["the endangered Ganges river dolphin are also protected here. Some of the wildlife sanctuaries of India are: Sanctuary Wildlife species protected State Sasan Gir Sanctuary Asiatic Lion Gujarat Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary Big cats especially Leopard Rajasthan Chilika Lake Dugong, green sea turtle, spoon billed Odisha Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary sandpiper, Irrawaddy dolphin Maharashtra Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary Great Indian Bustard Gujarat Abohar wildlife sanctuary (Ardeotis nigriceps) Gujarat Punjab Asiatic Wild Ass species Onager (Equus hemionus) Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) Black buck Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary Nilgai and black naped hare Delhi \u2022\t Sacred Groves: In some areas the local people Lake, Pong Dam Lake, Renuka Lake, Rudrasagar worship forest and its inhabitants. Such areas are Lake, Sambhar Lake, East Calcutta Wetlands, called sacred groves. Cutting of trees, poaching and Deepor Beel, Chilika Lake. killing of animals is strictly prohibited by tribal people residing in forest areas. Khasi and Jaintia \u2022\t Three main objectives of Ramsar Convention hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, are: Western Ghats of Karnataka and Maharashtra, Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya \u0017\u0017Conservation and wise use of wetlands Pradesh and Bastar areas of Chhatisgarh are some of the major sacred groves in India. \u0017\u0017Usage plan in national environmental planning \u2022\t Wetlands: An area saturated with water perma- \u0017\u0017Proper implementation of convention nently or seasonally is called wetland. Wetlands include swamps, bogs, marshes, lakes, delta or \u2022\t Wetlands are ecologically important as they oceans, coral reefs etc. provide habitat for a wide variety of wild flora and fauna, mitigate floods, act as filter for water, \u2022\t Ramsar Convention named after Ramsar city maintain water table, provide place for recreational situated in Iran where the first international activities. treaty was signed to recognize the importance of wetlands and to conserve them. It was signed in Ex-situ conservation 1971. Australia was one of the first countries \u2022\t In this approach, threatened animals and plants to sign Ramsar Convention. Initially 21 countries signed the treaty and at present 168 countries are are taken care of outside their natural habitat for the participants. The convention was implemented their protection. from 1975. \u2022\t Ex-situ conservation can be done in Zoological \u2022\t In India, there are 26 wetlands under Ramsar parks, Botanical gardens, Wildlife sanctuaries etc. Convention, few among them are: cryopreservation of gametes, in-vitro fertilization, seed banks, pollen banks and tissue culturing are \u0017\u0017Keoladeo National Park, Kolleru Lake, Loktak now also considered in this category. \u2022\t National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource (NBPGR), Issapur, New Delhi, and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana are responsible for ex-situ conservation in our country. 300 Biology\u201312","EXERCISE I. Multiple Choice Questions \t\t(b)\t Over exploitation by humans. \t\t(c)\t Non-availability of the food. \t 1.\tWhich of the following countries has the highest \t\t(d)\t Bird flu virus infection. biodiversity? \t 11.\tWhich of the following statements is correct? \t\t(a)\t Parthenium is an endemic species of our \t\t(a)\tBrazil\t (b)\t South Africa country. \t\t(c)\tRussia\t (d)\tIndia \t\t(b)\tAfrican catfish is not a threat to indigenous \t 2.\tWhich of the following is not a cause for loss of catfishes. biodiversity? \t\t(a)\t Destruction of habitat \t\t(c)\t Steller\u2019s sea cow is an extinct animal. \t\t(d)\t Lantana is popularly known as carrot grass. \t\t(b)\t Invasion by alien species 12.A\t mong the ecosystem mentioned below, where can \t\t(c)\t Keeping animals in zoological parks one find maximum biodiversity? \t\t(d)\t Over-exploitation of natural resources \t 3.\tWhich of the following is not an invasive alien \t\t(a)\tMangroves\t (b)\tDesert species in the Indian context? \t\t(a)\t Lantana\t(b)\t Cynodon \t\t(c)\t Coral reefs\t (d)\t Alpine meadows \t\t(c)\t Parthenium\t(d)\t Eichhornia \t 13.\tWhich of the following forests is known as the \t 4.\tWhich one of the following is not a feature of \u2018lungs of the planet Earth\u2019? biodiversity hot spots? \t\t(a)\t Tiaga forest \t\t(a)\t Large number of species \t\t(b)\t Tundra forest \t\t(b)\t Abundance of endemic species \t\t(c)\t Amazon rain forest \t\t(c)\t Mostly located in the polar regions \t\t(d)\t Rain forests of North East India \t\t(d)\t Mostly located in the tropics \t 14.\tThe active chemical drug reserpine is obtained \t 5.\tWhat is common to the following plants: from: Nepenthes, Psilotum, Rauwolfia and Aconitum? \t\t(a)\t Datura\t(b)\t Rauwolfia \t\t(a)\t All are ornamental plants \t\t(c)\t Atropa\t(d)\t Papaver \t\t(b)\t All are phylogenic link species II. Fill in the Blanks \t\t(c)\t All are prone to over exploitation \t 1.\tWild life includes animals, plant and _____ . \t 2.\t____ is the diversity of genes within a species. \t\t(d)\tAll are exclusively present in the Eastern \t 3.\t Some extreme estimates of species range from 20 Himalayas. to _____ million. \t 6.\t The one-horned rhinoceros is specific to which of the following sanctuaries? \t 4.\tThere are more than _____ species of ants on earth. \t\t(a)\tPeriyar\t (b)\tBandipur \t 5.\tSpecies diversity is the diversity at the _____ \t\t(c)\tKaziranga\t (d)\tCorbett level. \t 7.\tAmongst the animal groups given below, which III. True or False one has the highest percentage of endangered \t 1.\tSacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia species? Hills of Meghalaya. \t\t(a)\tInsects\t (b)\tMammals \t 2.\t Deforestation does not lead to alternation of local \t\t(c)\tAmphibians\t (d)\tReptiles weather conditions. \t 3.\tThe group fungi has more species than all the \t 8.\t Which one of the following is an endangered plant species of India? vertebrate species combined. \t 4.\t More than 1.5 million species have been recorded \t\t(a)\t Rauwolfia serpentina in the world. \t\t(b)\t Santalum album (Sandal wood) \t\t(c)\t Cycas beddonei \t\t(d)\t All of these \t 9.\tWhat is common to Lantana, Eichhornia and IV. M\u0007 atch the animals given in column I with African catfish? their location in column II: \t\t(a)\t All are endangered species of India. Column I Column II \t(A) Dodo (i) Africa \t\t(b)\t All are key stone species. \t\t(c)\t All are mammals found in India. \t\t(d)\tAll the species are neither threatened nor \t(B) Quagga (ii) Russia indigenous species of India. \t(C) Thylacine (iii) Mauritius \t 10.\tThe extinction of passenger pigeon was due to: \t\t(a)\t Increased number of predatory birds. \t(D) Stellar\u2019s sea cow (iv) Australia Biodiversity and its Conservation \u2009301","1 Mark Questions \t 11.\tEichhornia crassipes is an alien hydrophyte introduced in India. Mention the problems posed \t 1.\tName the unlabelled areas \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 of the pie chart representing the biodiversity of plants by this plant.\b [All India 2010 C] \t 12.\tName the unlabelled areas \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 of the pie showing their proportionate number of species chart representing biodiversity of vertebrates of major taxa. \b [AlI India 2009] showing the proportionate number of species of Mosses Ferns major taxa. Mammals ab Birds a b Reptiles Lichens \b[Foreign 2009] \t 2.\tWrite the importance of cryopreservation in \t 13.\t What does the term genetic diversity refer to? What conservation of biodiversity.\b [Delhi 2011] is the significance of large genetic diversity in a population?\b[Delhi 2007] \t 3.\tSuggest four advanced Ex-situ methods to conserve threatened biodiversity.\b [Foreign 2016] \t 14.\t The Amazon rainforest is referred to as the lungs of planet. Mention any one human activity which \t 4.\tDifferentiate between In-situ and Ex situ causes loss of biodiversity in this region. approaches of conservation of biodiversity. \b[All India 2010 C] \b[AlI India 2011] 2 Marks Questions \t 5.\tIdentify \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 in the figure given below representing proportionate number of major \t 15.\tState the use of Biodiversity in modern vertebrate taxa.\b [Delhi 2014] agriculture.\b[All India 2011] a \t 16.\tJustify with the help of an example where a deliberate attempt by humans has led to the Fishes Birds extinction of a particular species.\b [Delhi 2011] \t 17.\tMention the kind of biodiversity of more than a thousand varieties of mangoes in India represent. How is it possible?\b [Delhi 2016] \t 18.\tName the unlabelled areas a and b of the pie chart Reptiles given above representing global biodiversity of invertebrates showing their proportionate number of species of major taxa. \b [Delhi 2009] b \t 6.\tWrite the level of biodiversity represented by a Crustaceans Other animal groups mangrove. Give another example falling in the same level. \b [All India 2014 C] b \t 7.\t Name the type of biodiversity represented by the a following: \t\t(a)\t 50,000 different strains of rice in India \t\t(b)\t Estuaries and alpine meadows in India. \b[Delhi 2013] \t 8.\t Name the type of biodiversity represented by the \t 19.\t The below graph shows species-area relationship. following: Write the equation of the curve \u2018a\u2019 and explain. \b[All India 2011] \t\t(a)\t 1000 varieties of mangoes in India. \t\t(b)\tV a r i a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f p o t e n c y a n d a concentration of reserpine in Rauwolfia b vomitoria growing in different regions of Himalayas.\b[All India 2013] Species richness \t 9.\tWhy is tropical environment able to support greater species diversity?\b [All India 2011 C] \t 10.\tIndia has more than 50,000 strains of rice. Mention the level of biodiversity it represents. \b[Delhi 2010] Area 302 Biology\u201312","20.\tList four causes of biodiversity loss. \t 31.\t Name the sociobiologist who popularised the term \b[All India 2011 C, Delhi 2014 C] biodiversity. Identify the levels of biodiversity in \t 21.\t Where would you expect more species biodiversity\u2013 India represented by in tropics or in polar regions? \t\tGive reasons in support of your answer \t\t(a)\tdiversity among amphibians in Eastern and \b[All India 2013] Western Ghats. \t 22.\tWhat is meant by \u2018alien species\u2019s invasion? Name \t\t(b)\t 50,000 strains of rice in India. one plant and one animal alien species that are \t\t(c)\t Presence of deserts, mangroves and coral reefs a threat to our Indian native species. in India.\b [All India 2009 C] \b[All India 2010, 2013] \t 32.\tWhy are sacred groves highly protected? \t 23.\t\u2018\u2018Stability of a community depends on its species \b[All India 2016] richness\u2019\u2019. Write how did David Timan show this \t 33.\tList any four techniques where the principle of experimentally.\b[All India 2013 Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity has been \t 24.\tAlien species invasions is one of the causes of employed.\b[All India 2015] biodiversity loss. Explain with the help of an \t 34.\tWhy is there a need to conserve bio-diversity? example.\b[All India 2012 C] \b[Foreign 2014] \t 35.\tWhite Bengal tigers are protected in special OR settings in zoological parks. Tiger reserves are \t\tAlien species are a threat to native species. maintained in Western Ghat. Justify taking examples of an animal and a plant alien and a plant alien species.