douglas, 395 National Commission for the Protection replication, 448 McGrane, Bernard, 63n of Human Subjects of Biomedical specification, 452–453 McKinney, Kathleen, 40 and Behavioral Research, 33 Logic of sampling, 123–163 Mead, George Herbert, 61, 62, 285 bias, 132–133 Meadows, Donella and Dennis, 382 National Institutes of Health online confidence levels/confidence Mean, 421, 422 course, 45 Measurement intervals, 141–143 National Opinion Research Center content analysis, 297–300 ethics, 194 (NORC), 533 disproportionate sampling, 158, 159 levels of, 180–184 EPSEM samples, 134 quality of, 188–194 National Research Act, 33, 34 estimates of sampling error, 139–141 Measurement quality Natural experiments, 289–290 ethics, 160 accuracy, 188 Naturalism, 333–334 evaluating the research report, precision, 188 Nazi Holocaust, 171 reliability. See Reliability Nazi researchers, 33 501–502 validity. See Validity Necessary cause, 96 experiments, 276 Measurement steps, 174 Needs assessment studies, 360 illustration (sampling of university Measures of association, 461–465 Negative case testing, 304 Median, 421–423 Negative findings, 39 students), 152–153 Megatrends (Naisbitt/Aburdene), 296 Negative social capital, 363 informants, 131 Memoing, 400–401 Newman, Jeffrey, 189–190 multistage cluster sampling, 153–160 Menjivar, Cecilia, 345, 346 No harm to participants, 33–35, 40 nonprobability sampling, 128 Merton, Robert, 9, 70, 175, 445 Nominal definition, 172, 174 population, 134–135 Mesotheory, 59 Nominal measures, 180–181 PPS, 157–158 Methodology, 4 Nomothetic, 21 presidential election polling, 124–127 MFA, 492 Nomothetic explanation, 93–96 probability sampling, 127, 132, Microtheory, 59 Nonequivalent control group, 370 Miles, Matthew, 391, 392 Nonprobability sampling, 128 134, 160 Milgram, Stanley, 44 Nonsampling error, 470 probability theory, 135–136 Milgram’s study of obedience, 44–45 Nonspuriousness, 94 purposive (judgmental) sampling, Miller, Peter V., 51 NORC, 533 Miller, Wayne, 362 Normal curve, 140 128–129 Milner, Murray, Jr., 325 Normal curve areas, 547 quota sampling, 130 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Norman, Darlene, 362 random selection, 135 Note taking, 352 reliance on available subjects, 128 Inventory (MMPI), 190 Noy, Chaim, 130 representativeness, 133–134 Mirola, William, 296 Null hypothesis, 73, 475 sampling distribution, 136–139 Mitchell, Richard, 234 NVivo, 404–407 sampling frame, 143–146 MLA Style Guide, 515 snowball sampling, 129–130 MMPI, 190 Objective reality, 67 SRS, 147 Mode, 421, 422 Objectivity, 67 stratified sampling, 150–151 Modes of observation, 226–227 Objectivity and ideology, 46–50 systematic sampling, 147–150, 151–152 O’Brien, Patricia, 371 weighting, 158–160 evaluation research. See Evaluation Observation, 69, 72 Logical reasoning, 310 research Observing human obedience, 44–45 Logical validity, 201 O’Connor, Pat, 402 Logit, 492 experiments. See Experimental design Odds-ratio analysis, 492–493 Longhurst, Terri, 342 field research. See Qualitative field Olson, Kristen, 255 Longitudinal study, 106–111 One-group pretest-posttest design, Looking-glass self, 62, 285 research Lopata, Helena, 464, 465 survey research. See Survey research 279, 280 Luxury hotels, 332 unobstructive research. See One-shot case study, 278–280 Lying about research purposes, 38 One-way analysis of variance, 486–487 Lynd, Robert and Helen, 338 Unobstructive research O’Neill, Harry, 257 Monitoring studies, 361 Online Social Psychology Studies, 288 Macrotheory, 59 Morgan, David, 350 Online survey, 258–261 Madison, Anna-Marie, 363 Morgan, Lewis, 314 Onwuegbuzie, Anthony, 26 Mahoney, James, 314 Morgan, M., 402 Open coding, 397 Mail survey, 245. See also Morris, Leana, 100 Open-ended question, 231 Motherhood penalty, 288–289 Operational choices, 177–187 Self-administered questionnaire Mothering, schooling, and children’s Maltz, Michael D., 410 dimension, 179–180 Manifest coding, 301 development, 340–341 illustrations/examples, 185–186 Manifest content, 301 Motivating sailors, 373–374 levels of measurement, 180–184 Manning, Peter, 393 Moynihan, Daniel, 47 open-endedness, 186–187 Maori culture, 343 Multi-way frequency analysis (MFA), 492 range of variation, 177–179 Marginal frequency, 420 Multiple indicators, 185, 198 single or multiple indicators, 184–185 Marginals, 420 Multiple regression analysis, 467–468

