BIBLIOGRAPGY research-methods-for-business-students-eighth-edition-v3f

Bibliography A Angrosino, M. and Rosenberg, J. (2011) ‘Observations on observation: Continuities and challenges’, in 56 Up (2012) [DVD] London: Network. N.K. ­Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook Access to Research (2018) Access to research. Available of Qualitative Research (4th edn). London: Sage, pp. 467–78. at http://www.accesstoresearch.org.uk/ [Accessed 20 March 2018]. Anseel, F., Lievens, F., Schollaert, E. and Choragwicka, B. Advertising Standards Canada (2012) Guidelines for (2010) ‘Response rates in organizational science, the Use of Comparative Advertising. Guidelines for 1995–2008: A meta-analytic review and guidelines for the Use of Research and Survey Data to Support survey researchers’, Journal of Business Psychology, Comparative Advertising Claims. Available at Vol. 25, pp. 335–49. http://www.adstandards.com/en/ASCLibrary/ guidelinesCompAdvertising-en.pdf [Accessed 9 May Arnould, E.J. and Cayla, J. (2015) ‘Consumer Fetish: 2017]. ­Commercial Ethnography and the Sovereign Advertising Standards Canada (2016) The Canadian Code Consumer’, Organization Studies, Vol. 36, No. 10, of Advertising Standards. Available at http://www. pp. 1361–1386. adstandards.com/en/standards/canCodeOfAdStandards. pdf [Accessed 9 May 2017]. B Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J. (2011) ‘Generating research questions through problematization’, Academy of Bakardjieva, M. and Feenberg, A. (2000) ‘Involving the Management Review, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 247–71. virtual subject’, Ethics and Information Technology, Alvesson, M. and Sköldberg, K. (2009) Reflexive Vol. 2, pp. 233–40. Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research (2nd edn). London: Sage. Baker, R., Brick. J.M., Bates, N.A., Battaglia, M., Couper, American Association for Public Opinion Research (2016) M.P., Dever, J.A., Gile, K.J. and Tourangeau, R. (2013) Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case ‘Summary of the AAPOR task force on non-probability Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys 9th edition. sampling’, Journal of Survey Statistics and Computing. Lenexa, KA: AAPOR. Available at http://www.aapor. Vol. 1, pp. 90–143. org/AAPOR_Main/media/publications/Standard- Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf [Accessed 11 May Banks, G.C., Pollack, J.M., Bochantin, J.E., Kirkman, B.L., 2017]. Whelpley, C.E. and O’Boyle, E.H. (2016) ‘Management’s American Psychological Association (2018) PsycTESTS Science-Practice Gap: A Grand Challenge for All Available at http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/ Stakeholders’, Academy of Management Journal, psyctests/index.aspx [Accessed 3 January 2018]. Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 2205–2231. Anderson, D., Lees, R. and Avery, B. (2015) ‘Reviewing the literature using the Thematic Analysis Grid’, Poster Bansal, P. and Corley, K. G. (2011) ‘The coming of age presented at the European Conference on Research for qualitative research: Embracing the diversity of Methodology for Business and Management Studies, qualitative methods’, Academy of Management Review, Malta, June, 2015. Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 233–7. Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Freeman, J. and Shoesmith E. (2017) Statistics for Business and Bansal, P. and Roth, K. (2000) ‘Why companies go green: Economics (4th edn). Andover: Cengage Learning. A model of ecological responsiveness’, Academy of Anderson, T.W. (2003) An Introduction to Multivariate Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 717–736. Statistical Analysis. (3rd edn), New York: John Wiley. Barnett, V. (2002) Sample Survey Principles and Methods (3rd edn). Chichester: Wiley. Barney, J.B. (1991) ‘Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage’, Journal of Management, Vol. 17, pp. 99–120. 754

Bibliography Baruch, Y. and Holtom, B.C. (2008) ‘Survey response rate “focus group” nor should it be’, Qualitative Market levels and trends in organizational research’, Human Research, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 248–55. Relations, Vol. 61, pp. 1139–60. Böttger, T., Rudolph, T., Evanschitzky, H. and Pfrang, T. (2017) ‘Customer Inspiration: Conceptualization, Scale Basil, M. (2011) ‘Use of photography and video in Development, and Validation’, Journal of Marketing, observational research’, Qualitative Market Research: Vol. 81, November, pp.116–131. An International Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 246–57. Bourque, L.B. and Clark, V.A. (1994) ‘Processing data: The survey example’, in M.S. Lewis-Beck (ed.) Research BBC Academy (2018) Interviewing. Available at http:// Practice. London: Sage, pp. 1–88. www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/skills/interviewing Bradley, N. (1999) ‘Sampling for Internet surveys: An [Accessed 12 March 2018]. examination of respondent selection for Internet research’, Journal of the Market Research Society, Becker, H. (2007) Writing for Social Scientists (2nd edn). Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 387–95. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Brady, S.R. (2015) ‘Utilizing and adapting the Delphi method for use in qualitative research’, International Becker, H.S. (1998) Tricks of the Trade: How to Think Journal of Qualitative Methods, pp. 1–6. About Your Research While You’re Doing It. Chicago: Brannan, M.J. and Oultram, T. (2012) ‘Participant Chicago University Press. observation’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Organisational Research Core Methods and Bell, E. and Bryman, A. (2007) ‘The ethics of management Current Challenges. London: Sage, pp. 296–313. research: An exploratory content analysis’, British Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) ‘Using thematic analysis in Journal of Management, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 63–77. psychology’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77–101. Bell, E. and Davison, J. (2013) ‘Visual Management Studies: Breevaart, K., Baker, A.B., Demerouti, E. and Derks, D. Empirical and Theoretical Approaches’, International (2016) ‘Who takes the lead? A multi-source diary Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 2, study on leadership, work engagement, and job pp. 167–184. performance’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 37, pp. 309–325. Bell, J. and Waters, S. (2014) Doing Your Research Project Brekhus, W.H., Galliher, J.F. and Gubrium, J.F. (2005) ‘The (6th edn). Maidenhead: Open University Press. need for thin description’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 861–79. Belzile, J.A. and Oberg, G. (2012) ‘Where to begin? Bresnen, M. and Burrell, G. (2012) ‘Journals à la mode? Grappling with how to use participant interaction Twenty years of living alongside Mode 2 and the new in focus group design’, Qualitative Research, production of knowledge’, Organization, Vol. 20, No. 1, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 459–72. pp. 25–37. Brinkmann, S. and Kvale, S. (2015) InterViews: Learning Berelson, B. (1952) Content Analysis in Communication the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (3rd edn). Research. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. London: Sage. Bristow, A., Robinson, S.K. and Ratle, O. (2017) ‘Being an Berman Brown, R. and Saunders, M. (2008) Dealing with Early-Career CMS Academic in the Context of Insecurity Statistics: What You Need to Know. Maidenhead: and ‘Excellence’: The Dialectics of Resistance and McGraw-Hill Open University Press. Compliance’, Organization Studies, Vol 38(9), pp. 1185–1207. Bhaskar, R. (2008) A Realist Theory of Science. London: British Psychological Society (2009) Code of Ethics and Verso (originally published by Harvester Press 1978). Conduct. Leicester: British Psychological Society. Available at https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/bps.org.uk/ Bhaskar, R. (2011) Reclaiming Reality: A Critical files/Policy%20-%20Files/Code%20of%20Ethics%20 Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. Abingdon: and%20Conduct%20(2009).pdf [Accessed 12 Routledge (originally published by Verso 1989). December 2017]. British Psychological Society (2017) Ethics Guidelines Biron. M. and Van Veldhoven, M. (2016) ‘When control for Internet mediated Research. INF206/04.2017 becomes a liability rather than an asset: Comparing home Leicester: British Psychological Society. Available at and office days among part-time teleworkers’, Journal of https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/ethics- Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 37, pp. 1317–1337. guidelines-internet-mediated-research-2017 [Accessed 14 December 2017]. Bishop, L. and Kuula-Luumi, A. (2017) ‘Revisiting qualitative data reuse: A decade on’, SAGE Open, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–15. Black, K. (2009) Business Statistics (6th edn). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Blaikie, N. (2010) Designing Social Research (2nd edn). Cambridge: Polity. Bloom, B. (ed.) (1971) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain. New York: McKay. Blumberg, B., Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2014) Business Research Methods (4th edn). Boston, MA and Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill. Boddy, C. (2005) ‘A rose by any other name may smell as sweet but “group discussion” is not another name for 755

Bibliography British Psychological Society (1988) ‘Guidelines for the use Buzan, T. (2011) Buzan’s Study Skills: Mind Maps, Memory of non-sexist language’, The Psychologist, Vol. 1, No. 2, Techniques, Speed Reading and More. London: BBC. pp. 53–4. C British Psychological Society (2015) Style Guide for Authors and Editors. Available at https://www.bps.org.uk/ Calás, M. and Smircich, L. (1997) Postmodern news-and-policy/bps-style-guide-authors-and-editors Management Theory. Aldershot: Ashgate/Dartmouth. [Accessed 4 February 2018]. Call for Participants (2017) Researchers page. Available British Sociological Association (2004b) Language and at https://www.callforparticipants.com/ [Accessed 11 the BSA: Non-Disablist. Available at https://www. December 2017]. britsoc.co.uk/Equality-Diversity/ [Accessed 4 February 2018]. Carroll, L. (1989) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Hutchinson. British Sociological Association (nd) Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race. Available at https://www.britsoc.co.uk/ Carson, D., Gilmore, A., Perry, C. and Grønhaug, K. (2001) Equality-Diversity/ [Accessed 4 February 2018]. Qualitative Marketing Research. London: Sage. British Sociological Association (2017) Statement of Carton, A.M. (2018) “‘I’m not mopping floors, I’m putting Ethical Practice. Available at https://www.britsoc.co.uk/ a man on the moon”: How NASA Leaders enhanced media/24310/bsa_statement_of_ethical_practice.pdf the meaningfulness of work by changing the meaning [Accessed 12 December 2017]. of work’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 323–369. Broome, J. (2015) ‘How Telephone Interviewers’ Responsiveness Impacts Their Success’, Field Methods, Cassell, C. and Lee, B. (eds) (2011a) Challenges and Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 66–81. Controversies in Management Research. New York: Routledge. Brozovic, D. (2018) ‘Strategic Flexibility: A Review of the Literature’, International Journal of Management Cassell, C. and Lee, B. (2011b) ‘Introduction: Key Reviews, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 3–31. debates, challenges and controversies in management research’, in C. Cassell and B. Lee (eds) Challenges and Bruner, G.C. (2013) Marketing Scales Handbook: The Top Controversies in Management Research. New York: 20 Multi Item Measure Used in Consumer Research. Routledge, pp. 1–16. Fort Worth, TX: GBII Productions. Cayla, J. and Arnould, E. (2013) ‘Ethnographic stories for Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K. (2007) The Sage Handbook of market learning’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 77, July, Grounded Theory. London: Sage. pp. 1–16. Bryman, A. (1988) Quantity and Quality in Social Research. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (2018) Comments London: Unwin Hyman. of the Center For Climate And Energy Solutions on State Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bryman, A. (1998) ‘Quantitative and qualitative research Existing Electric Utility Generating Units; Advance strategies in knowing the social world’, in T. May Notice Of Proposed Rulemaking. Docket Id No. EPA– and M. Williams (eds), Knowing the Social World. HQ–OAR–2017–0545. Available at https://www.c2es. Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 138–157. org/site/assets/uploads/2018/01/policy-options-for- resilient-infrastructure-01-2018.pdf [Accessed 1 May Bryman, A. (2006) ‘Integrating quantitative and qualitative 2018]. research: How is it done?’, Qualitative Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 97–113. Charmaz, K. (2011) ‘Grounded theory methods in social justice research’, in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) Bryson, B. (2016) Made in America. London: Transworld. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th edn). (originally published by Minerva 1995). London: Sage, pp. 359–80. Buchanan, D., Boddy, D. and McCalman, J. (2013) ‘Getting Charmaz, K. (2014) Constructing Grounded Theory (2nd in, getting on, getting out and getting back’, in A. edn). London: Sage. Bryman (ed.) Doing Research in Organisations. London: Routledge Library Edition, pp. 53–67. Charmaz, K. (2017) ‘The power of constructivist grounded theory for critical inquiry’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 23, Buchanan, D.A. (2012) ‘Case studies in organizational No. 1, pp. 34–45. research’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Organisational Research Core Methods and Current Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals Challenges. London: Sage, pp. 351–70. (2015) Libraries and Information Services in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland 2015 (38th edn). Bulmer, M., Sturgis, P.J. and Allum, N. (2009) ‘Editors’ London: Facet Publishing. introduction’, in M. Bulmer, P.J. Sturgis and N. Allum (eds) Secondary Analysis of Survey Data. Los Angeles: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2017) Sage, pp. xviii–xxvi. ‘Unethical amnesia in repeat offenders’, Work, Summer, p. 6. Burrell, G. and Morgan, G. (2016) Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge (originally published by Heinemann 1979). 756

Bibliography Chase, S.E. (2011) ‘Narrative Inquiry: Still a field in the Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. (2008) Basics of Qualitative making’, in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Research Techniques and Procedures for Developing Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th edn). London: Grounded Theory (3rd edn). London: Sage. Sage, pp. 421–34. Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. (2015) Basics of Qualitative Chia, R. (2003) ‘Organization theory as a postmodern Research Techniques and Procedures for Developing science’, in H. Tsoukas and C. Knudsen (eds) The Oxford Grounded Theory (4th edn). London: Sage. Handbook of Organization Theory: Meta-Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Corder, G.W. and Foreman, D.I. (2014) Nonparametric pp. 113–40. statistics (2nd edn). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Chidlow, A., Plakoyiannaki, E. and Welch, C. (2014) Corley, K.G. (2015) ‘A Commentary on “What Grounded ‘Translation in cross-language international business Theory Is.” Engaging a Phenomenon from the research: Beyond equivalence’, Journal of International Perspective of Those Living it’, Organizational Research Business Studies, Vol. 45, pp. 562–582. Methods, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 600–605. Clark, A., Holland, C., Katz, J. and Peace, S. (2009) Corley, K.G. and Gioia, D.A. (2011) ‘Building theory ‘Learning to see: lessons from a participatory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical observation research project in public spaces’, contribution?’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 36, No. 1, pp. 12–32. Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 345–360. Court, D. and Abbas, R. (2013) ‘Whose interview is it, Clarke, J. and Holt, R. (2017) ‘Imagery of adventure: anyway? Methodological and ethical challenges of Understanding entrepreneurial identity through insider-outsider research, multiple languages, and dual- metaphor and drawing’, Journal of Business Venturing, researcher cooperation’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 19, Vol. 32, pp. 476–497. No. 6, pp. 480–8. Clough, P. and Nutbrown, C. (2012) A Student’s Guide to Cowton, C.J. (1998) ‘The use of secondary data in business Methodology (3rd edn). London: Sage. ethics research’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 423–34. Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P. (1996) Making Sense of Qualitative Data. London: Sage. Creswell, J.W. (2009) ‘Mapping the field of mixed methods research’, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, Vol. 3, Coghlan, D. (2011) ‘Action Research: Exploring No. 2, pp. 95–108. perspectives on a philosophy of practical knowing’, The Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 5, No. 1, Creswell, J.W. and Plano Clark, V.L. (2011) Designing pp. 53–87. and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Coghlan, D. and Brannick, T. (2014) Doing Action Research in Your Own Organisation (4th edn). London: Sage. Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N. (2017) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Colquitt, J.A. (2013) ‘Crafting references in AMJ Approaches (4th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. submissions’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 1221–4. Crotty, M. (1998) The Foundations of Social Research. London: Sage. Committee of Advertising Practice (2010) The BCAP Code: The UK Code of broadcast Advertising (Edition CrowdTangle (2018) CrowdTangle, Available at http:// 1). London: Committee of Advertising Practice. www.crowdtangle.com/ [Accessed 9 May 2018]. Available at https://www.asa.org.uk/asset/846F25EB- F474-47C1-AB3FF571E3DB5910/ [Accessed 9 May Crozier, S.E. and Cassell, C.M. (2015) ‘Methodological 2017]. considerations in the use of audio diaries in work psychology: Adding to the Qualitative toolkit’, Journal Committee of Advertising Practice (2014) The CAP of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Code: The UK Code of Non-broadcast Advertising Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 396–419. and Direct & Promotional Marketing (Edition 12). London: Committee of Advertising Practice. Cunliffe. A.L. (2003) ‘Reflexive inquiry in organizational Available at https://www.asa.org.uk/asset/47EB51E7- research: Questions and possibilities’, Human Relations, 028D-4509-AB3C0F4822C9A3C4/ [Accessed 9 May Vol. 56, pp. 983–1003. 2017]. Cunliffe, A.L. (2010) ‘Retelling tales of the field: In Committee of Advertising Practice (2016) ‘A quick guide search of organisational ethnography 20 years on’, to advertising consumer surveys’ CAP News. Available Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 13, No. 2, at https://www.asa.org.uk/news/a-quick-guide-to- pp. 224–39. advertising-consumer-surveys.html [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Cunliffe. A.L. and Scaratti. G. (2017) ‘Embedding Impact in Engaged Research: Developing Socially Useful Cook, T.D. and Campbell, D.T. (1979) Quasi-experimentation: Knowledge through Dialogical Sensemaking’, British Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Chicago: Journal of Management, Vol 28(1), pp. 29–44. Rand McNally. Czarniawska, B. (1997) Narrating the Organization: Dramas of Institutional Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 757

