5th Phase | Mastering The Englih Language | Razibul Hoq Raz Page | 571 5(A) Conjunctions and connectors in English The four categories of connector , which are explained below, are ──➊ coordinating conjunctions, such as and or or, ──➋ subordinating conjunctions such as if, so that, because or while. and ──➌ correlating conjunctions such as neither... nor ──➍ conjunctive adverbs/ Linking words such as therefore or however Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence. These can join two independent clauses (by using a comma and coordinating conjunction). They can also join individual phrases or words. Finally, coordinating conjunctions can complete a list. • F – for • A – and • N – nor • B – but • O – or • Y – yet • S – so Facebook: Razibul Hoq Raz YouTube: Today’s Just Now Contact: 01628540803
5th Phase | Mastering The Englih Language | Razibul Hoq Raz Page | 572 Examples of how to use words from this group in a sentence below: And And is a coordinating conjunction. We use and to connect two words, phrases, clauses or prefixes together: (noun + noun) ──➊ Televisions and computers are dominating our daily life. =টেলিলিশন এবং কলিউোর আমাদের দেনলিন জীবদন আলিপত্য লবস্তার করদে। (verb + verb) ──➋ I have to shower and change. =আমাদক স্নান করদত্ হদব এবং পলরবত্ত ন করদত্ হদব। (adjective + adjective) ──➌ The photos are black and white. =েলবগুলি সাো-কাদিা। (phrase + phrase) ──➍ My best friend and my father’s father both come from Wales. =আমার লিয় বন্ধু এবং আমার বাবার বাবা দুজদনই ওদয়িস টেদক এদসদেন। (Verb + Verb) ──➎ She should go and find another job. =ত্ার লিদয় অনয চাকলর খঁুজে ববর করা উলচত্। (prefix + prefix) ──➏ The houses were a mix of pre- and post-war build. বাল়িগুলি লেি িাক-যুদ্ধ- এবং যুদদ্ধাত্তর লনমতাদের লমশ্রে। (adverb + adverb) ──➐ Speak clearly and concisely. (Sentence+Sentence) ──➑ It’s cold outside, and I can’t find my coat. =বাইদর ঠান্ডা, এবং আলম আমার টকাে খুঁদজ পালি না। Comma Before And That Joins Two Independent Clauses The word and is a conjunction, and when a conjunction joins two independent clauses, you should use a comma with it. Facebook: Razibul Hoq Raz YouTube: Today’s Just Now Contact: 01628540803
5th Phase | Mastering The Englih Language | Razibul Hoq Raz Page | 573 On Monday we’ll see the Eiffel Tower, and on Tuesday we’ll visit the Louvre. Exceptions If the two independent clauses are very short and closely connected, you can leave comma. Craig joined the Army and Darren joined the Marines. Craig joined the Army, and Darren joined the Marines. (Both versions are acceptable.) Arthur cooked and Melvin cleaned. It’s not wrong to add a comma before and in the sentence above, but doing so might make the sentence a little choppy. In list of some characteristics (more than two) “comma” is optional. The dog is young, well trained, and good natured. The dog is young, well trained and good natured. The Rules with Three List Items When there are three or more list items, things get complicated because there are two conventions. As a general observation, those following US writing conventions use a comma before the conjunction in a list of three or more things, but those following UK writing conventions do not. For example: • burger, shake, and fries ( USA) • burger, shake and fries ( USA) • burger, shake and fries ( UK) For As a conjunction, ‘for’ means the same as ‘because’. It is not very common as a conjunction. It sounds a bit archaeic(িাচীন; টসদকদি). ✍We love God, for he first loved us. আমরা ঈশ্বরদক িািবালস, কারে লত্লন িেম আমাদের িািদবদসলেদিন(এই জনয)। ✍She was tired, for she had studied all night. টস ক্লান্ত লেি, কারে টস সারা রাত্ প়িাদশানা কদরলেি। Facebook: Razibul Hoq Raz YouTube: Today’s Just Now Contact: 01628540803