Index ■ 581 variables/attributes, 180 Predestination, 315 case study, 338–340 variations between the extremes, 179 Predictive validity, 191 ethics, 355 Operational definition, 172, 174 Preexperimental research designs, ethnomethodology, 334–336 Operational notes, 401 evaluating the research report, 503–504 Operationalization, 71–72, 115, 177 278–279 extended case method, 338 Ordinal measures, 181 Presidential election (2004), 493 focus group, 349–350 Ordinary human inquiry, 4–5 Presidential election polling, 124–127 grounded theory, 336–338 Organizing America, 317 Presser, Stanley, 236, 242, 258 institutional ethnography, 340–341 Outcome assessment, 361. See also Pretesting, 272 journalism, contrasted, 327 Prewitt, Kenneth, 49 kaupapa Maori research, 343 Evaluation research Primary group, 62 naturalism, 333–334 Overgeneralization, 6–7 Principles, 69 PAR, 341–342 Overlien, Carolina, 350 Probability proportionate to size (PPS) points of note, 327 preparing for the field, 343–345 Paik, In, 287 sampling, 157–158 qualitative interview, 345–349 Panel study, 108–109 Probability sampling, 127, 132, 134, 160 reactivity, 328 PAR, 76, 341–343 Probability theory, 135–136 recording observations, 350–353 Paradigm, 57–59. See also Social science Probe, 253 reflexivity, 331 Probit, 492 relations to subjects, 329–332 paradigms Professional codes of ethics, 42, 43 reliability, 354–355 Parameter, 136 Program evaluation, 361. See also strengths/weaknesses, 353–355 Parametric tests of significance, 470 taking notes, 352 Partial, 447 Evaluation research validity, 353–354 Partial regression analysis, 468 Progression of measurement, 174 various roles of observer, 328–329 Partial relationships, 447 Promises I Can Keep (Edin/Kefalas), 20 Qualitative interview, 345–349 Partial tables, 447 Proportionate reduction of error (PRE), Quantification, 25 Participant observation, 328. See also Quantitative data, 25 462, 467 Quantitative data analysis, 413–440 Qualitative field research Proposition, 70 bivariate analysis, 430–434 Participatory action research (PAR), 46, Proposition 19 (California), 258 central tendency, 420–423 Protection from harm, 33–35, 40 codebook, 417–418 341–343 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, coding, 414–417 Path analysis, 480–481 collapsing response categories, 427–428 Path coefficient, 481 The (Weber), 315 contingency table, 433 PCI, 359, 364 PRWORA, 342 continuous/discrete variable, 425 Pearson, Geoff, 355 Psychological Abstracts, 531 data entry, 418 Pearson’s product-moment Public opinion polls, 229 defined, 414 Public Perspective, 264 detail vs. manageability, 426 correlation (r), 465 Public sociology, 52 dispersion, 423–425 Peer review, 83 Publishing article in scholarly distributions, 418–420 Peer-review process, 518 don’t knows, 428–429 Pencils and photos as tools of journal, 518 ethics, 437–438 Purposes of research, 17–18, 90–92 multivariate analysis, 434–435 communicative research, 402 Purposive (judgmental) sampling, percentaging a table, 431–433 Percentaging a table, 431–433 qualitative research, 429 Perrow, Charles, 317 128–129 sociological diagnostics, 435–437 Person-on-the-street interview, 128 Push poll, 230, 382 subgroup comparisons, 426–429 Personal Responsibility and Work Pygmalion effect, 285, 286 univariate analysis, 418 Quasi-experimental designs, 367–371 Opportunity Reconciliation Act QDA programs, 403–404 Quasi experiments, 367 (PRWORA), 342 Qualitative analysis of quantitative Questionnaire, 230. See also Survey Peytchev, Andy, 255 Phenomenology, 334 data, 