\b [All India 2010] \t\t(a)\t How do these two approaches differ from each other? Mention the advantages of each one. \t 25.\tObserve the global proportionate number of vertebrate diversity in the figure given below and \t\t(b)\t What is the significance of cryo-preservation answer the questions. technique?\b[All India 2010 C] \t 36.\tHow are \u2018in-situ\u2019 and \u2018ex-situ\u2019 approaches of Mammals biodiversity conservations different from each Fishes other?\b[CBSE 2022] \t 37.\tList the features that make a stable biological 8 Birds community.\b[All India 2010] 16 \t 38.\tWhy certain regions have been declared as 14 biodiversity hotspots by environmentalists of the 12 Reptiles world? Name any two hotspot regions of India. \b[Delhi 2010] \t 39.\tSuggest two practices giving one example of each, that help protect rare or threatened species. Amphibians \b [All India 2017] \t\t(a)\t Name the group that has: 3 Marks Questions \t\t (i)\t the highest representation. \t 40.\tNarrowly utilitarian arguments are put forth in \t\t(ii)\t the lowest representation support of biodiversity conservation. Explain the \t\t(b)\tMention the percentage of vertebrates that other two arguments that are put forth in support are of the same cause.\b [Foreign 2016] \t\t(i)\tOviparous\t (ii) Avians\b [All India 2012 C] \t 41.\tCompare narrowly utilitarian and broadly \t 26.\tExplain, taking one example, the effect of co- utilitarian approaches to conserve bio diversity, extinction on biodiversity.\b [Delhi 2011 C] with the help of suitable examples. \t 27.\tHow does over-exploitation of beneficial species affect biodiversity? Explain with the help of one \b [Foreign 2015 C] \t 42.\tThe following graph shows the species-area example.\b[Delhi 2011 C] relationship. Answer the following question as \t 28.\tIn the biosphere immense biological diversity directed. exists at all levels of biological organisation. Explain any two levels of biodiversity. \b[Delhi 2010] a' \t 29.\tGiving two reasons explain why there is more Species richness b' species biodiversity in tropical latitudes than in log-log scale temperate ones.\b [All India 2010] \t 30.\t Sometimes alien species affect the indigenous or- ganisms leading to their extinction. Substantiate this statement with the help of any two examples. \b[Delhi 2010 C] Area Biodiversity and its Conservation \u2009303","(a)\t Name the naturalist who studied the kind of \t 49.\tWhat are the two types of desirable approaches relationship shown in the graph. Write the to conserve biodiversity? Explain with examples bringing out the difference between the two observation made by him. types.\b[Delhi All India 2012] \t\t(b)\tWrite the situation as discovered by the ecologists when the value of \u2018Z\u2019 (slope of the \t 50.\tExplain rivet popper hypothesis. Name the line) lies between. ecologist who proposed it.\b [Foreign 2011] \t\t(i)\t 0.1 and 0.2(\tii) 0.6 and 1.2 \t 51.\t(a)\tExplain the concept of \u201cco-extinction\u201d by \t\tWhat does \u2018Z\u2019 stand for? taking two examples.\b [CBSE 2022] \t\t(c)\tWhen would the slope of the line \u2018b\u2019 become OR steeper?\b[All India 2014] \t\t(b)\t\u201cForests provide intangible benefits to us.\u201d \t 43.\tSince the origin of life on Earth, there were five Explain by taking three different areas, how. episodes of mass extinction of species. \t 52.\t(a)\t\u201cIndia has greater ecosystem diversity than \t\t(a)\tHow is the \u2018Sixth Extinction,\u2019 presently Norway.\u201d Do you agree with the statement? in progress, different from the previous Give reasons in support of your answer. episodes? \t\t(b)\t Write the difference between genetic biodiver- sity and species biodiversity that exists at all \t\t(b)\tWho is mainly responsible for the \u2018Sixth the levels of biological organisation. Extinction\u2019? \t\t(c)\t List any four points that can help to overcome \b [CBSE 2018] this disaster.\b [All India 2014] \t 44.\tExplain giving three reasons, why tropics show \t 53.\tDefine hotspots. greatest levels of species diversity. \t 54.\tWhere are biodiversity hotspots normally \b[All India 2014] located? Why? \t 45.\tAlien species are highly invasive and are a \t 55.\tExtinction of Dodo bird led to the danger of threat to indigenous species. Substantiate this Calvaria tree - Justify. statement with any three examples. \t 56.\tExplain in detail about various types of extinctions. \b[All India 2012] \t 46.\t(a)\t Write the inference drawn by Alexander von 5 Marks Questions Humboldt after his extensive explorations of South American jungle. \t 57.\t(a)\tWhy should we conserve biodiversity? How can we do it ? \t\t(b)\t Study the graph given below: \t\t(b)\t Explain the importance of biodiversity hot- spots and sacred groves. \b [Delhi 2016] S = CAz log \u2013 log scalleog S = log C + Z log A Species richness \t 58.\t(a)\tExplain the species-area relationship using Species richness the graphical representation given below. \t\t\t Area S = CAz \t\tAs per Alexander von Humboldt, what do the log S = log C + Z log A symbols S, A, Z and C in the graph stand for, in respect of a species and area relationship? log-log scale \b[CBSE 2022] Area \t 47.\t There are many animals that have become extinct \t\t(b)\tExplain giving reasons why there is greater in the wild but continue to be maintained in biodiversity in tropical regions of the Earth. Zoological parks. \b[Al India 2012 C] \t 59.\t(a)\tExplain the narrowly utilitarian, broadly \t\t(a)\tWhat type of biodiversity conservation is utilitarian and ethical arguments in favour observed in this case? of conservation of biodiversity. \t\t(b)\t How is designation of certain areas \t\t(b)\t Explain any other two ways which help in this \t\t\tas hotspots a step towards bio-diversity type of conservation.\b [Delhi 2014] conservation? Name any two hotspots in India.\b[Delhi 2014 C] \t 48.\tThe sacred groves of Aravalli Hills and Ooty botanical garden both aim at biodiversity conservation. How do they differ in their approaches? Explain.\b [All India 2013 C] 304 Biology\u201312","Answers I. Multiple Choice Questions \t 15.\tPlant species existing on this earth can be source of germplasm for hybridization for producing \t 1.\t(a)\t 2.\t(c)\t 3.\t(b)\t 4.\t(c)\t 5.\t(c) disease resistant plants and GM plants or for \t 6.\t(c)\t 7.\t(c)\t 8.\t(d)\t 9.\t(d)\t 10.\t(b) increasing productivity. They can also be used \t 11.\t(c)\t 12.\t(a)\t 13.\t(c)\t 14.\t(b) as bio-fertilizers, bio-control agents, and bio- pesticides. II. Fill in the Blanks \t 16.\tNile perch when introduced deliberately in \t 1.\tmicro-organisms 5.\tspecies lake victoria in East Africa caused extinction of \t 2.\tGenetic diversity indigenous cichlid fish. \t 3.\t50\t\t4.\t20,000\t\t \t 17.\tGenetic diversity: Single species show high III. True or False diversity at genetic level i.e. different varieties of a single species exist on the earth. It is possible \t 1.\tTrue\t 2.\tFalse\t 3.\tTrue\t 4.\tTrue due to different geographical regions, climatic conditions, breeding, and mutations. IV. M\u0007 atch the items of Column I with those of Column II: \t 18.\t(a)\tInsects \t\t(b)\tmolluscs \t\t(A)\u2014(iii), (B)\u2014(i), (C)\u2014(iv), (D)\u2014(ii) \t 19.\t\u2018a\u2019 is represented as S = CAz \t\tSpecies area relationship says that there is 1 Mark Questions increase in species richness with increase in area \t 1.\t(a)\tFungi\t (b)\tAngiosperms but upto a limit. \t 2.\tWith cryopreservation, the gametes of threatened \t\tIn the above equation species of animals, seeds of important plants can be stored for longer periods without losing their \t\tA = area viability. \t\tZ = slope of regression coefficient \t 3.\t(i)\t Cryopreservation \t (ii)\t In vitro fertilization \t\t(iii)\tTissue culture \t (iv)\t Seed banks. \t\tC = Y intercept 4. In-situ Ex-situ \t \t 20.\t(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation, conservation conservation \t(ii)\tIntroduction of alien species, \u2022\tThreatened species \u2022\tThreatened species \t(iii)\tCo-extinction are protected are protected away in their natural from their natural \t(iv)\tOver exploitation. environment. habitat. \t 21.\tMore species will be present in tropics. Tropics \u2022\tWhole ecosystem is \u2022\tWhole ecosystem is remained undisturbed for millions of years and the organism got ample of time to evolve into protected. not given protection. diverse species. \t 5.\t(a)\t Mammals; (b) Amphibians \t 22.\t When alien species unintentionally or deliberately \t 6.\tMangrove represents genetic diversity. Coral introduced in a country for any purpose, they may become invasive and become threat to indigenous reefs species for their extinction. \t 7.\t(a)\t Genetic diversity \t \t\t Plant: carrot grass (Parthenium), Animal: African \t\t(b)\t Ecological diversity catfish Clarias gariepinus \t 8.\t(a)\t Genetic diversity \t \t\t(b)\t Genetic diversity \t 23.\tDavid Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in \t 9.\tTropical regions remained undisturbed for total biomass. Thus he concluded that increased millions of years and organisms got ample of time diversity contributed to higher productivity. to evolve into diverse species. \t 24.\tNile perch when introduced into Lake Victoria \t 10.\tGenetic diversity in east Africa caused extinction of indigenous cichlid fish. This shows that when alien species \t 11.\tEichhornia crassipes became invasive in India unintentionally or deliberately introduced in due to absence of natural predator. a county for any purpose, they may become invasive and become threat to indigenous species \t 12.\t(a) Fishes, (b) Amphibians for their extinction. \t 13.\tGenetic diversity is the diversity of genes in a population of a species. Large genetic diversity of a population makes it stable. \t 14.\tDeforestation for growing Soyabeans Biodiversity and its Conservation \u2009305","25.\t(a)\t(i) Fishes \t\t (ii) Mammals \t 35.\t(a)\tKeeping tigers in a zoological parks is a \t\t(b)\t(i) 92%\u2003 \t\t (ii) 16% method of Ex-situ conservation and tiger reserves come under in-situ conservation \t 26.\tTwo organisms with obligatory strategy. In Ex-situ conservation, the animal \t\trelationships get extinct together if any one is kept in a protective environment and given special care for its conservation, in In- of them gets extinct. A parasite gets extinct situ conservation the animal along with its if no host is present. Example: in a plant and natural habitat is protected. pollinator relationship, if pollinator gets extinct, the plant will also eventually meet the same fate. \t\t(b)\tCryopreservation helps to preserve gametes of threatened species in viable and fertile \t 27.\tStellar\u2019s cows were over hunted for their fat so condition for long periods. immensely that they became one of the extinct species of this earth. \t 36.\tIn-situ conservation means conserving all the living species, especially all the wild and \t 28.\t(i)\t Genetic diversity: It is the diversity of endangered species, in their natural habitats and genes in a population of a species. Example: environment. In India, rice has more than 50,000 varieties and mango has more than 1000 varieties. \t\tEx-situ conservation means conserving all the living species in the man-made\/artificial habitats \t\t(ii)\t Species diversity: It is the diversity at that are similar to their natural living habitats. species level. Example: Western Ghats have more amphibian species than in Eastern \t 37.\tFeatures of a stable community are as follows: Ghats. \t\t(i)\t Greater biodiversity provides greater stability \t\t(ii)\t There should be no invasion by alien species \t 29.