Bibliography D Derrida J. (2016) Of Grammatology (40th Anniversary Edition). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Dale, A., Arber, S. and Proctor, M. (1988) Doing Secondary (originally published 1976). Analysis. London: Unwin Hyman. DeVellis, R.F. (2012) Scale Development: Theory and Dale, A., Arber, S. and Procter, M. (1988) Doing Secondary Applications (3rd edn). Los Angeles: Sage. Research. London: Unwin Hyman. Dey, I. (1993) Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Dancey, C.P. and Reidy, J. (2017) Statistics Without Maths Routledge. for Psychology: Using SPSS for Windows (7th edn). Harlow: Prentice Hall. Dick, B. (2013) ‘Convergent interviewing [Online]. Available at http://www.aral.com.au/resources/coin.pdf [Accessed David-Barrett, E., Yakis-Douglas, B., Moss-Cowan, A. and 23 June 2018]. Nguyen, Y. (2017) ‘A Bitter Pill? Institutional Corruption and the Challenge of Antibribery Compliance in the Dillman, D.A., Smyth, J.D. and Christian, J.M. (2014) Pharmaceutical Sector’, Journal of Management Inquiry, Internet, Phone, Mail and Mixed Mode Surveys: The Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 326–347. Tailored Design Method (4th edn). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Davis, G.F. (2015) ‘What is management research actually Dion, D. and Borraz, S. (2017) ‘Managing Status: How good for?’, Harvard Business Review, 28 May, pp. 2–6. Luxury Brands Shape Class subjectivities in the Service Encounter’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 81, September, Dawson, J. (2017) Analysing Quantitative Survey Data for pp. 67–85. Business and Management Students. London: Sage. Dochartaigh, N.O. (2012) Internet Research Skills: How Day, R.A. (1998) How to Write and Publish a Scientific to Do Your Literature Search and Find Research Paper (5th edn). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. Information Online. (3rd edn) London: Sage. Day. M and Thatcher, J. (2009) ‘“I’m Really Embarrassed Dougherty, D. (2015) ‘Reflecting on the Reflective That You’re Going to Read This . . . ”: Reflections Conversation’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. on Using Diaries in Qualitative Research’, Qualitative 18, No. 4, pp. 606–611. Research in Psychology, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 249–259. Dubois, A. and Gadde, L E. (2002) ‘Systematic combining: De Cock, C. and Land, C. (2006) ‘Organization/Literature: An abductive approach to case research’, Journal of Exploring the seam’, Organization Studies, Vol. 27, Business Research, Vol. 55, pp. 553–60. pp. 517–35. E De Vaus, D.A. (2014) Surveys in Social Research (6th edn). Abingdon: Routledge. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. and Lowe, A. (2012) Management Research (4th edn). London: Sage. Dees, R. (2003) Writing the Modern Research Paper (4th edn). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Edelman (2017) Edelman Trust Barometer™ Archive. Available at https://www.edelman.com/insights/ Delamont, S. (2007) ‘Ethnography and participant intellectual-property/edelman-trust-barometer-archive/ observation’, in C. Seale, G. Gobo, J.F. Gubrium and D. [Accessed 8 November 2017]. Silverman (eds) Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage, pp. 205–17. Eden, C. and Huxham, C. (1996) ‘Action research for management research’, British Journal of Management, Denscombe, M. (2017) The Good Research Guide Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 75–86. for small-scale social research projects (5th edn). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Edwards, P., Roberts, I., Clarke, M., Di Giuseppe, C., Pratap, S., Wentz, R. and Kwan, I. (2002) ‘Increasing Denyer, D. and Tranfield, D. (2009) ‘Producing a Systematic response rates to postal questionnaires: Systematic Review’, in D.A. Buchanan and A. Bryman (eds) The review’, British Medical Journal, No. 324, May, pp. Sage Handbook of Organisational Research Methods. 1183–91. London: Sage, pp. 671–89. Edwards, T., Tregaskis, O., Edwards, P., Ferner, A., Denzin, N.K. (2001) ‘The reflexive interview and a Marginson, A. with Arrowsmith, J., Adam, D., Meyer, performative social science’, Qualitative Research, M. and Budjanovcanin, A. (2007) ‘Charting the Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23–46. contours of multinationals in Britain: Methodological challenges arising in survey-based research’, Warwick Denzin, N.K. (2012) ‘Triangulation 2.0’, Journal of Mixed Papers in Industrial Relations, No. 86. Available at Methods Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 80–8. http://www.cbs.dk/files/cbs.dk/charting_the_contours_ of_multinationals_in_britain.pdf [Accessed 14 May Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2005) The Sage Handbook 2017]. of Qualitative Research (3rd edn). London: Sage. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) ‘Building theories from case study Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2018) The Sage Handbook research’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, of Qualitative Research (5th edn). London: Sage. No. 4, pp. 532–50. Department for Transport (2015) Know Your Traffic Signs London: Department for Transport. Available at https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/519129/know- your-traffic-signs.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2018]. 758

Bibliography Eisenhardt, K.M. and Graebner, M.E. (2007) ‘Theory Fisher, C. (2010) Researching and Writing a Dissertation for building from cases: Opportunities and challenges’, Business Students (3rd edn). Harlow: Financial Times Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50, No. 1, Prentice Hall. pp. 25–32. Fleetwood, S. (2005) ‘Ontology in organization and Ekinci, Y. (2015) Designing Research Questionnaires management studies: A critical realist perspective’, for Business and Management Students. London: Organization, Vol. 12, pp. 197–222. Sage. Flyvberg, B. (2011) ‘Case study’, in N.K. Denzin and Elkjaer, B. and Simpson, B. (2011) ‘Pragmatism: A lived and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative living philosophy. What can it offer to contemporary Research (4th edn). London: Sage, pp. 301–16. organization theory?’ in H. Tsoukas and R. Chia (eds) Philosophy and Organization Theory. Bradford: Emerald Forbes (2017) The Big (Unstructured) Data Problem Publishing, pp. 55–84. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/ forbestechcouncil/2017/06/05/the-big-unstructured- Ellis, P.D. (2010) The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes. data-problem/\\#7ca6f54e493a [Accessed 2 May 2018]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Foucault, M. (1991) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Emerald Group Publishing (2018) A 6 step guide Prison. London: Penguin Books. to writing an abstract. Available at http://www. emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/ Fournier, V. and Grey, C. (2000) ‘At the critical moment: abstracts.htm [Accessed 04 June 2018]. Conditions and prospects for critical management studies’, Human Relations, Vol. 53, pp. 7–32. Erlandson, D.A., Harris, E.L., Skipper, B.L. and Allen, S.D. (1993) Doing Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: G Sage. Gabriel, Y. (2015) ‘Reflexivity and beyond – a plea for European Commission (2017) EU Labour Force Survey - imagination in qualitative research methodology’, data and publication. Available at http://ec.europa. Qualitative Research in Organizations and eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/EU_labour_ Management: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, force_survey_%E2%80%93_data_and_publication pp. 332–336. [Accessed 9 May 2018]. Gabriel, Y. and Griffiths, D.S. (2004) ‘Stories in Eurostat (2017) Environment and energy statistics – organizational research’, in C. Cassell and G. Symon primary production of renewable energies. Available at (eds) Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/ Organizational Research. London: Sage, pp. 114–26. ten00081 [Accessed 17 November 2017]. Gabriel, Y., Gray, D.E. and Goregaokar, H. (2013) ‘Job loss Eurostat (2017) Eurostat Regional Yearbook 2017. and its aftermath among managers and professionals: Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/ Wounded, fragmented and flexible’, Work, products-statistical-books/-/KS-HA-17-001 [Accessed 4 Employment & Society, Vol. 27, pp. 56–72. May 2018]. Gastel, B. and Day, R.A. (2017) How to Write and Publish Eurostat (2018) Eurostat: Your Key to European Statistics. a Scientific Paper (8th edn). Cambridge: Cambridge Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/statistics- University Press. a-z/abc [Accessed 4 May 2018]. Geertz, C. (1988) Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as F Author. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Fairclough, N. (1992) Discourse and Social Change. George, G, Osinga, E.C., Lavie, D. and Scott, B.A. (2016). Cambridge: Polity Press. ‘Big data and data science methods for management research: From the Editors’, Academy of Management Fairclough, N. (2010) Critical Discourse Analysis: The Journal, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 1493–1507. Critical Study of Language (2nd edn). Harlow: Pearson Education. Gerstl-Pepin, C. and Patrizio, K. (2009) ‘Learning from Dumbledore’s Pensieve: Metaphor as an aid in teaching Festinger, L. (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. reflexivity in qualitative research’, Qualitative Research, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 299–308. Field, A. (2018) Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Ghauri, P. and Grønhaug, K. (2010) Research Methods in Statistics (5th edn). London: Sage. Business Studies: A Practical Guide (4th edn). Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Fink, A. (2016) How to Conduct Surveys (6th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gibbons, M.L., Limoges, H., Nowotny, S., Schwartman, P., Scott, P. and Trow, M. (1994) The New Production of Finlay, L. (2002) ‘Negotiating the swamp: The opportunity Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in and challenge of reflexivity in research practice’, Contemporary Societies. London: Sage. Qualitative Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 209–30. 759

Bibliography Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (2010) Research Methods for Gummesson, E. (2000) Qualitative Methods in Management Managers (4th edn). London: Sage. Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of H Grounded Theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Hair, J.F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, Glaser, B.G. (1978) Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the R.L. (2014) Multivariate Data Analysis (7th edn). Methodology of Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, CA: Harlow: Pearson. Sociology Press. Hair, J.F., Celsi, M., Money, A.H., Samouel, P. and Page, Glaser, B.G. (1992) Basics of Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, M.J. (2016) Essentials of Business Research Methods CA: Sociology Press. (3rd edn). New York: Routledge. Glaser, B.G. (1998) Doing Grounded Theory: Issues and Hakim, C. (1982) Secondary Analysis in Social Research. Discussions. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. London: Allen & Unwin. Gobo, G. (2011) ‘Glocalizing methodology? The encounter Hakim, C. (2000) Research Design: Successful Designs between local methodologies’, International Journal for Social and Economic Research (2nd edn). London: of Social Research Methodology, Vol. 14, No. 6, Routledge. pp. 417–37. Hall, J.F. (2018) Journeys in Survey Research. Available at http:// Gold, R.L. (1958) ‘Roles in Sociological Field Observations’, surveyresearch.weebly.com/ [Accessed 12 March 2018]. Social Forces, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 217–223. Hanna, P. (2012) ‘Using internet technologies (such Gray, D.E., Saunders, M.N.K. and Farrant, K. (2016) SME as Skype) as a research medium: A research note’, Success: Winning New Business. London: Kingston Qualitative Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 239–42. Smith LLP. Harding, R. (2017) British Social Attitudes 34. London: Green, S.B. (1991) ‘How many subjects does it take to do a NatCen Social Research. Available at http://www.bsa. regression analysis?’, Multivariate Behavioural Research, natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-34/key- Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 499–510. findings/context.aspx [Accessed 27 November 2017]. Greene, J.C. (2007) Mixed Methods in Social Inquiry. San Hardy, B. and Ford, L.R. (2014) ‘It’s not me, it’s you: Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Miscomprehension in surveys’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 138–162. Greene, J.C., Caracelli, V.J. and Graham, W.F. (1989) ‘Towards a conceptual framework for mixed-method Harley-Davidson Inc. (2017) Harley-Davidson Inc. evaluation designs’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Investor Relations: Motorcycle Shipments Available Analysis, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 255–74. at http://investor.harley-davidson.com/phoenix. zhtml%3Fc%3D87981%26p%3Dirol-shipments Greenwood, D.J. and Levin. M. (2007) Introduction to [Accessed 12 October 2017]. Action Research (2nd edn). London: Sage. Hart, C. (2018) Doing a Literature Review (2nd edn). Griffin, M., Harding, N. and Learmonth, M. (2017) ‘Whistle London: Sage. while you work: Disney animation, organizational readiness and gendered subjugation’, Organization Harvard College Library (2018) Interrogating texts: 6 Studies, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 869–894. reading habits to develop in your first year at Harvard. Available at https://guides.library.harvard.edu/ Groves, R.M. and Peytcheva, E. (2008) ‘The impact of sixreadinghabits [Accessed 17 March 2018]. nonresponse rates on nonresponse bias’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 167–89. Harzing, A-W. (2018) Journal Quality List. Available at https://harzing.com/resources/journal-quality-list Groves, R.M., Presser, S. and Dipko, S. (2004) ‘The Role of [Accessed 17 March 2018]. Topic Interest in Survey Participation Decisions’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 2–31. Hatch, M.J. and Yanow, D. (2008) ‘Methodology by metaphor: Ways of seeing in painting and research’, Groves, R.M., Singer, E. and Corning, A. (2000) ‘Leverage- Organization Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 23–44. Saliency Theory of Survey Participation’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 299–308. Haynes, K. (2012) ‘Reflexivity in qualitative research’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Organizational Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994) ‘Competing paradigms Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges. in qualitative research’, in N. K. Denzin & Y S. Lincoln London: Sage. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 105–116. Hays, W.L. (1994) Statistics (4th edn). London: Holt-Saunders. Healey, M.J. (1991) ‘Obtaining information from Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1989) Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. businesses’, in M.J. Healey (ed.) Economic Activity and Land Use. Harlow: Longman, pp. 193–251. Guest, G., Bunce, A. and Johnson, L. (2006) ‘How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and validity’, Field Methods, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 59–82. 760

Bibliography Health Research Authority (2017) Is my study research? Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (2011) ‘The constructionist Decision Tool. Available at http://www.hra-decisiontools. analytics of interpretive practice’, in N.K. Denzin and org.uk/research/ [Accessed 12 December 2017]. Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage. Hedrick, T.E., Bickmann, L. and Rog, D.J. (1993) Applied Research Design. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Holsti, O.R. (1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Heikkinen, S. and Lämsä, A M. (2017) ‘Narratives of Spousal Support for the Careers of Men in Managerial Holt, A. (2010) ‘Using the telephone for narrative Posts’, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 24, No. 2, interviewing: A research note’, Qualitative Research, pp. 171–193. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 113–121. Hein, W., O’Donohoe, S. and Ryan, A. (2011) ‘Mobile Hookway, N. (2008) ‘Entering the blogosphere: Some phones as an extension of the participant observer’s strategies for using blogs in social research’, Qualitative self’, Qualitative Market Research: An International Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 91–113. Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 258–73. Huff, A.S. and Huff, J.O. (2001) ‘Refocusing the business Heisley, D.D. and Levy, S.J. (1991) ‘Autodriving: A school agenda’, British Journal of Management, Photoelicitation Technique’, Journal of Consumer Vol. 12, Special Issue, pp. 49–54. Research, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 257–272. Hyatt, D. (2005) ‘A critical literacy frame for UK secondary Henry, G.T. (1990) Practical Sampling. Newbury Park, CA: education contexts’, English in Education, Vol. 39, Sage. No. 1, pp. 43–59. Hepburn, A. and Potter, J. (2007) ‘Discourse analytic practice’, Hyatt, D. (2013) ‘The critical policy discourse analysis in C. Seale, G. Gobo, J. F. Gubrium and D. Silverman (eds) frame: Helping doctoral students engage with the Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage. educational policy analysis’, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 18, No. 8, pp. 833–45. Heron, J. (1996) Co-operative Inquiry: Research into the Human Condition. London: Sage. I Heron, J. and Reason, P. (1997) ‘A Participatory Inquiry IJMR (2007) ‘Special Issue on Ethnography’, International Paradigm’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol 3, Issue 3, pp. Journal of Market Research, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 681–778. 274–294. Information Commissioner’s Office (2012) Anonymisation: Herzberg, F., Mausener, B., & Snyderman, B.B. (1959). managing data protection risk code of practice. The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley. Wilmslow: Information Commissioner’s Office. Available at https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/ Hewson, C., Yule, P., Laurent, D. and Vogel, C. (2003) documents/1061/anonymisation-code.pdf [Accessed 6 Internet Research Methods: A Practical Guide for the May 2018]. Social and Behavioural Sciences. London: Sage. Irvine, A. (2011) ‘Duration, Dominance and Depth in Heyl, B.S. (2005) ‘Ethnographic interviewing’, in P. Telephone and Face-to-Face Interviews: A Comparative Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland and L. Exploration’, International Journal of Qualitative Lofland (eds) Handbook of Ethnography. Thousand Methods, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 202–220. Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 369–383. Irvine, A., Drew, P. and Sainsbury, R. (2012) ‘“Am I not Hitt, M.A.S. and Greer, C.R. (2012) ‘The value of research answering your questions properly?” Clarification, and its evaluation in business schools: Killing the goose adequacy and responsiveness in semi-structured that laid the golden egg?’, Journal of Management telephone and face-to-face interviews’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 236–40. Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 87–106. Hodgkinson, G.P. and Rousseau, D. (2009) ‘Bridging the J rigour–relevance gap in management research. It’s already happening!’, Journal of Management Studies, Jackson, L.A. and Taylor, M. (2015) ‘Revisiting smoking Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 534–46. bans in restaurants: Canadian employees’ perspectives’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 15, No. 2, Hodgkinson, G.P. and Starkey, K. (2011) ‘Not simply pp. 91–104. returning to the same answer over and over again: Reframing relevance’, British Journal of Management, Jankowicz, A.D. (2005) Business Research Projects (4th Vol. 22, pp. 355–69. edn). London: Thomson Learning. Hodgkinson, G.P., Herriot, P. and Anderson, N. (2001) Jarzabkowski, P., LeBaron, C., Phillips, K. and Pratt, M. ‘Re-aligning the stakeholders in management research: (2014) ‘Call for papers; Feature topic: Video-based Lessons from industrial, work and organizational psychology’, British Journal of Management, Vol. 12, Special Issue, pp. 41–8. Hodson, R. (1991) ‘The active worker: Compliance and autonomy at the workplace’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 47–8. 761

Bibliography research methods’, Organizational Research Methods, King, N. and Brookes, J.M. (2017) Template Analysis for Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 3–4. Business and Management Students. London: Sage. Johnson, J.M. (1975) Doing Field Research. New York: Free Press. Knoblauch, H. (2012) ‘Introduction to the special issue of Johnson, P. (2004) ‘Analytic induction’, in G. Symon and Qualitative Research: Video-analysis and videography’, C. Cassell (eds) Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods Qualitative Research, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 251–4. and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage, pp. 165–79. Knudsen, C. (2003) ‘Pluralism, scientific progress, and the Johnson, P. and Clark, M. (2006) ‘Editors’ introduction: structure of organization theory’, in H. Tsoukas and C. Mapping the terrain: An overview of business and Knudsen (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Organization management research methodologies’, in P. Johnson Theory: Meta-Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford and M. Clark (eds) Business and Management Research University Press, pp. 262–86. Methodologies. London: Sage, pp. xxv–iv. Jones, O. and Gatrell, C. (2014) ‘Editorial: The Future of Kosslyn, S.M. (2006) Graph Design for the Eye and Mind. Writing and Reviewing for IJMR’, International Journal New York: Oxford University Press. of Management Reviews, Vol. 16, pp. 249–264. Kozinets, R.V. (2015) Netnography: Redefined (2nd edn). K London: Sage. Kanji, S. (2017) ‘Grandparent care: A key factor in Krueger, R.A. and Casey, M.A. (2015) Focus Groups: A mothers’ labour force participation in the UK’, Journal Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th edn). London: of Social Policy, 1–20. Available at doi:10.1017/ Sage. S004727941700071X. L Kavanagh, M.J. and Johnson, R.D. (eds) (2018) Human Resource Information Systems: Basics, Applications, and Labov, W. (1972) Language in the Inner City: Studies in Future Directions (4th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Keaveney, S.M. (1995) ‘Customer switching behaviour in service industries: An exploratory study’, Journal of Labov, W. and Waletzky, J. (1967) ‘Narrative analysis: Oral Marketing, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 71–82. versions of personal experience’, in J. Helm (ed.) Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts. Seattle, WA: University of Keen, K.J. (2018) Graphics for Statistics and Data Analysis Washington Press. with R. (2nd edn.) Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall. Lange, D. and Pfarrer, M.D. (2017) ‘Editors’ Comments: Kelemen, M. and Rumens, N. (2008) An Introduction to Sense and Structure – The Core Building Blocks of an Critical Management Research. London: Sage. AMR Article’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 407–416. Kellard, N., Millo, Y., Simon, J. and Engel, O. (2017) ‘Close Communications: Hedge Funds, Brokers and the LeCompte, M.D. and Goetz, J.P. (1982) ‘Problems of Emergence of Herding’, British Journal of Management, reliability and validity in ethnographic research’, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 84–101. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 31–60. Kelly, G.A. (1955) The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York: Norton. Lee, B. (2012) ‘Using documents in organizational research’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Kenealy, G.J.J. (2012) ‘Grounded theory: A theory building Organisational Research Core Methods and Current approach’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Challenges. London: Sage, pp. 389–407. Organizational Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges. London: Sage. Lee, B. and Saunders M.N.K. (2017) Doing Case Study Research for Business and Management Students. Ketokivi, M. and Mantere, S. (2010) ‘Two strategies London: Sage. for inductive reasoning in organizational research’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, Lee, R.M. (2000) Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. pp. 315–33. London: Sage. Kilduff, M. and Mehra, A. (1997) ‘Postmodernism and Lee, W.J. (2012) ‘Using documents in organizational organizational research’, The Academy of Management research’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Review, Vol. 22, pp. 453–81. Organizational Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges. London: Sage, pp. 389–407. King, N. (2004) ‘Using interviews in qualitative research’, in C. Cassell and G. Symon (eds) Essential Guide Lewin, K. (1946) ‘Action Research and Minority Problems’, to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 34–46. London: Sage, pp. 11–22. Lian, T. and Yu, C. (2017) ‘Representation of online image of tourist destination: a content analysis of Huangshan’, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp. 1063–1082. 762

