Cambridge English First (FCE) Hướng dẫn thực hiện phần bài viết
Writing reference What to expect in the exam )PXUPEP1BSU The Writing paper is Paper 2. It lasts 1 hour and 20 Read the instructions, i.e. the task (what you have talked minutes. You do two tasks. about in class, the essay title and the notes) carefully. t In Part 1, there is one task (an essay) which you must do. Underline the areas you must deal with in the essay title t In Part 2, you choose one of three tasks. and in the notes. You’ll lose marks if you don’t deal with them all. Part 1: Essays Think and decide what your opinion or position is on You write an essay. The purpose of an essay is for you to the subject of the essay and why you have this opinion. discuss a subject, express your opinion and give reasons for your opinion. Think and make notes about how you can cover the points listed in the notes. You are given an essay title and some notes. Organise your notes into a plan. When writing your t You must write an essay answering the essay question plan, decide how many paragraphs you need and what and using all the notes. The task will tell you: In your each paragraph will cover. Your plan should include English class, you have been talking about / discussing short introductory and concluding paragraphs (see … Now your English teacher has asked you to write an Units 5 and 11). essay. Before writing your essay, check that your plan covers The notes outline three areas you must cover. The final the three areas. note will always be your own idea. Write your essay following your plan. t Your essay must be between 140 and 190 words. Make sure you express your opinion clearly in your The title will ask you to write one of UXP types of essay: answer and that the arguments you express support An essay in which you are asked to discuss a statement your opinion. When you have finished, read your answer carefully. and give your opinion, e.g. Private cars should be Check you have written between 140 and 190 words CBOOFEGSPNDJUZDFOUSFT%PZPVBHSFF and correct any mistakes you find. An essay in which you are asked to discuss which of two things is better, e.g. Is it better for students to study Note: If you write fewer than 140 words, you probably something they really enjoy when they leave school, or haven’t answered the question/task completely and you TPNFUIJOHXIJDIXJMMHJWFUIFNBHPPEKPC will lose marks. If you write more than 190 words in the time, you may make too many mistakes and risk being You should: irrelevant. Also, if you write too much, the examiner will t cover the two points you are given in the notes as well stop reading after about 200 words and you will lose marks for an incomplete answer. as your own idea in the third point t organise your answer in a logical way using paragraphs and linking sentences and paragraphs appropriately t express your opinion clearly on the subject of the essay t give reasons and examples to support your ideas t use a style appropriate for the situation (this should be quite formal, as it is an essay for your teacher) t write grammatically correct sentences t use accurate spelling and punctuation. You have 40 minutes to do this part (the Writing paper lasts 1 hour 20 minutes, so if you spend more time on this part, you will have less time for the other part). You studied and practised writing essays for Part 1 in Units 1, 5, 8, 11 and 14. 186
&YFSDJTF Write a brief Writing reference introductory Read this writing task, which asks you paragraph where Although in my country compulsory education finishes at to discuss an opinion, and underline you: the age of 16, I believe that young people should continue the areas you must deal with. t FYQMBJOUIF in education at least till they are 18. Decide what your position or present There are two good reasons for encouraging young people to opinion is and why. situation stay at school. Firstly, because jobs are becoming more and t PVUMJOFZPVS more specialised and technical, it is almost impossible for Think how you can cover notes 1 and position/ 16-year-olds to find work. Secondly, if they stay at school, 2 to support your position/opinion. opinion. they will receive the education and training which will create more opportunities for them in the future. Think what your own idea is and how An essay for your you can use this to support your teacher has quite On the other hand, many students would like to leave position/opinion. a formal style, school at 16. This is because they find school difficult or so don’t use they do not enjoy studying. They would prefer to be working /ŶLJŽƵƌ ŶŐůŝƐŚĐůĂƐƐ͕LJŽƵŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ contractions. and earning money. ƚĂůŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚŚŽǁůŽŶŐLJŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐŚŽƵůĚƐƚĂLJŝŶĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ Use linking words A further point is that unmotivated students disrupt lessons, and phrases to and this causes problems for students who do want to study. EŽǁLJŽƵƌ ŶŐůŝƐŚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌŚĂƐĂƐŬĞĚ help your readers Therefore, after 16 they should only study technical or LJŽƵƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĂŶĞƐƐĂLJ͘ follow the ideas. practical subjects that interest them. tƌŝƚĞĂŶĞƐƐĂLJƵƐŝŶŐall the notes In conclusion, I believe it is a mistake for people to leave ĂŶĚŐŝǀĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐĨŽƌLJŽƵƌƉŽŝŶƚŽĨ school too soon, because they will miss opportunities which ǀŝĞǁ͘ may arise in the future. ƐƐĂLJƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ &YFSDJTF ůůLJŽƵŶŐƉĞŽƉůĞƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĂƚ ƐĐŚŽŽůŽƌĐŽůůĞŐĞƵŶƟůĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚŚĞ Read this writing task and underline the areas you must ĂŐĞŽĨϭϴ͘ŽLJŽƵĂŐƌĞĞ͍ deal with. EŽƚĞƐ /ŶLJŽƵƌ ŶŐůŝƐŚĐůĂƐƐ͕LJŽƵŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚĂůŬŝŶŐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞ tƌŝƚĞĂďŽƵƚ͗ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐĂďƌŽĂĚŽŶ ŚŽůŝĚĂLJ͘ ϭ͘ƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌũŽďƐ Ϯ͘ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁŚŽĚŽŶ͛ƚůŝŬĞƐĐŚŽŽů EŽǁLJŽƵƌ ŶŐůŝƐŚƚĞĂĐŚĞƌŚĂƐĂƐŬĞĚLJŽƵƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĂŶĞƐƐĂLJ͘ ϯ͘......... ;LJŽƵƌŽǁŶŝĚĞĂͿ tƌŝƚĞĂŶĞƐƐĂLJƵƐŝŶŐallƚŚĞŶŽƚĞƐĂŶĚŐŝǀĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐĨŽƌ LJŽƵƌƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁ͘ tƌŝƚĞLJŽƵƌessay͘ ƐƐĂLJƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ &YFSDJTF /ƐŝƚďĞƩ ĞƌƚŽǀŝƐŝƚƉůĂĐĞƐŝŶLJŽƵƌŽǁŶĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŽƌĂĨŽƌĞŝŐŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJǁŚĞŶLJŽƵŐŽŽŶŚŽůŝĚĂLJ͍ Read the essay in the next column and complete this plan for it. EŽƚĞƐ tƌŝƚĞĂďŽƵƚ͗ Para. 1: Introduction: the situation now + ϭ͘ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŵŽƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ Para. 2: Why stay at school: Ϯ͘ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐŚĞĂƉĞƌ ϯ͘......... ;LJŽƵƌŽǁŶŝĚĞĂͿ 1st reason tƌŝƚĞLJŽƵƌessay͘ 2nd reason Para. 3: Why leave school: 1st reason 2nd reason Para. 4: My own idea: + solution: Para. 5: My opinion + reason(s) 187
Writing reference &YFSDJTF You don’t have (JWJOHSFBTPOTGPSZPVSQPJOUPG to choose one WJFX Read this essay. It shows a different way of organising an option or the t … because / since … essay from the sample answer in Exercise 2. How is this other if you t Because of this, … essay organised differently? think both have t For this reason, … advantages. t That is why … There are strong arguments in favour of both staying in your t One of the main reasons is that … own country and travelling abroad. I personally think that It helps the reader people should do both. if you have a &YQSFTTJOHSFTVMUT short sentence t As a result/consequence, … There are several reasons for staying in your own country. or phrase at the Firstly, I think it’s important to know, enjoy and feel beginning of the &YQSFTTJOHDPOTFRVFODFT proud of your country and there is usually a lot which is paragraph stating t In consequence, … fascinating about its history and culture, which is important the topic. t Consequently, … to learn and experience. Secondly, you may be able to t … which means that … save money by finding cheaper accommodation. Finally, Use a variety because you speak the language, you will avoid many of the of grammatical *OUSPEVDJOHZPVSDPODMVTJPO problems you might have when travelling abroad. structures, e.g. t In conclusion, … conditionals and t To conclude, / sum up, / On the other hand, when you go abroad, you can learn relative clauses. from the way other people live. Also, if you choose the right summarise, … destination, it may be just as cheap as travelling in your own country, especially if you use youth hostels. Finally, it gives you an opportunity to learn and practise other languages, which is good for your education. For these reasons, I think that people should travel abroad from time to time, but also spend time visiting their own country to appreciate what is good and interesting in both. *OUSPEVDJOHBQFSTPOBMPQJOJPO 8BZTPGFYQSFTTJOHDPOUSBTUT t In my opinion, ... t However, … t I think ... t On the one hand, … On the other t I feel ... t I believe ... hand, … t From my point of view, … Q BHF-BOHVBHFSFGFSFODFLinking *OUSPEVDJOHPUIFSQFPQMFTPQJOJPOT PGUFOPOFTZPVEPOUBHSFFXJUI words for contrast t Some people think/say … t Many people argue that … t It is sometimes/often argued/suggested/said that … 1VUUJOHZPVSJEFBTJOPSEFS t There are two good reasons for … t On the other hand, there are a number of reasons against … t Firstly … / Secondly … / Finally … t Also … / Furthermore … / What is more … 188
