English for Secondary school Book7 (ສໍາລັບ ມໍ7)

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ C. Draw a mind map about the locations of the provinces in Laos. Phongsaly west Laos centre 47

4. Listen and practise Listen and repeat after the teacher. Then practise the dialogue in pairs. Chan is at the conference in Brunei and he meets a new friend, Linda Linda: Hi, Chan. I’m going to Laos next month for my holiday. I don’t Chan: have much information about it. Where is it exactly? Linda: Well, Laos is in South-east Asia. Chan: What countries does Laos share borders with? In fact, Laos borders with five countries: China to the north, Linda: Myanmar to the north east, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the Chan: south and Thailand to the west. Will you go to all these countries? I don’t think so. I’ll go to Laos first; then I’ll go to Thailand. Is it Linda: convenient to travel from Laos to Thailand? Chan: Well, There are a lot of border check points in Laos. There are two border check points in Vientiane Capital-one at Wattay Airport, the other on Mittaphap Bridge, where you can get a visa. Oh! That’s wonderful my dear. Thanks for your information. It’s really useful. You’re welcome Linda. 5. Grammar note -There is/are and have/has Both of them have the same meaning. Example: There is a border check point in Khammouane province. There are two border check points in Savannakhet. Vientiane has two border check points. 6. Look and answer Look at the map in exercise 3 and answer the questions. 1. How many provinces are there in the north of Laos? __________ 2. How many provinces are in there the centre of Laos? _________ 3. How many provinces are in there the west of Laos? __________ 4. How many provinces are in there the south of Laos? __________ 5. How many provinces are in there the east of Laos? ___________ 48

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ7. Read and answer Read the text and answer the questions below. Luang Prabang Luang Prabang is a big province in the north. It shares the border with Vietnam and there is one border check point. It also has borders with six provinces. The capital of Luang Prabang province is Luang Prabang city. Twelve different ethnic groups live in the province, and it has about 360,000 people. There are 12 districts, 796 villages and 63,582 households in the province. This city is the old capital of Laos. It is on the Mekong and Khan rivers. Many people say it is very beautiful because it has many old and beautiful temples. Tourists like to visit the temples and the National Museum (old Royal Place). They also like to travel up river by boat to visit the Buddha caves. People can go to Luang Prabang by plane, by boat or by car. From Vientiane, people can travel by car or bus on Road Number 13 North. They can also go by boat up the Mekong River or fly from Luang Prabang to Chiengmai in the north of Thailand. 1. Where is Luang Prabang province? ................................................................................................................... 2. What country does Luang Prabang have a border with? ................................................................................................................... 3. How many provinces does Luang Prabang have borders with? ................................................................................................................... 4. How many people live in Luang Prabang? ................................................................................................................... 5. How many ethnic groups live there? ................................................................................................................... 6. What are two things tourists like to do in Luang Prabang? …………………………………………………………………………... 8. Ask and answer One person is student A and the other is student B. Don’t look at your partner’s chart. Then take turns to ask for information. Write what is missing in your chart. 49

Example: A: How many districts are there in Savannakhet province? B: There are_________ Student A: How many ….…? Provinces Districts Villages People Households 703,000 21,974 Savannakhet 265 Bokeo 313,380 Oudomxay 7 Student B: How many ….…? provinces districts villages people Households 1,543 118,200 114,400 Savannakhet 15 Bokeo 5 475 35,815 Oudomxay Write about a province using the information from your chart. Example: In Savannakhet, there are 15 districts, 1,543 villages, 700,000 people and 114, 000 households. In Bokeo _______________________________________ 9. Complete Choose a province and complete the chart below. Name of province Where? How many people? Districts Villages Capital Tourist attractions How/travel? 10. Write Write about the province that you know well as the example in Exercise 7. ……………………………………………………………………………… …….……………………………………………………………………….. 50