Bibliography Lijadi, A.A, and van Schalkwyk, G.J. (2015) ‘Online Maitlis, S. (2012) ‘Narrative analysis’, in G. Symon and Facebook Focus Group Research of Hard-to-Reach C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Organizational Research: Participants’, International Journal of Qualitative Core Methods and Current Challenges, London: Sage, Methods, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1–9. pp. 492–511. Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. Malhotra, N.K. Nunan, D. and Birks, D.F. (2017), Marketing Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Research: An Applied Approach (5th edn). Harlow: Pearson. Lincoln. Y.S., Lynham S.A. and Guba, E.G. (2018). ‘Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and Mangalindan, J.P. (2014) ‘Why Amazon’s fire phone failed’, emerging confluences revisited’, in N.K. Denzin and Fortune. Available at http://fortune.com/2014/09/29/ Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative why-amazons-fire-phone-failed [Accessed 24 January Research (5th edn). Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2018]. pp. 108–150. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Little, R. and Rubin, D. (2002) Statistical Analysis with Kynighou, A. (2016) Human Resource Management Missing Data (2nd edn). New York: John Wiley. at Work (6th edn). London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, Kogan Page. Locke, K. (2015) ‘Pragmatic Reflections on a Conversation about Grounded Theory in Management and Markham, A. and Buchanan, E. (2012) Ethical Decision- Organization Studies’, Organizational Research Making and Internet Research: Recommendations Methods, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 612–619. from the AoIR Ethics Working Committee (Version 2.0). Available at http://aoir.org/reports/ethics2.pdf [Accessed Louka, P., Maguire, M., Evans, P. and Worrell, M. (2006) 14 December 2017]. ‘“I think that it’s a pain in the ass that I have to stand outside in the cold and have a cigarette”: Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B. (2016) Designing Representations of smoking and experiences of Qualitative Research (6th edn). London: Sage disapproval in UK and Greek Smokers’, Journal of Publications. Health Psychology, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 441–51. Martí, I. and Fernández, P. (2013) ‘The institutional Lowrey, S. (2017) A guide to non-binary pronouns and work of oppression and resistance: Learning from why they matter. Huffpost. Available at https://www the Holocaust’, Organization Studies, Vol. 34, pp. .huffingtonpost.com/entry/non-binary-pronouns-why- 1195–223. they-matter_us_5a03107be4b0230facb8419a?guccou nter=1 [Accessed 6 June 2018]. Martinko, M.J. and Gardner, W.L. (1985) ‘Beyond Structured Observation: Methodological Issues and New Luff, P. and Heath, C. (2012) ‘Some “technical challenges” Directions’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, of video analysis: Social actions, objects, material No. 4, pp. 676–695. realities and the problems of perspective’, Qualitative Research, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 255–79. Maslow, A.H. (1943) ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, 50 (4), pp. 370–396. Lumley. T., Diehr, P., Emerson, S. and Chen, L. (2002) ‘The importance of the normality assumption in large public McAfee, A., and Brynjolfsson, E. (2012) ‘Big data: The health data sets’, Annual Review of Public Health, management revolution’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 23, pp. 151–169. Vol. 90, No. 10, pp. 61–67. M McAreavey, R. and Muir, J. (2011) ‘Research ethics committees: Values and power in higher education’, Macdonald, S. and Kam, J. (2007) ‘Ring a Ring o’ Roses: International Journal of Social Research Methodology, Quality journals and gamesmanship in management Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 391–405. studies’, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 640–55. McCandless, D. (2014) Knowledge is beautiful. London: William Collins. MacIntosh, R. Beech, N., Bartunek, J., Mason, K. Cooke, B. and Denyer, D. (2017). ‘Impact and management McConville, D., Arnold, J. and Smith, A. (2016) ‘Employees research: Exploring relationships between temporality, share ownership, psychological ownership and work dialogue, reflexivity and praxis’, British Journal of attitudes and behaviours: a phenomenological analysis’, Management, Vol. 28, N0.1, pp. 3–13. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 634–651. Macnaghten, P. and Myers, G. (2007) ‘Focus groups’, in C. Seale, G. Gobo, J.F. Gubrium and D. Silverman (eds) McDonald, S. (2005) ‘Studying actions in context: A Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage, pp. 65–79. qualitative shadowing method for organisational research’, Qualitative Research, Vol. 5, No. 4, Madge, C. (2010) Online Research Ethics. Available at pp. 455–73. http://www.restore.ac.uk/orm/ethics/ethprint3.pdf [Accessed 25 March 2018]. Mellahi, K. and Harris, L.C. (2016) ‘Response rates in Business and Management research: an overview of current practice and suggestions for future direction’, British Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 426–37. 763

Bibliography Meyer, A. D. (1991) ‘Visual Data in Organizational N Research’, Organization Science, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 218–236. Naipaul, V.S. (1989) A Turn in the South. London: Penguin. Nastasi, B.K., Hitchcock, J.H. and Brown, L.M. (2010) Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M. and Saldaña, J (2014) Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ‘An inclusive framework for conceptualising mixed edn). London: Sage. methods typologies’, in A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie (eds) The Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social MindGenius (2018) MindGenius. Available at https://www and Behavioural Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, .mindgenius.com/default.aspx [Accessed 1 April 2018]. CA: Sage. Negrón, R. (2012) ‘Audio Recording Everyday Talk’, Field Mingers, J. (2000) ‘What is it to be critical? Teaching a Methods, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 292–309. critical approach to management undergraduates’, Neuman, W.L. (2014) Social Research Methods (7th edn). Management Learning, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 219–37. Harlow: Pearson. Neville, C. (2016) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Mintzberg, H. (1973) The Nature of Managerial Work. Avoiding Plagiarism (3rd edn). London: Open University New York: Harper & Row. Press McGraw Hill. Niglas, K. (2010) ‘The multidimensional model of research Mitchell, V. (1996) ‘Assessing the reliability and validity methodology: An integrated set of continua’, in A. of questionnaires: An empirical example’, Journal Tashakkori and C. Teddlie (eds) The Sage Handbook of Applied Management Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research. pp. 199–207. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 215–36. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and Altman, D.G. O (2009) ‘Preferred reporting for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement’, O’Reilly, M. and Parker, N. (2013) ‘Unsatisfactory British Medical Journal (BMJ), No. 338, b2535. saturation: a critical exploration of the notion of the Available at www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b2535. notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research’, full?view=long&pmid=19622551 [Accessed 27 March Qualitative Research, 13, pp. 190–197. 2011]. Oates, C. and Alevizou, P.J. (2018) Conducting Focus Molina-Azorin, J.F. (2011) ‘The use and added value of Groups for Business and Management Students. mixed methods in management research’, Journal of London: Sage. Mixed Methods Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 7–24. Office for National Statistics (2005) The National Molina-Azorin, J.F., Bergh, D.D., Corley, K.G. and Ketchen, Statistics Socio-economic Classification User Manual. Jr., D.J. (2017) ‘Mixed Methods in the Organizational Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sciences: Taking Stock and Moving Forward’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 20, No. 2, Office for National Statistics (2017) Living Costs pp. 179–192. and Food Survey. Available at https://www. ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ Monahan, T. and Fisher, J.A. (2010) ‘Benefits of “observer personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/ effects”: Lessons from the field’, Qualitative Research, methodologies/livingcostsandfoodsurvey [Accessed 9 Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 357–76. May 2018]. Morgan, G. (2006) Images of Organization. Thousand Office for National Statistics (2018) Family Oaks, CA: Sage (originally published in 1986). Spending. Available at https://www.ons. gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ Morris, C. (2012) Quantitative Approaches in Business personalandhouseholdfinances/expenditure/bulletins/ Studies (8th edn). Harlow: Pearson. familyspendingintheuk/financialyearending2017 [Accessed 9 May 2018]. Morse, J.M., Stern, P.N., Corbin, J., Bowers, B., Charmaz, K. and Clarke, A.E. (2009) Developing Grounded Office for National Statistics (n.d., a) Census Theory: The Second Generation, Walnut Creek, CA: history. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/ Left Coast Press. census/2011census/howourcensusworks/aboutcensuses/ censushistory [Accessed 2 May 2018]. Mortari, L. (2015) ‘Reflectivity in research practice: An overview of different perspectives’, International Journal Office for National Statistics (n.d., b) 200 years of of Qualitative Methods, pp. 1–9. the Census. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/ census/2011census/howourcensusworks/ Mueller, S., Volery, T. and von Siemens, B. (2012) ‘What aboutcensuses/censushistory/200yearsofthecensus do entrepreneurs actually do? An observational study [Accessed 5 May 2018]. of entrepreneurs’ everyday behavior in the start-up and growth stage’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 995–1017. Murray, S. (2017) ‘Where real-life crises provide valuable lessons’, Financial Times, 19 June. Musson, G. (2004) ‘Life histories’, in C. Cassell and G. Symon (eds) Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London: Sage, pp. 34–46. 764

Bibliography Office for National Statistics (n.d., c) Annual Business Pallant, J. (2016) SPSS Survival Manual: A Step-by-Step Survey. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/ Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS (6th edn). surveys/informationforbusinesses/businesssurveys/ Maidenhead: Open University Press. annualbusinesssurvey [Accessed 7 May 2018]. Pandza, K. and Thorpe, R. (2010) ‘Management as design, Office for National Statistics (no date a) Standard but what kind of design? An appraisal of the design Occupation Classification 2010 (SOC2010). science analogy for management’, British Journal of Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/ Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 171–86. methodology/classificationsandstandards/ standardoccupationalclassificationsoc/soc2010 Paraskevas, A. and Saunders, M.N.K. (2012) ‘Beyond [Accessed 27 November 2017]. consensus: an alternative use of Delphi enquiry in hospitality research’, International Journal of Office for National Statistics (no date b) The National Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 24, No. 6, Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC rebased pp. 907–924. on the SOC2010). Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/ methodology/classificationsandstandards/ Parker, M. (2002) Against Management. Cambridge: Polity otherclassifications/thenationalstatisticssocioeconomic Press. classificationnssecrebasedonsoc2010 [Accessed 27 November 2017]. Patton, M.Q. (2015) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th edn). Office for National Statistics (no date c) Ethnic Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. group, national identity and religion. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/ Pearce, G., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. and Duda, J.L. (2014) classificationsandstandards/measuringequality/ ‘The development of synchronous text-based instant ethnicgroupnationalidentityandreligion [Accessed 27 messaging as an online interviewing tool’, International November 2017]. Journal of Social Research Methodology, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 677–92. Official Journal of the European Union (2016) Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of The European Parliament and of The Peirce, C. S. (1896 [c.]). Lessons of the History of Science. Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural MS [R] 1288. Commens: Digital Companion to C.S. persons with regard to the processing of personal data Peirce, available on: http://www.commens.org/ and on the free movement of such data, and repealing dictionary/term/retroduction [Accessed 11 September Directive 95/46/EC. Vol 59, L119, pp. 1–88. Available 2018]. at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/ ?uri=OJ:L:2016:119:FULL&from=EN [Accessed 06 May Peticca-Harris, A., deGama, N, and Elias, S.R.S.T.A. (2016) 2018]. ‘A dynamic process model for finding informants and gaining access in qualitative research’, Organizational Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C. (2014) ‘Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 376–401. cultural perpetuation: A case study of an English Premier League football club’, British Journal of Petticrew, M. and Roberts, H. (2006) Systematic Review Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 667–86. in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Okumus, F., Altinay, L. and Roper, A. (2007) ‘Gaining access for research: Reflections from experience’, Pfeffer, J. (1993). ‘Barriers to the advance of organizational Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 7–26. science: paradigm development as a dependent variable’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18, Ozanne, J.L., Moscato, E.M., Kunkel, D.R. (2013) pp. 599–620. ‘Transformative Photography: Evaluation and Best Practices for Eliciting Social and Policy Changes’, Phillips, E.M. and Pugh, D.S. (2015) How to Get a PhD (6th Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 32, No. 1, edn). Maidenhead: Open University Press McGraw-Hill pp. 45–65. Education. P Phillips, N. and Hardy, C. (2002) Discourse Analysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction. London: Padley, M. and Hirsch, D. (2017) A Minimum Income Sage. Standard for the UK in 2017. Available at file:///Users/ saundmnk/Downloads/mis_2017_final_report_0.pdf Pink, S. (2007) ‘Visual methods’, in C. Seale, G. Gobo, J. [Accessed 9 May 2018]. F. Gubrium and D. Silverman (eds) Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage. Paechter, C. (2013) ‘Researching sensitive issues online: Implications of a hybrid insider/outsider position in a Plankey-Videla, N. (2012) ‘Informed consent as process: retrospective ethnographic study’, Qualitative Research, Problematizing informed consent in organizational Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 71–86. ethnographics’, Qualitative Sociology, Vol. 35, pp. 1–21. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2016) ‘Recommendations for creating better concept definitions in the organizational, behavioral and social sciences’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 159–203. 765

Bibliography Post-it (2018) About Post-it® Brand. Available at https:// Richards, P. (2007) ‘Risk’, in H. Becker (ed.) Writing for www.3m.co.uk/3M/en_GB/post-it-notes/contact-us/ Social Scientists (2nd edn). Chicago, IL: University of about-us/ [Accessed 7 June 2018]. Chicago Press. Powney, J. and Watts, M. (1987) Interviewing in Ridder, H-G., Hoon, C. and McCandless Baluch, A. (2014) Educational Research. London: Routledge & Kegan ‘Entering a dialogue: Positioning case study findings Paul. towards theory’, British Journal of Management, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 373–87. Prem, R., Ohly, S., Kubicek, B. and Korunka. C. (2017) ‘Thriving on challenge stressors? Exploring time Ridenour, C.S. and Newman, I. (2008) Mixed Methods pressure and learning demands as antecedents of Research: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. thriving at work’, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Carbondale, IL: South Illinois University Press. Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 108–123. Ridley, D. (2018) The Literature Review: a step-by-step Prior, D.D. and Miller, L.M. (2012) ‘Webethnography: guide for students (2nd edition). London: Sage. Towards a typology for quality in research design’, International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 54, Riessman, C.K. (2008) Narrative Methods for the Human No. 4, pp. 503–20. Sciences. London: Sage. Prior, L. (2007) ‘Documents’, in C. Seale, G. Gobo, J.F. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., McNaughton Nicholls, C. and Gubrium and D. Silverman (eds) Qualitative Research Ormston, R. (2014) Qualitative Research Practice (2nd Practice. London: Sage, 345–60. edn). London: Sage. Prosser, L. (2009) Office for National Statistics UK Standard Robson, C. and McCartan, K. (2016) Real World Research: Industrial Classification of Activities 2007 (SIC 2007). A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at http:// Applied Settings (4th edn). Chichester: John Wiley. www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/ current-standard-classifications/standard-industrial- Rogelberg, S.G. and Stanton, J.M. (2007) ‘Introduction: classification/index.html [Accessed 27 November 2014]. Understanding and dealing with organizational survey non-response’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. Q 10, No. 2, pp. 195–209. Qualtrics (2017) Qualtrics Research CORE: Sophisticated Rogers, C.R. (1961) On Becoming a Person. London: online surveys made simple. Available at https://www. Constable. qualtrics.com/research-core/ [Accessed 27 November 2017]. Rose, G. (2014) ‘On the relation between “visual research methods” and contemporary visual culture’, The Qualtrics (2018). Qualtrics. Available at http://www. Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 24–46. qualtrics.com/ [Accessed 20 March 2018]. Rose, G. (2016) Visual Methodologies An Introduction to R Researching with Visual Materials (4th edn). London: Sage. Raimond, P. (1993) Management Projects. London: Chapman & Hall. Rose, S., Spinks, N. and Canhoto, I. (2015) Management Research: Applying the Principles. London: Routledge. Rawlins, K. (1999) Presentation and Communication Skills: A Handbook for Practitioners. London: Emap Roster, C.A., Lucianetti, L. and Albaum, G. (2015) Healthcare Ltd. ‘Exploring slider vs. categorical response formats in web-based surveys’, Journal of Research Practice, Reason, P. (2006) ‘Choice and quality in action research Vol 11, No. 1, Article D1, 15 pp. practice’, Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 187–202. Rousseau, D. (2006) ‘Is there such a thing as “Evidence- Based Management”?’, Academy of Management Reed, M. (2005) ‘Reflections on the ‘realist turn’ in Review, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 256–69. organization and management studies’, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 42, pp. 1621–44. Rowlinson, K., Appleyard, L. and Gardner, J. (2016) ‘Payday lending in the UK: the regul(aris)ation of a necessary evil?’, Reichertz, J. (2007) ‘Abduction: The logic of discovery of Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 527–523. grounded theory’, in A. Bryant and K. Charmaz (eds) The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory. London: Rutherford, B.A. (2016) ‘Articulating accounting principles’, Sage. Journal of Applied Accounting Research., Vol.17, No. 2, pp. 118–135. Reichman, C.S. (1962) Use and Abuse of Statistics. New York: Oxford University Press. S Reuters Institute (2017) Reuters Institute Digital News Salmon, P. (2003) ‘How do we recognise good research?’, Report 2017. Reuters Institute and University of Oxford. The Psychologist, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 24–7. 766 Saunders, M.N.K. (2011) ‘The management researcher as practitioner’, in B. Lee and C. Cassell (eds) Challenges and Controversies in Management Research. New York: Routledge, pp. 243–57.

