parrot

BB lluuee- aMn da-cy ealwl o w macaw Taxonomy The blue-and-yellow macaw was formal- ly described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parots in the genus hat was erected in 1799 by the French natu- ralist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name is from ará meaning \"ma- caw\" in the Tupi language of Brazil. The word is an onomatopoeia based on the sound of their call. The specific epithet ararauna comes from the Tupi Arára úna meaning \"big dark parrot\" for the hyacinth macaw. The word ararau- na had been used by the German natu- ralist Georg Marcgrave in 1648 species is monotypic: no subspecies are rec- ognised. 2

The blue-and-yellow macaw was formally described by the Swedish natu- ralist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parots in the genus hat was erected in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name is from ará meaning \"macaw\" in the Tupi language of Brazil. The word is an onomatopoeia based on the sound of their call. The specific epithet ararauna comes from the Tupi Arára úna meaning \"big dark parrot\" for the hyacinth macaw. The word ararauna had been used by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in 1648 species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The blue-and-yellow macaw was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parots in the genus hat was erected in 1799 by the French natural- ist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name is from ará meaning “macaw” in the 3

CACKATOO A cockatoo is any of the 21 parrot species be- second and larger branch is formed by the genus longing to the family Cacatuidae, the only family Cacatua, comprising 11 species of white-plumaged in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the cockatoos and four monotypic genera that branched Psittacoidea (true parrots) and the Strigopoidea off earlier; namely the pink and white Major Mitch- (large New Zealand parrots), they make up the order ell's cockatoo, the pink and grey galah, the mainly Psittaciformes. The family has a mainly Australasian grey gang-gang cockatoo and the large black-plum- distribution, ranging from the Philippines and the aged palm cockatoo. eastern Indonesian islands of Wallacea to New Guin- Cockatoos prefer to eat seeds, tubers, corms, fruit, ea, the Solomon Islands and Australia. flowers and insects. They often feed in large flocks, Cockatoos are recognisable by the prominent crests particularly when ground-feeding. Cockatoos are and curved bills. Their plumage is generally less monogamous and nest in tree hollows. Some cock- colourful than that of other parrots, being mainly atoo species have been adversely affected by habitat white, grey or black and often with coloured features loss, particularly from a shortage of suitable nesting in the crest, cheeks or tail. On average they are larger hollows after large mature trees are cleared; con- than other parrots; however, the cockatiel, the small- versely, some species have adapted well to human est cockatoo species, is a small bird. The phylogenet- changes and are considered agricultural pests. ic position of the cockatiel remains unresolved, other Cockatoos are popular birds in aviculture, but their than that it is one of the earliest offshoots of the needs are difficult to meet. The cockatiel is the eas- cockatoo lineage. The remaining species are in two iest cockatoo species to maintain and is by far the main clades. The five large black coloured cockatoos most frequently kept in captivity. White cockatoos of the genus Calyptorhynchus form one branch. The are more commonly found in captivity than black Etymology The word cockatoo dates from the 17th century and is derived from Dutch kake- toe, which is from Malay kakaktua. Seventeenth-century variants include cacato, cockatoon and crockadore, and cokato, cocatore and cocatoo were used in the eighteenth century.The derivation has also been used for the family and generic names Cacatuidae and Cacatua, respectively. In Australian slang or vernacular speech, a person who is assigned to keep watch while others undertake clandestine or illegal activities, particularly gam- bling, may be referred to as a \"cockatoo\".Proprietors of small agricultural under- takings are often jocularly or slightly disparagingly referred to as \"cocky farmers\". 4

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Grey parrot Description The grey parrot was formally de- scribed in 1758 by the Swedish natural- ist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus erithacus Linnaeus erroneously specified the type locality as \"Guinea\": the locality was later des- ignated as Ghana in West Africa.The genus name is Latin for \"parrot\". The species is monotypic: no subspe- cies are recognised. The Timneh parrot was formerly treat- ed as a subspecies of the grey parrot but is now considered to be a separate species based mainly on the results from a genetic and morphological study published in 2007. 6

A cockatoo is any of the 21 parrot species belonging to the family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (true parrots) and the Strigopoidea (large New Zealand parrots), they make up the order Psittaciformes. The family has a mainly Australasian distribution, ranging from the Philippines and the eastern Indonesian islands of Wallacea to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia. Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, although their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter—approximately 23 years. They start breed- ing at an age of 3-5 years and lay 3-5 eggs per brood Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, although their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter—approximately 23 years. They start breeding at an age of 3-5 years and lay 3-5 eggs per brood.[9] Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, al- though their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter—approximately 23 years. They start breeding at an age of 3-5 years and lay 3-5 eggs per brood. 7