Writing reference Part 2 Emails and letters In Part 2, you must choose from one of three You studied and practised writing an email/letter in Units 6 and 12. writing tasks. &YFSDJTF t The tasks you choose from will be three of these four possibilities: an article, an email/ 3FBEUIFXSJUJOHUBTLCFMPXBOEVOEFSMJOF letter, a report or a review. It is important to who the reader(s) will be know how to write all of these possibilities so what points you must deal with you can make the best choice in the exam. anything else you think is important. t You must answer the task with your own <RXKDYHUHFHLYHGWKLVOHWWHUIURPDQ(QJOLVKIULHQG3DW ideas. In most tasks, there are two things 5HDGWKLVSDUWRIWKHOHWWHU you must deal with. I’m doing a project on family life in different countries t You must write between 140 and 190 words. and I wonder if you could tell me a bit about family life in your country. I’d like to know what a typical family in your This part tests your ability to: country is like and how family life is changing. t deal with the type of task you have chosen t use an appropriate style for the task you :ULWH\\RXUletter have chosen &YFSDJTF t organise and structure your writing t express opinions, describe, explain, make Read Teresa’s answer below. What details does she give of a typical family in Spain? recommendations, make suggestions, etc. How is family life changing? t use an appropriate range of vocabulary and Dear Pat, grammatical structures. Thanks for your letter asking for information about family life in Write a )PXUPEP1BSU Spain. Families in Spain are still very close, and family members natural take a lot of trouble to spend time together and help each other. introduction Quickly read the questions and choose the Families often get together at weekends, and young people and task you think you can do best. normally live with their parents until they are 25 or 30. People tend conclusion. to get married in their 30s, which means that they start to have Read the task you choose carefully and children quite late. As a result, families usually have just one or two underline: children. t XIPXJMMSFBEXIBUZPVXSJUF However, family life is changing. One of the main reasons is that Use linking t UIFQPJOUTZPVNVTUEFBMXJUI most women now work. As a consequence, men have to take words and t B OZUIJOHFMTFZPVUIJOLJTJNQPSUBOU more responsibility in the home. phrases, e.g. Decide if you need a formal or informal style. As a result, Think of ideas you can use to deal with the Another change is that, because both partners work, people are However, richer, so more and more families are now moving out of the cities As a question and note them down while you’re to larger houses in the suburbs. consequence thinking. … Decide which ideas are the most useful and I hope that answers your questions. Please write to me if you need write a plan. When writing your plan, decide any more information. I’d love to see your finished project and read how many paragraphs you need and what to what you say about family life in other countries too. say in each paragraph. Think of useful vocabulary you can include in Love, your answer and note it down in your plan. Teresa Write your answer following your plan. When you have finished, read your answer carefully. Check you have written between 140 and 190 words and correct any mistakes you find. 189
Writing reference 4UBSUJOHBOEmOJTIJOHFNBJMTBOEMFUUFST You know the person well start with emails letters finish with Dear Barbara, Dear/Hello/Hi + name: Hi Magda, Hello Francesco Best wishes, / Love, / With love, Best wishes, / All the best, You don’t know the person well start with emails letters Dear Mr Hatton, (if you know the person’s name) Dear + first name: Dear Barbara (if you would use their first Dear Sir or Madam, (if you don’t know the person’s name) name when you speak to them) finish with Dear + surname: Yours sincerely, or Yours, (if you know the person’s name) Dear Mr Hatton (if you don’t feel Yours faithfully, (if you don’t know the person’s name) comfortable using their first name) Best wishes, / Kind regards, 4UBSUJOHUIFmSTUQBSBHSBQIPGBMFUUFSPSFNBJM $PNQMBJOJOH t Thanks for your email … t I’m not very happy about + noun/verb + -ing: t Thank you for your letter about … t I am writing to request information about / complain I’m not very happy about the price. I’m not very happy about paying so much. about / apologise for / explain, etc. t I would like to complain about + noun/verb + -ing: I would like to complain about traffic noise in our street. 