Bibliography Saunders, M.N.K. (2012) ‘Choosing research participants’, Organization Development. Glenview, IL: Scott in G. Symons and C. Cassell (eds) The Practice of Foresman, pp. 438–48. Qualitative Organizational Research: Core Methods and Sharp, J.A., Peters, J. and Howard, K. (2002) The Current Challenges. London: Sage, pp. 37–55. Management of a Student Research Project (3rd edn). Aldershot: Gower. Saunders, M.N.K. (2012) ‘Web versus mail: The influence Sherbaum, C. and Shockley, K. (2015) Analysing of survey distribution mode on employees’ response’, Quantitative Data for Business and Management Field Methods, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 56–73. Students. London: Sage. Silver, C. and Lewins, A. (2014) Using Software in Saunders, M.N.K. and Lewis, P. (1997) ‘Great ideas and Qualitative Research: a step-by-step guide (2nd edn). blind alleys? A review of the literature on starting London: Sage. research’, Management Learning, Vol. 28, No. 3, Silverman, D. (2013) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and pp. 283–99. Reasonably Cheap Book about Qualitative Research (2nd edn). London: Sage. Saunders, M.N.K. and Townsend, K. (2016), ‘Reporting SimpleMind (2018) SimpleMind. Available at https://www and justifying the number of participants in .simpleapps.eu/ [Accessed 1 April 2018] organisation and workplace research’, British Journal of Smith, E. (2008) Using Secondary Data in Educational and Management, Vol. 27, pp. 837–852. Social Research. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Snap Surveys (2018) Snap Surveys. Software Solutions Saunders, M.N.K. and Townsend, K. (2017) ‘Choosing Services. Available at www.snapsurveys.com [Accessed participants’ in Cassell, C., Cunliffe, A., and Grandy, 5 March 2018]. G. (eds) Sage Handbook of Qualitative Business and Social Research Association (2001) A Code of Practice for Management Research Methods. London: Sage. the Safety of Social Researchers. Available at http:// Chapter 30. the-sra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/safety_code_of_ practice.pdf [Accessed 12 December 2017]. Saunders, M.N.K., Gray, D. and Goregaokor, H. (2014) Sonenshein, S., DeCelles, K. and Dutton, J.E. (2014) ‘It’s ‘SME innovation and learning: the role of networks not easy being green: The role of self evaluations and crisis event’, European Journal of Training and in explaining the support of environmental issues’, Development, Vol. 38, No. ½, pp. 136–149. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 7–37. Saunders, M.N.K., Gray, D.E, Tosey, P. and Sadler-Smith, E Spano, R. (2005) ‘Potential sources of observer bias in (2015) ‘Concepts and theory building’, in Anderson, L., police observational data’, Social Science Research, Vol. Gold, J., Stewart, J. and Thorpe, R. (eds.) Professional 34, pp. 591–617. doctorates in business and management. London: Sage. Speer, S.A. (2008) ‘Natural and contrived data’, in P. pp. 35–56. Alasuutari, L. Bickman, and J. Brannen (eds) The Sage Handbook of Social Research Methods. London: Sage, Saunders, M.N.K., Gray, D.E. and Bristow, A. (2017) pp. 290–312. ‘Beyond the Single Organization: Inside Insights From Spradley, J.P. (2016) Participant Observation. Long Grove Gaining Access for Large Multiorganization Survey HRD IL: Waveland Press. Research’, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Stake, R.E. (2005) ‘Qualitative case studies’, in N.K. Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 401–425. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd edn). London: Sage, pp. Schein, E. (1999) Process Consultation Revisited: 443–65. Building the Helping Relationship. Reading, MA: Starbuck, W. (2003) ‘The origins of organization theory’, in Addison-Wesley. H. Tsoukas and C. Knudsen (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory: Meta-Theoretical Perspectives. Schoneboom, A. (2011) ‘Workblogging in a Facebook Oxford: Oxford University Press. age’, Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 25, No. 1, Starkey, K. and Madan, P. (2001) ‘Bridging the pp. 132–40. relevance gap: Aligning stakeholders in the future of management research’, British Journal of Management, Schrauf, R.W. and Navarro, E. (2005) ‘Using existing tests Vol. 12, Special Issue, pp. 3–26. and scales in the field’, Field Methods, Vol. 17, No. 4, Starr, R. and Fernandez, K. (2007) ‘The mindcam pp. 373–93. methodology: Perceiving through the natives eye’, Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, SciStatCalc (2013) Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test pp. 168–82. Calculator. Available at http://scistatcalc.blogspot. co.uk/2013/11/kolmogorov-smirnov-test-calculator.html [Accessed 27 November 2017]. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (6th edn). Chichester: John Wiley. Sekeran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016) Research Methods for Business (7th edn). Chichester: Wiley. Shani, A.B. and Pasmore, W.A. (1985) ‘Organization inquiry: Towards a new model of the action research process’, in D.D. Warrick (ed.) Contemporary 767

Bibliography Stationery Office, The (1998) Data Protection Act 1998. Tharenou, P., Donohue, R. and Cooper, B. (2007) London: The Stationery Office. Management Research Methods. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Stewart, D.W. and Kamins, M.A. (1993) Secondary Research: Information Sources and Methods (2nd edn). The Economist (2017) The Big Mac Index: global exchange Newbury Park, CA: Sage. rates, to go. Available at http://www.economist.com/ content/big-mac-index [Accessed 12 November Stokes, D. and Bergin, R. (2006) ‘Methodology or 2017]. “methodolatry”? An evaluation of focus groups and depth interviews’, Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 9, The Free Dictionary (2014) ‘Gibberish’. Available at http:// No. 1, pp. 26–37. www.thefreedictionary.com/gibberish [Accessed 03 June 2018]. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Thomas, R. and Hardy, C. (2011) ‘Reframing resistance to organizational change’, Scandinavian Journal of Stutely, R. (2014) The Economist Numbers Guide: The Management, Vol. 27, pp. 322–31. Essentials of Business Numeracy (6th edn). London: Profile Books. Tietze, S. (2012) ‘Researching your own organization’, in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds) Qualitative Suddaby, R. (2006) ‘From the editors: What grounded Organisational Research Core Methods and Current theory is not’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. Challenges. London: Sage, pp. 53–71. 49, No. 4, pp. 633–42. Tinati, R., Halford, S., Carr, L. and Pope, C. (2014) ‘Big SurveyMonkey (2017) What do you want to know? Data: Methodological challenges and approaches for Available at https://www.surveymonkey.com/ [Accessed sociological analysis’, Sociology, Vol. 48. No. 4, 27 November 2017]. pp. 663–681. SurveyMonkey (2018) SurveyMonkey. Available at www Tranfield, D. and Denyer, D. (2004) ‘Linking theory to .surveymonkey.com [Accessed 5 March 2018]. practice: A grand challenge for management research in the 21st century?’, Organization Management Sutton, R. and Staw, B. (1995) ‘What theory is not’, Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 10–14. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 371–84. Tranfield, D. and Starkey, K. (1998) ‘The nature, social organization and promotion of management research: Swift, L. and Piff, S. (2014) Quantitative Methods for Towards policy’, British Journal of Management, Vol. 9, Business, Management and Finance (4th edn). pp. 341–53. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D. and Smart, P. (2003) ‘Towards Symon, G. and Cassell, C. (eds) (2012) Qualitative a methodology for developing evidence-informed Organizational Research: Core Methods and Current management knowledge by means of systematic Challenges. London: Sage. review’, British Journal of Management, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 207–22. T Trier-Bieniek, A. (2012) ‘Framing the telephone interview Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (eds) (2010) The Sage as a participant-centred tool for qualitative research: Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural A methodological discussion’, Qualitative Research, Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 630–44. Teddlie, C. and Tashakkori, A. (2009) Foundations of Trussell, N. and Lavrakas, P. J. (2004) ‘The Influence of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Incremental Increases in Token Cash Incentives on Mail Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioural Survey Response’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 68, Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. No. 3, pp. 349–367. Teddlie, C. and Tashakkori, A. (2011) ‘Mixed methods Tsoukas, H. and Chia, R. (2011) ‘Research in the Sociology research: Contemporary issues in an emerging field’, in of Organizations’, Vol. 32: Philosophy and Organization N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook Theory. Bradford: Emerald Publishing. of Qualitative Research (4th edn). London: Sage, pp. 285–99. Tucker, C. and Lepkowski, J.M. (2008) ‘Telephone survey methods: Adapting to change’, in J.M. Lepkowski, Tedlock, B. (2005) ‘The observation of participation and the C. Tucker, J.M. Brick, E.D. De Leeuw, L. Japec, P.J. emergence of public ethnography’, in N.K. Denzin and Lavrakas, M.W. Link and R.L. Sangster (eds), Advances Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative in Telephone Survey Methodology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, Research (3rd edn). London: Sage. pp. 3–28. Terzidou, M., Scarles, C. and Saunders, M.N.K. (2017) Tukey, J.W. (1977) Exploratory Data Analysis. Reading, MA: ‘Religiousness as tourist performances: A case study Addison-Wesley. of Greek Orthodox pilgrimage’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 66, pp. 116–129. Tweet Archivist (2018) Tweet Archivist, Available at http:// www.tweetarchivist.com/ [Accessed 5 May 2018]. 768

Bibliography U Vermaak, M. and de Klerk, H.M. (2017) ‘Fitting room or selling room? Millennial female consumers’ dressing UK Data Archive (2011) Managing and Sharing Data: Best room experiences’, International Journal of Consumer Practice for Researchers (3rd edn). Available at http:// Studies, Vol. 41, pp. 11–18. www.data-archive.ac.uk/media/2894/managingsharing. pdf [Accessed 14 December 2017]. Vogel, R.M. and Mitchell, M.S. (2017) ‘The Motivational Effects of Diminished Self-Esteem for Employees UK Data Archive (2017) Create and Manage Data – Who Experience Abusive Supervision’, Journal of Anonymisation. Available at https://www.ukdataservice Management, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 2218–2251. .ac.uk/manage-data/legal-ethical/anonymisation [Accessed 15 December 2017]. Vogl, S. (2013) ‘Telephone Versus Face-to-Face Interviews: Mode Effect on Semi-structured Interviews With UK Data Archive (2018) UK Data Archive. Available at Children’, Sociological Methodology, Vol. 43, No. 1, www.data-archive.ac.uk/ [Accessed 9 May 2018]. pp. 133–177. UK Data Service (2018) Variable and Question Bank. W Available at http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/variables [Accessed 25 Feb 2018]. Waddington, D. (2004) ‘Participant observation’, in C. Cassell and G. Symon (eds) Essential Guide to University of Minnesota (2018) Non-binary gender Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. pronouns. Available at http://writing.umn.edu/sws/ London: Sage, pp. 154–64. quickhelp/grammar/nonbinary.html [Accessed 6 June 2018]. Wallace, M. and Wray, A. (2016) Critical Reading and Writing for Postgraduates (3rd edn). London: University of Oxford (2018) Study Skills and Training: Sage. Plagiarism. Available at https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/ academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism?wssl=1 [Accessed Walliman, N. (2011) Your Research Project: A Step by Step 20 March 2018]. Guide for the First-Time Researcher (3rd edn). London: Sage. University of Southern California (2018) Organising your Social Sciences Research Paper: 5. The Literature Walsh, I., Holton, J.A., Bailyn, L., Fernandez, Levina, N. Review. Available at http://libguides.usc.edu/ and Glaser, B. (2015a) ‘What Grounded Theory Is ... writingguide/literaturereview [Accessed 7 March 2018]. A Critically Reflective Conversation Among Scholars’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 18, No. 4, Usunier, J.-C., Van Herk, H. and Lee, J.A. (2017) pp. 581–599. International and Cross-Cultural Management Research. (2nd edn) London: Sage. Walsh, I., Holton, J.A., Bailyn, L., Fernandez, Levina, N. and Glaser, B. (2015b) ‘Rejoinder: Moving the Management Uy, M.A., Lin, K.J. and Ilies, R. (2017) ‘Is It Better To Give Or Field Forward’, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. Receive? The Role Of Help In Buffering The Depleting 18, No. 4, pp. 620–628. Effects Of Surface Acting’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 1442–1461. Wang, H., Tong, L., Takeuchi, R. and George, G. (2016) ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: An overview and new V research directions’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 534–544. Van Aken, J.E. (2005) ‘Management research as a design science: Articulating the research products of Mode 2 Wang, Z., Mao, H., Li, Y.J. and Liu, F. (2017) ‘Smile big knowledge production in management’, British Journal or not?, Effects of smile intensity on perceptions of Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 19–36. of warmth and competence’, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 43, pp.787–805. van de Heijden, P. (2017) ‘The practicalities of SMS research’, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 59, Wasserstein R.L. and Lazar, N.A. (2016) ‘The ASA’s No. 2, pp. 157–72. statement on p-values: context, process and pupose’, The American Statistician, Vol. 70, No. 2, Van Maanen, J. (2011a) ‘Ethnography as work: Some rules pp. 129–133. of engagement’, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 218–34. Watson, T.J. (2011) ‘Ethnography, reality, and truth: The vital need for studies of “how things work” Van Maanen, J. (2011b) Tales of the Field: On Writing in organizations and management’, Journal of Ethnography (2nd edn). London: University of Chicago Management Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 202–17. Press. Way, A.K., Zwier, R.K. and Tracy, S.J. (2015) ‘Dialogic Van Maanen, J., Sørensen, J.B. and Mitchell, T.R. (2007) Interviewing and Flickers of Transformation: An ‘The interplay between theory and method’, Academy Examination and Delineation of Interactional Strategies of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1145–54. That Promote Participant Self-Reflexivity’, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 720–731. Vartanian, T.P. (2011) Secondary Data Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 769

Bibliography Web Hosting Rating (2018) 100+ Internet Stats Wikipedia (2018) Wikipedia. Available at: http:// and Facts for 2018, Available at https://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia [Accessed 20 March websitehostingrating.com/internet-statistics-facts-2018/ 2018]. [Accessed 5 May 2018]. Williams, W. and Lewis, D. (2005) ‘Convergent Webspiration Pro (2018) Webspiration Pro. Available at interviewing: a tool for strategic investigation’, Strategic https://www.webspirationpro.com/ [Accessed 1 April Change, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 219–229. 2018]. Wright Mills, C. (1970) ‘On intellectual craftsmanship’, in Wells, P. (1994) ‘Ethics in business and management C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination. London: research’, in V.J. Wass and P.E. Wells (eds) Principles Pelican. and Practice in Business and Management Research. Aldershot: Dartmouth, pp. 277–97. Y Wensley, R. (2011) ‘Seeking relevance in management Yin, R.K. (2018) Case Study Research and Applications: research’, in C. Cassell and B. Lee (eds) Challenges and Design and Methods (6th edn). London: Sage. Controversies in Management Research. New York: Routledge, pp. 258–74. Yu, L. and Zellmer-Bruhn, M. (2018) ‘Introducing team mindfulness and considering its safeguard role against Wernicke, I.H. (2014) ‘Quality of official statistics data transformation and social undermining’, Academy of on the economy’, Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management Journal, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 324–347. Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 77–93. Z Whetten, D. (1989) ‘What constitutes a theoretical contribution?’, Academy of Management Review, Zhang, Y., Trusov, M. Stephen, A.T. and Jamal, Z. (2017) Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 490–5. ‘Online Shopping and Social Media: Friends or Foes?’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 24–41. Whiting, R. and Pritchard, K. (2018) ‘Digital Ethics’, in C. Cassell, A.L. Cunliffe and G. Grandy (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Business and Management Research Methods. Sage: London, pp. 562–579. Whyte, W.F. (1993) Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum (4th edn). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 770

Appendix 1 Systems of referencing Preferred styles of referencing differ both between universities and between departments within universities. Even styles that are in wide use such as ‘Harvard’ vary in how they are used in practice by different institutions. When this is combined with the reality that some lecturers apply an adopted style strictly, while others are more lenient, it emphasises the need for you to use the precise style prescribed in your assessment criteria. Within business and management, two author–date referencing systems predominate, the Harvard style and the American Psychological Association (APA) style, both of which are author–date systems. The alternative, numeric systems, is used far less widely. Six points are important when referencing: • Full credit must be given to the author or originator (the person or organisation taking main responsibility for the source) when quoting or citing others' work. • Adequate information must be provided in the reference to enable that work to be located. • References must be consistent, complete and accurate. • References must be recorded using precisely the style required by your university and are often part of the marking criteria. • Wherever you directly quote an author you should use ‘quotation marks’ to show this and also record the precise location (normally page number). • If you fail to reference fully, you are likely to be accused of plagiarism (Section 3.11). As you will see later in this appendix, when referring to an electronic document, prin- cipally a journal article, accessed online, it is becoming more usual to include that document's DOI (digital object identifier) as part of the reference. The DOI provides a permanent and unique identifier for that document. Where there is no DOI, it is usual to include the document's URL (uniform resource locator – usually its web address). As the URL is not permanent, the date when it was accessed is also included in the reference. Author–date systems The Harvard system Referencing in the text The Harvard system is an author–date system, a variation of which we use in this book. It appears to have its origins in a referencing practice developed by a professor of anatomy at Harvard University in the late 19th Century, although the expression ‘Harvard system’ was introduced by an English visitor to Harvard who was impressed by the system of referencing used in the library (Chernin 1988). The Harvard system uses the author's or originator's name and year of publication to identify cited documents within the text. All 771