\t(i)\tThere is less seasonal variation in tropics \t\t(iii)\tThe community should be able to restore itself and thus they remain more constant and relatively more predictable, in short period of time \t\t(iv)\tThere should be minimum variations in a \t\t(ii)\tMore solar input provides more energy in tropical regions which leads to higher community. productivity. \t 38.\tSuch regions have high degree of endemism \t 30.\tRefer answer no. 24. and species richness. Two hot spots in India \t 31.\tEdward Wilson are Western Ghats Indo Burma and Himalayan \t\t(a)\t Species diversity region. \t 39.\t(1)\tIn situ conservation, biodiversity hotspot\/ \t\t(b)\t Genetic diversity biosphere reserve \/ national parks \/ \t\t(c)\t Ecological diversity sanctuaries\u202f\/ Ramsar sites \/ sacred groves (Any one) \t 32.\tSacred groves are considered as venerated, so \t\t(2)\tEx situ conservation, Zoological parks \/ they are protected by the tribal people. botanical garden \/ wild life safari parks \/ cryopreservation techniques \/ Tissue culture \t 33.\t(i)\t Zoological parks, \/ seed bank \/ pollen banks (Any one) \t\t(ii)\t Botanical gardens, \t 40.\t\u2022 N\u0007 arrowly Utilitarian arguments for conserving \t\t(iii)\tWild-life safaris, biodiversity as humans derive countless direct \t\t(iv)\t Seed and pollen banks. benefits from nature. \t 34.\tBiodiversity should be conserved for following \t\tThe benefits are: reasons: \t\t(i)\t Food: Cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, \t \u2022\tNarrowly utilitarian: We should conserve egg, meat etc. from plants and animals. biodiversity as we get direct economic benefits from biodiversity such as food in the form \t\t(ii)\tFirewood: Source of energy for cooking and of cereals, pulses and fruits, firewood, fiber, heating. construction material, industrial products like tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes, and \t\t(iii)\tFibres: Cotton, jute, flax, wool, silk etc. products of medicinal importance. \t\t(iv)\tIndustrial products: Tannins, lubricants, \t \u2022\tBroadly utilitarian: We should conserve biodiversity as it provides ecosystem services dyes, resins, perfumes. like oxygen, water, pollination, aesthetic pleasure etc. \t\t(v)\t Medicinal products: 25% of drugs derived from \t \u2022\tEthical reasons: We should conserve our plants. biodiversity as it is our moral duty to care for nature and to pass the legacy in good order to \t \t\u2022 B\u0007 roadly Utilitarian arguments for the major our future generations. role of many ecosystem that nature provides. 306 Biology\u201312","The benefits are: \t\t(v)\tPlant cover helps in retention of rain water \t\t(i)\t Amazon forest provide 25% of total oxygen. in aquifers and reservoirs. \t\t(ii)\t Pollination through pollinators layers as bee, \t \t\u2022 \u0007Ethical argument about the philosophical and bumblebees, birds and bats. spiritual value of each species that we all share \t\t(iii)\tThick forest and large oceans regulate global on this planet. It urge on our moral duty to care of the well being of all plants, animals and climate. microbe species. \t\t(iv)\tPlants hold soil thus preventing soil erosion by wind and water. 41. Narrowly Utilitarian arguments for conserving Broadly Utilitarian arguments for the major role biodiversity as humans derive countless direct of many ecosystem that nature provides. benefits from nature. The benefits are: The benefits are: \t(i)\t Food: Cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, \t(i)\t Amazon forest provide 25% of total oxygen. egg, meat etc. from plants and animals. \t(ii)\tFirewood: Source of energy for cooking and \t(ii)\t Pollination through pollinators layers as bee, heating. bumblebees, birds and bats. \t(iii)\t Fibres: Cotton, jute, flax, wool, silk etc. \t(iii)\t Thick forest and large oceans regulate global climate. \t(iv)\t Industrial products: Tannins, lubricants, dyes, \t(iv)\tPlants hold soil thus preventing soil erosion resins, perfumes. by wind and water. \t(v)\t Medicinal products: 25% of drugs derived from \t(v)\t Plant cover helps in retention of rain water in plants. aquifers and reservoirs. \t 42.\t(a)\tAlexander von Humbolt. He observed that \t45.\tRefer answer no. 24 for (i) and (ii) example (iii) species richness increases with the area Water hyacinth (Eichhornia) became invasive under study but up to a certain limit. in all water bodies and posed as a threat to indigenious aquatic organisms. \t(b)\t(i)\t When the value of Z lies between 0.1 and 0.2, the area under study is small. \t 46.\t(a)\t Refer answer 42. \t\t(b)\tOn a logarithmic scale, the relationship \t\t(ii)\t When the value of Z lies between 0.6 and 1.2 then the area under study is large. Z is a straight line described by the equation represents the slope of line or regression coefficient. \t\t\t log S = log C + Z log A \t\t(c)\tThe slope becomes steeper when area under \t\twhere study is as large as continent. \t\tS = Species richness \t 43.\t(a)\tThe current rate of extinction of species is \t\tA = Area 100-1000 times faster than in the pre-human \t\tZ = Slope of the line (regression coefficient) times. \t\tC = Y - intercept \t 47.\t(a)\t This is Ex-situ method of conservation \t\t(b)\t Human activities. \t\t(b)\tOther ways which help in this type of \t(c)\t(i)\t Preventing habitat loss and fragmentation \t\t(ii)\t Keeping check on overexploitation conservation are- \t\t(iii)\t Avoiding alien species invasion \t\t(i)\t In-vitro fertilization: Gametes of \t\t(iv)\t Preventing co-extinction \t 44.\t(i)\tSpeciation is function of time. Temperate threatened species can be fertilized under controlled conditions for ensuring the regions faced frequent glaciations in the past survival of a species. but tropical regions remained undisturbed for millions of years. More time in tropics lead to \t\t(ii)\t Cryopreservation techniques: greater diversity. \t\tGametes of threatened species can be preserved \t\t(ii)\t In tropics, there are no seasonal variations. The in viable and fertile condition for long periods. weather remains constant and predictable. This promotes niche specialization and in turn \t 48.\tSacred Groves in Aravalli hills are protected more diversity. by the native people as they consider the forest area sacred in their culture. This is an in-situ \t \t(iii)\tSolar input is more in tropics, therefore conservation approach. productivity is more and can indirectly lead to greater bio-diversity. \t\tOoty botanical garden has been maintained to preserve the endangered and threatened species by growing plants in artificial conditions. This is an Ex-situ conservation approach. Biodiversity and its Conservation \u2009307","49.\t (i)\t Ex-situ conservation (b) Species diversity Genetic diversity \t\t(ii)\t In-situ conservation Ex-situ It is the diversity at the It is the diversity at In-situ conservation conservation species level the genetic or DNA level \u2022\tThreatened species \u2022\tThreatened species Example: Western Ghats Example: India has are protected are protected away in their natural from their natural have a greater amphibian more than 50,000 environment. habitat. species diversity than genetically different \u2022\tWhole ecosystem is \u2022\tWhole ecosystem is protected. not given protection. the Eastern Ghats strains of rice. \u2022\tExample: National \u2022\tExample: Zoo, \t 53.\tHotspots are areas characterized with high park, Sanctuaries Botanical Garden concentration of endemic species experiencing unusual rapid rate of habitat modification loss. \t 50.\tPaul Ehrlich compared an airplane with an ecosystem and its rivets with the species of that \t54.\tHotspots are areas characterized with high ecosystem. concentration of endemic species experiencing unusual rapid rate of habitat modification loss. \t\t If rivets or species are removed from an airplane Norman Myers defined hot spots as \u201cregions or an ecosystem, the airplane will crash upon its that harbour a great diversity of endemic species flight, similarly ecosystem will also ultimately and at the same time, have been significantly collapse and become unstable. It is also important that the removed rivet is of which part of the impacted and altered by human activities.\u201d airplane. If rivet is removed from wings, the flight will be under threat of crash. Similarly if \t55.\tAnother example for co-extinction is the key species is removed, the ecosystem will not connection between Calvaria tree and the extinct function. bird of Mauritius Island, the Dodo. The Calvaria tree is dependent on the Dodo bird for completion \t 51.\t(a)\tWhen a species becomes extinct, the plant of its life cycle. The mutualistic association is that and animal species associated with it in an the tough horny endocarp of the seeds of Calvaria obligatory way also become extinct. tree are made permeable by the actions of the large stones in birds gizzard and digestive juices \t\tExample: When a host fish species becomes thereby facilitating easier germination. The extinct, its unique assemblage of parasites also extinction of the Dodo bird led to the imminent meets the same fate. Another example is the danger of the Calvaria tree coextinction. case of a coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of one invariably leads to the \t 56.\tThere are three types of Extinctions extinction of the other. \t\t(a)\t Natural extinction: It is a slow process OR of replacement of existing species with better adapted species due to changes in \t \t(b)\tInfluences of forests on environment are environmental conditions, evolutionary described below: changes, predators and diseases. A small population can get extinct sooner than the \t\t\tImprovement of climate: Forests ameliorate large population due to inbreeding depression climate influencing temperature, rainfall, (less adaptivity and variation) humidity, wind etc. Forests regulate temperature regime, O2, \u2014CO2, balance in \t\t(b)\t M a s s e x t i n c t i o n : T h e E a r t h h a s the atmosphere and water cycle. experienced quite a few mass extinctions due to environmental catastrophes. A mass \t 52.\t(a)\t(i) Y\u0007 es, India has greater ecosystem diversity extinction occurred about 225 million years than Norway. ago during the Permian, where 90% of shallow water marine invertebrates disappeared. \t\t(ii)\tIn India, different ecosystems such as wetlands, rainforests, mangroves, coral \t\t(c)\t Anthropogenic extinctions: These are reefs, estuaries and alpine meadows are abetted by human activities like hunting, present in contrast to Norway which habitat destruction, over exploitation, mainly has temperate and arctic tundra urbanization and industrialization. Some type of ecosystem. examples of extinctions are Dodo of Mauritius and Steller\u2019s sea cow of Russia. Amphibians seem to be at higher risk of extinction because of habitat destruction. The most serious aspect of the loss of biodiversity is the extinction of species. The unique information 308 Biology\u201312","contained in its genetic material (DNA) and \t\tImportance of sacred groves: the niche it possesses are lost forever. \t\t(i)\t As sacred groves are considered to be of high \t 57.\t(a)\t Refer answer no. 34. esteem by local tribal communities. They are not allowed to cut and instead well taken care \t\t(b)\t Importance of Hot-spots: of. \t\t(i)\tH o t - s p o t s m a i n t a i n t h e v a r i o u s \t\t(ii)\t Therefore many rarest endemic species can be communities\/ecosystem both in number found in these groves or which have become and distribution. extinct elsewhere. \t\t(ii)\t It keeps a check on introduction of exotic \t 58.