BodySystemsFlipBook

Body Systems Flip BookBy: Chrisann RinaelIntegumentary System-

Overall Function- Vocabulary and Key terms- Diseases- Health Careers- Structures of Integumentary System-Musculoskeletal System- Overall Function- Vocabulary and Key terms- Diseases- Health Careers- Structures of the Musculoskeletal System-Nervous System- Overall Function- Diseases- Health Careers- Structures of the Nervous System-Special Senses- Overall Function- Vocabulary and Keyterms- Diseases- Health Careers- Structures of the Special Senses-Cardiovascular System- Overall Function- Key Terms and Vocabulary- Diseases- Health Careers- Structures of the cardiovascular system-Respiratory System- Overall Function- Key Terms and Vocabulary- D​ iseases- Health Careers- Structures of the respiratory system-Digestive System- Overall Function-

Vocabulary and Keyterms- Diseases- Health Careers- Structures of the digestive system-Urinary System- Overall Function- Vocabulary and Keyterms- Diseases- Health Careers- structure-Reproductive System- Overall Function- Vocabulary and Keyterms- Diseases- Health Careers- Obstetricians-Obstetrics is the study of caring for women before, during, and after pregnancy. structure-Integumentary System-Overall Function-Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functionsto retain body f​luids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate bodytemperature.Vocabulary and Key terms-Melanin- Brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes.Keratin- Protein that coats the skin and forms the basic structure of hair, nails, and calluses.

Cyanosis-Blood loses oxygen, skin turns blue-ishMelanoma-Cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphaticsystemSebaceous Glands-(Oil Glands) Discharge waxy, oily secretion into hair follicles or onto theskin.Stratum Corneum-Most superficial layer of the epidermis-- contains 15-30 layers of flatkilled/dead epithelial cells.Carotene- An orange-yellow pigment that accumulates in epidermal cells.Cutaneous Membrane-The skin, composed of the epidermis and the dermisEpidermis-superficial layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumPacinian corpuscles-pressure receptors located deeper in the skin that enable you to detect theobject due to its weightderm/o-skinkerat/o-keratinerythr/o-redPedicu-licePil-hairlip/o-lipid,fatrhytid/o-wrinklecyan/o-blueHidr-sweatcutane/o-skinDiseases-Warts​- rough bumps caused by a viral infection.​Eczema(dermatitis)​- red, itchy, flaky skin which can occur anywhere on the body. Sometimes, ithappens by itself, and other times, it is caused by outside factors such as poison ivy.Vitiligo-​ a condition in which the cells that produce skin color — melanocytes — no longerfunction properly. The cells mysteriously die or stop working and when this happens, the personwith vitiligo can get multiple patches of white skin.Psoriasis-​ an inflammatory skin condition in which red, itchy plaques commonly occur on theknees and elbows.

Health Careers-Dermatolo​gist- doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the skin.Plastic Surgeons​-perform operations that change the shape or appearance of part of a patient'sbody.Structures of Integumentary System-Musculoskeletal System-Overall Function-provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bonesof the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connectivetissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together.

Vocabulary and Key terms-Skeleton-​ ​the inner framework made up of all the bones of the bodyCar​ tilage-s​ trong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible thanboneOssification-p​ rocess of bone formation, during which cartilage is replaced by boneJoint-place where two or more bones meetTendon- strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to boneLigament- strong connective tissue that holds bones together in movable jointsSmooth muscle- involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the bodySkeletal Muscle- voluntary, striated, multi-nucleate muscle that moves bonesSarcomere- The smallest functional unit of muscle tissueOsteocyte-a mature bone tissue cell that maintains the daily activities of bonearthr / o-jointburs / o-bursa (cavity)carp / o-carpals (wrist bones)chondr / o-cartilageclavic / o, clavicu / o, clavicle-collarbonecost / o-ribcrani / o-skull or craniumdisk / o-intervertebral diskfemor / o-femur (upper leg bone)ten / o, tend / o, tendin / o-tendonDiseases-Arthritis-a​ n autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against joint tissuescausing chronic inflammation resulting in severe joint damage, pain and immobility.Osteoporosis- ​When too much calcium is dissolved from bones or not enough replaced, boneslose density and are easily fractured. This leads to porous bones which is called osteoporosis.Muscular Dystrophy-g​ roup of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movementprogressively weaken.Bursitis-​ I​ nflam​ mation of the bursa that leads to pain and immobility in the joint area.