3FGFSSJOHUPTPNFUIJOHJOBMFUUFSPSFNBJMXIJDIZPVSF I would like to complain about children playing SFQMZJOHUP football in our street. t Your short film sounds an excellent idea and … t I am writing to complain about + noun/verb + -ing: t As for the audience, … I am writing to complain about the service I received at t With reference to the audience, … your hotel recently. t You mentioned/asked about the audience in your letter \"QPMPHJTJOH and … t Sorry about + noun / verb + -ing (informal): .BLJOHTVHHFTUJPOT Sorry about being late for the concert last Saturday. t How about + verb + -ing: t I would like to apologise for + noun / verb + -ing: How about holdingUIFNFFUJOHPOUIFUI I would like to apologise for arriving late for the concert t What about + verb + -ing: on Saturday. What about havingBNFBMJOBSFTUBVSBOUBGUFSXBSET *OWJUJOH t It might also be a good idea to …: t How about …?: It might also be a good idea to visit the museum. How aboutDPNJOHXJOETVSmOHXJUINFOFYUXFFLFOE t Can I suggest that …?: t Would you like to …?: Would you like toUSBWFMUPHFUIFS t I would like to invite you to … + noun/infinitive: Can I suggestUIBUZPVHJWFZPVSUBMLPOUI.BZ t I suggest + verb + -ing: I would like to invite you to visit our town next summer. I would like to invite you to my house next weekend. I suggest holding the meeting on 4th November. (JWJOHBEWJDF \"TLJOHGPSJOGPSNBUJPO t You should … t Could you tell me … t If I were you, I would / I’d … t I would / I’d like to know if … t It would be a good idea to … + infinitive t I would / I’d like information on … t Do you know if/whether/when/what, etc. 190
Writing reference Reports Report on free-time facilities in my area Notice the layout. The report has: You studied and practised writing Introduction t BUJUMF reports in Units 3 and 9. t JTEJWJEFEJOUP The aim of this report is to outline what young &YFSDJTF people do in my area in their free time, what sections facilities exist for them and how these could t FBDITFDUJPOIBT Read this task and answer the questions be made better. below. a heading. Free-time activities <RXUWHDFKHUKDVDVNHG\\RXWR Normally, we ZULWHDUHSRUWRQWKLQJVIRU\\RXQJ My town, Beauvoir, is quite small, so it does state the aim or SHRSOHWRGRLQWKHLUIUHHWLPHLQWKH not have a cinema or theatre and there is purpose of the DUHDZKHUH\\RXOLYH,Q\\RXUUHSRUW only one club for young people. As a result, report at the \\RXVKRXOGPHQWLRQZKDWIUHHWLPH young people have to take the train or bus to beginning. IDFLOLWLHVWKHUHDUHDQGUHFRPPHQG Nantes, which is about 30 kilometres away if LPSURYHPHQWV they want these things. On the other hand, it Avoid repeating :ULWH\\RXUreport is situated by the sea, so many young people exactly the words spend their free time on the beach or doing of the question, Do you think you should use a formal water sports. e.g. the question or informal style for this report? says recommend Other facilities improvements, Read Christine’s report on the right. but the report says t Is the style formal or informal? Beauvoir has a sports centre with tennis how these could t Does it answer the question courts, a football pitch and a swimming pool. be made better. completely? There are also a number of cafés where young people normally go to meet each other and Give reasons spend their free time. for your recommendations. Recommendations I recommend that the town council should set up a youth club where young people could meet, do other activities and also see films. This would encourage young people to stay in the town at weekends and improve their social life. 4UBSUJOHBSFQPSU t The aim of this report is + infinitive: The aim of this report is to outline ... t The purpose of this report is + infinitive: The purpose of this report is to describe ... .BLJOHSFDPNNFOEBUJPOTBOETVHHFTUJPOT t I recommend that: I recommend that the town council should set up a youth club ... t I (would) recommend + verb + -ing: I would recommend setting up a youth club ... t I suggest + verb + -ing: I suggest buying more equipment for the sports centre. t I suggest that … : I suggest that the council should provide cheap transport for young people and students. t It would be a good idea (for somebody) + infinitive: It would be a good idea for the council to provide cheap transport for young people and students. 191