407 research Placebo, 274 Qualitative data, 25 Quinley, Harold E., 482 Plagiarism, 514–516 Qualitative data analysis, 389–412 Quoss, Bernita, 342 Plutzer, Eric, 108 Quota matrix, 277 Policing world society, 317 assessing quality of research, 407–410 Quota sampling, 126, 127, 130 Political polling, 124 CA, 395 Politicization of science, 51 coding, 396–400 R, 468 Politics of social research, 45–52 computer software, 403–407 r, 465 Population, 115, 134–135 concept mapping, 401 r2, 467 Population Action International’s data processing, 396–403 Race, 46–48 mapping website, 313 defined, 390 Race relations, 318 Population Communications discovering patterns, 390–392 Ragin, Charles, 338 International (PCI), 359, 364 ethics, 410–411 Random-digit dialing (RDD), 135, 255 Population Reference Bureau, 313 GTM, 392–393 Random numbers, 543–544 Porter, Stephen, 260 memoing, 400–401 Random selection, 135 Positive social capital, 363 NVivo (women film directors), 404–407 Randomization, 276–277, 278 Positivism, 60, 67, 68 QDA programs, 403–404 Rap music, 306 Postmodernism, 68 quantitative data, 407 Rape of Nanking, 171 Posttest-only control group design, 284 reliability, 408–409 Rape reform legislation, 375–377 Posttesting, 272 semiotics, 393–395 Postulate, 70 validity, 407–408 Powell, Elwin, 175 Qualitative data analysis (QDA) PPS, 157–158 PRE, 462, 467 programs, 403–404 Precision, 188 Qualitative data processing, 396–403 Qualitative evaluations, 371–373 Qualitative field research, 80, 323–357 appropriate topics, 324–327

582 ■ Index Rapport (field research), 345 observations, 116 Sampling distribution, 136–139 Rapture index, 215 operationalization, 115 Sampling error, 140 Ratio measures, 182 overview (flowchart), 113 Sampling frame, 126, 143–146 Ratio variable, 425 population and sampling, 115 Sampling interval, 147 Rational objectivity, 66–68 Research ethics. See Ethics Sampling Iran, 154 Rattine-Flaherty, Elizabeth, 402 Research in real life Sampling of university students, 152–153 Rauch, Jonathan, 103 best college (U.S.), 424 Sampling ratio, 147 Ray, Melvin, 216 college satisfaction, 187 Sampling unit, 135 RBS, 145 dating, 17 Sanders, William, 92 RDD, 135, 255 family values, 103 Sapp, Stephen, 216 Reactivity, 328 gang leader for a day, 501 SAT, 190 health status of states, 210–212 Saxena, Prem, 111 Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature, impoverished neighborhoods, 166 Scale 524, 525 Ivy League college, 450–451 luxury hotels, 332 defined, 199 Reading a book, 500 sampling Iran, 154 index, contrasted, 198–201 Reading a journal article, 499–500 social indexes, 215 misconceptions, 201 Reading and evaluating documents, 319 storm damage, 14 Scale construction, 215–221 Reading and writing social research, three strikes laws, 376 basic logic, 200 unwed mothers, 20 Bogardus social distance scale, 497–521 Research monograph, 500 ethics, 519 Research proposal, 26–27, 118–119 215–216 Internet. See Internet Research report, 512 Guttman scale, 219–221 plagiarism, 514–516 aim of report, 513 indexes vs. scales, 198–201 reading a book, 500 analysis and interpretation, 517 Likert scale, 217–218 reading a journal article, 499–500 audience, 512 semantic differential, 218 review of the literature, 498–499 evaluating the report, 505 Thurston scale, 216–217 writing social research, 512. See also form and length of report, 512–513 “Scandal in Bohemia, A” (Doyle), 78 going public, 518–519 Scarce, Rik, 37 Research report guidelines for reporting analyses, Schachter, Stanley, 106 Real definition, 172 Schilt, Kristen, 437 Real-life examples. See Research in 517–518 Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), 190 plagiarism, 514–516 Schutz, Alfred, 334 real life purpose and overview, 514 Science, facing page 1 Reality, 4 review of the literature, 514 “Science as a Vocation” (Weber), 46 Redden, David, 154 study design and execution, 516 Scientific assertion, 4 Redfield, Robert, 314 summary and conclusions, 517 