\t(a)\t Refer answer no. 42. species by humans. \t\t(b)\t Refer answer no. 44. \t 59.\t(a)\t Refer answer no. 34. \t\t(iii)\tIt has been identified and developed to \t\t(b)\tHotspots are the regions with high level of maintain genetic diversity of all species and varieties. species richness and high degree of endemism. By protecting these areas, all endemic species \t\t(iv)\tIt also keeps a check on native species are conserved. Two biodiversity hotspots of viable populations. India are: Western Ghats, Indo-Burma and Himalayan region. \t\t(v)\tIt carries out resilience in species for environ-hmental adaptations. Assertion & Reason Type Questions For question numbers 1-10: Two statements \t 5.\tAssertion: The introduction of Nile perch in lake are given one labelled Assertion (A) and the other Victoria caused cichlids to become extinct. labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given \t \tReason: Nile perch is an indigenous species of below. East Africa. \t(a)\tBoth Assertion and Reason are true and Reason \t 6.\tAssertion: There are 36 biodiversity hotspots in is the correct explanation of Assertion. the world. \t(b)\tBoth Assertion and Reason are true but Reason \t \tReason: High level of species richness is a is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion. criteria for selection of a biodiversity hotspot. \t(c)\tAssertion is true but Reason is false. \t 7.\tAssertion: Non-native or exotic species are often introduced in a region for their economic uses. \t(d)\tAssertion is false and Reason is also false. \t 1.\tAssertion: The rate of extinction of organisms \t \tReason: Exotic species are considered to be a have increased in recent years. major cause of extinction of indigenous species. \t \tReason: Human activities like deforestation, \t 8.\tAssertion: Keeping animals in zoological park industrialisation, etc., have destroyed the natural is a cause for loss of biodiversity. habitat of plants and animals. \t \tReason: Zoological park is an example of in-situ \t 2.\tAssertion: Species diversity decreases as we conservation. ascend towards high mountains. \t 9.\tAssertion: Greater biodiversity is observed in \t \tReason: Due to drop in temperature, no seasonal tropics. variability occurs in high mountains. \t \tReason: Tropics have greater solar energy \t 3.\tAssertion: Dodo, passenger pigeon, Steller's sea exposure which contributes to higher productivity cow have become extinct due to over exploitation. \t \tReason: Excessive exploitation of a species, and greater diversity. whether animal or plants reduces size of its population so that it becomes vulnerable to \t 10.\tAssertion: Forest reduce the atmospheric extinction. pollution. \t 4.\tAssertion: Maximum biodiversity occurs in \t \tReason: Forest increase rainfall. temperate areas. \t 1.\t(a)\t Answers 5.\t(c) \t \tReason: Temperate areas have favourable \t 6.\t(b)\t 10.\t(b) conditions for speciation and for supporting 2.\t(a)\t 3.\t(a)\t 4.\t(d)\t variety and number of organisms. 7.\t(b)\t 8.\t(d)\t 9.\t(a)\t Biodiversity and its Conservation \u2009309","Case Based Questions \t 1.\t The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest \t 2.\tEdward Wilson described diversity at all in the world, covering a size approximately equal levels of biological organisation ranging from macromolecules inside the cells to biomes. It is to the lower 48 United States. 6-8 million square of three inter-related hierarchial levels-genetic diversity, species diversity and community kilometres of forest house approximately 10% of ecosystem diversity. Species diversity is the variety in the number and richness of the species the world's biodiversity and 15% of its freshwater. of a region. For example, the Western ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the These \u201clungs of the world\\\" provide ecological Eastern ghats. services for the planet, but also a source of \t\t(i)\t The number of species per unit area is called livelihood for hundred of indigenous groups \t\t(a)\t Species evenness and forest dependent peoples. Brazil is home to \t\t(b)\t Species richness approximately 65% of the Amazon basin. \t\t(c)\t Species equitability \t\t(i)\t The Amazon rain forest harbouring probably \t\t(d)\t Both (a) and (c) millions of species is being cut and cleared for \t\t(ii)\tThe table below gives the population (in which purpose. thousands) of ten species (A - J) in four areas (I - IV) consisting of the number of habitats \t\t(a)\t For cultivation of soyabeans given within brackets against each. Study the table and answer the question which follows: \t\t(b)\t For conservation of grasslands \t\t(c)\t For cultivation of Medicinal plant \t\t(d)\t Both (a) and (b) covering \t\t(ii)\tThe most dramatic examples of habitat loss come from tropical rain forests. Once covering more than 14% present of earth land surface and now cover no more than Area and Species and their population (in thousands) in area \t\t(a)\t5%\t (b)\t6% number of A B C D E F GH I J habitats \t\t(c)\t10%\t (d)\t13% I(11) 23 12 0.52 6.0 \u2013 3.1 1.1 9.0 \u2013 10.3 \t\t(iii)\tAssertion: Dodo, Passenger pigeon, stellar's sea cow have become extinct. II(11) 10.2 \u2013 0.62 \u2013 1.5 3.0 \u2013 8.2 1.1 11.2 \t\t\t Reason: Excessive exploitation of a species III(13) 11.3 0.9 0.48 2.4 1.4 4.2 0.8 8.4 2.2 4.1 whether animal or plant reduce size of its IV (12) 3.2 10.2 1.1 4.8 0.4 3.3 0.8 7.3 1.3 2.1 population so that it becomes vulnerable to \t\t Which are out of I to IV shows maximum species extinction. diversity? \t\t(a)\t If both assertion and reason are true and \t\t(a)\tII\t (b)\tIII reason is the correct explanation of the \t\t(c)\tIV\t (d)\tI assertion. \t\t(iii)\tStudy the given populations and choose the \t\t(b)\t If both assertion and reason are true but correct answer in relation to species diversity. the reason is not the correct explanation Population Species Group Individuals of the assertion. Population I Mammals 3 II 2 \t\t(c)\t If assertion is true and reason is false. A III Birds 2 I Amphibians 2 \t\t(d)\t If both assertion and reason are false. Population II Mammals 2 B III Mammals 1 \t\t(iv)\t According to IUCN, which of the following is I Amphibians 3 not the purpose of preparation of Red List? Population II Mammals 2 C III Mammals 1 \t\t(a)\tProvide global index about increase of Mammals biodiversity. \t\t(b)\t Prepare conservation priorities and help in conservation action. \t\t(c)\t Identify and document species at high risk of extinction \t\t(d)\t Provide awareness to the degree of threat to biodiversity. Maximum diversity Minimum diversity \t\t(v)\t Biodiversity Act of India for not allowing any foreigner to exploit Indian biodiversity was (a) Population B Population C passed in (b) Population A Population C \t\t(a)\t1996\t (b)\t2006 (c) Population A Population B (d) Population B Population A \t\t(c)\t2002\t (d)\t1962 310 Biology\u201312","(iv)\tThe concept of species diversity has two pollution. It was clogged water bodies including components: evenness and richness. Evenness wetlands at many places resulting in death of is based on the relative abundance of species. several aquatic plants and animals. Richness is based on the total number of \t\t(i)\tIsland water ecosystem are the most species present. Diversity indices combine a measure of richness and evenness. The vulnerable due to Simpson index (D) is calculated from the \t\t(a)\t Small size following equations: \t\t(b)\t Small number of species \t\t(c)\t Increases reproductive capacity \t\t \u2211D = (ni \/ N)2 \t\t(d)\t Both (a) and (b). i=1 \t\t(ii)\t Which of the following is not an alien species? \t\t(a)\t Lantana camara \t\t\twhere, n = total number of organisms of \t\t(b)\t Periplaneta americana particular species \t\t(c)\t Nile Perch \t\t(d)\t Yucca moth \t\t\t N = total number of organisms of all species \t\t(iii)\tSecond major cause of species extinction is \t\t(a)\t Habitat loss and fragmentation \t\t\tBelow are data collected in two terrestrial \t\t(b)\t Over exploitation plant communities that represent part of a \t\t(c)\t Alien species invasion successional chronosequence. In this case the \t\t(d)\tCo-extinction. values were measured as percent cover. \t\t(iv)\t Assertion : Eichhornia crassipes drains off Early Successional Late Successional oxygen from water and can be seen growing Community Community in standing water. \t\t\tReason : Eichhornia crassipes is an Species Percent Cover Species Percent Cover indigenous species of India. \t\t(a)\tBoth assertion and reason are true and A 83 F 24 reason is the correct explanation of B 5 G 20 assertion. \t\t(b)\tBoth assertion and reason are true but C 9 H 18 reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. D2 I 23 \t\t(c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. E1 J 15 \t\t(v)\tThe population of species P in a certain community was constant until a population \t\tThe data indicate that, relative to the early species Q from a distant land was subsequently successional community, the late successional introduced into that community. The community has which of the following interaction between the two populations is characteristics? reflected in the graph below. Species Richness Evenness Q (a) Higher Higher P (b) Higher Lower 012345678 Number of days (c) Same Lower \t\t What could be the possible reason for the decrease (d) Same Higher in the population of species P over a number of days? \t\t(v)\tSelect the incorrect statement regarding Population of species diversity. animals\t\t(a)\t Species Q is a predator of species P. \t\t(b)\tSpecies Q is a prey species which wiped \t\t(a)\tIt results in polymorph formation and is useful in adaptation to changes in out the population of species P. environmental conditions. \t\t(c)\tSpecies P and Q compete for space but \t\t(b)\t Number of individuals of different species feeds on different food. represent species evenness. \t\t(d)\t None of these \t\t(c)\tIt influences biotic interactions and stability of the community. \t\t(d)\t It is a trait of the community. \t 3.\tNon-native or alien species are often introduced in advertently for their economic and other uses. They often become invasive and drive away the local species. Exotic species have proved harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was introduced in Indian waters to reduce Biodiversity and its Conservation \u2009311","4.