Health Careers-Chiropractor- h​ ealth care professional focused on the diagnosis and treatment neuromusculardisorders, they focus mainly on back work and other pain causing placesPhysical Therapist​- health professional that addresses and treats people young and old thathave trouble moving the way they should be able to.Structures of the Musculoskeletal System-Nervous System-

Overall Function-The nervous system allows us to perceive, comprehend, and respond to the world around us.The nervous system also operates the body’s essential physiologic functions, such as breathingand digestion.Vocabulary and Keyterms-Neurons-cells that transmit impulsesCell Body-largest part of the cell; contains cytoplasm and nucleus;controls metabolic activityDendrites-short branched extensions that carry impulses towards thecell bodyAxon-long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell bodyMyelin Sheathinsulating membrane around axon; creates nodes; keeps impulsesmoving along the axon = more effiicientResting potential-electrical charge across the cell membrane of aneuronThreshold-minimum level of stimulus needed to activate a neuronAction Potential-reversal of charges across the cell membrane of aneuron as an impulse passesNeurotransmitters-contained in sacs in axon terminals; released tocause stimulus in the next cell; chemicalsCentral Nervous System-relays messages, processes information;and analyzes informationMeninges-connective tissue wrapping the brain and spinal chordneur/o-nerveencephal/o- headmyel/o- spinal cordambu/o- to walk-esthesia-capacity of sensationmening/o- membrane covering spinal cord and brainpsych/o-the mind;mental; physiologicalconcuss/o- shaken togethersomn/o- sleep

ech/o- hearingDiseases-Alzheimer's disease-​ ​a disease also called dementia that affects the memory of the brain.Encephalitis​- Encephalitis is the swelling and inflammation of the brain.Hydrocephalus-​ Hydrocephalus is a build up of fluid in the skull.Bell's palsy​- paralysis or weakening of one side of the face.Health Careers-Psychiatrist​- doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders.Electroneurodiagnostic Technician-​ Records electrical activity from the brain(electroencephalograms; evoked potentials) and spinal cord.Structures of the Nervous System-

Special Senses-Overall Function-The senses connect humans to the real world, allowing them to interpret what is happeningaround them and respond accordingly.Vocabulary and Keyterms-Chemoreceptors: Receptors sensitive to various chemicals substances.Choroid:Middle, pigmented layer of the eye.Cochlea:Spiral-shaped cavity in the inner ear that contains the receptors for hearing in theorgan of Corti.Cones:Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that detect colors.Cornea:Transparent front portion of the sclera of the eye.Conjunctiva: Mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front surface of the eyeball.Eardrum:Thin membrane at the end of the outer ear that vibrates when sound waves strike it.Eustachian tube:Slender air passage between the middle ear cavity and the pharynx, whichequalizes air pressure on the two sides of the eardrum.Gustation:The sense of taste.Gustatory cells:Chemoreceptors located within taste buds.irid/o-colored portion of the eye-cusis-hearing-iopia-vision condi​tionot/o-the eartympan/o-eardrum; middle earopthalm/o-eye-metry-​measuringDiseases-Tinnitus​- ringing or buzzing in the ears. An estimated one-third of adults experience tinnitus at

some point in their lives, and some 10 to 15 percent of individuals are afflicted by chronictinnitus.myopi​a-​ visual abnormality in which the resting eye focuses the image of a distant object at apoint in front of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of theeye), resulting in a blurred image.colour blindnes​s-​ inability to distinguish one or more of the three colours red, green, and blue.Most people with colour vision problems have a weak colour-sensing system rather than a frankloss of colour sensation.labyrinthitis​-inflammation, either acute or chronic, of the inner ear (the labyrinth). It is often acomplication of a respiratory-tract infection, of syphilis, or of inflammation of the middle ear.Health Careers-Otolaryngologist​-doctor who studies diseases of the ear and throat.Ophthalmologist-​doctor whose specialty is diseases and conditions of the eyes, especiallythings that relate to visionStructures of the Special Senses-