Scientific paradigms, 58 Reductionism, 104–105 Research strategies, 111 Scientific theory, 8 Reference group theory, 10 Respondent, 229 Searching the Web, 506–508 Reference library, 524 Response rate, 247–248, 258 Secondary analysis, 264–266 Reflexivity, 331 Return rate, 247 Selection bias, 281 Refusal rate, 248 Review of the literature, 498–499 Selective coding, 398 Registration-based sampling (RBS), 145 Reynolds, H. T., 491 Selective observation, 7 Regoli, Mary Jean, 377, 378 RFP, 118 Self-administered questionnaire, 242–250 Regression analysis, 465–469 Riecken, Henry, 364 Self-concept, 285 Regression equation, 466 Ringer, Benjamin, 74, 452, 453 Self-weighting sample, 158 Regression line, 466 Robo-polls, 257, 258 Selvin, Hanan, 136n Regression to the mean, 281 Roethlisberger, F. J., 274 Semantic differential, 218 Reicker, Henry, 106 Rokeach, Milton, 290 Semiotics, 393–395 Reification, 168 Romppel, Matthia, 340 Sense, Andrew, 342 Reifman, Alan, 160 Roosevelt, Franklin, 126 Service workers (luxury hotels), 332 Reinharz, Shulamit, 296 Roots, 290 Sex stereotyping (TV commercials), Relational analysis, 304 Roots: The Next Generation, 290 Reliability, 188–191 Roper Center for Public Opinion 305–306 Sexual research, 48–49 analyzing existing statistics, 311 Research, 264 Shaffir, William, 330 defined, 188 Rosenberg, Morris, 102, 453–455 Shea, Christopher, 41 established measures, 190 Rosenthal, Robert, 285 Sherif, Muzafer, 67 field research, 354–355 Ross, Jeffrey, 89 Sherman, Rachel, 332 qualitative data analysis, 408–409 Rossi, Peter, 359 Shopping Romania, 337 research workers, 190–191 Rossman, Gabriel, 296 Sieber, Joan, 44 split-half method, 190 Rossman, Gretchen, 173, 328 Significance tests, 470–475, 478–480 test-retest method, 189–190 Rothman, Ellen, 317 Signs, 393–395 validity, contrasted, 193–194 Rubin, Herbert and Riene, 346, 348 Silent Racism (Trepagnier), 349 Reliance on available subjects, 128 Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 314 Silver, Christina, 404 Replication, 7, 190, 310, 448 Silver, Nate, 258 Representative sample, 473 Sabido, Miguel, 379 Silverman, David, 395, 429 Representativeness, 133–134 Sabido methodology, 379–380 Silverman, George, 350 Request for proposal (RFP), 118 Sacks, Jeffrey, 189–190 Simmel, Georg, 61 Research design, 112–118 SAGrader, 26 Simple random sampling (SRS), 147 analysis, 117 Sampling, 124. See also Logic of application, 117 SINET: A Quarterly Review of Social Reports choice of research method, 114–115 sampling conceptualization, 114 and Research on Social Indicators, Social data processing, 117 Trends, and the Quality of Life, 313 getting started, 114

Index ■ 583 Singer, Eleanor, 258 Standard deviation, 425 ethics, 251, 266–267 Singhal, Arvind, 402 Standard error, 140, 141, 470 evaluating the research report, 502–503 Single indicators, 185 Stanford prison experiment, 34 follow-up mailings, 247 Skocpol, Theda, 317 Stanley, Julian, 278–280, 283, 284 interview survey, 250–255 Smith, Andrew, 234 Stark, Rodney, 316–317, 482 mail survey, 242–250 Smith, David A., 52 Static-group comparison, 279, 280 matrix questions, 239–240 Smith, Dorothy, 340 Statistic, 139 methods, compared, 261–262 Smith, T., 259 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 312 negative items, 235 Smith, Tom W., 264 Statistical analyses, 459–496 online survey, 258–261 Smyth, Jolene, 260 open-ended/closed-ended questions, Snow, David, 333 ANOVA, 486–488 Snowball sampling, 129–130 chi square, 475–477 231–232 Soap opera research, 359, 363–364, 373 data reduction, 460–461 ordering of items, 240–241 Social artifact, 100 descriptive statistics, 460 pretesting the questionnaire, 242 Social Darwinism, 60 discriminant analysis, 488–490 questionnaire construction, 236–242 Social Explorer, 314 factor analysis, 483–486 questionnaire instructions, 241–242 Social indexes, 215 GIS, 493–494 questions and statements, 231 Social indicator, 380 inferential statistics, 469 relevancy, 234 Social