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing references are listed alphabetically at the end of the text in a consistent format. However, there is no definite benchmark for Harvard referencing and variations exist between insti- tutions in its use. Common variations within the Harvard system include (Neville 2016): • Where there are more than two authors, the names of the second and subsequent authors may or may not be replaced in the text by et al. This phrase may be in italics and is usually followed by a full stop to signify it is an abbreviation of et alia. • Name(s) of authors or originators may or may not be in UPPER CASE in the list of references. • The year of publication may or may not be enclosed in (brackets) in the list of references. • Capitalisation of words in the title is usually kept to a minimum rather than being used for Many of the Words in the Title. • The title of the publication may be in italics or may be underlined in the list of refer- ences. The system for referencing work in the text and in the list of references or bibliography is outlined in Table A1.1, additional conventions for referencing in the text being given in Table A1.2. Table A1.1  Conventions when using the Harvard system to reference To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Books Example General format Example Book (first e­ dition) 1 author: (Family 1 author: Family name, Initials. Dawson, J. (2017). Analysing (year). Title. Place of Quantitative Survey Data. name year) (Dawson 2017) publication: Publisher. London: Sage. 2 or 3 authors: 2 or 3 authors: Family name, Initials. and Lee, B. and Saunders, M. (Family name, (Lee and Family name, Initials. (2017). Conducting Case Family name and Saunders 2017) (year). Title. Place of Study Research. London: Family name year) publication: Publisher. Sage. 4+ authors: 4+ authors: Family name, Initials., Millmore, M., Lewis, P., (Family name (Millmore et al. Family name, Initials. Saunders, M., Thornhill, et al. year) 2010) and Family name, A. and Morrow, T. Initials [can be (2007). Strategic Human discretionary to include Resource Management: more than first author] Contemporary Issues. (year). Title. Place of Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. publication: Publisher. Book (other As for ‘Book (first (Saunders and Family name, Initials. Saunders, M. and Lewis, P. than first and Family name, (2018). Doing Research in edition) edition)’ Lewis, 2018) Initials. (year). Title. Business and Management. (# edn). Place of (2nd edn). Harlow: Pearson. publication: Publisher. Book As for ‘Book (first (Saunders et al. Family name, Saunders, M.N.K, Skinner, D., (edited) Initials. and Family Gillespie, N., Dietz, G. and edition)’ 2010) name, Initials. (eds.) Lewicki, R.J. (eds.) (2010). (year). Title. Place of Organizational Trust: A Cultural publication: Publisher. Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 772

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Book (not General format Example General format Example in English language) As for ‘Book (first (Fontaine et al. Family name, Initials. Fontaine, C., Salti, S. and and Family name, Thivard, T. (2010). 100 CV edition)’ 2010) Initials. (year). Title et lettres de motivation [100 [English translation CV and cover letters]. Paris: of title]. Place of Studyrama. publication: Publisher. Book As for ‘Book (first (Hugo 2003) Family name, Initials. Hugo, V. (2003). Les (translated edition)’ and Family name, Miserables. (N. Denny. into English) Initials. (year). Title. Trans.). London: Penguin. (Initials of translator. (Original work published Family name of 1862). translator. Trans). Place of publication: Publisher. (Original work published year). Republished As for ‘Book (first (Burrell and Family name, Initials. Burrell, G. and Morgan, and Family name, G. (2016). Sociological book edition)’ Morgan 2016) Initials. (year). Title. Paradigms and Place of publication: Organizational Analysis. Publisher (originally Abingdon: Routledge published by Publisher (originally published by year). Heinemann 1979). E-book As for ‘Book (first (Saunders 2013) Family name, Initials. Saunders, J.J. (2013). The edition)’ (year). Title. (# edn). Holocaust: History in an [name of e-book Hour [Kindle e-book]. reader]. Place of London: William Collins. publication: Publisher. Online book As for ‘Book (Sungsoo 2013) Family name, Initials. Burns, A.C., Veek, A. and (1st edition)’ or and Family name, Bush, R.F. (2017). Marketing ‘Edited book’ Initials. (year). Title. Research (Global edn). (# edn) Place of Harlow: Pearson. [Accessed publication: Publisher. 6 Apr. 2018 from MyLibrary. [Accessed day month com] year from Database name]. Chapters in books Chapter in a As for ‘Book (first (Robson and Family name, Initials. Robson, C. and McCartan, K. and Family name, (2016). Real World Research. book edition)’ McCartan 2016) Initials. (year). Title. (4th edn). Oxford: Blackwell. (# edn). Place of Chapter 3. publication: Publisher. Chapter . (continued) 773

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.1  (Continued) To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Chapter in General format Example General format Example an edited (King et al., 2018) book (Chapter author Family name, Initials. King, N., Brooks, J. containing family name (year). Chapter title. and Tabari, S. (2018). a collection year) In Initials. Family Template Analysis in of articles name and Initials. Business and Management (sometimes Family name (eds) Research. In M. Ciesielka called a Title. (# edn). Place of and D. Jemielniak (eds) reader) publication: Publisher. Qualitative Methodologies pp. ##–###. in Organization Studies, Chapter in (Chapter author (Denyer 2016) Volume II: Methods and an online family name Chapter author family Possibilities. London: Palgrave book year) name, Initials. (year). Macmillan. pp. 179–206. Chapter title. In Initials. Dictionaries and other reference books Family name and Denyer, D. (2016). Initials. Family name After the crisis: a . . .  where As for ‘Book (first (Vogt and (eds) Title. (# edn). systematic and critical author Place of publication: review. In M. Saunders, known edition)’ Johnson 2016) Publisher. pp. ##–###. P. Lewis and A. Thornhill. [Accessed day month Research Methods for . . .  where (Publication title (The right word year from Database Business Students. (7th edn) no author or year) at the right time name]. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. pp. editor 1985) 117–9. [Accessed 11 Apr. Family name, Initials. 2018 from MyLibrary.com] . . .  where (Entry author (Watson 2008) (year). Title. (# edn). editor family name Place of Publication: Vogt, W.P. and Johnson, known and date) Publisher. pp. ##–###. R.B. (2016). The Sage author for Dictionary of Statistics particular Publication title. (year). and Methodology: A entry (# edn). Place of Nontechnical Guide for the Publication: Publisher. Social Sciences. (5th edn). pp. ##–###. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 2. Entry author family name, Initials. (year). The right word at the right Entry title. In Initials. time. (1985). Pleasantville, Family name and NY: Readers Digest Initials. Family name Association. pp. 563–4. (eds) Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Watson, T. (2008). Field pp. ##–###. research. In R. Thorpe and R. Holt (eds) The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research. London: Sage. pp. 99–100. 774

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Example General format Example . . .  where (Publication title (Encyclopaedia Publication title. (year). Encyclopaedia Britannica. accessed year) Britannica Online online and is 2018) Available at http://www. Online. (2018). Available at no author or editor remainderoffull http://www.britannica.com/ Internetaddress/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. [Accessed day month year]. . . . where (Editor/entry (Hibbard et al. Editor/entry author Hibbard, J.D., accessed author family 2017) family name, Initials. Grayson, K.A. and Kotler, online and name date) (year). Title of entry. P, (2017). Marketing. In is editor or In PublicationTitle. Encyclopaedia Britannica author for Available at http:// (2017) Marketing. Available a particular www.remainderoffull at https://www.britannica. entry Internetaddress/ com/topic/marketing [Accessed day month [Accessed 27 Jan. 2018]. year]. . . .  where (Publication title (Encyclopaedia Publication title. (year). Encyclopaedia Britannica accessed year) Britannica Online Title of entry. Available Online. (2013). Securities online and 2013) at http://www. and Exchange Commission. no author remainderoffull Available at https://www. or editor for Internetaddress/ britannica.com/topic/ a particular [Accessed day month Securities-and-Exchange- entry year]. Commission [Accessed 27 Jan. 2018]. Reports Report As for ‘Book (first (Gray et al. 2016) Family name, Initials. Gray, D.E., Saunders M.N.K. edition)’ and Family name, and Farrant, K. (2016). Initials. (year). Title. SME Success: Winning New Place of publication: Business. London: Kingston Publisher. Smith LLP. Report (no (Originator name (Mintel Originator name Mintel Marketing named or Publication Marketing or Publication title. Intelligence. (2018). author) title year) Intelligence 2018) (year). Title. Place of Perceptions of Auto Brands publication: Publisher. – Canada. London: Mintel International Group Ltd. Organisation's (Organisation (Tesco Plc 2013) Organisation name. Tesco Plc. (2013). Serving annual report name date) (year). Title. Place of Shoppers a Little Better publication: Publisher. Every Day: Annual Report and Financial Statement 2017. Cheshunt: Tesco PLC. (continued) 775

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.1  (Continued) To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Example General format Example Online As for ‘Book (first (Thorlby et al. Family name, Initials. Thorlby, R., Smith, J., report and Family name, Williams, S. and Dayan, M. edition)’ 2014) Initials. (year). Title (2014). The Francis Report: of report. Available One year on. Available at: at http://www. https://www.nuffieldtrust. remainderoffull org.uk/files/2017-01/francis- Internetaddress/ report-one-year-on-web- [Accessed day month final.pdf. [Accessed 27 Jan. year]. 2018]. Online (Originator name (Mintel 2018) Originator name. Mintel (2018) – Beauty and report (no or Publication (year). Title of report. Personal Care Retailing – UK named title year) Available at http:// – January 2018. Available at: author) www.remainderoffull http://academic.mintel.com/ Internetaddress/ display/858739/ [Accessed [Accessed day month 27 Jan, 2018]. year]. United Kingdom. (2013). Government and governmental bodies' publications The Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act. Parliamentary (Country of (United Kingdom Country of origin. London: TSO (The Stationery papers origin year) 2013) (year). Title. Place of Office). including acts publication: Publisher. and bills United Kingdom Parliament HC Deb. 24 Mar. 2016. Vol. Parliamentary (Country (United Kingdom Country Parliament. 607, No. 139, Col. 1746. Parliament 2016) House of Commons debates Parliament year) (HC) or House of Lords Francis, R. (2013). Report (HL) Deb. day month of the Mid Staffordshire (Hansard) year. Vol. #, No. #, Col. NHS Foundation Trust Public ##–####. Inquiry: Executive Summary. Other As for ‘Book (first (Francis 2013) London: The Stationery edition)’ As for ‘Book (first Office. edition)’ United Nations Economic Other (no (Department (United Nations Department name and Social Commission for named name or Economic or Committee name. Asia and the Pacific. (2017). author or Committee name and Social (year). Title. Place of Towards a resource efficient, editor) year) Commission for publication: Publisher. pollution-free Asia-Pacific Asia and the region. New York: United Pacific 2017) Nations. 776

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Other General format Example General format Example (online) (Family name (Edelman, 2018) year) Family name, Initials. Edelman, R. (2018). Other (no (Office for and Family name, Research: The Battle for named (Office or National Statistics Initials. (year). Title Truth Available at https:// author Department 2017) of report. Available www.edelman.com/ or editor; name or at http://www. post/the-battle-for-truth online) Committee name remainderoffull [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. year) Internetaddress/ [Accessed day month Office for National Statistics. year]. (2017). Statistical bulletin: Effects of taxes and Office or Department benefits on UK household name or Committee income: financial year name. (year). Title. ending 2016. Available at: Available at http:// https://www.ons.gov.uk/ www.remainderoffull peoplepopulationand Internetaddress/ community/ [Accessed day month personalandhouse year]. holdfinances/income andwealth/bulletins/the Journal articles effectsoftaxesand benefitsonhouse Journal As for ‘Book (first (Rojon et al. Family name, Initials. holdincome/financial article (print edition)’ 2011) and Family name, year ending 2016 [Accessed form or Initials. (year). Title of 28 Jan. 2018]. facsimile of article. Journal name. print form Vol. #, No. #, pp. Rojon, C., McDowall, A. accessed ##–####. and Saunders, M.N.K. via full text (2011). On the Experience database) of Conducting a Systematic Review in Industrial, Journal As for ‘Book (first (Rojon et al., Family name, Initials. Work and Organizational article and Family name, Psychology: Yes, It Is (facsimile edition)’ 2011) Initials. (year). Title of Worthwhile. Journal of of print article. Journal name. Personnel Psychology. Vol. form, where Vol. #, No. #, pp. 10, No. 3, pp. 133–8. full text ##–####. [Accessed database day month year from Rojon, C., McDowall, A. details Database name]. and Saunders, M.N.K. required by (2011). On the Experience University) of Conducting a Systematic Review in Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Yes, It Is Worthwhile. Journal of Personnel Psychology. Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 133–8. [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018 from PsycARTICLES]. (continued) 777

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.1  (Continued) To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Example General format Example Journal As for ‘Book (first (Walker et al., Family name, Initials. Walker, K., Zhang, Z and article and Family name, Ni, N. (2018). The Mirror which is edition)’ 2018) Initials. (year). Title of Effect: Corporate Social forthcoming article, Journal name. Responsibility, Corporate but Available at full doi Social Irresponsibility published or Internet address and Firm Performance online, [Accessed day month in Coordinated Market prior to year]. Economies and Liberal appearing in Market Economies. British the journal; Journal of Management. available Available at DOI: in facsimile 10.1111/1467-8551.12271 form [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. Journal As for ‘Journal (Yang and As for ‘Journal article Yang, K. and Banamah, A. article only article made Banamah 2013) made available by the (2013). Quota Sampling as published available by the publisher in advance an Alternative to Probability online, publisher in online . . . ’ Sampling? An Experimental which is not advance online Study. Sociological Research published . . . ’ Online. Vol. 18, No. 4. in print or Available at http://www. facsimile socresonline.org.uk/19/1/29. form html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2014]. Magazine articles Magazine As for ‘Book (first (Saunders 2004) Family name, Initials. Saunders, M. (2004). Land article edition)’ and Family name, of the long white cloud. Initials. (year). Title HOG News UK. Issue 23, of article. Magazine Oct. pp. 24–6. name. Vol. #, No. # (or Issue or day and/or month), pp. ##–###. Magazine (Originator name (People Originator name or People Management. article (no or Publication Management Publication name. (2014). Efficiency rule named name year) 2014) (year). Title of article. was misused. People author) Magazine name. Vol. Management. Mar. p. 17. #, No. # (or Issue or day and/or month), pp. ##–###. News articles including newspapers and online news Newspaper As for ‘Book (first (Frean 2014) Family name, Initials. Frean, A. Credit Suisse article edition)’ and Family name, bankers ‘assisted tax Initials. Title of article. evasion’. The Times. 27 Feb. Newspaper name, day 2014, p. 35. month year, p. ##. 778

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Newspaper General format Example General format Example article (no (The Times 2014) named (Newspaper Newspaper name. Title The Times. Budweiser's early author) name year) of article, day month win, 27 Feb. 2014, p. 33. year, p. #. Newspaper article As for other (Rankin 2014) Family name, Initials. Rankin J. Record number (published News articles and Family name, of women make 28th online) Initials. Title of article. annual Forbes' billionaires Newspaper name, day list. The Guardian. 4 Mar. Newspaper As for other (Anderson 2009) month year. Available 2014. Available at http:// article (from News articles at http://www.full- www.theguardian.com/ electronic Internetaddress/ business/2014/mar/03/ database) [Accessed day month record-number-women- year]. forbes-28th-billionaires-list. News article As for other (Gordon 2014) html?src=linkedin [Accessed (from news News articles Family name, Initials. 4 Mar. 2014]. web site) and Family name, Initials. Title of article. Anderson, L. How to choose Newspaper name, day a Business School. Financial month year, p. ## (if Times, 23 Jan. 2009. known). [Accessed [Accessed 20 Mar. 2010 day month year from from ft.com]. Database name]. Gordon, O. Keeping Family name, Initials. crowdsourcing honest. and Family name, Can we trust the reviews? Initials. Title of article. BBC News, 14 Feb. News web site, day 2014. Available at: http:// month year. Available www.bbc.co.uk/news/ at http://www.full- technology-26182642 Internetaddress/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2014]. [Accessed day month year]. Brochures and Media/Press releases Brochure (Originator name (BMW AG 2017) Originator name BMW AG. (2017). The BMW or Brochure title or Brochure title. X1. Munich: as author. year) (year). Title. Place of publication: as author. BBC. (2014). BBC Trust Media/press (Originator name (BBC 2014) approves proposals for BBC releases or Release title Originator name store. London: as author. year). or Release title. (year). Title. Place of (continued) publication: as author. 779

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.1  (Continued) To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Example General format Example Online/websites (European Commission Internet site (Source 2018) Source organisation. European Commission. or specific organisation (year). Title of site (2018). Eurostat–Your Key site pages year) or page within site. to European Statistics. Available at http:// Available at http://ec.europa. www.remainderoffull eu/eurostat/web/regions/ Internetaddress/ data/main-tables [Accessed [Accessed day month 2 Feb. 2018]. year]. Blogs (weblogs), web forums, Wikis Blogs (Owners family (Kitces 2017) Owner's family name, Kitces, M. (2017). Marketing (weblogs) name, year of Owner's Initials. (year Lessons Learned from posting) of posting). Specific NerdWallet Ask an Advisor subject. Title of blog. Shutting Down. Nerd's Eye Web forums (Author's family (MagicFajiita Day Month Year View. 30 Mar. 2017. [Blog] (Usenet name, year of 2018) (of posting). [Blog] Available at https://www. groups, posting) Available at http:// kitces.com/blog/category/20- bulletin www.remainderoffull financial-advisor-marketing/ boards etc.) Internetaddress/ [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. [Accessed day month Wiki (Originator name (Microformats year]. MagicFajita. (2018). Adult or Wiki title year Wiki 2018) and child foods? A British of posting) Authors family name, thing? Mumsnet. Posted 27 Authors initials. (year Jan. 2018. of posting). Title [Web forum] Available at of posting. Name https://www.mumsnet. of forum. Posted com/Talk/am_i_being_ day month year (of unreasonable/3151562- posting). adult-and-child-foods- a-british-thing?dod=1 Name of forum. [Accessed 3 Feb. 2018]. Posted day month year (of posting). [Web Microformats Wiki. Chat: forum]. Available brainstorming. 5 Mar. 2014. at http://www. [Wiki article] Available at remainderoffull http://microformats.org/ Internetaddress/ wiki/chat-brainstorming [Accessed day month [Accessed 3 Feb.. 2018]. year]. Originator name or Wiki title. Title of Wiki. Day Month Year (of posting). [Wiki article]. Available at http:// www.remainderoffull Internetaddress/ [Accessed day month year]. 780

