MBA_531_Export Import Documentation

 Transportation of LNG, CNG, and Other Gas-Based Fuels The largest cargoes transported through ships are petroleum goods and its by-products, in requisite of volume and gross revenue. This includes crude oil, volatile fuels, petroleum, LNG, CNG, and the various derivatives. Ships are preferred for this kind of cargo since they are cheapest means of transport in conditions of the cost that we defined at the start of the article. Only pipelines are cheaper on a cost per ton basis of transportation. The main cargoes discussed in this section include LNG, CNG, and other gas-based fuels. Similarly, if packed in the gaseous form, this could be a very high probability of an explosion occurring due to the highly volatile nature of the cargo. So, the entire cargo is super cooled to very low temperatures that force the cargo (CNG, LNG etc.) into a liquid form. This reduces the volume covered, improving the costing of transport for every ton of fuel shipped. At the same time, it also reduces the volatility and the subsequent chance of fire.  Shipping Cars and Other Vehicles Shipping vehicles is a very common business adopted in and around the Middle East, Europe, some parts of Asia (China, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore etc.) and the Americas. It generally functions as a ferry service where cars are moved around the coastlines of a nation or neighbouring countries. The Ro-Ro is characterized by generally being 1 to 2 decks deep, with the superstructures and bridge located at the fore. The aft has a lowering hydraulic ramp that allows vessels to directly be loaded on to the vessel. In certain variations of the vehicle carrier vessels, no ramp available, and the vehicle is lifted on to the deck by the help of quayside cranes. Such vessels are more common when only unfinished vehicles are being shipped for further outfitting, as they cannot roll on or roll off under their own power. 14.3 MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT The use and management of multimodal transport systems, including car-pooling and goods transportation, have become extremely complex, due to their large size (sometimes several thousand variables), the nature of their dynamic relationships along with the many subjected constraints. The managers of these systems must ensure that the system works as efficiently as possible by managing the various causes of malfunction of the transport system (vehicle breakdowns, road obstructions, accidents, etc.). The detection and resolution of conflicts, which are particularly complex and must be solved with in real time, are currently processed manually by operators. However, the experience and abilities of these operators are no longer sufficient when faced with the complexity of the problems to be solved. It is thus necessary to provide them with an interactive tool to help with the administration of disturbances, enabling them to identify the different disturbances, to characterize and prioritize these disturbances, to process them by considering their specifics and to evaluate the impact of the decisions in real time. Each chapter of this book can be broken down into an approach for solving a transport problem in 3 stages, i.e., 251 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

modelling the problem, creating optimization algorithms and validating the solutions. The organization of a transport system calls for knowledge of a variety of theories (problem modelling tools, multi-objective problem classification, optimization algorithms, etc.). The different constraints increase its complexity drastically and thus require a model that represents as far as possible all the components of a problem in order to better identify it and propose corresponding solutions. These solutions are then evaluated based on the criteria of the transport providers and those of the city transport authorities. This book contains a state of the art on innovative transport systems with the possibility of coordinating with the current public transport system and the authors clearly illustrate this coordination within the framework of an intelligent transport system. 14.4 PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATION You’ve heard people talk about how to do the sexy part of exporting—the research, the schmoozing, the travel, and the entire marketing and sales stuff that people think about when they think about the glamour of worldwide trade. But what I want to talk about is the not-so-sexy part of exporting: documents requisite for international shipping. It’s the stuff you need to do—and do correctly—to successfully deliver goods and make money. I’d argue that this not-so-sexy part of exporting is more important than the sexier side, but maybe that’s just because it’s what I’ve been focusing on for the past 22 years. With that in mind, here are eight standard export documents you need to understand in order to be successful.  