Macaw Biology Of the many different Psittacidae (true Mexico), South America, and formerly parrots) genera, six are classified as the Caribbean. Most species are asso- macaws: Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyan- ciated with forests, especially rainfor- opsitta, Primolius, Orthopsittaca, and ests, but others prefer woodland or Diopsittaca. Previously, the members savannah-like habitats. of the genus Primolius were placed in Proportionately larger beaks, long Propyrrhura, but the former is correct tails, and relatively bare, light-coloured in accordance with ICZN rules.In ad- medial (facial patch) areas distinguish dition, the related macaw-like thick- macaws from other parrots. Some- billed parrot is sometimes referred to times the fac as a \"macaw\", although it is not phylo- genetically considered to be a macaw species. Macaws are native to Central America and North America (only 8

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HCyAaCciKnAthTmOOacaw ever, the cockatiel, the smallest cockatoo species, is a small bird. The phylogenetic position of the cockatiel remains unresolved, other than that it is one of the earliest offshoots of the cockatoo lineage. The re- maining species are in two main clades. The second and larger 10

Taxonomy English physician, ornithologist, and artist John Latham first described the hyacinth macaw in 1790 under the binomial name Psittacus hyacinthinus. Tony Pittman in 2000 hypothesized that although the illustration in this work appears to be of an actual hya- cinthine macaw, Latham's description of the length of the bird might mean he had measured a specimen of Lear's macaw instead. However, Latham's description was based on a taxidermic specimen, which was the only one Latham knew to exist up until 1822. It was prepared from a living animal originally belonging to Lord Orford, and given to the land agent Parkinson for display in the Leverian Museum after it died Description A cockatoo is any of the 21 parrot species The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus belonging to the family Cacatuidae, the hyacinthinus), or hyacinthine macaw, only family in the superfamily Cacatu- is a parrot native to central and east- oidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (true ern South America. With a length parrots) and the Strigopoidea (large New (from the top of its head to the tip of Zealand parrots), they make up the order its long pointed tail) of about one me- Psittaciformes. The family has a mainly etotsspehopvofrleeespvrciieattl,iaidetroihrsr,sngooe,lietootsc.hsnfoIatettgchrsfikelmsetyarhtitcanathioelhngleclab,ktpltnhiaahraadtraerigt.enrsTeioltymhrstieetosasmtmoplplhenaheaesieycntcrliooseacsfgowsupt;ecnehtknarcheaeeniete-tdoisco Australasian distribution, ranging from felaigrlhietslet sosffkshāokoātpsōofotfhNeecwocZkeaatolaonlidneoaugte-. the Philippines and the eastern Indone- wTheeigrehms aitinaitnugpsptoec3ie.5s kagre. Win htwileo mgeanin- sian islands of Wallacea to New Guinea, eclraadlleys.eaTshiley sreeccoongdnaizneddl,airtgceoruld be the Solomon Islands and Australia. confused with the smaller Lear's ma- caw. Habitat loss and the trapping of Cockatoos are recognisable by the prom- wild birds for the pet trade have tak- inent crests and curved bills. Their plum- en a heavy toll on their population in age is generally less colourful than that bthraenwchildis, fsoormtheedsbpyetchieesgiesnculsasCsaifciaetduaa,s of other parrots, being mainly white, grey cVoumlnperriasibnlge1o1 nsptehceieIsnotef rwnhaittieo-nplaulmUangioend or black and often with coloured features ttcfappoohonienoracdnk,tkCdtabiaohtitrnxneoaisdsonIpepsocwinrhrfavhokentaithdtadteeenicoofMdotfCnfeuagoedrojrnoamefbrrvyNleyoiMeganniriattt;otsculinatohyrlahineepsm,'litstloc’ihesnnRgleycgeeIomntdnochteakneLerianiraAs-nltypa,[--1] in the crest, cheeks or tail. On average gtiroenyagl aTnragd-geainngEcnodckaantgoeoraenddStpheeclaiergs eof they are larger than other parrots; how- bWlailcdk-FpaluumnaagaenddpFallomrac(oCcIkTaEtSoo).. 11

Characteristic features of parrots include a strong, curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodac- tyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. Most parrots exhibit little or no sexual dimorphism in the visual spectrum. They form the most variably sized bird order in terms of length. Parrots, also known as psittacines ,are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the or- der Psittaciformes , found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three su- perfamilies: the Psittacoidea (“true” parrots), the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots). One-third of all parrot species are threatened by extinction, with higher aggregat