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Discussion General format Example General format Example list email (Djabali 2018) (where (Author's family Sender's Family name, Djabali. (2018). Future email sender name year of Sender's Initials. (year Sustainability. Posted 3 Mar. known) posting) of posting). Re. Subject 2017. fion . . . @mail.com of discussion. Posted [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. day month year. Sender's email address (see note at end of table). [Accessed day month year]. Letters and personal emails Letter (Sender's family (Penny 2018) Sender's family name, Penny, J.J. (2018). name year) Sender's Initials. (year). Unpublished letter to M.N.K. Unpublished letter Saunders re. Holocaust, 10 Personal (Sender's family (Tubb 2017) to Recipient's Initials. Sept. 2018. email name year) Recipient's Family name re. Subject Tubb, V. (2017). Email matter, day, month, to M.N.K. Saunders re. year. Reviewers' feedback, 27 Nov. 2017. Sender's family name, Sender's initials. (year). Email to recipient's initials. recipient's family name re. Subject matter, day month year. Online images and diagrams Online As for ‘Book (first (Gilroy 1936) Author's name, Gilroy, J. (1936). Lovely day image or edition)’ Author's initials. for a Guinness. [Advertising diagram (year of production poster] Print Arcade. Available if available). Title of at https://www.printarcade. image or diagram. co.uk/products/guinness- [Image format] name poster-lovely-day-toucan- and place of source advert-art-print?utm_ if available. Available medium=cpc&utm_source= at http://www. googlepla&gclid= remainderoffull CjwKCAiAtdDTBR Internetaddress/ ArEiwAPT4y-0NzKwwFm [Accessed day month FgfqmQ_gAqw11N6s0PI7S year]. TeeLYea8z6EQh8_KGvtCzelho Cq2AQAvD_BwE [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. (continued) 781

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.1  (Continued) To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Online General format Example General format Example image or diagram (Diagram or Iron Maiden, A Title of image or Iron Maiden, A matter of (no named image title year) matter of life and diagram. (year life and death. (2006). author) death 2006) of production if [Tour poster] Quest Poster available). [Image EU. Available at https:// Datasets (Author/Provider (Eurostat 2018) form], name and place www.amazon.co.uk/IRON- name year) of source if available. MAIDEN- Online data Available at http:// POSTER-Matter-Death/dp/ set www.remainderoffull B005J6PUVY [Accessed 2 Internetaddress/ Feb. 2018]. Other (Author/Provider (Inman 2002) [Accessed day month data sets name year) year]. Eurostat (2018). (published) Contributions to euro Author family name, area annual inflation (in Other data (Author/Provider (Tubb 2018) Author's Initials/ percentage points). [Datafile] sets (un- name year) Provider name. (year). Available at: http://appsso. published) Title of data set eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/ [data form] Available show.do?dataset=prc_hicp_ Conference papers at http://www. ctrb&lang=en [Retrieved 22 remainderoffull June 2018] Conference As for ‘Book (first (Saunders 2009) internetaddress/ paper edition)’ [Retrieved day month Inman, G. (2002). World published year] of noise: Essential summer as part of sounds from road and track proceedings Author family name, [CD-ROM] Peterborough, Author's Initials/ Bike Magazine. Provider name. (year). Title of data set Tubb, V. (2018). Research [data form]. Place of Methods for Business publication, publisher. Students Market Research [Feedback forms] Author family name, [unpublished] Author's Initials/ Provider name. (year). Saunders, M.N.K. (2009). Title of data set [data A real world comparison of form] [Unpublished] responses to distributing questionnaire surveys Family name, Initials. by mail and web. In J. and Family name, Azzopardi (Ed.) Proceedings Initials. (year). Title of the 8th European of paper. In Initials. Conference on Research Family name and Methods in Business and Initials. Family name Management. Reading: ACI, (eds) Title. Place of pp. 323–30. publication: Publisher. pp. ##–###. 782

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography Unpublished General format Example General format Example conference paper As for ‘Book (first (Saunders et al. Family name, Initials. Saunders, M.N.K., Slack, and Family name, R. and Bowen, D. (2010). edition)’ 2010) Initials. (year). Title of Location, the development paper. Unpublished of swift trust and learning: paper presented insights from two at ‘Conference doctoral summer schools. name’. Location of Unpublished paper presented conference, day month at the ‘EIASM 5th Workshop year. on Trust Within and Between Organizations’. Madrid, 28–29 January 2010. Film, Video, TV, Radio, Downloads Television (Television or (Today Programme title. The Today Programme. or radio radio programme Programme (year of production). (2018). British Broadcasting programme title year) 2018) Transmitting Corporation Radio organisation and broadcast, 26 Jan. 2018. Television (Television or (The Apprentice nature of transmission, or radio radio programme 2017) day month year of The Apprentice. (2017). programme series title year) transmission. Episode: Fashion Show. that is part British Broadcasting of a series Series title. (year Corporation Television of production). broadcast, 9 Dec. 2017. Commercial (DVD title year) (7-49 Up 2011) Episode: episode DVD title. Transmitting 7-49 Up (2011). [DVD]. organisation and London: Network. Commercial (DVD box set title (The Office nature of transmission, DVD that year) complete series day month year of The Office complete series is part of a 1 and 2 and transmission. 1 and 2 and the Christmas box-set the Christmas specials. (2005). Episode: specials 2005) DVD title. (Year of Series 1 Christmas Special. production). [DVD]. [DVD]. London: British Video (Company name (Miller 2008) Place of publication: Broadcasting Corporation. download or Family name Publisher. (e.g. year) Miller, L. (2008). Harvard YouTube) DVD box set title style referencing made (Year of production) easy. YouTube. Available Episode: Episode at https://www.youtube. title. [DVD]. Place of com/watch?v=RH1lzyn7Exc publication: Publisher. [Accessed 5 Mar. 2018]. Company name or Family name, Initials. (year). Title of audio download. YouTube. Available at http:// www.remainderoffull Internetaddress/ [Accessed day month year]. (continued) 783

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.1  (Continued) To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Example General format Example Audio CD (Family name or (Goldratt 2005) Family name, Initials. Goldratt, E.M. (2005). Artist or Group or Artist. or Group. Beyond the goal. [Audio year) (year). Title of CD. CD]. Buffalo NY: Goldratt's [Audio CD]. Place of Marketing Group. Publication: Publisher. Audio (Company name (Friedman 2014) Company name or Friedman, S.D. (2014). Is download or Family name Family name, Initials. work family conflict reaching (e.g. year) (year). Title of audio a tipping point? Harvard Podcast) download. Title of Business IdeaCast 394. series ## [Audio [Audio podcast] Available podcast] Available at https://itunes.apple.com/ at http://www. gb/podcast/hbr-ideacast/ remainderoffull id152022135?mt=2 Internetaddress/ [Accessed 9 May 2014]. [Accessed day month year]. Course materials and online teaching materials from virtual learning environments (VLEs) Lecture* (Lecturer family (Saunders 2013) Lecturer family name, Saunders, M.N.K. (2018). name year) Initials. (year). Lecture Lecture on Observation and on title of lecture. Ethnography. Foundations Module title. Year in Qualitative Research. MA (if appropriate) and Social Research Methods. course title. Place of Birmingham: University of lecture: Institution. Day Birmingham. 30 Jan. 2018. month year. Module As for ‘Book (first (Bell 2013) Lecturer family name, Saunders, M.N.K. and course edition)’ Initials. (year). Title of and Isaeva, N. (2018). notes* material. Module title Foundations in Qualitative (if appropriate). Level Research Module Handbook (if appropriate) and 2018. MA Social Research course title. Institution, Methods. University of Department or School. Birmingham, College of Social Sciences. 784

Author–date systems To cite In the text In the list of references/bibliography General format Example General format Example Materials (Author family (Saunders 2018) Author family name, Saunders, MNK. (2018). available on name year) Initials. (year of Trust, Distrust and the a VLE* production). Title of Management of Change material [nature of [PowerPoint slides]. material]. Module title Contemporary Issues in (if appropriate). Level Work and Employment. (if appropriate) and University of Birmingham course title. Institution Canvas [online]. Available at name of VLE [online]. https://canvas.bham.ac.uk/ Available at http:// courses/25675/modules www.remainderoffull [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. Internetaddress/ [Accessed day month year]. Notes: Where date is not known or unclear, follow conventions outlined towards the end of Table   A1.2. Email addresses should not be included except when they are in the public domain. Even where this is the case, permission should be obtained or the email address replaced by ‘. . . ’ after the fourth character, for example: ‘abcd . . . @isp.ac.uk’. *Be warned, most lecturers consider citing of lectures as ‘lazy’ scholarship. Table A1.2  Additional conventions when using the Harvard system to reference in the text To refer to Use the general format For example Work by different authors generally (Family name year, Family name (Cassell 2018, Dillman 2009, year) in alphabetical order Robson 2011) Different authors with the same (Family name Initial year) (Smith J. 2017) family name Different works by the same author (Family name year, year) in (Saunders 2017, 2018) ascending year order Different works by the same author (Family name year letter), make sure (Tosey 2014a) from the same year the letter is consistent throughout An author referred to by another (Family name year, cited by Family (Cassell 2017, cited by Isaeva 2018) author where the original has not name year) been read (secondary reference)* A work for which the year of (Family name or Originator name (Woollons nd) publication cannot be identified nd), where ‘nd’ means no date (Family name or Originator name c. (Hattersley c. 2004) year) where ‘c.’ means circa A direct quotation (Family name or Originator name “A card sort offers the simplest form year, p. ##) where ‘p.’ means ‘page’ of sorting technique” (Saunders and ## is the page in the original 2012, p. 112) publication on which the quotation appears *For secondary references, whilst many universities only require you to give details of the source you looked at in your list of references, you may also be required the reference for the original source in your list of references. 785

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Referencing in the list of references or bibliography In the list of references or bibliography all the sources are listed alphabetically in one list by the originator or author's family name, and all authors' family names and initials are normally listed in full. If there is more than one work by the same author or originator, these are listed chronologically. A system for referencing work in the list of references or bibliography is outlined in Table A1.1. While it would be impossible for us to include an example of every type of reference you might need to include, the information contained in this table should enable you to work out the required format for all your references. If there are any about which you are unsure, Colin Neville's (2016) book The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism is one of the most comprehensive sources we have found. For copies of journal articles from printed journals that you have obtained electroni- cally online it is usually acceptable to reference these using exactly the same format as printed journal articles (Table A1.1), provided that you have obtained and read a facsim- ile (exact) copy of the article. Facsimile copies of journal articles have precisely the same format as the printed version, including page numbering, tables and diagrams, other than for the copy, which is published ‘online first’. Online first refers to forthcoming articles that have been published online, prior to them appearing in journals. They therefore do not have a volume or part number, and the page numbering will not be the same as the final copy. When referencing an ‘online first’ copy in the list of references, you should always include the DOI. A facsimile copy is usually obtained by downloading the article as a pdf file that can be read on the screen and printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader. Finally, remember to include a, b, c etc. immediately after the year when you are ref- erencing different publications by the same author from the same year. Do not forget to ensure that these are consistent with the letters used for the references in the main text. The American Psychological Association (APA) style The ‘American Psychological Association style’ or ‘APA style’ is a variation on the author–date system and was initially developed in 1929. The latest updates are outlined in the latest edition of the American Psychological Association's (2010) Concise Rules of the APA Style, which is likely to be available for reference in your university's library. Relatively small but significant differences exist between the Harvard system and APA style, and many authors adopt a combination of the two. The key differences are outlined in Table A1.3. Numeric systems Referencing in the text When using a numeric system such as the Vancouver style, references within the project report are shown by a number that is either bracketed or in superscript. This number refers directly to the list of references at the end of the text, and it means it is not neces- sary for you to include the authors' names or year of publication: ‘Research1 indicates that . . . ’ 1Ritzer, G. The McDonaldization of Society. (6th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Pine Forge Press, 2011. 786

Numeric systems Table A1.3  Key differences between Harvard system and APA style of referencing Harvard system APA style Comment Referencing in the text (Lewis 2001) (Lewis, 2001) Note punctuation (McDowall and Saunders 2010) (McDowall & Saunders, 2011) ‘&’ not ‘and’ (Altinay et al. 2014) (Altinay, Saunders & Wang, 2014) For first occurrence if three to five authors (Millmore et al. 2007) (Millmore et al., 2007) For first occurrence if six or more authors; note punctuation and use of italics (Tosey et al. 2012) (Tosey et al., 2012) For subsequent occurrences of two or more authors; note punctuation and use of italics Referencing in the list of references or bibliography Berman Brown, R. and Saunders, Berman Brown, R. & Saunders, Note: use of ‘and’ and ‘&’ M. (2008). Dealing with Statistics: M. (2008). Dealing with Statistics: What You Need to Know. Maid- What You Need to Know. Maiden- enhead: Open University Press. head: Open University Press. Varadarajan, P.R. (2003). Musings Varadarajan, P.R. (2003). Musings Note: on relevance and rigour of schol- on relevance and rigour of schol- arly research in marketing. Jour- arly research in marketing. Journal Volume, part number and page numbers; nal of the Academy of Marketing of the Academy of Marketing Science. Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 368– Science. 31 (4): 368–376. doi: DOI (digital object identifier) number given 76. [Accessed 6 Apr. 2010 from 10.1177/0092070303258240 in APA. Name of database not given in Business Source Complete]. APA if DOI number given; Date accessed site not included in APA. Referencing in the list of references The list of references in numeric systems is sequential, referencing items in the order they are referred to in your project report. This means that they are unlikely to be in alphabetical order. When using the numeric system you need to ensure that: • The layout of individual references is that prescribed by the style you have adopted. This is likely to differ from both the Harvard system and APA style (Table A1.3) and will be dependent upon precisely which style has been adopted. The reference to Ritzer's book in the previous sub-section (indicated by the number and the associated endnote at the end of this appendix) follows the Vancouver style. Further details of this and other numeric styles can be found in Neville's (2016) book. • The items referred to include only those you have cited in your report. They should therefore be headed ‘References’ rather than ‘Bibliography’. • Only one number is used for each item, except where you refer to the same item more than once but need to refer to different pages. In such instances you use standard bibliographic abbreviations to save repeating the reference in full (Table A1.4). 787

Appendix 1    Systems of referencing Table A1.4  Bibliographic abbreviations Abbreviation Explanation For example Op. cit. (opere citato) Meaning ‘in the work cited’. This refers Robson (2011) op. cit. to a work previously referenced, and so pp. 23–4. you must give the author and year and, if necessary, the page number Loc. cit. (loco citato) Meaning ‘in the place cited’. This refers to Robson (2011) loc. cit. the same page of a work previously refer- enced, and so you must give the author and year Ibid. (ibidem) Meaning ‘the same work given immedi- Ibid. p. 59. ately before’. This refers to the work ref- erenced immediately before, and replaces all details of the previous reference other than a page number if necessary References American Psychological Association (2010) Concise Rules of the APA Style. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Chernin, I. (1988) ‘The “Harvard System”: a mystery dispelled’, BMJ. Vol. 297, pp. 1062-3. Neville, C. (2016) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism (3rd edn). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Further reading American Psychological Association (2010) Concise Rules of the APA Style. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. The most recent version of this manual contains full details of how to use this form of the author–date system of referencing as well as how to lay out tables, figures, equations and other statistical data. It also provides guidance on grammar and writing. Neville, C. (2016) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism (3rd edn). Maidenhead: Open University Press. This fully revised edition provides a comprehensive, up-to- date discussion of the layout required for a multitude of information sources including online. It includes guidance on the Harvard, American Psychological Association, numerical and other referencing styles, as well as chapters on plagiarism and answering frequently asked questions. Taylor & Francis (nd) Taylor & Francis Reference Style APA Quick Guide. Available at http://www.tandf. co.uk/journals/authors/style/quickref/tf_a.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2018]. This document provides an excellent one-page guide to using the American Psychological Association author–date system as well as a direct link to a document providing full details of this style including how to cite references in the text. University of New South Wales (2017) Harvard Referencing Electronic Sources. Available at https:// student.unsw.edu.au/harvard-referencing-electronic-sources [Accessed 20 March 2018]. This document provides an excellent guide to referencing electronic sources and has useful ‘troubleshooting’ and ‘frequently asked questions’ sections. 788

Appendix 2 Calculating the minimum sample size In some situations, such as experimental research, it is necessary for you to calculate the precise minimum sample size you require. This calculation assumes that data will be col- lected from all cases in the sample and is based on: • how confident you need to be that the estimate is accurate (the level of confidence in the estimate); • how accurate the estimate needs to be (the margin of error that can be tolerated); • the proportion of responses you expect to have some particular attribute. Provided that you know the level of confidence and the margin of error, it is relatively easy to estimate the proportion of responses you expect to have a particular attribute. To do this, ideally you need to collect a pilot sample of about 30 observations and from this to infer the likely proportion for your main survey. It is therefore important that the pilot sample uses the same methods as your main survey. Alternatively, you might have under- taken a very similar survey and so already have a reasonable idea of the likely proportion. If you do not, then you need either to make an informed guess or to assume that 50 per cent of the sample will have the specified attribute – the worst scenario. Most surveys will involve collecting data on more than one attribute. It is argued by De Vaus (2014) that for such multi-purpose surveys you should determine the sample size on the basis of those variables in the sample that are likely to have the greatest variability. Once you have all the information you substitute it into the formula, n = r% * q% * z2 c e% d where: n is the minimum sample size required r% is the percentage belonging to the specified category q% is the percentage not belonging to the specified category z is the z value corresponding to the level of confidence required (see Table A2.1) e% is the margin of error required. Table A2.1  Levels of confidence and associated z values Level of confidence z value 90% certain 1.65 95% certain 1.96 99% certain 2.57 789

Appendix 2    Calculating the minimum sample size Box A2.1 Jon substituted these figures into the formula: Focus on student research n = 40 * 60 * 1.96 2 a5b Calculating the minimum sample size = 2400 * (0.392)2 To answer a research question, Jon needed to esti- = 2400 * 0.154 mate the proportion of a total population of 4,000 restaurant customers who had visited that restaurant = 369.6 at least five times in the past year. Based on his read- ing of the research methods literature he decided His minimum sample size, therefore, was 370 that he needed to be 95 per cent certain that his returns. ‘estimate’ was accurate (the level of confidence in the estimate); this corresponded to a z score of 1.96 As the total population of restaurant customers (Table A2.1). Based on his reading he also decided was 4,000, Jon could now calculate the adjusted min- that his ‘estimate’ needed to be accurate to within imum sample size: plus or minus 5 per cent of the true percentage (the margin of error that can be tolerated). n= = 369.6 In order to calculate the minimum sample size, Jon 1 + 369.6 still needed to estimate the proportion of respondents a 4000 b who had visited the restaurant at least five times in the past year. From his pilot survey he discovered that = 1 369.6 12 out of the 30 restaurant customers had visited + 0.092 the restaurant at least five times in the past year – in other words, that 40 per cent belonged to this speci- = 369.6 fied category. This meant that 60 per cent did not. 1.092 = 338.46 Because of the small total population, Jon needed a minimum sample size of only 339. How- ever, this assumed he had a response rate of 100 per cent Where your population is less than 10,000, a smaller sample size can be used without affecting the accuracy. This is called the adjusted minimum sample size (Box A2.1). It is calculated using the following formula: n= = n 1 + n aNb where: n′ is the adjusted minimum sample size n is the minimum sample size (as calculated above) N is the total population. Reference De Vaus, D.A. (2014) Surveys in Social Research (6th edn). London: Routledge. 790

