Open book test

LECTURER IN-CHARGE : PN. SHAMSIDAR BINTI AHMAD STUDENT: NO MATRIC NAME 2019256736 MOHAMAD SYAKIRIN BIN MOHAMAD SHAHRAN 2020959563 HARITH DANIAL BIN MOHD HANAFI 2019892042 MUHAMMAD LUQMAN HAKIM MOHD ROSLI 2019267708 MUHAMMAD ZULQARNAIN BIN BACHOK 2018200618 FARAH NAJIHAH BINTI MD WARITH 2020957413 SUHAILA SYAZNI MOKTAR 2021371069 NIK MUHAMMAD ASYRAN BIN NIK MAZRI 2021371035 ADIB IMRAN BIN HAFIZAN 00 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 1 With the aid of illustrations, briefly explain two (2) considerations of each the following building sitting factor before one begins to design and construct a building: i) Geographical factor (soil and vegetation) Soil - A foundation and footing system must distribute a building over an area large enough in such a way that the resultant unit load on the soil is uniform under all proportion of the structures and does not exceed the soils load bearing capacity. There are a few if any problems with high load bearing soils, poor soils may dictate the type foundation system and load distribution pattern to be used for a building and therefore it’s ultimate form. - In extreme cases, unstable soils may render a site unbuildable unless an elaborately engineered and expensive foundation system is designed. In cold climates, the freezing and subsequent thawing of soil may cause ground heaving and place stress on a building’s foundation system and structure. The extent of this frost action depends on the soil type and the site region. In any case, a building’s footings should be placed below the site’s frost line. Q-01 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

Vegetation - The type and location of vegetation affects the site micro-climate such as solar radiation, wind, humidity, air temperature and purity. - It also affects the views such as spatial definition and visual screening as well as the sound travel. ii) Climatic factor (wind and precipitation) Wind - The prevalence, direction and velocity of wind affects the air infiltration into a building. - These could lead to potential heat loss or gain, the ventilation of interior spaces and outdoor courts, and also the stress load on a structure. - Wind prevalence, velocity, temperature and direction are important site considerations in all climate regions. - During hot periods, wind- induced ventilation is desirable for cooling by evaporation. - During cold periods, wind should be blocked or avoided to reduce air infiltration into a building and lower heat losses. Q-02 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

Precipitation - The prevalence and amount of precipitation affects the roof form and its construction and the resultant stress load on the structure. - Also affecting the presence of water and its effect on site drainage and choice of building materials. Q-01 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 2 With the aid of illustrations, briefly explain the following type of wind breaker that affects Wind prevalence and velocity to the buiding’s environment: i) Earth beams Wind has two distinct components: speed and direction. Wind blows due to differences in air pressure. ii) Tree Trees are the most common obstacles to the wind in the vicinity of a potential wind turbine site. Tree act to disturb the air both upwind and downwind of the obstruction by reducing wind speed and increasing turbulence iii) Random building arrangement Buildings that are wider than they are tall influence airflow at greater distances downwind than do taller buildings. iv) Louvres structure wall/window The Malay traditional house easier absorb and releasing the heat by use nature material for the buildings (wood/fabric/leaf of nipah) Q-02 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 3 With the aid of illustrations, briefly explain the suitability of artificial lighting systems of the following interior spaces: i) Accent lighting Accent lighting is a resource used in modern interiordesign that can highlight certain elements like paintings, sculptures, an entrance, or an architectural feature. Oftentimes, accent lighting may be its own unique design element that is the showpiece of the space such as an elegantchandelier, or dramatic pendants. Accent lighting focus to Architectural features Elegant Chandelier element of painting ii) Emergency/Direction lighting Emergencylighting is provided when the normal light source fails or experiences a power outage. Emergency lighting is therefore usually operated through a battery that does not rely onthe main power supply. Many buildings now have a legal requirement for emergency lighting to be installed so that in the event of a blackout sufficient light is provided to guide people out of the building whilst navigating aroundany obstacles in the way. Q-03 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 4 Briefly explain two (2) suitable acoustic design solutions to the following interior spaces. Use illustrations to explain your answers. i) Lecture hall for seminar The mechanical systems supporting general purpose classrooms should generate a background noise of not more than NC 35. THe air changes and circulation of air per ASHRA standards is a critical factor instructional spaces. This must be achieved with effectice control of HVAC system- genereated background noise. Ceilings should be sloped or stepped and primarily of a hard surface. The back wall may need to be 50-100% covered with absorption materials. Ambient sound levels measured at 4 feet above the floor at all points throughout the room must have a Noise Criterion (NC) rating of more than 35. Q-04 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