Proforma Invoice In a typical export exchange, everything starts when you receive an inquiry about one or more of your products. That inquiry may include a request for a quotation. If the inquiry came from a domestic prospect, you probably have a standard quotation form to use. However, in an international transaction, your quote would be provided as a proforma invoice. That’s because your international prospect may need a proforma invoice to arrange for financing, to open a credit letter, to apply for the proper import licenses, and more. A proforma invoice looks a lot like a commercial invoice, and if you complete it correctly, they will be very similar indeed. A proforma invoice specifies the following: i. The traders (buyer and seller) in this transaction. ii. A detailed depiction of the goods. iii. The Harmonized System classification of those goods. iv. The price. v. The payment term of the sale, which would typically be expressed as exclusively of the 11 current Inco terms. vi. The delivery details including how and where the goods will be delivered and what will that cost. vii. The currency used in the quote, whether it’s U.S. dollars or some other currency. 252 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Commercial Invoice Once you’ve sent a proforma invoice to your international prospect and received their order, you need to prepare your goods for shipping, including the paperwork that must accompany the goods. Of those documents, the commercial invoice is a necessary and sufficient document. This invoice includes most of the description of the entire export transaction, from start to finish. I often get questions from people who look at this sample invoices and wonder why it looks so different from the invoices their company uses for domestic orders. Keep in mind that the invoices you create from your company’s accounting or ERP system are accounting invoices used to get paid, not export invoices. The commercial invoice may look similar to the proforma invoice you initially sent your customer to supply as a quote, although it should include additional details you didn’t know before. For example, once you have the said invoice, you probably have an order number, purchase order number, or some other customer reference number; you may also have additional banking and payment information.  Packing List An export packing list might be more detailed than a packing list or packing slip you provide for your domestic shipments. i. Your freight forwarder may use the information on the packing list to create the bills of lading for the shipment. ii. A bank may require that a detailed packing list be included in the documents you present to get paid under a credit note. iii. Customs officials in the U.S. and the destination country may use the packaging record to spot the location of certain packed items they want to examine. It’s much better that they know which box to open or pallet to unwrap rather than have them search the entire shipment. iv. The packing list identifies items in the shipment and includes the net and gross weight and dimensions of the packages in both U.S. imperial and metric measurements. It identifies any markings that appear on the packages, and any special instructions for ensuring safe deliverance of the supplies to their final destination.  Certificates of Origin i. Some countries require a certificate of location (origin) for your shipments in order to identify in what country the goods originated. These certificates of origin usually need to be signed by some semi-official organization, like a Chamber of Commerce or a country’s consulate office. A certificate of region (origin) may be required even if you’ve included the country-of-origin information on your commercial invoice. ii. Usually, a Chamber of Commerce will charge you a fee to stamp and sign your certificate or requires you to be a member of the chamber. You’ll need to deliver a completed form to the chamber office where they will stamp and sign it for you. 253 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Shipper’s Letter of Instruction One of the leading people you will work with in the export process is your) shipment (freight) forwarder, who usually arranges the transport of your goods with a carrier and helps ensure you’ve taken care of all the details. Depending on your agreed-upon terms of sale—remember, that’s typically the Incoterm you choose—either you hire a freight (luggage) forwarder to work for you, the stakeholder i.e., exporter, or, in the case of a routed export transaction, the buyer hires a freight- forwarder. Regardless of who hired the forwarder, it’s important you provide him or her with a Shipper’s Letter of Instruction (SLI) containing detailed information needed to successfully move your goods. I often describe the SLI as a sort of cover memo for your other export paperwork. Depending on whether or not the forwarder works for you, the SLI may include a limited Power of Attorney giving him or her authority to act on your behalf for this shipment. However, I understand that many companies do rely on a freight- forwarder for their AES filings, so an accurately completed SLI is very important.  Bills of Lading There are three common bill of lading (B/L) documents: inland, ocean, and air waybill. An inland waybill is often the first transportation document required for international shipping created for your export. It can be prepared by the inland carrier or you can create it yourself. It’s a contract of carriage between the exporter and the shipper of the goods that states where the goods are going; it also serves as your receipt that the goods have been picked up. In an international shipment, the inland bill of lading is not typically consigned to the buyer. Instead, it is consigned to the carrier moving the goods internationally or, if not directly to the carrier, to a forwarder, warehouse or some other third party who will consign your goods to the carrier when ready.  