Lesson 2 Weather In this lesson students learn about the different seasons. 1. Vocabulary Read and remember the meanings of these words rainfallສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດຝນົ ຕກົ scarf ຜາ້ ພນັ ຄໍ muggy ຮອ້ ນອບົ ເອົ້າ landscape ພມູ ທີ ດັ mild ອອ່ ນເບົາ sandcastle ປາສາດຊາຍ feature ລກັ ສະນະ, ຮບູ ແບບ chilly ເຢືອກເຢັນ snowman ຫນຸ່ ຫິມະ lush ຂຽວສະອມຸ່ sultry ຮອ້ ນເຫ່ ືອໄຫຼໄຄຍອ້ ຍ significant ສາໍ ຄນັ winter ລະດໜູ າວ spring ລະດໃູ ບໄມປ້ ່ງົ autumn summer ລະດແູ ລງ້ ລະດໃູ ບໄມຫ້ ່ຼນົ  2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat these words in the box after the teacher. 3. Look and Match Look at the words in the box and match to the pictures. raining windy sunny cloudy icy foggy snowing It’s ………… It’s …………. It’s . ………… It’s . ………… 51

It’s ………… It’s …………. It’s ………… 4. Match Climate charts for Laos Temperature and rainy days statistics for Vientiane, Laos Look at the chart and match the sentences in column A with climate charts in column B. AB 1. The maximum temperature (xF) in January is August 2. The high statistic of rainy days in Vientiane is in 17 3. The minimum temperature( xC ) of rainy days is 82 4. The average temperature ( xF ) from January to December is 1 5. The small number of rainy days for minimum temperature in 80-81 Vientiane is 52

5. Listen and answer Listen to the text and answer True or False. 1. Laos is surrounded by 5 countries. ……………… 2. It has borders with only Vietnam and Thailand. ……….…….. 3. Laos has a single dry season between May and September. ……… ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 4. In the north of Laos, it is cooler during the winter season. ……… 5. The weather seems to be humid during the dry season. …………... 6. Read and complete Choose the words from the box to complete the paragraph below. season hot climate distinct cool colorful time green rainy Laos generally enjoys a mild tropical (1) ………., but it can get quite chilly in the cool (2)……….. Temperatures range from 10-40 degrees Celsius in the Mekong Valley, and may dip below zero in the mountains and on the XiengKhouang and Bolaven plateaus. There are three (3) ………. seasons: the (4) ……… season from November to February, the (5)…….…. season from March to May and the (6)……….. season which lasts from June to October. Most people find the best (7) ……… to visit is from October to February. However, the low season offers lush (8) ……. landscapes in the rainy season and the (9)………..Lao New Year festivities in April 53

7. Read and answer Read the text and answer the questions below. Two distinct seasons Laos has two distinct seasons - the wet and the dry. The wet season in Laos runs from around May to October, and as with many Southeast Asian countries, the wet season is characterized by a downpour for a few hours each day rather than all-day. During wet season, the land transportation in Laos can be slow and soggy. On the upside, boat transport comes into its own during the great wet. Rivers are high so the slow boats can make better pace. Along the Mekong River many of the rapids are submerged, helping the slow boats with their deeper drafts, but if you're considering a speedboat trip, be warned that the heavy rainfall brings a lot of refuse into the river. The dry season in Laos has two distinct sub-sections -- first comes the cool dry season and then comes the hot dry season -- the former is one of the most popular times to visit Laos. The cool dry season runs from November to February and the hot dry season from March to April. What makes the hot season even more unbearable is the smoke factor -- from March to May farmers set fire to rice stubble and mildly degraded forest to improve soil fertility in preparation for a new rice crop. In summary, the dry season runs from November to April. November to February is cooler while March and April are blisteringly hot. April is the hottest month. Wet season runs from May to October, though it may start a little early in a couple of northern provinces in Laos. August is the wettest month. 54