ii)Cineplex in shopping mall Flooring acoustic floating floors are used to provide very high isolation between noisy or quiet rooms and surrondings rooms. Built as box in box systems with the walls and ceiling build off the floating floor. Acoustic panels Acoustic wall panels are a cost effective and attractive means of providing your venue with the highest quality audio performance. Acoustic stretch fabric wall Covering cinema walls with acoustic stretch fabric is an alternative to the use of acoustic curtain to manage the sound and echo characteristic in the cinema auditorium. Q-04 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 5 5) Briefly explain term of ‘Barrier-Free Environment’. With the aid of illustrations, discuss one (1) design considerations of each of the following barrier to appropriate interior environment: i) People with limited walking/movement abilities A wheelchair ramp is defined as: An inclined plane installed in addition to or instead of stairs. Ramps permit wheelchair users, as well as people pushing strollers, carts, or other wheeled objects, to more easily access a building. Wheelchair ramps (or other ways for wheelchair users to access a building, such as a wheelchair lift) are required in new construction for public. A wheelchair ramp can be permanent, semi-permanent or portable. Permanent ramps are designed to be bolted or otherwise attached in place. Semi-permanent ramps rest on top of the ground or concrete pad and are commonly used for the short term. The wheelchair ramp gives a wheelchair user more accessibility where a vertical distance must be traversed. ii) Childer Friendly The play area there should be no difference in level around an approach to park and/or park roads. If a level difference is unavoidable, a ramp or a staircase plus a ramp is needed. A level landing should be provided before and after the change in level. Approaches and pathways should be wide enough for wheelchair users (min. 900mm with regular passing places 1800mm wide). Drainage ditches should not be constructed in park road areas. If a drainage ditch has to be constructed, it should be provided. Slots in ditch/drain covers must be narrow enough so as not risk crutches or the tyres of wheelchairs being stuck. Q-05 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 6 With the aid of illustrations, briefly explain the term 'fire containment'. Describe the safety measures involved in preventing the effects of the fire and smoke within an acceptable period in interiors/building: i) Concept of fire compartmentation Definition - containing fire-prone areas by means of fire-resistive enclosure Objective - To limit fire and smoke spread - To allow longer escape time - To reduce the maximum potential size of the fire Compartment sizes - The more combustible the contents of a building, the smaller compartment should be - Joints must be filled with non-combustible materials to prevent the spread of smoke or flame Q-06 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

ii) Fire rating of construction systems – ceiling system and gypsum wall - Ceiling system 1 hours 2 hours 3 hours -12mm gypsum -12mm gypsum wallboard applied to wallboard applied to drywall resilient furring drywall furring channels 600mm O.C. channels. Furring and nailed to wood channels 600mm O.C., joists 400mm O.C. attached with 18 gauge Wood joists supporting wire ties open web 25mm T&G finish floor. steel joists 600mm O.C. supporting rib metal lath on 28 gauge corrugated steel and 62mm concrete slab.. -Gypsum wall 2 hours 1 hours steel wood steel wood -One layer type X -One layer type X -One layer type X -One layer type X gypsum vene or gypsum wallboard gypsum wallboard gypsum wallboard base nailed to each or vene or base or vene or base or vene or base side of 50mm x applied to each applied to each applied to each 100mm wood studs side of 40mm side of 40mm side of 40mm 400mm O.C metal studs metal studs metal studs 600mm O.C 600mm O.C 600mm O.C Q-06 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