\tIUCN maintains a Red Data Book or Red which get filled up during rains due to runoff and List which is a catalogue of taxa facing risk of overflow from other water bodies. They are often extinction. The IUCN Red List (2004) documents considered to be waste lands which are used as the extinction of 784 species in the last 500 years. dumping areas and filled up to recover land for Some examples of recent extinctions include the various constructions activities. As a result, a large number of wetlands have disappeared. dodo, quagga, thylacine and Steller's sea cow. The last twenty years alone have witnessed the \t\t(i)\t Select the incorrect match of wetland and its location. disappearance of 27 species. Red List has eight categories of species. \t\t\tWetland\t \t Location \t\t(i)\tDodo, an extinct taxon, belongs to which \t\t(a)\tHarike\t\tPunjab country? \t\t(b)\tChandra Tal\t\tH.P. \t\t(a)\tMauritius\t (b)\tAfrica \t\t(c)\tAustralia\t (d)\tRussia \t\t(c)\tBhoj\t\tM.P. \t\t(ii)\t To which of the following categories of IUCN, \t\t(d)\tAshtamudi \t\tOdisha Berberis nilghiriensis belongs? \t\t(ii)\tMigratory bird flamingo breeds in which of \t\t(a)\tExtinct the following wetlands? \t\t(b)\t Extinct in wild \t\t(a)\tBhoj\t (b)\t Rann of Kutch \t\t(c)\tEndangered \t\t(c)\tHarike\t (d)\t Chandra Tal \t\t(d)\t Critically endangered \t\t(iii)\tWhich of the following is not an importance \t\t(iii)\tSteller's sea cow and passenger pigeon became of wetlands? extinct due to \t\t(a)\t They are an important source of recharging groundwater. \t\t(a)\t Alien species invasion \t\t(b)\tOver-exploitation \t\t(b)\t They provide protection from floods. \t\t(c)\tCoextinctions \t\t(c)\tThey are good source of siltation and \t\t(d)\t Intensive agriculture. purification of water. \t\t(iv)\t Bali, Javan and Caspian are \t\t(a)\t Species of tiger \t\t(d)\t None of these. \t\t(b)\t Species of cheetah \t\t(iv)\tWhich of the following wetland ecosystem \t\t(c)\t Subspecies of cheetah is highly acidic and has a accumulation of \t\t(d)\t Subspecies of tiger. decomposed plants known as peat? \t\t(v)\tSelect the correct term for the following \t\t(a)\tBog\t (b)\tMangrove definitions (i, ii, iii, iv). \t\t(c)\tEstuary\t (d)\tWatershed \t\t(i)\tThe taxon is liable to become extinct \t\t(v)\tThe mangroves of Bhitarkanika are famous if not allowed to realise its full biotic for potential by providing protection from \t\t(a)\t Rare migratory waterbirds exotic species\/human exploitation\/habitat \t\t(b)\t Nesting sites for endangered olive ridley turtles. deterioration\/depletion of food. \t\t(c)\t Prawn cultivation \t\t(ii)\t The taxon has been completely eliminated or died out from earth. e.g., Dodo. \t\t(d)\t All of these \t\t(iii)\tThe taxon is facing a high risk of A\t ns.\t 1.\t(i)\t(d)\t(ii)\t(b) extinction in the wild in the near future \t\t\t(iii)\t(a)\t(iv)\t(a) \t\t\t(v)\t(c) due to decrease in its habitat, excessive \t\t2.\t(i)\t(b)\t(ii)\t(b) \t\t\t(iii)\t(b)\t(iv)\t(d) predation or poaching. \t\t\t(v)\t(a) \t\t3.\t(i)\t(d)\t(ii)\t(d) \t\t(iv)\tThey are species with naturally small \t\t\t(iii)\t(c)\t(iv)\t(c) populations, either localised or thinly \t\t\t(v)\t(a) \t\t4.\t(i)\t(a)\t(ii)\t(d) scattered, which are always at risk from \t\t\t(iii)\t(b)\t(iv)\t(d) \t\t\t(v)\t(a) pests\/pathogens\/predators\/exotic species. \t\t5.\t(i)\t(d)\t(ii)\t(b) \t\t\t(iii)\t(d)\t(iv)\t(a) (i) (ii) (iii) \u2003(iv) (a) Threatened Extinct Endangered Rare (b) Endangered Extinct Threatened Rare (c) Extinct Rare Threatened Endangered (d) Threatened Extinct Rare Endangered \t 5.\tWetlands are called Ramsar sites because the first \t\t\t(v)\t(b) international convention on their conservation qqq was held in Ramsar in Iran in 1971. Wetlands or Ramsar sites are low lying marshy areas 312 Biology\u201312","1Sample Paper\u2013 (Solved) Time Allowed: 3 hours\t Maximum Marks: 70 General Instructions: \t (i)\t All questions are compulsory. \t (ii)\t This question paper has four sections: Section A, Section B, Section C and Section D. There are 33 questions in the question paper. \t (iii)\t Section\u2013A has 14 questions of 1 mark each and 02 case-based questions. Section\u2013B has 9 questions of 2 marks each. Section\u2013C has 5 questions of 3 marks each and Section\u2013D has 3 questions of 5 marks each. \t (iv)\t There is no overall choice. However, internal choices have been provided in some questions. A student has to attempt only one of the alternatives in such questions. \t (v)\t Wherever necessary, neat and properly labeled diagrams should be drawn. Section-A All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt any one of them. I.\u2002 Objective Type Questions\b (1 Mark) \t Q1.\t Which of the following is used as an atmospheric pollution indicator?\b 1 \t\t(a)\t Lepidoptera\t (b)\t Lichens\t (c)\tLycopersicon\t (d)\t Lycopodium A\t ns.\t (b) \tQ2.\t Palaentological evidences for evolution refer to the:\b 1 \t\t(a)\t development of embryo\t (b)\t homologous organs\t (c)\tfossils\t (d)\t analogous organs. \tAns.\t (c) \tQ3.\t Decomposers like fungi and bacteria are:\b 1 \t\t (i)\t autotrophs\t (ii)\t heterotrophs\t (iii)\tsaprotrophs\t (iv)\t chemo-autotrophs. \t\tChoose the correct answer: 1 \t\t(a)\t (i) and (iii),\t (b)\t (i) and (iv) \t (c)\t(ii) and (iii),\t (d)\t (i) and (ii)\b \t\t(a)\t development of embryo\t (b)\t homologous organs\t (c)\tfossils\t (d)\t analogous organs. A\t ns.\t (c) \tQ4.\t An inverted pyramid of biomass can be found in which ecosystem? \t\t(a)\t Forest\t (b)\t Marine\t (c)\tGrassland\t (d)\t Tundra \tAns.\t (b) II.\u2002 Very Short Answer Type Questions\b (1 Mark) \tQ5.\t Some allergens trigger sneezing and wheezing in human beings. What causes this type of response by the body?\b 1 A\t ns.\t Body produces IgE antibodies on exposure to allergens and release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells. \tQ6.\t What are \u2018true breeding lines\u2019 that are used to study inheritance pattern of traits in plants?\b 1 A\t ns.\t Homozygus plants which are obtained after self pollination. \tQ7.\t What makes the Nucleopolyhedrovirus a desirable biological control agent?\b 1 \tAns.\t These are species specific, narrow spectrum insectcides and do not harm non-target organisms. \tQ8.\t How is Agrobacterium tumifaciens able to transform a normal plant cell into a tumor?\b 1 \tAns.\t Plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens carries the genes for tumour, \u2018Ti\u2019. Agrobacterium transfers these cancer causing genes in plants thus causing tumour. \tQ9.\t Why is it essential to have a selectable marker in a cloning vector?\b 1 A\t ns.\t A selectable marker helps us to distinguish between transformed and non-transformed cells. \tQ10.\t Why do children cured by enzyme replacement therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency need periodic treatment?\b 1 313","Ans.\t The lymphocytes in which ADA gene has been introduced are not immortal and patient needs repeated transfusion of such cells, so there is a need of periodic treatment. Q\t 11.\t Assertion (A): The bulbourethral gland is a male accessory gland.\b 1 \t\t Reason (R): Its secretion helps in the lubrication of the penis, thereby facilitating reproduction. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. OR \t\tAssertion (A): Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by three type of cells. \t\t Reason (R): These cells are male germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. A\t ns.\t (a)\t Bulbourethr+al gland, also called Cowper\u2019s Gland, either of two pea-shaped glands in the male are located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis. These are responsible for adding fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation, thereby facilitating the process of reproduction. OR \t\t(d)\t Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and sertoli cells. The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions finallly leading to sperm formation, while sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells. The regions outside the seminiferous tubules called interstitial spaces, contain small blood vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells. Leydig cells synthesis and secrete testicular hormones called androgens. \tQ12.\t Assertion (A): Amniocentesis is often missemployed.\b 1 \t\t Reason (R): Amniocentesis is meant for determining the genetic disorders in the foetus, but it is being used to determine the sex of the foetus, leading to death of the normal female foetus. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. \tAns.\t (a)\t Amniocentesis (amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and also for sex determination, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains foetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing foetus, and then the foetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities. 1 \tQ13.\t Assertion (A): Gametes receives only one allele of a gene.\b \t\t Reason (R): During gamete formation, mitosis takes place leads to formation of haploid cells. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. A\t ns.\t (c)\t Meiosis is the process by which gametes are formed and during this process only one variant of gene pass to the gamete. Q\t 14.\t Assertion (A): The matrix used in gel electrophoresis should have controllable pore size.\b 1 \t\t Reason (R): Agarose concentration can be changed to change pore sizes. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. A\t ns.\t (b)\t Agarose is a polysccharide obtained from red algae. Agarose dissolves in hot water and when it is cooled, it forms gel. Pore size depends upon agarose concentration. In general, a 1% (w\/v) gel will have a pore size of 150 nm. While a 0.16% gel has pore size of 500\u00a0nm. Read the following and answer any four questions from 15(i) to 15(v) given below: \tQ15.\t The Watson and Crick observed that the nitrogenous bases form complementary pair between the two polynucleotide chains of DNA. Based on the X-ray diffraction data, they proposed that DNA consisted of a double helix with two chains having sugar, phosphate group on the outside and nitrogen bases on 314 Biology\u201312","the inner side. Further, they proposed that the two chains are antiparallel with 5\u2032 \u2013 3\u2032 orientation of the other. The two chains are twisted helically just as a rope ladder with rigid steps twisted into a spiral. \t\t This property of double helix model of DNA led them to hypothesize semiconservative mode of DNA replication, where the two strands separate and act as a template for the synthesis of new complementary 4 strand.\b \t\t (i)\t Which form of DNA is mentioned in Watson and Crick model? \t\t\t (a)\t A-DNA\t (b)\tZ-DNA\t (c)\tB-DNA\t (d)\tQuadraplex DNA \t\t(ii)\t Thermal denaturation of DNA is not affected by \t\t\t (a)\t Temperature\t (b)\tHumidity\t (c)\tIonic bond strength\t (d)\tAll of these \t(\tiii)\tThe supercoiling of circular DNA is termed as \t\t\t (a)\t Cross-linking\t (b)\tTwist number\t (c)\tLinking number\t (d)\tNone of these \t\t(iv)\t Which of the following is used to introduce negative supercoiling in DNA? \t\t\t (a)\t SYBR gold\t\t\t (b)\tEthidium bromide \t\t\t (c)\t Gyrase type 2 topoisomerase\t (d)\tCobalt \t\t(v)\t Assertion (A): The two chains of DNA have antipolarity. \t\t\t Reason (R): In one chain of DNA, ribose sugar at 5\u2032 end consists of a free phosphate moiety while at the other end the ribose has a free 3\u2032 OH group. \t\t \t (a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t\t (b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t\t (d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. A\t ns.\t (i)\t (c) \t (ii)\t (b)\t (iii)\t(c)\t (iv)\t (c) \t\t(v)\t (a) \u0007The two chains of DNA have anti-parallel polarity this is because one chain has free phosphate moiety at 5\u2032-end of the sugar and another chain has free phosphate moiety at 3\u2032-end. Read the following and answer any four questions from 16(i) to 16(v) given below: Q\t 16.\t A sacred grove or sacred woods are any grove of trees that are of special religious importance to a particular culture. They were important features of the mythological landscape and cult practice of celtic,Estonian, Baltic, Germanic, Roman, Indian and Japanese. \t\t They are the sacred forests patches around the places of worship. They are held in high esteem by tribal communities. Tribals do not allow to cut even a single branch of a tree in sacred groves. They are found in several parts of India e.g., Rajasthan (Aravalli hills), Madhya Pradesh (Sarguja, Bastar), Meghalaya and Maharashtra. \t\t Sacred groves help in the conservation of many endemic species (rare species) flourishing in that area.