indicators research, 380–382 log-linear models, 490–492 response rate, 247–248, 258 Social intervention, 359 measures of association, 461–465 robo-polls, 257, 258 Social norms, 9 odds-ratio analysis, 492–493 sample questionnaire, 243–244, Social Organization of Sexuality, The, 49 path analysis, 480–481 Social regularities, 9–11 regression analysis, 465–469 533–542 Social research t test, 477–478 secondary analysis, 264–266 tests of statistical significance, 470–475, self-administered questionnaire, determinism vs. agency, 23–24 ethics. See Ethics 478–480 242–250 idiographic vs. nomothetic explana- time-series analysis, 481–483 short items, 234–235 univariate inferences, 469–470 strengths/weaknesses, 262–264 tion, 19–21 Statistical regression, 281 telephone survey, 255–258 inductive vs. deductive theory, 21–23 Statistical significance, 470–475, 478–480 willingness to answer, 276 politics of, 45–52 Statistics, 460 Survey Sampling (Kish), 174n purposes, 17–18, 90–92 Stebbins, Robert, 330 Survey weighting, 199 qualitative vs. quantitative data, 24–26 Steel, Paul, 372 Symbolic interactionism, 30–31 theory, and, 82–83 Stepan-Norris, Judith, 52 Symbolic realism, 295 Social science paradigms, 57–69 Storm damage, 14 Systematic sampling, 187–190, 191–192 conflict paradigm, 61 Stouffer, Samuel, 9, 10, 387, critical race theory, 65–66 T-LAB, 304 early positivism, 59–60 442–446, 456 t test, 477–478 ethnomethodology, 62–63 Stratification, 150 Tailored design method, 248 feminist paradigms, 64–65 Stratified sampling, 150–151, 335 Takeuchi, David, 82 macrotheory and microtheory, 59 Strauss, Anselm, 80, 304, 336, 390, 392, Taking notes, 352 rational objectivity reconsidered, 66–68 Tally sheet, 303 social Darwinism, 60 393, 397, 400 Tandon, Rajesh, 371, 372 structural functionalism, 63–64 Street Corner Society (Whyte), 333 Tanzanian soap opera, 359, symbolic interactionism, 61–62 Street directories, 146 Structural functionalism, 63–64 363–364, 373 Social Science Reference Sources: A Practical Tax maps, 146 Guide (Li), 532 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The Taylor, Jerome, 276 (Kuhn), 58 Taylor, Laurie, 166 “Social Structure and Anomie” Teacher-student negotiations, 338–339 (Merton), 175 Student Sociologist’s Handbook, The “Teaching Ethics throughout the (Bart/Frankel), 532 Social systems theory, 63 Curriculum,” 45 Social theory, 8 Student’s t, 477 Teaching to the test, 383 Sociobiology, 105 Study of Man, The (Linton), 64 Tearoom Trade (Humphreys), 42 Sociological Abstracts, 531 Study population, 135 Tearoom Trade controversy, 42–44 Sociological diagnostics, 435–437 Subgroup comparisons, 426–429 Technological knowledge (developing Sociometrics Corporation, 381 Substantive significance, 471 Sokagakkai, 318 Sufficient cause, 96, 97 countries), 371 Solomon four-group design, 283, 284 Suicide, 307–309 Telephone directory samples, 145 Sorokin, Pitirim A., 350 Suicide (Durkheim), 174, 307–309 Telephone survey, 255–258 Souls of Black Folk, The (DuBois), 65 Sumner, William Graham, 47 Terminology (glossary), 549–562 Special delivery sequence file, 146 Sun, Jiaming, 483, 484 Test-retest method, 189–190 Specification, 172, 254, 452–453 Suppressor variable, 454 Test variable, 446, 447 Spencer, Herbert, 60 Survey Monkey, 261 Tests of statistical significance, 470–475, Split-half method, 190 Survey research, 228–269 Spock, Benjamin, facing page 1 478–480 Spohn, Cassie, 376, 377 appropriate topics, 229–230 Theoretical notes, 401 Spurious relationship, 94, 95 asking questions, 230–236 Theory, 8, 57, 70, 71 Srole, Leo, 175 bias, 235–236 Thick description, 193 Srole scale, 175, 176 CATI, 257 Third-wave feminism, 65 SRS, 147 clarity, 232 Thomas, Edmund, 373, 374 Staab, Jennifer, 154 compensation for respondents, Thomas, W. I., 68, 317 Stalking, 62 Thompson, Paul, 26 248–249 Three Mile Island, 289 competency to answer, 232–233 Three strikes laws, 376 contingency questions, 238–239 double-barreled questions, 232