Ocean Waybill (Bill of Lading) If your goods are shipping by ocean vessel, you’ll need an ocean B/L. An ocean bill of lading can serve as both a contract of carriage and a document of title for the cargo. There are two types: i. A Straight “Bill of Lading” is consigned to a specific consignee and is not negotiable. The consignee takes possession of the goods by presenting a signed, original B/L to the carrier. ii. A Negotiable “Bill of Lading” is consigned “to order” or “to order of shipper” and is signed by the shipper and sent to a bank in the buyer’s country. The bank holds onto the original bill of lading until the documentary collection requirements, or a credit letter have been satisfied.  Dangerous Goods Forms If your products are considered dangerous goods by either the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or the International Maritime Organization (IMO), you need to include the appropriate dangerous goods form with your shipment. Shipping 254 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

dangerous goods or hazardous materials become a challenge. Before you do it, the appropriate people at your company need to be practiced in the proper packaging, labelling and documentation of these shipments. The IATA form—the Shipper’s Declaration for Dangerous Goods—is required for air shipments. Here a different version of the form for ocean shipment is present. Again, these forms need to be furnished by someone who has been trained to handle dangerous goods shipping.  Bank Draft A bank draft is an essential part of the international sales process for transferring control of the exported goods from the seller in exchange for funds from the buyer. It is often called a documentary collection because the seller attaches various documents to a bank draft and a cover letter. Usually, the seller’s bank will send the bank draft and related documents via the freight forwarder to the buyer’s bank or a bank with which it has a relationship in the buyer’s country. When the buyer authorizes payment for the goods, the buyer’s bank releases the documents to the consumer and transfers the funds to the seller’s bank. The bank draft may or may not include a transmittal letter, which includes bank draft transaction details including the types of additional documents that are included and payment instructions. 14.5 CENTRAL EXCISE AND CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OF EXPORT CARGO This is a common practice all over the world that the exports are not to bear the burden of indirect taxes. Export goods are either exempted from such taxes or these taxes are refunded if exemption is not possible. In India, indirect taxes are levied at the Central, State and local levels on the inputs in addition to on the final products. Import and excise duties levied on production and packing inputs are refunded under the Drawback Rules. Central Excise duties on the inputs used in manufacturing export products plus on final export products are either exempted through production under bond or are refunded after export. The Government of India has laid down procedure for either getting the duty refunded or exemption from payment of duty.  Rebate of Central Excise Excise Rebate Policy the scheme under which the Central Excise exemption or refund is provided is popularly known as Rebate of Central Excise. This scheme operates under Section 37 of the Central Excise and Salt Act, 1944, as amended from time to time with the relevant Excise Rules. As per the recent amendment in lieu of the Rules 12, lZA and 191A of the Central Excise Rules, only one Rule 12 operates for exports under claim for rebate of duty. The rebate is granted on the duty levied at finished product and on inputs 255 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for this finished product. Rule 13, 191-B and 19 I-BB of Central Excise Rules have been integrated into Rule 13.  Procedural Formalities Let us now discuss various procedural formalities of excise rebate. Refund Procedure under Rule 12 the authorities involved in this Rule are: Jurisdictional Central Excise Authority known as Central Excise Range Superintendent under whose jurisdiction the manufacturing unit is located.  