Cardiovascular System-Overall Function-Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste productsthroughout the body and is powered by the heart.Key Terms and Vocabulary-cardi/o-heartangi/o-blood vesselhem/o, hemat/o-brady-slowtachy-fastthromb/o- clot-emia- presence of somethingleuk/o- white blood cellserythr/o- redarteri/o- arterieshypertension-high blood pressure. Essential hypertension is highblood pressure with no apparent cause.systolic pressure-top number in B/P reading. The greatest forceexerted on the walls of the artery when the ventricles contract.diastolic pressure-Bottom number in B/P reading. The least amountof force exerted on the walls of the artery when the ventricles relax.anemias-a group of diseases characterized by insufficient red bloodcellsaneurysm-a weak, ballooned area in a vesselangina pectoris-pains in the chest due to spasm of coronary arteriesarrhythmia-irregular heartbeat; often occurs after MIarteriosclerosis-thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of bloodvessel walls, causing the lumen to become narrowed

atherosclerosis-a form of arteriocslerosis due to buildup of fattymaterial (plaque) in arteriescardiac arrest-cessation of heart action (CPR is indicated)Diseases-Heart failure​ -occurs when the pumping action of the heart cannot provide enough blood to therest of the body as it is needed. This can happen as a result of damage to the heart muscle, forexample from a heart attack, or from excessive consumption of alcohol, or because of a heartmuscle disease also called a cardiomyopathy.Angina-​ is the term for chest pain or chest discomfort. Angina occurs when the heart muscle isnot getting enough blood and therefore enough oxygen to work properly. It is usually caused byhardening of the arteries.Rheumatic heart disease​- damage caused to the heart’s valves by rheumatic fever, which iscaused by streptococcal bacteria.Stroke-​ occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. This can happen either when ablood vessel in the brain or neck is blocked or bursts. If this happens, your brain is deprived ofoxygen and parts of your brain may be permanently damaged.Health Careers-Cardiologist​- monitor, diagnose and treat heart conditions through a variety of non-surgicalmeans, including medications and management of lifestyle factors. Some cardiologists alsoperform non-invasive procedures.Cardio Perfusionis​t- one​ that works the heart lung machine, which is what keeps the patient'sblood pumping while they are undergoing open-heart surgery.

Structures of the cardiovascular system-Respiratory System-Overall Function-series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

Key Terms and Vocabulary-bronch/ocyan/olaryng/o-oxia-condition ofoxy-oxygenpleur/o-pleural cavitypneum/o-lungpulmon/o-lungthorac/o-thoraxtrache/o-trachea

Cilia- Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining therespiratory tract. Clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lungPharynx- Throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, andlaryngopharynx.Nasopharynx- First division of the pharynx.Oropharynx- Second division of the pharynx. Contains the palatine tonsilsLarynx- Voice box. Contains the vocal cordsEsophagus- Leads into the stomach and carries food to be digested.Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)- Vibrate to produce sounds as expelled airpasses the vocal cords.Epiglottis- Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing foodfrom entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.Trachea- WindpipeBronchioles- Smallest branches of the bronchi.Diseases-Emphysema (COPD)​ – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysema is one of,results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membranefor oxygen exchange.Cystic fibrosis​- a progressive, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections and limitsthe ability to breathe over time.In people with CF, a defective gene causes a thick, buildup of

mucus in the lungs, pancreas and other organs.In the lungs, the mucus clogs the airways andtraps bacteria leading to infections, extensive lung damage and eventually, respiratory failure.Pneumonia​-lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill withpus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs ( double pneumonia ), one lung( single pneumonia ), or only certain lobes (lobar pneumonia).Bronchitis​- an inflammation in the lungs that some people call a chest cold. It can be a minorillness that follows a viral illness like the common cold - or may follow a more serious conditionlike a chronic smoker's hack. Bronchitis can also be caused by exposure to smoke, chemicalirritants, or bacteria.Health Careers-Respiratory therapists-​ help people who suffer from chronic respiratory diseases like asthma,bronchitis and emphysema.P​ ulmonologis​t- one who is specialized in diagnosing and treating patients with lung problemsand diseases. These problems and diseases include asthma, emphysema, lung cancer, lungtransplant, tuberculosis, COPD, sleep disorders, and pulmonary vascular disease.

Structures of the respiratory system-Digestive System-Overall Function-specialized function of turning food into the energy you need to survive and packaging theresidue for waste disposal.Vocabulary and Keyterms-

Mesentery-​structure that suspends the small intestinefrom the posterior body wall, extension of theperitoneumVilli-f​ ingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa thatincrease the surface areaPeyer's patches-c​ ollections of lymphatic tissue foundin the submucosa of the small intestinepicae circulares-f​ olds of the small intestine walloral cavity-​one of the two anatomical regions involvedin the physical breakdown of foodtongue-o​ rgan that mixes food in the mouthpharynx-​common passage for food and airstomach-​one of the two anatomical regions involvedin the physical breakdown of food, organ in whichprotein digestion beginsgreater omentum-​extension/modification of theperitoneumesophagus-l​ iterally a food chute; has no digestive orabsorptive rolecholecyst/o-gall bladderenter/o-small intestinecol/o, colon/o-colonhepat/o-livergastr/o-stomachor/o-mouth-pepsia-digestionchol/e-gall bladderproct/o- anus