\b4 \t\t (i)\t Which of the following is\/are benefits of sacred groves? \t\t\t (a)\t Recharging aquifers\t\t\t (b)\tBiodiversity hotspot \t\t\t (c)\t Sources of various Ayurvedic medicines\t (d)\tAll of these \t\t(ii)\t Sacred groves is an example of \t\t\t (a)\t In-situ conservation\t\t\t (b)\tEx-situ conservation \t\t \t (c)\t Both (a) and (b)\t\t\t (d)\tNeither (a) nor (b) \t(\tiii)\tSacred groves are specially useful in \t\t\t (a)\t Conserving rare and threatened species \t\t\t (b)\t Preventing soil erosion(\tc)\tPromoting environmental awareness \t\t \t (d)\t All of these \t\t(iv)\t In which culture sacred groves is known as Alka? \t\t\t (a)\t Japanese\t (b)\tLithuanian\t (c)\tLatvian\t (d)\tChinese \t\t(v)\t In Kerala sacred groves is known as (c)\tSharpakavu\t (d)\tMadaico \t\t\t (a)\t Deori\t (b)\tSharma\t \tAns.\t (i)\t(d) \t (ii)\t (a)\t (iii)\t (a)\t (iv)\t (b)\t (v)\t (c) Section-B 2 Q\t 17.\t Given below is one of the strands of a DNA segment:\b TACGTACGTACGTACG \t\t\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 3\u2032 \uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\u2192 5\u2032 \t\t(a)\t Write its complementary strand. \t\t(b)\t Write a possible RNA strand that can be transcribed from the above DNA molecule formed. Sample Paper\u20131 (Solved) \u2009315","ATGCATGCATGCATGC \tAns.\t(a)\t 5\u2032 \uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\u2192 3\u2032\u2003 (polarity = \u00bd, nucleotide sequence = \u00bd) AUGCAUGCAUGCAUGC \t\t(b)\t 5\u2032 \uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\uf8e7\u2192 3\u2032\u2003 (polarity = \u00bd, nucleotide sequence = \u00bd) Q\t 18.\t Write the full form of PCR. What are the three basic steps involved in a single PCR amplification cycle? \b2 A\t ns.\t \u2014\t Polymerase Chain Reaction \t\t \u2014\t Denaturation, Annealing and Extension. Q\t 19.\t It is often observed that the chances of a person suffering from measles in his or her lifetime are low if he or she has suffered from the disease in their early childhood. Justify the statement.\b 2 A\t ns.\t Memory cells develop during measles in early childhood, subsequent encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary \/ anamnestic response. \tQ20.\t List the three hormones produced in women only during pregnancy. What happens to the levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?\b 2 OR \t\t Write the function of each of the following: \t\t(a)\t Middle piece in human sperm.\t\t\t(b)L\t uteinising hormone in human males. \tAns.\t \u2022\t Human chorionic gonadotropin \/ hCG \t\t \u2022\t Human placental lactogen \/ hPL \t\t \u2022\t Relaxin \t\t (The level of progesterone and estrogen) increases. OR \t\t(a)\t Provides energy for movement of tail. \t\t(b)\t LH hormone act on leydig cells and stimulate the synthesis and secretion of androgen testosterone. \tQ21.\t A student on a field trip suddenly felt breathlessness and started to sneeze very badly. Name this response and explain what it is due to.\b 2 \tAns.\t Allergy: Allergens (dust \/ pollen \/ mites etc.), due to release of chemicals like histamine \/ serotonin (from mast cells). \tQ22.\t Define the term addiction. Name some drugs which are normally used as medicines but are often abused. \b2 OR \t\t Define auto-immune diseases. Give two examples. \tAns.\t \u2014\t Addiction is a psychological attachment to certain effects \u2013 such as euphoria and a temporary feeling of well-being associated with drugs and alcohol. \t\t \u2014\t Barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and LSD (Lysergic acid diethyl amides) are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illness, are often abused. OR \t\t Instead of destroying foreign molecules when immunity starts attacking the body\u2019s own cells leading to serious diseases called auto-immune diseases. \t\t Examples: (a) Multiple sclerosis and (b) Rheumatoid arthritis. \tQ23.\t Name the genus of baculovirus that acts as a biological control agent in spite of being a pathogen. Justify by giving three reasons that make it an excellent candidate for the job.\b 2 \tAns.\t Genus \u2013Nucleopolyhedrovirus, species-specific, Narrow spectrum, No negative impact on (plants \/ mammals \/ birds \/ fish) non-target organisms. \tQ24.\t What is vector? Which cloning vector was discovered first?\b 2 \tAns.\t \u2014 \tVector is a DNA molecule that can carry a foreign\/desired DNA segment and replicates inside the host cell. \t\t \u2014\t pBR322 vector. \tQ25.\t What is aminoacylation? State its significance.\b 2 A\t ns.\t When an amino acid is linked to its cognate tRNA in the presence of ATP is called charging of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA. If two such charged tRNAs are brought close enough, the formation of peptide bond between them would be favoured energetically. Section-C Q\t 26.\t Explain the changes that milk undergoes when suitable starter \/ inoculum is added to it. How does the end product formed prove to be beneficial for human health?\b 3 316 Biology\u201312","Ans.\t Lactobacillus \/ lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in inoculum, grows in milk at a suitable \/ optimum temperature, multiplies converting milk to curd, produce acids that coagulate and partially digest the milk proteins. \t\t This improves its nutritional quality by increasing Vitamin B12, LAB check diseases causing microbes in our stomach. \tQ27.\t During the secondary treatment of the primary effluent how does the significant decrease in BOD occur? \b3 \tAns.\t During secondary treatment the aeration allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs (masses of bacterial cells in association with fungal filaments). As they grow, the microbes consume a major part of the organic matter in the effluent ; so, BOD is significantly decreased. Q\t 28.\t Name any two natural cloning vectors. Give reasons that make them act as cloning vectors. Write the two characteristics the engineered vectors are made to possess.\b 3 A\t ns.\t Plasmids, bacteriophages ability to replicate within bacterial cells, high copy number within the bacterial cells. Characteristics of engineered Vectors: easy linking of foreign DNA, Selection of recombinants from non-recombinants \/ selectable marker. Q\t 29.\t What are gemmules and conidia? Name one organism each in which these are formed?\b 3 \tAns.\t Gemmule-asexual reproduc tive structure in sponges \t\t Conidia-asexual reproductive structure in Penicillium. Q\t 30.\t Study the age pyramids \u2018A\u2019, \u2018B\u2019 and \u2018C\u2019 of the human population given below and answer the questions that follow:\b 3 \t (a)\t Identify pyramids \u2018B\u2019 and \u2018C\u2019. \t (b)\t Write the basis on which the above pyramids are plotted. ORPopulation density (N) \t\tStudy the population growth curves in the graph given below and answer the questions which follow? a K b Time (t) \t\t (i)\t Identify the growth curves \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019. \t\t(ii)\t Which one of them is considered a more realistic one and why? \t\t(iii)\tIf dN = rN K \u2013 N is the equation of the logistic growth curve, what does K stand for? dt K \t\t(iv)\t What is symbolised by N?\b A\t ns.\t(a)\t B\u2013Stable population \t\t\t C\u2013Declining population \t\t(b)\t Age Distribution of male and female of human population. \t \t (i)\t (a)\tT-shaped, exponential growth curve\t OR (b)\t S-shaped logistic\/sigmoid growth curve \t\t(ii)\t curve b is more realistic because food for the animals is finite and so will soon become a limiting factor. Sample Paper\u20131 (Solved) \u2009317","(iii)\t\u2018K\u2019 is the carrying capacity of the area. \t\t(iv)\t \u2018N\u2019 symbolises the population density at time t. Section-D \tQ31.\t(a)\t IVF is a very popular method these days that is helping childless couples to bear a child. Describe the different steps that are carried out in this technique. \t \t(b)\t Would you consider Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) as an IVF? Give a reason in support of your answer.\b 5 OR \t\t(a)\t Draw a sectional view of a human ovary and label primary follicle, tertiary follicle, Graafian follicle and corpus luteum in it. \t\t(b)\t Name the gonadotropins and explain their role in oogenesis and the release of ova. A\t ns.\t(a)\t Ova from the wife\/donor (female) and sperms from the husband\/donor (male), are collected and induced to form zygote, in simulated conditions in laboratory, the zygote\/early embryos (upto 8 blastomeres) then transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT), and embroyos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT) to complete its further development. \t \t(b)\t No, GIFT cannot be considered as IVF technique because fert ilisation takes place in the female body \/ in vivo. OR \t\t (a)\t Stroma Tertiary follicle \b Medulla showing antrum Cortex Primary Graafian Blood vessels follicle follicle Ovulation Corpus albicans Secondary oocyte Fully formed Corpus luteum Germinal corpus luteum forming epithelium \t\t(b)\t Both LH and FSH increase during follicular phase and stimulate follicular development, secretion of estrogen by the growing follicles, LH surge (rapid secretion of LH) during mid cycle \/ 14th day induces rupture of graffian follicle, and release of ova \/ secondary oocyte. Q\t 32.\t Describe the experiment carried out by Hershey and Chase. Write the conclusion they arrived at.\b 5 OR \t\t What is meant by R cells and S cells with which Frederick Griffith carried out this experiments on Streptococcus pneumoniae? What did he prove from these experiments? \tAns.\t They grew viruses on a medium containing radioactive phosphorus \/ P32, and some on radioactive sulphur \/ S35, radioactive DNA contained in viruses grown on radioactive phosphorus, radioactive protein contained in virus grown in radioactive sulphur, radioactive phages were allowed to attach to E.coli bacteria, the virus coats were removed from bacteria by agitating in a blender, the virus particles were separated from the bacteria on centrifugation, Bacteria infected with viruses containing radiactive DNA were radioactive, where as bacterial cells infected with virus containing radioactive protein did not show radioactivity. 318 Biology\u201312","Bacteriophage 32 Radioactive (35S) labelled Radioactive ( P) protein capsule labelled DNA 1. Infection 2. Blending 3. Centrifugation No radioactive (35S) Radioactive (32P) detected in cells detected in cells + + Radioactive (35S) No radioactivity detected in supernatant detected in supernatant \t\t Conclusion: DNA is therefore the genetic material that is passed from virus to bacteria. OR \t\t The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae has two strains virulent and non-virulent. The virulent strains causes pneumonia, whereas the non-virulent strains do not produce the disease. Its virulent strain is known as S-type because when grown on a suitable medium they form smooth colonies. The non-virulent type of bacteria form irregular or rough colonies and therefore called R-type. By his experiments Griffith concluded that the R-strain bacteria (non-virulent) has somehow been transformed by the heat killed S-type (virulent type), which must be due to the transfer of the genetic material. Griffith proposed that the transforming principle is a chemical substance released by heat killed bacteria which changed the R-bacteria into S-bacteria.\b Q\t 33.\t Elaborate on the key abiotic elements that contribute to the variation in habitats.\b 5 OR \t\t(a)\t Why are herbivores considered similar to predators in the ecological context? Explain. \t\t(b)\t Differentiate between the following interspecific interactions in a population: \t\t\t (i)\t Mutualism and competition \t\t\t (ii)\t Commensalism and Amensalism. \tAns.