iii) Load bearing capacity, integrity and insulation Load bearing capacity Integrity Insulation - Structural -Ability to resists the -Insulated building Performance development of crack element will not ignite Building still stands or perforation so as not in fire and will ensure during an emergency to allow passage of passage of human being - Ability to carry load smoke and flame.. without damage on the without collapsing other side of the separating element. - Ability to prevent heat transfer from one face to the other face . Q-06 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 7 List down two (2) aims in fire safety design. Briefly explain four (4) methods of \"fire detection\" in preventing the fire and smoke growth within an acceptable period in interior space/building. Use illustration to explain your answers. AIMS IN FIRE SAFETY DESIGN: To prevent fire To safeguard the lives of occupants and firefighters To reduce damage on the building, its contents, and on surrounding buildings VISUAL FIRE DETECTION Q-07 To visually expose fire risk and fire load areas to building occupants Fire-prone areas should be visually accessible Provide peepholes on doors AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

MECHANICAL FIRE DETECTION Makes use of manual and automatic(electric/electronic) method of informing the occupants in charge that a fire has occurred in a given location Heat and smoke alarm systems inside Fire Risk and Fire Load areas Fire alarm systems must be accessible in all zones especially in fire-prone areas Q-07 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 8 With the aid of illustrations, briefly explain the application of the respective mechanical air-conditioning systems in interior spaces: PACKAGE UNIT SYSTEMS The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these two extremes. The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc. As the name implies, in the packaged air conditioners all the important components of the air conditioners are enclosed in a single casing like window AC. Thus the compressor, cooling coil, air handling unit and the air filter are all housed in a single casing and assembled at the factory location. Depending on the type of the cooling system used in these systems, the packaged air conditioners are divided into two types: ones with water cooled condenser and the ones with air cooled condensers. Q-08 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

i. Packaged Air Conditioners with Water Cooled Condenser. In these packaged air conditions the condenser is cooled by the water. The condenser is of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side and the cooling water flowing along the shell side. The water has to be supplied continuously in these systems to maintain functioning of the air conditioning system. The shell and tube type of condenser is compact in shape and it is enclosed in a single casing along with the compressor, expansion valve, and the air handling unit including the cooling coil or the evaporator. This whole packaged air conditioning unit externally looks like a box with the control panel located externally. In the packaged units with the water cooled condenser, the compressor is located at the bottom along with the condenser (refer the figure below). Above these components the evaporator or the cooling coil is located. The air handling unit comprising of the centrifugal blower and the air filter is located above the cooling coil. The centrifugal blower has the capacity to handle large volume of air required for cooling a number of rooms. From the top of the package air conditioners the duct comes out that extends to the various rooms that are to be cooled. All the components of this package AC are assembled at the factory site. The gas charging is also done at the factory thus one does not have to perform the complicated operations of the laying the piping, evacuation, gas charging, and leak testing at the site. The unit can be transported very easily to the site and is installed easily on the plane surface. Since all the components are assembled at the factory, the high quality of the packaged unit is ensured. Q-08 Package AC with Water Cooled Condenser AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

ii. Packaged Air Conditioners with Air Cooled Condensers In this packaged air conditioners the condenser of the refrigeration system is cooled by the atmospheric air. There is an outdoor unit that comprises of the important components like the compressor, condenser and in some cases the expansion valve (refer the figure below). The outdoor unit can be kept on the terrace or any other open place where the free flow of the atmospheric air is available. The fan located inside this unit sucks the outside air and blows it over the condenser coil cooling it in the process. The condenser coil is made up of several turns of the copper tubing and it is finned externally. The packaged ACs with the air cooled condensers are used more commonly than the ones with water cooled condensers since air is freely available it is difficult maintain continuous flow of the water. The cooling unit comprising of the expansion valve, evaporator, the air handling blower and the filter are located on the floor or hanged to the ceiling. The ducts coming from the cooling unit are connected to the various rooms that are to be cooled. Package Air Conditioner Air Cooled Condenser Q-08 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