Diseases-Jaundice​ – Literally means “yellow” in French. Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes froma backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. May result fromblockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown ofred blood cells.Diverticulosis/diverticulitis​ – Small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine calleddiverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis. Theseabnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead toinflammation, diverticulitis.Crohn’s Disease​ – a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical symptoms areabdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead toanemia. Special X-rays and tests are needed to differentiate Crohn’s from other diseases withsimilar symptoms.Portal hypertension​ – A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damageand obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure in the veinsbetween the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around the umbilicus(navel)Health Careers-Gastroenterologist​ – a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system includingesophagus, stomach and intestines. These specialists do not do surgery. Patients needingsurgery are referred to a general surgeon.Proctologist​ – a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus. Proctology is asurgical subspecialty.

Structures of the digestive system-Urinary System-Overall Function-to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts andother substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation ofred blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units callednephrons.Vocabulary and Keyterms-reabsorption-process whereby renal tubules returnmaterials necessary to the body back into thebloodstreamrenal artery-Blood vessel that carries blood to thekidney

renal pelvis-Central collection region in the kidneyrenal vein-blood vessel that carries blood away fromthe kidney and toward the heartrenin-hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises bloodpressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing ofblood vessels)sodium-An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urineby the kidneys; needed for proper transmission ofnerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolicfunctionsurea-major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.ureter-One of two tubes leading from the kidneys tothe urinary bladder.urethra-Tube leading from the urinary bladder to theoutside of the body.uric acid-nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine-cele-hernia or swelling-lysis-destructioncyst/o-bladdernephr/o-kidneysren/o-renal pelvis-uria-urine-pexy-surgical fixation-ectasis-dilationpyel/o-renal pelvis

Diseases-Nephrolith​ – a kidney stone.Urethritis –​ inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and thecommon pathway for urine and semen in the male.Nocturia ​– frequently getting up and urinating during the night.Enuresis​ – involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.”Health Careers-Nephrologist​ – I am hoping by now, you would know this is a physician specializing in kidneydiseases.Urologist​ – a physician specializing in the genitourinary tract, which includes kidneys, urinarybladder and urethra of both men and women and the prostate and testes in men.structure-

Reproductive System-Overall Function-The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males andfemales — that work together for the purpose of procreating.Vocabulary and Keyterms-amenorrhea-absence or suppression of normalmenstrual flowartifical insemination-process of placing semen intoopening of cervix using either husband or donorsperm,Bartholin's glands-Glands located on either side of thevaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginallubrication.bulbourethral gland-Secretes a clear mucus beforeejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining inthe urethracervix-the opening to the uterusclitoris-organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to theopening of the female urethracorona radiata-the egg is surrounded by these folliclecells called..

corpus luteum-endocrine tissue which produceshormones, estrogen, and progesterone whichprepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryodysmenorrehea-painful menstrual flowectopic pregnancy-A pregnancy outside of the womb,usually in a fallopian tubecervic/o-cervix or necksalping/o-fallopian tubesov/o-eggorchid/o-testesoophor/o-ovarymen/o-menstruationmamm/o-breastgynec/o-womencolp/o-vaginaprostat/o-prostate glandDiseases-Endometriosis​ – a condition involving endometrial tissue. Endometrium is the lining layer of theuterus which sloughs off with each menstruation. If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterinetube ​and spills into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots of endometrial tissue can attach toabdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with theuterus in response to monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritatesthe lining membrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain.Cervical cancer-​ caused by a virus called ​HPV.​ The virus spreads through sexual contact. Mostwomen's bodies are able to fight HPV infection, But sometimes the virus leads to cancer. You'reat higher risk if you smoke, have had many children, use birth control pills for a long time, orhave HIV infection.Cryptorchidism ​– literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of lack of descent of one or both testesinto the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to sterility andincreased risk of testicular cancer.

Varicocele​ – dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of the scrotum!Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a “bag ofworms.” May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also causereduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testiculartemperature.Health Careers-Obstetricians-​ Obstetrics is the study of caring for women before,during, and after pregnancy.Andrologists a​ re urologists who focus entirely on the treatment of conditions affecting malefertility and sexuality. This specialty includes the treatment of physical conditions affecting thegenitalia, such as undescended testes, as well as injuries and diseases that can affect fertility orsexual function.

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