584 ■ Index Union of Concerned Scientists, 51 Venkatesh, Sudhir, 501 Units of analysis, 97–105, 297–299, 310 Veroff, Joseph, 109 Through the Looking Glass (Carroll), 71 Vested interests, 375 Thurston scale, 216–217 analyzing existing statistics, and, 310 Vigo County Public Library, 362–363 Thurstone, Louis, 216 content analysis, and, 297–299 Virtual ethnography, 334 Time dimension, 105–111 defined, 97 Voice-centered relational (VCR) ecological fallacy, 103–104 cohort study, 107–108, 109 groups, 99–100 method, 327 cross-sectional study, 105–106 how to identify them, 102 Voluntary participation, 32–33 longitudinal study, 106–111 individuals, 99 panel study, 108–109 organizations, 100 Walker, Shayne, 343 trend study, 106–107, 109 reductionism, 104–105 Wall, Sarah, 334 Time-lagged regression analysis, 483 social artifacts, 100–102 Warner, W. Lloyd, 338 Time-series analysis, 481–483 social interactions, 100 Warriner, G. Keith, 286 Time-series data, 319 Univariate analysis, 418 Web address, 511 Time-series design, 367–368 Univariate inferences, 469–470 Web-based experiments, 288–289 Tips and tools University research center, 511 Web sites. See Internet “cause” and “effect” indicators, 203 Unobstructive research, 294–322 Web survey, 258–261 citing bibliographic sources, 515 comparative and historical research, Webb, Eugene, 295 double-barreled questions, 233 Weber, Max, 46, 222, 315, 318, 319 elaboration model, 443 314–319 Weighting, 158–160 Google Scholar, 509 content analysis. See Content analysis Weiss, Carol, 370 GSS, 18. See also General Social defined, 295 Weitzer, Ronald, 98 ethics, 320–321 Weitzman, Lenore, 100 Survey (GSS) existing statistics. See Analyzing Welfare policy, 342–343 human sexuality, research on, 40 Wells, Ida B., 296 hypothesis, 73, 81 existing statistics West, Patricia Salter, 450 interviewer transcript (researcher overview, 295 Wharton, Amy, 208 Unrepresentative sample, 474 Wheel of science, 22 memos), 351 Unwed mothers, 20 When Prophecy Fails (Festinger et al.), online survey, 261 URL, 511 pencils/photos in hands of research U.S. Government Printing Office, 312 106 Whitcomb, Michael, 260 subjects, 402 Validity, 191–193 Whyte, William Foote, 333 rapport (field research), 345 analyzing existing statistics, 310–311 Wieder, D. L., 335, 336 reading and evaluating documents, construct, 192 Wikipedia, 506 content, 192 Willis, Gordon, 242 319 criterion-related, 191 Wilson, Camilo, 259 table of random numbers, 148 defined, 191 Wilson, Edward O., 105 units of analysis, 102 experiments, 279–284 Women film directors, 404–407 variable names, 178 face, 191 Woodhams, Carol, 343 Tolerance for ambiguity, 24 field research, 353–354 World database of happiness, 215 Total variation, 465 qualitative data analysis, 407–408 World Population Data Sheet and Tourangeau, Roger, 110, 236 reliability, contrasted, 193–194 Trading Places, 285 Population Bulletin, 313 Tradition, 5 Value-free sociology, 46 World statistics, 312 Traditional model of science, 70–74 Vanderbei, Robert, 493 Writing social research, 512. See also Trail of Tears, 171 Variable Transparency Initiative, 51 Research report Trend study, 106–107, 109 attributes, 13, 180 www.cengagebrain.com, 506 Trepagnier, Barbara, 349 continuous, 425 Triangulation, 117 control, 447 Xerox Corporation, 342 Trivariate relationship, 206 defined, 12 Truman, Harry, 126–127 dependent, 16 Ye, Cong, 110 Tuckel, Peter, 257 discrete, 425 Yerg, Beverly, 467, 468 Turner, Jonathan, 70 distorter, 454, 455 Tuskegee syphilis experiments, 33 independent, 16 Zakolyukina, Anastasia, 11 Twende na Wakati, 359, 363–364, 373 ratio, 425 Zerbib, Sandrine, 321, 404–406 Two-way analysis of variance, 488 suppressor, 454 Zero-order relationship, 447 Type I error, 478 test, 446, 447 Zhang, Ray, 25 Type II error, 478 Variable names, 178 Zimbardo, Philip, 34 Typology, 221–223 Variable-oriented analysis, 391 Znaniecki, Florian, 317 VCR method, 327 Unidimensionality, 201 Uniform Crime Reports, 311