Maritime Central Excise Authority located at the port. Rebate may be either claimed from Jurisdictional Assistant Collector of Central excise or Maritime Collector. The documents which are required under Rules 12 are as follows:  Invoices to Be Filled in Four Copies. i. AR 41 AR5 Form to be filled in six copies. ii. The procedure followed is as under: a. The exporters prepare four copies of Invoices giving all consignment description. b. The excisable goods which have to be exported under claim for rebate are going to be marked as export cargo in individual packages. c. These marks and numbers are to be specified on AR4lAR5 Forms, all the 6 copies. Personal Ledger Account (PLA) is to be filled in specifying the quantity of duty applicable to the export consignment as debit. In PLA the credit balance of the deposit account spent by the individual manufacturer with the Central Excise Authority is shown. Each time when goods are cleared, the amount of duty applicable to the goods to be cleared is debited and the balance is shown in the balance column. d. All 6 copies of AR4lAR5 Forms are to be presented to the Range Superintendent before I clearance of shipment. Under the Self Removal Procedure (SRP) presence of the Central Excise Officer at the factory at the time of clearance is not necessary. But in those cases where physical examination by the Central Excise Officer is solicited before the clearance of the load. 6 copies of AR4lAR5 Forms should be presented to the Range Superintendent at least 24 hours before the goods are actually going to be removed from the factory. e. Procedure for after verifying the details given in the afore-mentioned documents, the Range Claiming Export Superintendent allows cargo clearance from the factory for onward transmission to the port of shipment. Following endorsement is to be given in all the 6 copies of AR4/ AR5 Forms. \"Allowed to export under claim for Central Excise Rebate\". The original and duplicate copies of AR4/ARS Forms are handed over to the exporter; the triplicate copy is provided to the Maritime Central Excise Collectorate-Refund Section, having jurisdiction over the port wherefrom the goods have to be shipped; the fourth copy is submitted to the Chief Accounts Officer (CAO) of the Maritime Central Excise Collectorate I concerned; the 5th 256 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

copy is retained by Range Superintendent for his record and future P reference. The sixth copy is also provided to exporter or his authorized agent. f. The original, duplicate and six duplicate copies of AR4l ARS Forms are to be submitted to the Export Department of Customs House along with other shipping documents to prove h that formal central excise clearance has been gained from the jurisdictional Central Excise Authority. g. If custom officer is satisfied, he would make endorsements in the original, duplicate and sixfold copy of AR 4/AR5 Forms. The officer returns original and sixfold copies to the export dealer and sends duplicate copy to the Rebate Sanctioning Authority. h. Rebate claim may be filed either from Maritime collector or Jurisdictional Collector of Central Excise. i. Following documents should be filed for claiming rebate: a. Application in prescribed form. b. Original copy of AR41ARS Form. c. Duplicate copy of AR4 in sealed cover received from Customs Officer, if required d. Duly attested copy of “Bill of lading” e. Duly attested copy of shipping Bill (Export Promotion Copy) f. Disclaimer certificate in case where claimant is other than exporter. Under Section 40 of the Indian Customs Act, an overseas carrier cannot permit loading of goods without permission from the customs authorities. The permission is to be obtained by the exporter, generally through his clearing and forwarding agent. Let us now discuss various aspects of customs formalities. Legal Framework Section 50 of the Indian Customs Act requires the exporter to file a declaration in a prescribed form and submit supporting documents to enable the customs authorities to check declarations made by the exporter. The main objectives of the customs control are hipline of Export Cargo.  To ensure that nothing goes out of the country against the laws of the land and that prohibitions and restrictions regarding outward cargo are duly enforced by the customs authorities.  To ensure authenticity of the worth of outward cargo according to the valuation rules of custom authorities to check over and under invoicing.  To assess and realise export duty-less charge according to the “Customs Tariff Act” and any other fiscal legislation.  To check that all the relevant regulatory provisions enforced by various authorities in the country have been duly complied with in reverence of export.  To provide export data through the customs returns.  Customs Clearance Stages There are four stages of customs involvement. 257 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

These are: i. Processing of documents at the Customs House i.e., the main office. ii. This stage involves: a) Checking up the related documents to ensure that all relevant documents have been submitted. b) Verification of quantity and value of goods. c) Verification and determination of rate of duty and collection of the duty amount. d) Direction for the officer present from custom department in the docks for physical examination of goods.  Physical examination of goods m the docks in accordance with the examination order given at the Customs House.  Supervision of loading by the Customs Preventive Officer.  