\t The important abiotic components that contribute to the variation in habitats are: \t\t (i)\t Temperature: It affects the kinetics of enzymes activity and other physiological functions of the organism. The levels of thermal tolerance of different species also determine their geographical distribution to a larger extent. \t\t(ii)\t Water: The productivity and distribution of plants is heavily dependent on water. For aquatic organisms the quality (chemical composition, pH and salinity) of water becomes important. Some organisms are tolerant to a wide range of salinities while others are restricted to a narrow range (stenohaline). Many freshwater animals cannot live for long in sea water and vice versa because of the osmotic problems that they would face. \t\t(iii)\tLight: It is required for (a) photosynthesis, (b) flowering, and (c) diurnal and seasonal migrations of organisms, for e.g., photoperiodism and hibernation. \t\t(iv)\t Soil: It is a very important ecological factor as it provides water, minerals and nutrients and support to the producers. OR \t\t(a)\t Herbivores are considered similar to predators in ecological context because they transfer the energy fixed by plants to the next tropic level of carnivores. They also maintain the plant population under control. \t \t (b)\t (i)\t In mutualism, both the species are at benefitted so it is beneficial whereas in competition, both the species are at loss. In this life the competition occurs when closely related species compete for the same resources that are limiting. \t\t\t (ii)\t In commensalism, one species is benefitted whereas the other is neither benefitted nor harmed. In ammensalism, one species is harm ed and the other remains unaffected. rrr Sample Paper\u20131 (Solved) \u2009319","2Sample Paper\u2013 (Unsolved) Time Allowed: 3 hours\t Maximum Marks: 70 General Instructions: Same as Sample Paper-1 Section-A All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt any one of them. I.\u2002 Objective Type Questions\b (1 Mark) \tQ1.\t\tThe theory of spontaneous generation stated that:\b 1 \t\t(a)\t life arose from living forms only. \t\t(b)\t life can arise from both living and non-living. \t\t (c)\t life can arise from non-living things only. \t\t(d)\t life arises spontaneously, neither from living nor from the non-living.\b \tQ2.\t The bones of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah and man are similar in structure, because:\b 1 \t\t(a)\t one organism has given rise to another\t (b)\tthey share a common ancestor \t\t (c)\t they perform the same function\t\t\t (d)\tthey have biochemical similarities \tQ3.\t The process of mineralisation by micro organisms helps in the release of:\b 1 \t\t(a)\t inorganic nutrients from humus \t\t(b)\t both organic and inorganic nutrients from detritus \t\t (c)\t organic nutrients from humus \t\t(d)\t inorganic nutrients from detritus and formation of humus. \tQ4.\t Which of the following is not a producer?\b 1 \t\t(a)\t Spirogyra\t (b)\tAgaricus\t (c)\tVolvox\t (d)\tNostoc II.\u2002 Very Short Answer Type Questions\b (1 Mark) \tQ5.\t Name the types of synthesis \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 occurring in the replication fork of DNA as shown below:\b 1 \tQ6.\t Name an IUD that you would recommend to promote the cervix hostility to the sperms.\b 1 \tQ7.\t State a difference between a gene and an allele.\b 1 \tQ8.\t On what basis is the skin colour in humans considered polygenic?\b 1 \tQ9.\t Name the components \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 in the nucleotide with a purine given below:\b 1 320","Q10.\t Name the interaction that exists between sucker fish and shark.\b 1 \tQ11.\t Assertion (A): b-cells work chiefly by secreting substances called antibodies into the body fluids. 1 \t\t Reason (R): Antibodies ambush foreign antigen circulating in the blood stream.\b \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. OR \t\tAssertion (A): All endonuclease cut DNA at specific sites. \t\t Reason (R): Endonucleases are found in viruses. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. \tQ12.\t Assertion (A): Interferons help in the elimination of viral infections. \t\t Reason (R): Interferons released by infected cells, reach nearby unaffected cells and make them resistant to viral infection.\b 1 \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. Q\t 13.\t Assertion (A): Besides curdling of milk, LAB also improve its nutritional quality by increasing vitamin-B12. \t\t Reason (R): LAB, when present in human stomach, check disease causing microbes.\b 1 \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. \tQ14.\t Assertion (A): Restriction endonucleases are also called \u2018molecular scissors\u2019. \t\t Reason (R): When fragments generated by restriction endonucleases are mixed, they join together due to their sticky ends.\b 1 \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. Read the following and answer any four questions from 15(i) to 15(v) given below: Q\t 15.\t AIDS was first reported in 1981. Which causes immune system becomes non-functional during lifetime. It is called syndrome because body shows group of symptoms of different diseases. Causative organism is Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). It is a retrovirus and its genetic material is RNA. The time period between infection and first appearance of symptoms may be from 5-10 years. AIDS is transmitted via unprotected sexual contact, using infected hypodermic needles, blood transfusion and from mother to unborn child via placenta. Risk of infection increases in the following cases: Individual has multiple partners, drug addicts as they share hypodermic needles and repeated blood transfusion. AIDS is diagnosed by Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbant Assay (ELISA). Anti-retroviral drugs are partially effective, only 4 can prolong life but cannot prevent death.\b \t\t (i)\t HIV first recognized in the U.S. in: \t\t\t (a)\t 1984\t (b)\t1975\t (c)\t1981\t (d)\t1972 \t\t(ii)\t Select correct symptom of HIV infection: \t\t\t (a)\t Swollen lymph nodes\t\t\t (b)\tFever \t\t\t (c)\t Tiredness\t\t\t (d)\tAll of the above Sample Paper\u20132 (Unsolved) \u2009321","(\tiii)\tHIV attacks which cell in the immune system? \t\t\t (a)\t Epithelial cells\t\t\t (b)\tWhite blood cells called T cells \t\t\t (c)\t Red blood cells\t\t\t (d)\tPlatelets \t\t(iv)\t The CD4 T-cell count in AIDS infectedperson: \t\t\t (a)\t Below 50 per cubic milliliter\t (b)\tBelow 1,000 per cubic milliliter \t\t\t (c)\t Below 200 per cubic milliliter\t (d)\tBelow 500 per cubic milliliter \t\t(v)\t Assertion (A): AIDS virus enters helper T-lymphocytes (TH) and produces its progeny after destroying the helper T-lymphocyte. \t\t\t Reason (R): New virus again attacks helper T-lymphocytes and number of which ultimately decreases. \t\t \t (a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t\t (b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t\t (d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. Read the following and answer any four questions from 16(i) to 16(v) given below: \tQ16.\t According to physicist, George Gamow, the genetic code is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides (triplet) called codons, each of which codes for a specific amino acid or stop signal. As there are only four bases and if only one base codes for an amino acid, they will code for only 4 amino acids. If the code for an amino acid is doublet, there will be 16 possible combinations so they will code for only 16 amino acids. But if the code is triplet, 64 combinations are possible. This will cover all twenty amino acids. Dr. Har Gobind Khorana synthesized synthetic RNA molecules by using three repeating units with defined combinations of bases, homopolymers and copolymers. Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides. He also identified stop codons. Marshall Nirenberg developed cell free system to synthesize proteins by adding poly uracil RNA to the system. This proved that genetic code is a triplet. Discovery of Servo Ochoa enzyme, a polynucleotide phosphorylase also helped synthesizing RNA in template independent manner.\b 4 \t\t (i)\t Which of the following is incorrect about the genetic code? \t\t\t (a)\t Ambiguous\t (b)\tNon-overlapping\t (c)\tTriplet\t (d)\tDegenerate \t\t(ii)\t The codon is a \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 \t\t\t (a)\t Singlet\t (b)\tDuplet\t (c)\tTriplet\t (d)\tQuadruplet \t\t(iii)\tWhich of the following is not a termination codon? \t\t\t (a)\t UGA\t (b)\tAGA\t (c)\tAGG\t (d)\tUAC \t\t(iv)\t The wobble hypothesis was devised by \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 \t\t\t (a)\t Arthur Kornberg\t (b)\tFrancis Crick\t (c)\tJames Watson\t (d)\tWilliam Asbury \t\t(v)\t The genetic code is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called \t\t\t (a)\t Codons\t (b)\tCoding\t (c)\tCombinations\t (d)\tNone of these Section-B Q\t 17.\t A single pea plant in your kitchen garden produces pods with seeds, but the individual papaya plant does not. Explain. \b 2 Q\t 18.\t Following are the features of the genetic codes. What does each one indicate?\b 2 \t\t Stop codon; Unambiguous codon; Degenerate codon; Universal codon. \tQ19.\t Suggest four important steps to produce a disease resistant plant through conventional plant breeding technology.\b 2 \tQ20.\t In view of the current food crisis, it is said, that we need another green revolution. Highlight the major limitations of the earlier green revolution.\b 2 OR \t\tEnumerate, in sequential order, the four steps that a plant breeder should know to obtain a disease resistant crop. 322 Biology\u201312","Q\t 21.\t Female reproductive organs and associated functions are given below in column A and B. Fill the blank boxes.\b 2 Column A Column B Ovaries Ovulation Oviduct a b Pregnancy Vagina Birth \t OR \t\t From where the parturition signals arise-mother or foetus? Mention the main hormone involved in parturition. \tQ22.\t Where are fimbriae present in human female reproductive system? Give their function.\b 2 \tQ23.\t Both a wine maker and a molecular biologist who had developed a recombinant vaccine claim to be biotechnologists. Who in your opinion is correct?\b 2 \tQ24.\t What is meant by the term \u2018breed\u2019? What are the objectives of animal breeding?\b 2 Q\t 25.\t Plants that inhabit a rain-forest are not found in a wetland. Explain.\b 2 Section-C Q\t 26.\t What is mutualism? Mention any two examples where the organisms involved are commercially exploited in agriculture.\b 3 Q\t 27.\t Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.\b 3 \tQ28.\t What are the changes in the oogonia during the transition of a primary follicle to Graafian follicle?\b 3 \tQ29.\t Biotechnology has helped farmers to get pest resistant cotton crops. Explain the technique adopted along with its mode of action. (Mention six points)\b 3 \tQ30.\t In the given flow diagram, the replication of retrovirus in a host is shown. Observe and answer the following questions.\b 3 \t\t(a)\t Fill in (1) and (2) \t\t(b)\t Why is the virus called retrovirus? \t\t (c)\t Can the infected cell survive while viruses are being replicated and released? \t\t Sample Paper\u20132 (Unsolved) \u2009323","OR \t \t Given below is a flow chart showing ovarian changes during menstrual cycle. Fill in the spaces giving the name of the hormones responsible for the events shown. \t\t Section-D Q\t 31.\t Represent schematically the life cycle of a malarial parasite.\b 5 OR \t \t Compare the life style of people living in the urban areas with those of rural areas and briefly describe how the life style affects their health. \tQ32.\t(a)\t How are the following formed and involved in DNA packing in a nucleus of a cell?