5th Phase | Mastering The Englih Language | Razibul Hoq Raz Page | 602 =লবদকদি এে িরম লেি বে আমরা বাল়ির লিত্দর োকার লসদ্ধান্ত লনদয়লেিাম ������ She was such a bad tempered woman that nobody liked her. (Here the correlative connects the two clauses: She was a bad tempered woman and Nobody liked her.) =লত্লন এেটাই বেদমজাজী মলহিা লেদিন বে টকউ ত্াদক পেি করত্ না। ������ Rather … than ������ He would rather lose this fight than lose you. = উমন ি়িাই হারজে রালজ আদেন, লকন্ত টত্ামাদক নয়. ������ I would rather fail than cheat. =আলম টিি করদবা িাোর নকি করদবা না। =আলম বরং টিি করব ত্বুও নকি করব না। More Example: ������ I would rather read a book than watch TV. ������ They would rather starve than surrender. ������ She would rather dance than sing. The expression rather than is normally used in parallel structures. For example, with two adjectives, two adverbs, nouns, infinitives etc. ������ I would prefer to visit Switzerland rather than Australia. ������ I would prefer to walk rather than drive. ������ I Would rather starve than steal. ������ I would rather die than beg. Punctuation When we use a correlative conjunction to join two independent clauses, we separate the two clauses with a comma, as in: • “Either your father will pick you up, or you’ll get a ride home with a friend.” • “Not only is she an award-winning singer, but she also runs track.” • “She not only cleaned her room, but she also washed the dishes.” Facebook: Razibul Hoq Raz YouTube: Today’s Just Now Contact: 01628540803
5th Phase | Mastering The Englih Language | Razibul Hoq Raz Page | 603 We generally do not use commas when the two elements being joined are not independent clauses. For example: • “This house is both large and cozy.” • “I want to paint the house either white or green.” • “Neither James nor Mike enjoys playing basketball.” 5(D) Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause. List of Subordinating Conjunctions (A WHITE BUS) A =after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though B =because, before, by the time E =even if, even though G =Given that(Considering that/due to the fact that.) I =if, if only, if when, if then, in order that, in case , in the event that , inas much as (because; in consideration of the fact that), insofar as (to the extent or degree that) Facebook: Razibul Hoq Raz YouTube: Today’s Just Now Contact: 01628540803
5th Phase | Mastering The Englih Language | Razibul Hoq Raz Page | 604 J = Just as (in the same way as L =lest, like N =Now that O =once, only if , only P =provided that ,provided S =since, so that ,supposing, should=if T =than, that, though, till U =unless, until W =when, whenever, where, wherever, while Comma in Subordinating Clause Only use commas if the subordinating conjunction is the first word of a sentence. Place the comma after the first clause. Formulas for Punctuating Sentences Containing Dependent Clauses 1. Independent clause + subordinator + dependent clause. 2. Subordinator + dependent clause + , + independent clause. Clause with Subordinating conjunctions BECAUSE Used to introduce a cause or a reason ������ I didn’t answer your messages because I was out of the country. আনি আপিার বার্াত র উত্তর নদইনি ক্ারণ আনি নদচের বাইচর নিলাি। ������ I’m not going to apologize just because you told me to. আনি ক্ষিা োইব িা শুধু এই ক্ারচণ নে র্ুনি আিাচক্ ক্ষিা োইচর্ বচলনিচল। ������ Because my lower back kept hurting, I decided to finally go see a chiropractor. আিার নপচের িীচের অংচে আঘার্ নপচর্ থাক্ায় আনি অবচেচে এক্নি ক্াইচরাপ্রযাক্টরচদেচর্ োওেো় র নিদ্ধান্ত নিচেন়ে ি। Facebook: Razibul Hoq Raz YouTube: Today’s Just Now Contact: 01628540803
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