Post-shipment endorsements by the Customs Preventive Officer. Document Requirements For movement of goods by air or by sea, the customs permission for shipment is given on a prescribed document, known as Shipping Bill. In alternate cases (i.e., by road rail) the document is known as Bill of Export. There are four types of Shipping Bill V. Bill of Export. These are: i. Dutiable Shipping Bill/Bill of Export for those goods which attract export duty- less ii. Drawback Shipping Bill/Bill of Export for those goods which are covered by the Duty Drawback scheme iii. Free Shipping BilVI3ill of Export for those goods which neither attract which are covered by the Duty Drawback scheme. iv. Ex-bond Shipping Bill/Bill of Export for those goods which are shipped from the customs bonded warehouse. Exporter or his agent submits the following documents to the department. v. Shipping Bill (in duplicate, triplicate or quadruplicate) duly filled in and signed. vi. Declaration regarding truth of statement made in the shipping Bill. vii. Invoice copy. viii. GR Form. ix. Export License (wherever required).  Quality Control Inspection Certificate (wherever required) i. Original Contract wherever available or correspondence leading to contract. ii. Contract registration certificate (wherever applicable). iii. Letter of the credit (wherever applicable). iv. Packing List. v. AR4tAR5 Forms (Original and Duplicate). Any other documents 258 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Procedural Formalities The Shipping Bill and another document are submitted to the Custom House sooner the Rotation No. has been shown to the cannier. As quickly the documents are filed in the Custom House, the Receiving Clerk will stamp the Shipping Bills with date and time and number them depending upon their category. The Shipping Bills involving foreign exchange will be provided to the Appraisement Section where they are allotted to Appraisers and Examiners for scrutiny and giving examination order. While the Appraisers will examine the Dutiable and Drawback Shipping Bills, Free Shipping Bill will be examined by the Examiners. The verification of the Shipping Bills will be carried out with reference to value and quantity of goods, export license/quota/permit, compliance with other statutory requirements, rate and amount of export duty, etc. After verification of Shipping Bill, the Customs Appraiser Examiner will give an \"examination order\" on the Duplicate Shipping Bill. This \"order\" will enable the customs officer to carry out physical examination of goods in the docks. The \"examination order\" will also be counter-endorsed by the Principal Appraiser. After completion of formalities at the Appraisement Section, the documents are supplied to the GR Form Clerk who puts the Shipping Bill No. on the GR Form 2nd detaches the original to be put onto the 'RBI. Further, where export duty is to be paid, the documents are provided to the exporter agent to pay it at the Cash and Accounts Department. After payment of duty, Shipping Bill (Original) is detached, and other documents are again provided to the exporter agent. In other cases, Shipping Bill (Original) is retained at the Customs House and other documents set to the exporter agent for bringing the supplies to the shipment shed and make shipment arrangement. The second stage of customs formalities is to carry out physical examination of goods in the shed. The goods can be brought into the shed only after completing port formalities. Once the goods have been brought in, the exporter agent will present the shipping bill to the Custom Shed Appraiser Examiner together with the Shed Appraiser Examiner along with the following documents. i) Invoice, ii) Packing list, iii) AR4lAR5 forms, iv) Agmark certificate (wherever applicable). The Shed appraiser1Exarniner would carry out physical examination depending upon the \"examination order\" given on Shipping Bill (Duplicate). 14.6 SUMMARY  With the assist of foreign trade policies, a country can led to equality of pricing to ensure a stable demand and supply situation within the economy.  Foreign trade policy also enables a nation to import certain products at the time of a natural calamity and therefore manage scarcity when demand is high by proving better class and capacity of goods.  It also assists in raising the standard of living and making commodities available at a minimum cost. 259 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The Foreign Trade Policy in India is a complete policy to enhance the position of India in the international market and create benefits for all.  India in 1991, after liberalization, totally lifted all sorts of restrictions from trade for the purpose of improvement in the balance of payment position.  A strong need was felt for Indian markets to work globally, and the economy was set free. But in a developing economy, it is not possible to develop industries without the protection of policies.  It is obligatory for India to impose a restriction on its economy through trade policies to regulate import and export.  India has implemented several measures to facilitate trade, such as simplification of procedures and customs clearances for imports and exports.  There are several initiatives taken by the Govt. of India such as cluster developments, institutional frameworks, single window systems, improving the clearance systems, minimizing processing time, online verifications etc.  All of these would improve the overall trade policies and bring accuracy, transparency in the administration. 14.7 KEYWORDS  Vigorous: Very dynamic, proactive in nature.  Single Window Interface: Integrating multiple verticals to provide one stop solutions.  Liberalisation: Being flexible, generous in policy framework by minimizing restrictions.  