Appendix 3 Random sampling numbers 78 41 11 62 72 18 66 69 58 71 31 90 51 36 78 09 41 00 70 50 58 19 68 26 75 69 04 00 25 29 16 72 35 73 55 85 32 78 14 47 01 55 10 91 83 21 13 32 59 53 03 38 79 32 71 60 20 53 86 78 50 57 42 30 73 48 68 09 16 35 21 87 35 30 15 57 99 96 33 25 56 43 65 67 51 45 37 99 54 89 09 08 05 41 66 54 01 49 97 34 38 85 85 23 34 62 60 58 02 59 34 51 98 71 31 54 28 85 23 84 49 07 33 71 17 88 20 13 44 15 22 95 98 97 60 02 85 07 17 57 20 51 01 67 36 26 70 11 63 81 27 31 79 71 08 11 87 74 85 53 86 78 00 30 62 19 81 68 86 10 65 61 62 22 17 22 96 83 56 37 38 41 14 59 53 03 52 86 21 88 55 87 85 59 14 90 74 87 18 89 40 84 71 04 09 82 54 44 94 23 83 89 04 59 38 29 34 38 85 56 80 74 22 31 26 39 65 63 12 38 45 75 30 35 55 90 21 71 17 88 20 08 57 64 17 93 22 34 00 55 09 78 81 43 53 96 96 88 36 86 04 33 31 40 18 71 06 00 51 45 59 69 13 03 38 31 77 08 71 20 23 28 92 43 92 63 21 74 60 24 47 44 73 93 64 37 64 97 19 82 27 59 24 20 00 04 17 04 93 46 05 70 20 95 42 25 33 95 78 80 07 57 86 58 09 55 42 30 27 05 27 93 78 10 69 11 29 56 29 79 28 66 46 69 28 64 81 02 41 89 12 03 31 20 25 16 79 93 28 22 28 94 00 91 16 15 35 12 68 93 23 71 11 55 64 56 76 95 59 10 06 29 83 84 03 68 97 65 59 21 58 54 61 59 30 54 41 04 70 71 05 56 76 66 57 86 29 30 11 31 56 76 24 13 09 81 81 80 73 10 10 23 26 29 61 15 50 00 76 37 60 16 91 55 76 68 06 82 05 33 06 75 92 35 82 21 78 15 19 43 82 69 36 73 58 69 10 92 31 14 21 08 13 78 56 53 97 77 03 59 65 34 32 06 63 43 38 04 65 30 32 82 57 05 33 95 03 96 30 87 81 54 69 39 95 69 95 69 89 33 78 90 30 07 39 91 27 38 20 90 41 10 10 80 59 68 93 10 85 25 59 25 89 93 92 10 59 40 26 14 27 47 39 51 46 70 86 85 76 02 99 16 73 21 39 05 03 36 87 58 18 52 61 61 02 92 07 24 93 13 20 70 42 59 77 69 35 59 71 80 61 95 82 96 48 84 47 32 87 68 97 86 28 51 61 21 33 02 79 65 59 49 89 93 09 75 58 00 72 49 36 58 19 45 30 61 87 74 43 01 93 91 63 24 15 65 02 05 32 92 45 61 35 43 67 64 94 45 95 66 33 58 69 42 25 71 74 31 88 80 04 50 22 60 72 01 27 88 23 25 22 78 24 88 68 48 83 60 53 59 73 73 82 43 82 66 07 17 77 20 79 37 50 08 29 79 55 13 51 90 36 77 68 69 16 07 31 84 57 22 29 54 35 14 22 22 22 60 72 15 40 90 67 90 79 28 62 83 44 96 87 70 40 64 27 22 60 19 52 54 79 52 74 68 69 74 31 75 80 59 29 28 21 69 15 97 35 88 69 44 31 09 16 38 92 82 12 25 10 57 81 32 76 71 31 61 09 47 57 04 54 00 78 75 91 99 26 20 36 19 53 29 11 55 74 78 09 25 95 80 25 72 88 85 76 02 29 89 70 78 93 84 Source: From Morris, C. (2012) Quantitative Approaches in Business Studies (8th edn). Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education Ltd Reference Morris, C. (2012) Quantitative Approaches in Business Studies (8th edn). Harlow: Pearson. 791

Appendix 4 Guidelines for non-discriminatory language Writing in a non-discriminatory manner is important in all areas of business and management. For example, in Section 14.6 we noted how the use of language that assumes the gender of a group of people, such as referring to a clerical assistant as ‘she’, not only is inaccurate but also gives offence to people. There is now increas- ing recognition that gender is about social identity and that not all people fall under one of two categories (Lowrey 2017) and that terms used need to reflect this. Similar care needs to be exercised when referring to people from different ethnic groups and people with disabilities. Without this, the language used may reinforce beliefs and prejudices, as well as being oppressive, offensive, unfair and incorrect. The impact of this is summarised clearly by Bill Bryson (2016: 502) in his book Made in America, when he observes: ‘at the root of the bias-free language movement lies a commend- able sentiment: to make language less wounding or demeaning to those whose sex, race, physical condition or circumstances leave them vulnerable to the raw power of words’. Therefore, although the task of ensuring that the language you use is non-discrimi- natory may at first seem difficult, it is important that you do so. Some universities have developed their own guidelines, which are available via their intranet or the Internet. However, if your university has not developed its own guidelines, we hope those in this appendix will help you to ensure that your language is not discriminatory. Guidelines for gender When referring to both sexes, it is inappropriate to use the terms ‘men’ or ‘women’ and their gender-based equivalents; in other words, do not use gender-specific terms generi- cally. Some of the more common gender-neutral alternatives are listed in Table A4.1. Recognising that not all people fall under one of two categories for gender or sex, we would also encourage you not to use phrases such as ‘both genders. . . ’, ‘either gender.  .  .  ’ or refer to ‘neither gender.  .  .  ’ when referring to all people. You may also wish to consider adopting the use of non-binary pronouns to refer to individuals or people. Table  A4.2 lists some of those currently in use. However, beware, as the use of ‘they’, ‘their’ or ‘them’ to refer to a single person is considered by many to be grammatically incorrect. In addition, if your audience is not familiar with non-binary pronouns, we would recommend adding a footnote explaining why that you are using non-binary pronouns such as: ‘In my project report I use the following non-binary gender pronouns [list of all used] because the people I am citing and/or to whom I am referring use these pronouns to refer to themselves and I wish to respect their identities.’ 792

Guidelines for ethnicity Table A4.1  Gender-specific terms and gender-neutral alternatives Gender-specific term Gender-neutral alternative businessmen business people, executive chairman chair, chairperson, convenor conman confidence trickster Dear Sir Dear Sir/Madam disseminate broadcast, inform, publicise forefathers ancestors foreman supervisor layman lay person man person man hours work hours mankind humanity, humankind, people man-made manufactured, synthetic manning resourcing, staffing manpower human resources, labour, staff, workforce master copy original, top copy masterful domineering, very skillful policewoman/policeman police officer rights of man people's/citizens' rights, rights of the individual seminal classical, formative women people working man/working woman worker, working people workmanlike efficient, skilful, through Source: Developed from British Psychological Society (2015); British Sociological Association (2004a) Table A4.2  Pronouns and alternative non-binary forms Pronoun Alternative non-binary forms she he they zie sie ey her him them zim sie eir her his their zir hir eir hers his their zis hirs eirs herself himself themself zieself hirself emself Source: Developed from Lowrey (2017); University of Minnesota (2018) Guidelines for ethnicity Attention needs to be paid when referring to different ethnic groups. This is especially important where the term used refers to a number of ethnic groups. For example, the term ‘Asian’ includes a number of diverse ethnic groups that can be recognised with the terms 793

Appendix 4    Guidelines for non-discriminatory language Table A4.3  Racist terms and race-neutral alternatives Racist term Race-neutral alternative civilised/civilisation industrialised world developing nations ethnic minority non-western nations half-caste minority ethnic less developed countries mixed race mixed parentage, dual heritage native non-western countries mixed parentage, dual heritage native-born (if used to refer to people born in a particular place) Source: Developed from British Sociological Association (nd) ‘Asian peoples’ or ‘Asian communities’. Similarly, the diversity of people represented by the term ‘Black’ can be recognised by referring to ‘Black peoples’ or ‘Black communities’. Where possible, the individual groups within these communities should be identified separately. ‘Black’ is used as a term to include people who are discriminated against due to the colour of their skin. It is often used to refer to people of Caribbean, South Asian and African descent. Hyphenated terms such as ‘Afro-Caribbean’, ‘Black-British’ or ‘African- American’ should not be used. Rather terms such as ‘African Caribbean’, ‘Black British’ or ‘African American’ should be used to refer to second or subsequent generations who, although born in the country, often wish to retain their origins. Beware, the term ‘British’, which can imply false unity and people from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales may not wish to be identified as British. Care should also be taken in using terms that carry racist overtones. Some of the more common race-neutral terms are listed in Table A4.3. However, if you are unsure of the term to use, then ask someone from the appropriate community for the most acceptable current term. Guidelines for disability Disability is also an area where terminology is constantly changing as people voice their own preferences. Despite this, general guidelines can be offered: • Do not use medical terms as these emphasise the condition rather than the person. • Where it is necessary to refer to a person's medical condition, make the person explicit (see Table A4.3). • Where referring to historical and some contemporary common terms, place speech marks around each term. There are non-disablist alternatives for the more common disablist terms. These are summarised in Table A4.4. However, if you are unsure of the term to use, ask someone from the appropriate group for the most acceptable current term. 794

References Table A4.4  Disablist terms and non-disablist alternatives Disablist term Non-disablist alternative the blind blind and partially sighted people, visually impaired people cripple the deaf mobility impaired person the disabled, the handicapped, invalid deaf or hard of hearing people dumb, mute epileptic, epileptics disabled people, people with disabilities, handicap employees with disabilities mentally handicapped person with a speech impairment mentally ill, mental patient patient person who has epilepsy spastic wheelchair-bound disability victim of, afflicted by, suffering from, crippled by person with a learning difficulty or learning disability mental health service user person person who has cerebral palsy wheelchair user person who has, person with Source: Adapted from British Sociological Association (2004b) References British Psychological Society (1988) ‘Guidelines for the use of non-sexist language’, The Psychologist, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 53–4. British Psychological Society (2015) Style Guide for Authors and Editors. Available at https://www.bps. org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-style-guide-authors-and-editors[Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. British Sociological Association (2004b) Language and the BSA: Non-Disablist. Available at https:// www.britsoc.co.uk/Equality-Diversity/ [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. British Sociological Association (nd) Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race. Available at https:// www.britsoc.co.uk/Equality-Diversity/ [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Bryson, B. (2016) Made in America. London: Transworld. (originally published by Minerva 1995). Lowrey, S. (2017) A guide to non-binary pronouns and why they matter. Huffpost. Available at https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/non-binary-pronouns-why-they-matter_us_5a03107be4b0 230facb8419a?guccounter=1 [Accessed 6 June 2018]. University of Minnesota (2018) Non-binary gender pronouns. Available at http://writing.umn.edu/sws/ quickhelp/grammar/nonbinary.html [Accessed 6 June 2018] 795

Glossary 50th percentile The middle value when all the values of a interpreted as referring to questionnaires, it also includes variable are arranged in rank order; usually known as the other techniques such as structured observation and struc- median. tured interviews. See also survey. A aim see research aim. abductive approach Approach to theory development alpha coefficient see Cronbach’s alpha. involving the collection of data to explore a phenomenon, identify themes and explain patterns, to generate a new alternative hypothesis Tentative, usually testable state- – or modify an existing – theory which is subsequently ment that there is an association, difference or relationship tested. between two or more variables. Often referred to as Ha. See also hypothesis, null hypothesis. abstract (1) Summary, usually of an article or book, which also contains sufficient information for the original to be analysis of variance Statistical test to determine the located. (2) Summary of the complete content of the pro- probability (likelihood) that the values of a numerical data ject report. variable for three or more independent samples or groups are different. The test assesses the likelihood of any differ- access (1) The process involved in gaining entry into an ence between these groups occurring by chance alone. organisation to undertake research. (2) The situation where a research participant is willing to share data with analysis Ability to break down data and to clarify the a researcher. See also cognitive access, continuing access, nature of the component parts and the relationship physical access. between them. Action Research Research strategy concerned with the analytic induction Analysis of qualitative data that management of a change and involving close collaboration involves the iterative examination of a number of strategi- between practitioners and researchers. The results flowing cally selected cases to identify the cause of a particular from Action Research should also inform other contexts. phenomenon. active participation Situation where a researcher enters a anonymised data Personal data which if effectively research setting with the intention of participating actively anonymised mean that individuals cannot be identified. in the role of an insider. See also participant observation, See also Personal data. moderate participation. anonymity (1) Process of concealing the identity of active response rate Total number of responses divided p­ articipants in all documents resulting from the research. by the total number in the sample after ineligible and (2) Promise that even the researcher will not be able to unreachable respondents have been excluded. See ineligi- identify by whom responses are made. ble respondent, unreachable respondent. See also break off, complete response, complete refusal, partial response ANOVA see analysis of variance. total response rate. appendix A supplement to the project report. It should active voice The voice in which the action of the verb is not normally include material that is essential for the attributed to the person. For example, ‘I conducted inter- understanding of the report itself, but additional relevant views’. material in which the reader may be interested. ad hoc survey A general term normally used to describe application The ability to apply certain principles and the collection of data that only occurs once due to the rules in particular situations. specificity of focus. Although the term is normally applied research Research of direct and immediate rel- evance to practitioners that addresses issues they see as important and is presented in ways they can understand and act upon. 796

Glossary archival research Research strategy that analyses adminis- bibliographic details The information needed to ena- trative records and documents as principal sources of data ble readers to find original items consulted or used for a because they are products of day-to-day activities. research project. These normally include the author, date of publication, title of article, title of book or j­ournal. asynchronous Not undertaken in real time, working offline. bibliography Alphabetical list of the bibliographic details for all relevant items consulted and used, including those asynchronous electronic interview Electronic interview items not referred to directly in the text. The university will in which there are gaps in time or delays between the specify the format of these. interviewer asking a question and the participant provid- ing an answer. See also electronic interview, synchronous big data Data sets that are massive in volume, complex in electronic interview. variety (often comprising both structured and unstructured data) and are being added to at high velocity. They are ana- attitude variable Variable that records data about what lysed by powerful computer techniques to reveal patterns respondents feel about something. and trends. See also structured data, unstructured data. autocorrelation Extent to which the value of a variable biographical interview Participant focused research inter- at a particular time (t) is related to its value at the previous view designed to record a participant life history. See also in- time period (t − 1). depth interview, semi-structured interview, narrative interview. autodriving Visual interview that is ‘self-driven’ by the blog A personal online journal on which an individual or interviewee talking about visual images taken of her or group of individuals record opinions, information and the him in a specific setting. See also photoelicitation, visual like on a regular basis for public consumption. Most blogs interview. are interactive allowing visitors to leave comments. ‘Blog’ is an abbreviation of ‘weblog’. availability sampling see convenience sampling. Boolean logic System by which the variety of items found axial coding Process of recognising relationships between in a search based on logical propositions that can be either categories in grounded theory. true or false can be combined, limited or widened. axiology Branch of philosophy concerned with the role of box plot Diagram that provides a pictorial representation of values and ethics within the research process. the distribution of the data for a variable and statistics such as median, inter-quartile range, and the highest and lowest values. B brainstorming Technique that can be used to generate bar graph/chart Graph for showing frequency distribu- and refine research ideas. It is best undertaken with a tions for a categorical or grouped discrete data variable, group of people. which highlights the highest and lowest values. break off Level of response to questionnaires or struc- base period Period against which index numbers are cal- tured interviews in which less than 50 per cent of all ques- culated to facilitate comparisons of trends or changes over tions answered other than by a refusal or no answer. Break time. See also index number. off therefore includes complete refusal. basic research Research undertaken purely to understand broker see gatekeeper. processes and their outcomes, predominantly in universi- ties as a result of an academic agenda, for which the key C consumer is the academic community. CAQDAS Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis behaviour variable Variable that records data about Software. behaviours, what people did in the past, do now or will do in the future. case (1) Individual element or group member within a sample or population such as an employee. (2) Individual beneficence Actions designed to promote beneficial unit for which data have been collected. effects. See also code of ethics. case study Research strategy that involves the empirical between persons analysis Analyses conducted on varia- investigation of a phenomenon within its real life context, tions between participants’ responses in a research study. using multiple sources of evidence. See also within-individual level analysis. categorical data Data whose values cannot be measured between-subjects design Experimental design allowing numerically but can either be classified into sets (catego- a comparison of results to be made between an experi- ries) or placed in rank order. mental group and a control group. See also experiment, within-subjects design. 797

Glossary categorising Process of developing categories and subse- group and societal levels, which affect how members of a quently attaching these categories to meaningful units of group or society make sense of their world, interpret signs data. See also unitising, units of data. and behave. See also dominant code, semiotics. category question Closed question in which the respond- code of ethics Statement of principles and procedures ent is offered a set of mutually exclusive categories and for the design and conduct of research. See also privacy, instructed to select one. research ethics, research ethics committee. causal relationship Relationship between two or more codebook Complete list of all the codes used to code variables in which the change (effect) in one variable is data variables. caused by the other variable(s). coding schedule Means to record predetermined and causality Relationship between cause and effect. defined categories of behaviours, interactions or events in Everything that happens will have a cause, while each structured observation. See also structured observation. action will cause an effect. coding template Hierarchical list of codes and themes, census Collection of data from every possible case or which is used as the central analytical tool in Template group member in a population. Analysis. See also Template Analysis. central limit theorem The larger the absolute size of a coding Process of labelling of data using a code that sample, the more closely its distribution will be to the nor- symbolises or summarises the meaning of that data. See mal distribution. See normal distribution. also axial coding, categorising, data code, focused coding, initial coding, open coding, selective coding, unitizing, unit central tendency measure Generic term for statistics that of data. can be used to provide an impression of those values for a variable that are common, middling or average. coding with gerunds Analytical approach using verbs func- tioning as nouns to code actions or interactions in qualitative chat room Online forum operating in synchronous mode. data. See also Grounded Theory Method, qualitative data. See also synchronous. coefficient of determination Number between 0 and chi square test Statistical test to determine the probability 1 that enables the strength of the relationship between a (likelihood) that two categorical data variables are inde- numerical dependent variable and a numerical independ- pendent. A common use is to discover whether there are ent variable to be assessed. The coefficient represents the statistically significant associations between the observed proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that frequencies and the expected frequencies of two variables can be explained statistically by the independent variable. presented in a cross-tabulation. A value of 1 means that all the variation in the dependent variable can be explained statistically by the independent classic approach to observational research variable. A value of 0 means that none of the variation in Traditional observation role which claims to be objec- the dependent variable can be explained by the independ- tive and to rely solely on the researcher’s perspective ent variable. See also regression analysis. and interpretation to make sense of what is observed. See also complete observer, complete participant, non- coefficient of multiple determination Number between participant observer, observer as participant, participant 0 and 1 that enables the strength of the relationship as observer. between a numerical dependent variable and two or more numerical independent variables to be assessed. The coef- classic experiment Experiment in which two groups are ficient represents the proportion of the variation in the established and members assigned at random to each. See dependent variable that can be explained statistically by also experiment, experimental group. the independent variables. A value of 1 means that all the variation in the dependent variable can be explained sta- closed question Question that provides a number of tistically by the independent variables. A value of 0 means alternative answers from which the respondent is instruct- that none of the variation in the dependent variable can ed to choose. be explained by the independent variables. See also multi- ple regression analysis. cluster sampling Probability sampling procedure in which the population is divided into discrete groups or clusters coefficient of variation Statistic that compares the extent prior to sampling. A random sample (systematic or simple) of spread of data values around the mean between two or of these clusters is then drawn. more variables containing numerical data. code (1) Single word or short phrase, sometimes abbrevi- cognitive access Process of gaining access to data from ated, used to label a unit of data. (2) Number or word intended participants. This involves participants agreeing used to represent a response by a respondent or partici- to be interviewed or observed, within agreed limits. See pant. See also coding, codebook, coding template unit of also informed consent. data. (3) Sociological term referring to conventionalised or shared understandings and expectations that operate at 798