Writing reference Reviews &YFSDJTF You studied and practised writing Read Franz’s review below. Which paragraphs say: reviews in Units 4 and 10. what the book is about? why we would all enjoy it? &YFSDJTF ‘The Time Traveler’s Wife’ Give your review by Audrey Niffenegger a title. Read the writing task below. Underline the points you must deal This is an original and moving love story Mention: told from the point of view of the two main t UIFUZQFPGCPPLmMN with. characters, Henry and Clare. Henry is a t UIFDIBSBDUFST Underline anything else you think is librarian who has a genetic problem which t TPNFPGUIFTUPSZ causes him to move backwards and forwards t XIBUNBLFTUIFCPPL important. in time. Without warning, he disappears Who will the reader(s) be, and where leaving everything behind and arrives at film different. another time in his life. He can’t control will your answer appear? when or where he’s going. Use plenty of adjectives to describe: <RXVHHWKLVDQQRXQFHPHQWLQ When he travels, he often meets the same t UIFCPPLmMN \\RXUVFKRRO¶V(QJOLVKODQJXDJH girl, Clare, at different times in her life. t IPXZPVGFFMBCPVUJU PDJD]LQH Eventually they fall in love even though sometimes when they meet he is much 8BZTPGQSBJTJOH +DYH\\RXVHHQDILOPRUUHDG older than her and at other times they are t I think everyone will DERRNUHFHQWO\\WKDW\\RXWKLQN the same age. HYHU\\RQHZRXOGHQMR\\\":HZDQW enjoy this ... (book/ WRNQRZDERXWLW:ULWHDUHYLHZ I think everyone will enjoy this unusual film/restaurant, etc.) RI WKHILOPRUERRNVD\\LQJZKDW story because it combines a little science because ... The ... (book/ LW·VDERXWDQGZK\\ZHZRXOGDOO fiction with a wonderful romantic story. film/restaurant, etc.) is enjoy it. Henry’s problem causes situations which fascinating/wonderful/ are funny, sometimes frightening, usually marvellous because ... :ULWH\\RXUreview awkward and often very strange. The novel t This ... (book/film/ is fascinating because it makes you think restaurant, etc.) is really about the nature of time. At the same worth (reading/seeing/ time, you see how the characters and their visiting, etc.) because ... relationships change during their lives but how their love grows stronger. 192
Writing reference Articles &YFSDJTF You studied and practised writing Read Luis’s article below and match the notes for his plan (a–d) with the articles in Units 2, 7 and 13. paragraph numbers. Para. 1 &YFSDJTF Para. 2 Para. 3 Read this writing task. Para. 4 <RXVHHWKHIROORZLQJ BHow we became friends – same table at school, playground, visit each DQQRXQFHPHQWRQ\\RXUFROOHJH other’s houses QRWLFHERDUG CMy first impressions of Thea – contrast with other kids My Best Friend DWhen I met Thea – on school bus EWhy so special – share secrets, help each other, spend time together, 7HOOXVDERXW\\RXUEHVWIULHQG IRUWKHFROOHJHQHZVSDSHU:H sit together ZDQWWRNQRZ An article should An inseparable friend KRZ\\RXPHWWKLVSHUVRQ have a title. ZK\\KHRUVKHLVVRVSHFLDOWR Thea has been my best friend from that day when, Notice the aged seven, I climbed onto the school bus to go to \\RX adverbs. You will my new primary school. get higher marks if :HZLOOSXEOLVKWKHPRVW you use a range of I wandered nervously down the bus, which was full LQWHUHVWLQJDUWLFOHVQH[WZHHN vocabulary. of noisy kids shouting and laughing excitedly, and found a place beside a quiet girl with fair hair and :ULWH\\RXUarticle Instead of using friendly green eyes. the same word Match the beginnings (1–9) and again, use We were both very shy, so we didn’t talk much to endings (a–i) of these sentences different words each other on the way to school, although we smiled to make advice about how to write with similar at each other timidly And when we went into class articles. meanings, e.g. shy we naturally sat down together at the same table. Before writing, identify – timidly. Gradually we got to know each other, we played You can identify the readers by together in the playground, we visited each other’s Decide what style Good to have a houses and our parents soon became firm friends as Write things you think your readers small joke at the well. Before writing the article, end! In your plan, decide what you will We still share each other’s secrets and we have complete confidence in each other.When either of put us has a problem, the other is always ready to help. Make sure that the plan We have so much in common that we spend most of Write the article following our free time together.We’ve even been on holiday While you are writing, think about together sometimes.And we still share the same table at school ten years later! Banswers the question. Cin each paragraph. Dmake a plan. Elooking at the type of newspaper or magazine you are writing for. Fis suitable for your readers. G the effect on your readers. Hwho will read the article. Iwill find interesting. J your plan. 193
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