E-BRC: Electronic Bank Certificate; is needed for the exporter to realize the export procedures.  Spoilage: Wastage of goods or services. 14.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY Case Study Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) have emerged as important hindrances to world trade since the 1970s. Tariffs have been reduced through several rounds of negotiations at the GATT. The expansion of NTBs, however, continues to evade control. The industrial countries, in particular, have substituted NTBs for tariffs to blunt the competitive edge of LDCs' major exports. These NTBs have come as a major setback to LDC liberalisation attempts in the 1980s. Incidence of NTBs in the US and Japan to Indian exports is higher than their average in the World exports with the highest coverage being in Japan. 35 and 51 per cent of India's exports are subject to NTBs in the US and Japan respectively as against the world average of 33 and 39 per cent. In the European Community (EC) incidence of NTBs against Indian exports is the highest in Greece followed by France, Denmark. Italy, Ireland, the UK, 260 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Belgium and Luxembourg. In the EC, the incidence of NTBs increased during the period 1980-85 but fell in 1986. The study finds that Indian exports of vegetables and prepared foodstuffs were the worst affected by NTBs in the EC. The prospect of further increase in textile exports in the EC is limited unless the MFA quota is raised. Using a very rough and ready measure, \"the before and after approach\", the study shows that out of ten export items in the US, eight were subject to lower growth in presence of NTBs as compared to the period without NTBs. This 'measure' suggests the importance of a rigorous attempt to analyse the impact of NTBs on India's exports. 1. What is NTB? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Compare the non-tariff barriers of Japan and India. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Short Questions 1. Describe the stages of Customs Clearance with the examples. 2. Make the list of documents essential for movement of goods by air or the sea. 3. Define the term ‘Procedural Formalities.’ 4. Explain the ‘Free Shipping Bill’ in short. 5. State the main objectives of Indian Trade Policy. Long Questions 1. Analyse the impact of government initiatives under foreign trade policy in the country (India) for different sectors. 2. Analyse the Theory of International Trade from Indian perspective. 3. Explain the Procedure and Documents essential for shipment of cargo with examples. 4. Discuss the pros and cons of Flexible Currency Exchange Rates with examples. 5. Write a detail note on ‘Multimodal transport from India to other countries.’ B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not an objective of export promotion capital goods scheme? a) Promote import of capital goods to enhance export b) Promote exports from India c) Reduce the customs duty collection from manufacturers d) Infuse high technology capital equipment in the manufacturing sector 2. Which one of the following continents accounts for the maximum share in exports from India? a) Asia b) Europe 261 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c) Africa d) North America 3. Which among the following products is usually not exported from India? a) Wheat b) Rice c) Sugar d) Pulses 4. Brent index is associated with a) Crude oil prices b) Copper future prices c) Gold future prices d) Shipping rate index 5. India has witnessed a high figure of acute problems immediately prior to the implementation of economic reforms in the early 1990s. Among the following, which one was severe and unmanageable? a) Industrial backwardness b) Balance of payments crisis c) Backwardness of agriculture d) Shortage of food grains Answers:1-(a), 2-(c), 3-(d), 4-(d), 5-(b). 14.10 REFERENCES Textbooks  Singh, M. (2016). Modern Global Export Marketing Methods: Web, Digital & Social Media. Create space Independent Publishing Platform.  Paul, J., & Aserkar, R. (2013). Export Import Management. Oxford University Press, India.  Das, Gurcharan (2002). India Unbound. Anchor Books, Noida.  Gopal, C. (2007). Export Import Procedures - Documentation and logistics. New Age International. Reference Books  Kreinin, M. E. (1995). International Economics. A policy approach, The Dryden Press, Orlando, USA  Hoekman, B., Winters, L. A. (2007). Trade and Employment: Stylized facts and research findings\" In: Ocampo, J. A., Sarbuland, K., Jomo, K. S. (eds). Policy Matters: Economic and Social Policies to Sustain Equitable Development. New York: Zed Books.  Panagariya, Arvind (2008). India: The Emerging Giant. Oxford University Press. 262 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Davidson, C., Matusz, S. J. (2009). International Trade with Equilibrium Unemployment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.  Helpman, Elhanan. (2011). Understanding Global Trade, Belknap Press, New York. Websites  www.economicstimes.com  https://www.indiafilings.com  www.vskills.in  www.morethanshipping.com  https://www.impgroup.org/  www.indiantradeportal.in 263 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

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