CENTRAL PLANT WITH LOCAL HANDLING SYSTEMS (WITH AHU ROOM) A central plant system serves several buildings with a heating and/or cooling medium from a central plant source using four components: 1.Energy sources (usually electric power and fossil fuels) 2.Systems to convert the energy sources to thermal energy, (usually chilled and hot water) 3.Transmission and distribution systems. 4.End use in the various served buildings. The individual buildings redistribute these mediums within the building using fan-coil or similar air handling units serving several control zones to provide thermal comfort and ventilation. When the central plant and the thermal transmission and distribution facilities are privately or municipally owned, they are referred to as district heating and cooling systems. Central plant systems have similar advantages and disadvantages to Central Systems, except that they serve multiple buildings. Electricity is converted to heat energy in a boiler or cogeneration plant and is distributed via a piping system as either steam, hot water, or HTHW (high temperature hot water). Fuel is converted to energy for cooling using large chillers (although steam turbine drive or absorption chillers are also used in certain designs) and is distributed via a piping system as chilled water or brine. In these systems air alone is used as working fluid to produce cooling or heating in air- conditioned zones; besides that air is responsible for controlling the zones’ humidity level and provide the required ventilations to air-conditioned zones. In addition, in all-air systems, air is used for aromatizing purposes. Therefore, only air as working fluid is responsible for providing comfort, i.e., cooling, heating, controlling of humidity and ventilation odor, and thus these systems are called all-air systems. Q-08 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

Air handling unit can be considered as the heart of all-air systems since cooling and heating take place in the air handling unit. It also mixes the outside air after being purified with the return air, then the necessary psychometric processes are carried out. Air conditioner is then expelled or withdrawn to the place to be air-conditioned. These units are used for capacities exceeding 100,000 CFM (50 m3/s) air. A schematic diagram of an air handling unit with its main components The main components of the air handling unit shown are described below: Supply fan. Centrifugal fan type is used to provide the conditioned air to various zones. Fan motor. Electric motor is used to provide the rotating motion to the supply fan. Cooling coil. Coil placed in AHU where cold water from chiller is circulating in medium- and large-capacity AHU or expanded refrigerant in small-capacity AHU. Filters. Filters or strainers are placed at the early air path in AHU. Filter type used may depend on application type. Mixing box. It is place where fresh air is mixed with zone return air or with fresh conditioned air. Mixing processes are performed to obtain the desired air temperature and humidity or to maintain energy-efficient performance. Dampers. Dampers are used to control the amount and direction of air before or after conditioning is performed. Heating coil. Coil placed in AHU where hot liquid or vapor water from boilers is circulating. Preheating coil. Preheating coil is placed at AHU entrance before cooling and heating coils. The task of preheating coil in hot days is to reduce the entering fresh air’s relative humidity, thus preventing possibly the condensation of water vapor on cooling coil, hence preventing frost formation on the cold coil. In addition, preheater coil will prevent the freezing of water inside the coils in cold days. Humidifier. It is a system which is responsible for increasing the humidity in the conditioned zone. Humidifiers are usually used in cold days where maintaining hot climate is desired; however this will accompany low-humidity levels, and thus the use of humidifier becomes essential to maintain the comfort edge. Humidifier can provide humidity either as hot vapor or water spray. The first one is more preferable particularly in healthcare applications as hot vapor will prevent the growth of biological organisms such as bacteria or algae besides hot vapor compared to the water spray. Besides that hot vapor is more preferable as provided humidity will have higher temperature and thus will not reduce the conditioned hot air provided to the zones Q-08 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

Centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps are used for cooling and heating air processes. They are used to maintain pumping cycle of hot water from boilers to the heating or preheating coils and back to boiler and/or pumping cycle of cold water from the chiller or cooling tower to cooling coil in AHU and back to the chiller or cooling tower. Control systems. Control systems can vary from simple control system to advanced control system that use the latest technologies such programmable logic controllers. Usually controllers are used to control the temperatures and humidity of the supply air to the zones. It also controls the damper systems in the AHU. Moreover, advanced control systems can even control the fan rotation and thus the rate of air supplied to the zone based on the required temperature in the zone and zone exit damper. In such systems, pressure sensor connected to the control system will be placed in the air duct, and as attaining the required temperature in the zone, dampers will get closer increasing the duct-sensed pressure through which the fan connected to the control system will reduce its speed and thus maintain energy-efficient performance [7, 8]. Casing. Casing is a kind of AHU cover that includes all the above AHU components. It is may be of interest to note that the configuration of air handling unit can differ slightly in design and components according mainly to the type of application and AHU capacity (e.g., healthcare buildings or other), but also initial and running costs can affect the selection of various AHU components. In addition, air handing based on various classifications units can be classified based on the structure and based on the location where it is placed. Q-08 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 9 Briefly explain the term of 'quick thermal response'. With the aid of illustrations, briefly explain two (2) solutions of the following design considerations of the attain quick thermal response process in achieving maximum comfort into traditional Malay house : i) Lightweight construction The lightweight construction that was used for the traditional Malay houses are timber and timber framing. It is utilised as a structural support system for cladding and linings that are not structural. Because of the lightweight structure, the ventilation within the home may be as maximum as possible. The airflow flows throughout the house smoothly since they aren't any barrier. Timber construction ii) Nature materials The use of nature materials for the buildings fabric makes the Malay traditional house easier to absorb and release heat. The materials used such as; nipah roof, wall matting made of bertam palm, clay tiles, nibong tree trunks and wooden shingles. The benefits of using nipah roofs it provide good heat insulation and have a low thermal capacity. Bertam leaves are intertwined and may be woven into a variety of attractive patterns. It is known to minimise the amount of heat in the house. Wall matting Wooden Nibong tree made from shingles used used for bertam palm flooring for roofs Q-09 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

iii) Size and location of fenestration The traditional Malay house were created with a lot and large windows. A pitch roof, hollow carving, louvers wall, fan light panel, balustrade plays an important as an opening to allows air to enter freely. It acts as fenestration design in order to get more natural light as well as a solar shading mechanism. The house is well ventilated with full-length openable windows and doors with minimum walls which allow for body-level airflow. Interior (fenestration) of a traditional Malay house iv) The effect of cross ventilation and stack ventilation Cross Ventilation The traditional Malay house's extended open layouts allow for easy air flow and allow cross ventilation. It is a horizontal process. Fresh air is circulated on the other side of the house through open windows, doors, or other openings. Air circulation in the home is restricted by minimum internal walls. Stack Ventilation Stack ventilation is a vertical process. The chimney effect, when cooler air is brought in at the lower level of the house and warm air is evacuated through the roof, which rise like in a chimney. The higher the roof is the greater the air circulation throughout the house. Stack ventilation and cross ventialtion Q-09 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524

QUESTION 10 10) Define the term ‘water supply system’ and ‘sanitary system’. With the aid of illustrations to explain your answers, briefly elaborate how water distribution system and sanitary system functions in 2700 cm x 2000 cm toilette space by using of the following standard sanitary fitting: i) Water inlet and water outlet (please indicate how the distribution with colour pen) ii) Cold and hot water distribution (please indicate with colour pen) iii) Washing basin iv) Bath tub complete with shower v) Water closet vi) Waste drainage Q-10 AP/JULY 2021/ INA 524