Glossary cohort study Study that collects data from the same cases concurrent triangulation design, mixed methods research, over time using a series of ‘snapshots’. single-phase research design. collaborative observation Situation where researcher concurrent triangulation design Mixed-methods does not assume a dominant research role in relation to research design where quantitative and qualitative data those being observed but treats them as collaborators by are collected in the same phase so that these data can be involving them in many aspects of the research process. compared to see where they converge or diverge in rela- See also classic approach to observational research. tion to addressing your research question. See also concur- rent mixed methods research. collinearity Extent to which two or more independent variables are correlated with each other. Also termed mul- confidentiality (1) Concern relating to the right of access ticollinearity. to the data provided by the participants and, in particular the need to keep these data secret or private. (2) Promise comparative proportional pie chart Diagram for com- made by the researcher not to reveal the identity of par- paring both proportions and totals for all types of data ticipants or present findings in a way that enables partici- variables. pants to be identified. compiled data Data that have been processed, such as confounding variable Extraneous but difficult to observe through some form of selection or summarising. or measure variable than can potentially undermine the inferences drawn about the relationship between the complete observer Observational role in which the independent variable and the dependent variable. See also researcher does not reveal the purpose of the research control variable, experiment. activity to those being observed. However, unlike the com- plete participant role, the researcher does not take part in connotative sign Sign which is either a substitute for or the activities of the group being studied. a part of the thing for which it stands. See also denotative sign, semiotics, sign. complete participant Observational role in which the researcher attempts to become a member of the consent form Written agreement, signed by both parties group in which research is being conducted. The true in which the participant agrees to take part in the research purpose of the research is not revealed to the group and gives her or his permission for data to be used in m­ embers. specified ways. complete refusal Level of non-response to questionnaires consent see implied consent, informed consent. or structured interviews in which none of the questions are answered. constant comparison Process of constantly compar- ing data to analytical categories and vice versa, as well complete response Level of response to questionnaires or comparing data with other data and each category with structured interviews in which over 80 per cent of all ques- other categories, to develop higher level categories and tions answered other than by a refusal or no answer. further your analysis towards the emergence of a ground- ed theory. See also inductive approach; Grounded Theory computer-aided personal interviewing (CAPI) Type of Method. interviewing in which the interviewer reads questions from a computer screen and enters the respondent’s answers construct Attributes that, although not directly observ- directly into the computer. able, can be inferred and assessed using a number of indicators. computer-aided telephone interviewing (CATI) Type of telephone interviewing in which the interviewer reads construct validity Extent to which your measurement questions from a computer screen and enters the respond- questions actually measure the presence of those con- ent’s answers directly into the computer. structs you intended them to measure. See also conver- gent validity, discriminant validity. conclusion Section of the project report in which judge- ments are made rather than just facts reported. New consultancy report see management report. material is not normally introduced in the conclusion. content analysis Analytical technique of categorising and concurrent embedded design Mixed-methods research coding text, voice and visual data using a systematic cod- design where the collection of either quantitative or quali- ing scheme to enable quantitative analysis. See also: latent tative data is embedded within the collection of the other. content, manifest content. See also concurrent mixed-methods research, embedded mixed methods research. content validity see face validity. concurrent mixed-methods research Research using contextual data Additional data recorded when both quantitative and qualitative methods that are con- collecting primary or secondary data that reveals back- ducted concurrently during a single phase of data collec- ground information about the setting and the data collec- tion and analysis. See also concurrent embedded design, tion process. 799

Glossary contingency table Technique for summarising data from covert observation Observation where intention to two or more variables so that specific values can be read. observe is concealed from intended informants who are observed without being aware of this. See also overt continuing access Gaining agreed research access to an observation. organisation on an incremental basis. covert research Research undertaken where those being continuous data Data whose values can theoretically take researched are not aware of this fact. any value (sometimes within a restricted range) provided they can be measured with sufficient accuracy. Cramer’s V Statistical test to measure the association between two variables within a table on a scale where 0 contrived data Data that result from a researcher organis- represents no association and 1 represents perfect associa- ing an experiment, interview or survey. See also natural tion. Because the value of Cramer’s V is always between data. 0 and 1, the relative strengths of significant associations between different pairs of variables can be compared. control group Group in an experiment that, for the sake of comparison, does not receive the intervention in which creative thinking technique One of a number of tech- you are interested. See also experiment, experimental niques for generating and refining research ideas based on group. non-rational criteria. These may be, for example, biased heavily in favour of the individual’s preferences or the control variable Unwanted but measurable variable that spontaneous ideas of the individual or others. See also needs to be kept constant to avoid it influencing the effect brainstorming, Delphi technique, relevance tree. of the independent variable on the dependent variable. See also confounding variable, experiment. criterion validity Extent to which a scale, measuring instrument or question measures what it is intended to controlled index language The terms and phrases used measure. See also internal validity. by databases to index items within the database. If search terms do not match the controlled index language, the criterion-related validity Ability of a statistical test to search is likely to be unsuccessful. make accurate predictions. convenience sampling Non-probability haphazard sam- critical (literature) review Detailed and justified analysis pling procedure in which cases are selected only on the and commentary of the merits and faults of the literature basis that they are easiest to obtain. See also haphazard within a chosen area, which demonstrates familiarity with sampling, non-probability sampling. what is already known about your research topic. convergent interview Participant focused research critical case sampling Non-probability purposive sampling interview that commences as an unstructured, in-depth procedure which focuses on selecting those cases on the interview before using more specific and focused probing basis of making a point dramatically or because they are questions to converge on an explanation. important. See also purposive sampling, non-probability sampling. convergent validity Overlap (or correlation) between two different scales that have been used to measure the same Critical Discourse Analysis Discourse Analysis that adopts construct. a critical realist philosophy. See also Discourse Analysis. correlation coefficient Number between −1 and +1 critical ethnography Ethnographic strategy that representing the strength of the relationship between two questions the status quo and often adopts an advocacy ranked or numerical variables. A value of +1 represents a role to bring about change. See also ethnography, inter- perfect positive correlation. A value of −1 represents a per- pretive ethnography, realist ethnography. fect negative correlation. Correlation coefficients between +1 and −1 represent weaker positive and negative cor- critical incidence technique A technique in which relations, a value of 0 meaning the variables are perfectly respondents are asked to describe in detail a critical inci- independent. See also negative correlation, Pearson’s prod- dent or number of incidents that is key to the research uct moment correlation coefficient, positive correlation, question. See also critical incident. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. critical incident Activity or event where the consequences correlation Extent to which two variables are related to were so clear that the respondent has a definite idea each other. See also correlation coefficient, negative cor- regarding its effects. relation, positive correlation. critical realism Philosophical stance that what we experi- coverage Extent to which a data set covers the population ence are some of the manifestations of the things in the it is intended to cover. real world, rather than the actual things. See also direct realism, realism. covering letter Letter accompanying a questionnaire, which explains the purpose of the survey. See also intro- Cronbach’s alpha Statistic used to measure the consistency ductory letter. of responses across a set of questions (scale items) designed 800

Glossary together to measure a particular concept (scale). It consists employment of a research strategy specifically designed for of an alpha coefficient with a value between 0 and 1. Values the purpose of its testing. of 0.7 or above suggest that the questions in the scale are internally consistent. See also scale item, scale. deliberate distortion Form of bias that occurs when data are recorded inaccurately on purpose. It is most common cross-posting Receipt by individuals of multiple copies of for secondary data sources such as organisational records. an email, often due to the use of multiple mailing lists on which that individual appears. delivery and collection questionnaire Data collection technique in which the questionnaire is delivered to each cross-sectional research Study of a particular phenome- respondent. She or he then reads and answers the same non (or phenomena) at a particular time, i.e. a ‘snapshot’. set of questions in a predetermined order without an interviewer being present before the completed question- cross-tabulation see contingency table. naire is collected. D Delphi technique Technique using a group of people who are either involved or interested in the research topic data cleaning Process of ensuring a transcript is accurate to generate and select a more specific research idea. by correcting any transcription errors. See also transcript. demographic variable Variable that records data about data display and analysis Process for the collection and characteristics. analysis of qualitative data that involves three concurrent subprocesses of data reduction, data display, and drawing denotative sign Sign in which the meaning being sug- and verifying conclusions. gested or implied is reasonably obvious or visible. See also connotative sign, semiotics, sign. data Facts, opinions and statistics that have been collected together and recorded for reference or for analysis. deontological view View that the ends served by research can never justify research which is unethical. data management plan A document that outlines how data will be collected, organised, managed, stored, dependent variable Variable that changes in response to secured, backed-up and where applicable, shared. changes in other variables. data matrix Table format in which data are usually descriptive data see nominal data. entered into analysis software consisting of rows (cases) and columns (variables). descriptive observation Observation where the research- er concentrates on observing the physical setting, the data reduction Condensing data by summarising or sim- key participants and their activities, particular events and plifying these as a means to analyse them. See also data their sequence and the attendant processes and emotions display and analysis. involved. See also focused observation, selective observa- tion. data requirements table A table designed to ensure that, when completed, the data collected will enable the descriptive research Research for which the purpose is to research question(s) to be answered and the objectives produce an accurate representation of persons, events or achieved. situations. data sampling Process of only transcribing those sections descriptive statistics Generic term for statistics that can of an audio-recording that are pertinent to your research, be used to describe variables. having listened to it repeatedly beforehand. descripto-explanatory study Study whose purpose is data saturation Stage when any additional data collected both descriptive and explanatory where, usually, descrip- provides few, if any, new insights. tion is the precursor to explanation. debriefing Providing research participants with a retro- deviant sampling see extreme case sampling. spective explanation about a research project and its pur- pose where covert observation has occurred. dialogic interview Participant focused research interview designed to establish rapport with the interviewee and deception Deceiving participants about the nature, gain her or his trust in order to engage reflexively to allow purpose or use of research by the researcher(s). See also a more open discussion to occur in which pre-conceived informed consent, research ethics. ideas and beliefs may be evaluated. decile One of 10 sections when data are ranked and diary study Research project or part of a research project divided into 10 groups of equal size. based on the use of research diaries. See also qualitative diary study, qualitative research diary, quantitative diary deductive approach Approach to theory development study, quantitative research diary, research diary. involving the testing of a theoretical proposition by the dichotomous data Nominal data that are grouped into two categories. See also nominal data. 801

Glossary direct participation and observation Technique used in three-dimensional lived media, two-dimensional static participant observation to collect data. See also participant media, two-dimensional moving media. observation. DOI Digital object identifier name used to uniquely identify direct realism Philosophical stance that what you see is an electronic document such as a specific journal article what you get: what we experience through our senses stored in an online database. portrays the world accurately. See also critical realism, realism. dominant code Conventional understandings and expec- tations influenced by prevailing ideology. See also Code directional hypothesis Tentative, usually testable, expla- (3). nation of the direction of the association, difference or relationship between two or more variables. See also alter- double-phase research design Research involving two native hypothesis, hypothesis, null hypothesis. phases of data collection and analysis. See also sequential mixed methods research. directional null hypothesis Tentative, usually testable statement that there is no directional association, differ- Durbin–Watson statistic Statistical test to measure the ence or relationship between two or more variables. See extent to which the value of a dependent variable at time also alternative hypothesis, directional hypothesis, null t is related to its value at the previous time period, t − 1 hypothesis. (autocorrelation). The statistic ranges in value from zero to 4. A value of 2 indicates no autocorrelation. A value of discourse analysis General term covering a variety of towards zero indicates positive autocorrelation. A value approaches to the analysis of language in its own right. towards 4 indicates negative autocorrelation. See also It explores how language constructs and simultaneously autocorrelation. reproduces and/or changes the social world rather than using it as a means to reveal the social world as a phe- E nomenon. ecological validity Type of external validity referring to discourse Term used in discourse analysis to describe how the extent to which findings can be generalised from one language is used to shape meanings and give rise to social group to another. See also external validity. practices and relations. See also discourse analysis. effect size index Measure of the practical significance of discrete data Data whose values are measured in discrete a statistically significant difference, association or relation- units and therefore can take only one of a finite number ship. The statistic is normally used when the data sample of values from a scale that measures changes in this way. is large. discussion Section of the project report in which the electronic interview Internet- or intranet-mediated wider implications of the findings (and conclusions) are interview conducted through either a chat room, Internet considered. forum, web conferencing or email. See also email inter- view, chat room, Internet forum. dispersion measures Generic term for statistics that can be used to provide an impression of how the values for a electronic questionnaire Internet- or intranet-mediated variable are dispersed around the central tendency. questionnaire. See also Internet-mediated questionnaire, intranet-mediated questionnaire. dissertation Usual name for research projects undertaken as part of undergraduate and taught master’s degrees. element Individual case or group member within a sample Dissertations are usually written for an academic audience. or population such as an employee. divergent validity Absence of overlap (or correlation) elite person access When an individual who is notable in between different scales used to measure theoretically dis- their field (but does not necessarily have an organisational tinct constructs. See also construct validity. affiliation) is willing to provide data to the researcher. document secondary data Data that, unlike the spoken email interview Series of emails each containing a small word, endure physically (including digitally) as evidence number of questions rather than one email containing a allowing them to be transposed across both time and series of questions. space and reanalysed for a purpose different to that for which they were originally collected. They include text, embedded mixed-methods research Use of quantita- audio and visual media. tive and qualitative methods in research design where use of one is embedded within the other. See also concurrent document summary Type of summary used an analytical embedded design, concurrent mixed methods research. aid. See also interim summary; transcript summary. emergent case study Case study strategy where the document visual data Visual data comprising two- researcher allows the focus of the research to emerge dimensional static, two-dimensional moving and three- dimensional lived media. See also found visual image, 802

Glossary through their engagement with the case study environ- exploratory study Research that aims to seek new ment. See also case study. insights into phenomena, to ask questions, and to assess the phenomena in a new light. epistemological relativism Subjectivist approach to knowledge that recognises knowledge is historically situ- external researcher Researcher who wishes to gain ated and that social facts are social constructions agreed access to an organisation for which she or he does not on by people rather than existing independently. work. See also access, internal researcher. epistemology Branch of philosophy concerned with external validity Extent to which the research results from assumptions about knowledge, what constitutes accept- a particular study are generalisable to all relevant contexts. able, valid and legitimate knowledge, and how we can communicate knowledge to others. extreme case sampling Non-probability purposive sam- pling procedure which focuses on unusual or special cases. ethics see research ethics, research ethics committees, See also purposive sampling, non-probability sampling. code of ethics. F ethnography Research strategy that focuses upon describing and interpreting the social world through first- fabrication Act of inventing any part of your research hand field study. including but not limited to participants, data, findings and conclusions. This is a totally unacceptable and unethi- evaluation Process of judging materials or methods in cal course of action. See also falsification. terms of internal accuracy and consistency or by compari- son with external criteria. face validity Agreement that a question, scale, or meas- ure appears logically to reflect accurately what it was event variable Variable that records data about events, intended to measure. what happened in the past, now or will happen in the future. factual variable Variable that records factual data. existing contacts Colleagues, friends, relatives or fellow falsification Act of distorting or misrepresenting any part students who may agree to become research informants, of your research including but not limited to data, findings participants or respondents. and conclusions. This is a totally unacceptable and unethi- cal course of action. See also fabrication. experiential data Data about the researcher’s perceptions and feelings as the research develops. feasibility [of access] Being able to negotiate access to conduct research. experiential meaning Equivalence of meaning of a word or sentence for different people in their everyday experiences. fieldwork (1) Traditional ethnographic approach that involves the researcher physically going to the place where experiment Research strategy whose purpose is to study intended informants live, work or otherwise socially inter- the probability of a change in an independent variable caus- act, to conduct observation. See also naturalistic observa- ing a change in another, dependent variable. Involves the tion. (2) Collection of data from respondents, participants definition of null and alternative hypotheses; random alloca- or informants in their own settings. tion of participants to either an experimental group(s) or a control group; manipulation of the independent variable; filter question Closed question that identifies those measurement of changes in the dependent variable; and respondents for whom the following question or questions control of other variables. See also between-subjects design, are not applicable, enabling them to skip these questions. control group, experimental group, quasi-experiment. focus group Group interview, composed of a small num- experimental group Group in an experiment that ber of participants, facilitated by a ‘moderator’, in which receives the intervention in which you are interested. See the topic is defined clearly and precisely and there is a also control group, experiment. focus on enabling and recording interactive discussion between participants. See also group interview. explanation building Deductive process for analysing qualitative data that involves the iterative examination of a focused coding Analysis or reanalysis of data to identify number of strategically selected cases to test a theoretical which of the initial codes may be used as higher level proposition. codes to categorise larger units of data to further the analysis towards the emergence of a grounded theory. explanatory research Research that focuses on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relation- focused interview Interviewer exercises direction over ships between variables. the interview while allowing the interviewee’s opinions to emerge as he or she responds to the questions of the exploratory data analysis (EDA) Approach to data analy- researcher. sis that emphasises the use of diagrams to explore and understand the data. 803