\b 5 \t\t\t (i)\t Histone octamer\t (ii)\tNucleosome\t (iii)\tChromatin \t\t(b)\t Differentiate between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin. OR \t\t\tExplain the role of lactose as an inducer in a lac operon. \tQ33.\t(a)\t Why should we conserve biodiversity? How can we do it?\b 5 \t\t(b)\t Explain the importance of biodiversity hot spots and sacred groves. OR \t\t(a)\t Represent diagrammatically three kinds of age-pyramids for human populations. \t\t(b)\t How does an age pyramid for human population at given point of time help the policy makers in planning for future? Answers \t1.\t(c)\t\t\t 2.\t (b)\t 3.\t (a)\t 4.\t (b) (v)\t (a) \t11.\t(a)\tOR (d)\t 12.\t (a)\t 13.\t (b)\t 14.\t (b) (v)\t (a) \t15.\t(i)\t(c)\t (ii)\t (d)\t (iii)\t (b)\t (iv)\t (c)\t \t16.\t(i)\t(a)\t (ii)\t (c)\t (iii)\t (a)\t (iv)\t (b)\t rrr 324 Biology\u201312","3Sample Paper\u2013 (Unsolved) Time Allowed: 3 hours\t Maximum Marks: 70 General Instructions: Same as Sample Paper-1 Section-A All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt any one of them. I.\u2002 Objective Type Questions\b (1 Mark) 1 \tQ1.\t\tAnimal husbandry and plant breeding programmes are the examples of:\b (d)\t natural selection\b \t\t(a)\t reverse evolution\t (b)\t artificial selection\t (c)\tmutation\t 1 \tQ2.\t Analogous organs arise due to:\b (d)\t convergent evolution \t\t(a)\t divergent evolution\t (b)\t artificial selection\t (c)\tgenetic drift\t \tQ3.\t Productivity is the rate of production of biomass expressed in terms of:\b 1 \t\t (i)\t (kcal m\u20133) yr\u20131\t (ii)\t g\u20132 yr\u20131\t (iii)\tg\u20131 yr\u20131\t (iv)\t (kcal m\u20132) yr\u20131 \t\t(a)\t (ii), \t (b)\t (iii), \t (c)\t(ii) and (iv), \t (d)\t (i) and (iii) \tQ4.\t Which of the following ecosystems is most productive in terms of net primary production?\b 1 \t\t(a)\t Deserts\t (b)\t Tropical rain forests\t (c)\tOceans\t (d)\t Estuaries II.\u2002 Very Short Answer Type Questions\b (1 Mark) \tQ5.\t What are \u2018true-breeding lines\u2019 that are used to study inheritance pattern of traits in plants?\b 1 \tQ6.\t What is pericarp? Mention its function.\b 1 \tQ7.\t What is an autoimmune disease? Give an example.\b 1 \tQ8.\t List the specific symptoms of typhoid. Name its causative agent.\b 1 \tQ9.\t Mention advantages of apomictic seeds to farmers.\b 1 Q\t 10.\t Mention the role of cyanobacteria as a biofertiliser.\b 1 \tQ11.\t Assertion (A): Autogamy is a transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower of the same plant. \t\t Reason (R): Xenogamy is pollination between two flowers on different plants.\b 1 \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. OR \t\tAssertion (A): The pre-pollination growth of male gametophyte occurs inside the microsporangium whereas the rest of the growth occurs over the female reproductive organs. \t\t Reason (R): Growth of the entire female gametophyte occurs inside the megasporangium. \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. Q\t 12.\t Assertion (A): Finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi after implantation. \t\t Reason (R): Chorionic villi are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood.\b 1 \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. 325","Q13.\t Assertion (A): Reusable contraceptives are not full proof method of contraceptions. \t\t Reason (R): Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are barrier methods which prevent conceptions by blocking entry of sperms through cervix. They are reusable.\b 1 \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. \tQ14.\t Assertion (A): By means of dihybrid cross, the law of independent assortment can be studied. 1 \t\t Reason (R): The law of independent assortment is applicable only to linked genes.\b \t \t(a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t(b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t(d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. Read the following and answer any four questions from 15(i) to 15(v) given below: Q\t 15.\t Indian Biodiversity: India is among the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world. India has 8.1% of the global species biodiversity though it has only 2.4% of the world\u2019s land area. In India there are about 90,000 species of animals and about 45000 species of plants and many more species are yet to 4 be discovered and named.\b \t\t (i)\t Which of the following is one of the most prevalent hotspots of biodiersity in India? \t\t\t (a)\t Himalayas\t (b)\tWestern Ghats\t (c)\tGanges\t (d)\tEastern Ghats \t\t(ii)\t The maximum genetic diversity in India is of \t\t\t (a)\t Potato\t (b)\tTea\t (c)\tMango\t (d)\tTeak \t\t(iii)\tWhat percent forest cover should be maintained as per the National Forest Policy (1988)? \t\t\t (a)\t 67% for hills and 33% for plains\t (b)\t37% for hills and 11% for plains \t\t\t (c)\t 18% for hills and 25% for plains\t (d)\t10% for hills and 30% for plains \t\t(iv)\t Which of the following is not generally seen in biodiversity hotspots?\t\t\t \t\t\t (a)\t Loss of diversity\t\t\t (b)\tSpecies richness \t\t\t (c)\t Endemism\t\t\t (d)\tLesser interspecific competition \t\t(v)\t Assertion (A): In sacred groves all the trees and wildlife are given total protection. \t\t\t Reason (R): These places are the last refuses for large number of threatened plants and wildlife. \t\t \t (a)\t Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t\t (b)\t Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. \t\t\t (c)\t Assertion is true but reason is false. \t\t\t (d)\t Both assertion and reason are false. Read the following and answer any four questions from 16(i) to 16(v) given below: Q\t 16.\t Gene Therapy: It is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child or embryo. In gene therapy, normal genes are inserted into a person\u2019s cells and tissues to treat a hereditary defect. Gene therapy is being tried for the cure of sickle cell anaemia and Severe Combined Immuno-Deficiency (SCID). \t\t In some children adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation. In others, it can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. But both of these approaches are not completely curative. However, in gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body. A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these lymphocyte, which are subsequently returned to 4 the patient.\b \t\t (i)\t Which of therapy is mostly used for treatment of cancer? \t\t\t (a)\t in vivo therapy\t (b)\tex vivo therapy\t (c)\tantisense therapy\t (d)\tNone of these \t\t(ii)\t Which is considered as most controversial invention for gene therapy? \t\t\t (a)\t anti sense therapy\t (b)\tgerm line therapy\t (c)\tsomatic therapy\t (d)\tin vivo therapy \t\t(iii)\tEmbryo therapy was used Handyside for treatment of \t\t\t (a)\t Colour blindness\t (b)\tCystic fibrosis\t (c)\tHemophilla\t (d)\tAll of these \t\t(iv)\t First time practised gene therapy for treatment of Blease and Andresco ...... \t\t\t (a)\t Severe combined immunodeficiency disease\t (b)\tColour blindness\t\t \t\t\t (c)\t Hemophilia\t\t\t (d)\tHepatitis B 326 Biology\u201312","(v)\t The treatment of genetic diseases by introduction of a remedial gene which prevents the expression of a specific defective gene is called \t\t\t (a)\t germ line therapy\t\t\t (b)\tantisense therapy \t\t\t (c)\t in vivo therapy\t\t\t (d)\tsomatic cell therapy Section-B 2 2 Q\t 17.\t What is spermatogenesis? Briefly describe the process of spermatogenesis.\b \tQ18.\t Identify the diagram and label the parts.\b \t\t OR \t \t What is double fertilisation? Mention its significance. Q\t 19.\t What are the parts of the fallopian tube?\b 2 \tQ20.\t In a cross between two tall pea plants some of the offsprings produced were dwarf. Show with the help of Punnett square how this is possible.\b 2 Q\t 21.\t Biopiracy should be prevented. State why and how?\b 2 OR \t\t Why is an antibody represented as H2L2? 2 \tQ22.\t List any two molecular diagnostic techniques and write one application of each of them.\b Q\t 23.\t Can a child have blood group O if his parents have blood group \u2018A\u2019 and \u2018B\u2019. Explain.\b 2 Q\t 24.\t What is gene therapy? Name the first clinical case in which it was used.\b 2 Q\t 25.\t Mention the role of molecular scissors in recombinant DNA technology.\b 2 Section-C \tQ26.\t How are the structural genes activated in the lac operon in E. coli?\b 3 \tQ27.\t What do you mean by withdrawal syndrome? Write the side effects of the use of anabolic steroids in males. \b3 Q\t 28.\t Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe. Explain the\b 3 \t\t(a)\t Causes of cancer\t (b)\t Techniques of detection and diagnosis \t\t (c)\t Treatment and cure Q\t 29.\t Study the 3 representative figures of age pyramid relating to human population given below and answer the following question:\b 3 \t\t \t\t(a)\t Mention the names given to the 3 kinds of age profiles (i), (ii), and (iii). \t\t(b)\t Which one of them is ideal for a population and why? Sample Paper\u20133 (Unsolved) \u2009327","(c)\t How do such age-profile studies help policy makers get concerned about our growing population and prepare for future planning.(say for example : for the year 2022.) Q\t 30.\t True-breeding pea plants showing contrasting character for flower position were cross-bred.\b 3 \t\t(a)\t Mention the position of flowers in F1 generation. \t\t (b)\t Work out the cross up to F2 generation. \t\t (c)\t Compute the relative fraction of various genotypes in the F2 generation. OR \t\t A true breeding tall plant is crossed with a true breeding dwarf plant. F1 progeny is 100% tall and F2 has tall : dwarf in the ratio 3 : 1. \t\t (i)\t Explain why F1 shows only one type of parental phenotype. \t\t(ii)\t Name the patterns of inheritance in which the ratio deviates from above. Also mention the deviated phenotypic ratio. Section-D Q\t 31.\t(a)\t Cancer is one of the most dreaded disease. Explain \u2018contact inhibition\u2019 and \u2018metastasis\u2019 with respect to the disease. \t\t(b)\t Name the group of genes that have been identified in normal cells that could lead to cancer. How do these genes cause cancer? \t\t (c)\t Name any two techniques that are useful in detecting cancer patients often given a-interferon as part of the treatment. \t\t(d)\t Why are cancer patients often given a-interferon as part of the treatment?\b 5 OR \t \t In your locality, if a person is addicted to alcohol, what kind of behavioural changes do you observe in that person? Suggest measures to overcome the problem. Q\t 32.\t In a medium where E.coli was growing, lactose was added, which induced the lac operon. Then why does the lac operon shut down after some time after the addition of lactose in the medium. Explain.\b 5 OR \t\t Answer the following: \t\t(a)\t Represent schematically the independent assortment of chromosomes. \t\t(b)\t What are the requisites for a molecule to be a genetic material? Q\t 33.\t(a)\t List the different attributes that a population has and not an individual organism. \t\t(b)\t What is population density? Explain any three different ways the population density can be measured, with the help of an example each.\b 5 OR \t\t Analysis of age-pyramids for human population can provide important inputs for long-term planning strategies. Explain. \t1.\t(b)\t\t \t 2.\t(d) \t Answers 4.\t (b) (v)\t(a) \t11.\t(c)\t OR (b)\t 12.\t(b)\t 14.\t (c) (v)\t(b) \t15.\t(i)\t (b)\t\t (ii)\t(c)\t 3.\t (c)\t (iv)\t (d)\t \t16.\t(i)\t (c)\t\t (ii)\t(b)\t 13.\t (b)\t (iv)\t (a)\t (iii)\t (a)\t (iii)\t (b)\t rrr 328 Biology\u201312"]
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