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດAnswer these questions 1. How many distinct seasons are there in Laos? ……………………………………………………………………….… 2. What is land transportation like during wet season in Laos? ……………………………………………………………………….… 3. What are the two distinct sub sections for dry season in Laos? …………………………………………………………………………. 4. How long does the cool dry season last? …………………………………………………………………………. 5. What is the hottest and wettest month in Laos? …………………………………………………………………………. 6. What season do you prefer? Why? …………………………………………………………………………. 8. Write Write about the weather in your province using the information in exercise 6 as a guide. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 55

Lesson 3 Tourist sites In this lesson students learn more about tourist sites in Laos. 1. Vocabulary alternative ທາງເລອື ກ artifact ສ່ ງິ ທ່ ີສາ້ ງຈາໍ ລອງ ການແກະສະຫຼກັ religious ceremony ພທິ ີທາງສາດສະໜາ sculpture ວວິ ດັ ທະນາການ ກະຕນຸ້ ໃຈ destruction ການທາໍ ລາຍ evolved dammed ສາ້ ງເຂ່ ອື ນກນັ້ inspire chronological ຕາມລາໍ ດບັ ເຫດການ 2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat the words in the vocabulary box after the teacher. 3. Listen and practise Listen and repeat after the teacher. Then practise the dialogue in pairs. John spends a holiday in Laos and meets his friend, Thada. Thida: When did you arrive in Vientiane? John: Yesterday evening. Anyway, Thida, I would like to have a holiday in other provinces. Could you tell me where I should visit? Thida: I think Luang Prabang or Champasack provinces are the best places to visit in Laos. These provinces are world heritage sites. Luang Prabang was declared in 1996 and Watphou Champasack, in 2001. John: How can I get there? Thida: Champasack is in the south; you can go by bus, van or plane. If you go Luang Prabang by plane, it’ll take about you one hour. If you go by bus, it’ll take about 8-10 hours. John: How long does it take to get to Luang Prabang by bus? 56

Thida: It usually takes about 8 hours, but sometimes it takes longer in the rainy season. John: It’s difficult to decide, but I think I’ll go to Luang Prabang this time and next time I’ll go to Champasack. 4. Match A. Match the places of tourist sites under the right pictures. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດWat SisaketHo Phakeo Museum Patuxai ( Victory Gate) Ing Hang Stupa National Museum Wat Phou Xiengkhouang Buddha Park Ang Nam Ngum ( Nam Ngum Dam) 1. …..………….……. 2. …….....……………. 3. ….………………… 4.……..……………. 5.…………………...… 6. …………………… 7. …..……..……..….… 8. .………….……....… 57

5. Grammar note First conditionals The first conditional is used to express a possible situation and its result. Possible situation result Example: If you go to Pakse by bus it will take about 12 hours. If +Present Simple tense + will + verb Example: If you go to Pakse, you’ll see Wat Phou.( spoken language) If you go to Pakse, you will see Wat Phou.( written language) 6. Choose Choose the right word or phrase to write under each picture. stupa rocket festival trade fair market boat racing festival Lao New Year 1. ……………………. 2. …………………..… 3. ………………….. 4. …………………...… 5. ………….………….. 6. ………………...… 58

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ7. Listen and answer Listen to the events that happened in Champasack in the year 2015. What was in Champasack in the year 2015? Dates ……………: Weekend trade fair on the Lao-Thai border February 20-28: …………………………………….. ……………: Pang Stupa festival ……………: Nanging Stupa festival ……………: Lao New Year festival at Pakse ……………: Rocket festival June : ………………………. At Laksaoet October 14 : ……………………… in Pakse ……………: Boat racing festival at Khong Island 8. Complete Write the important days to complete the sentences below. 8 March ………………………………..……….…... 13-15 April ………………………….…………..….. 1 June ………………………………………….…… 7 October …………………………………………… In October ……………………………..……………. In December………………………………………… 2 December…………………………………...……... 9. Read and answer Read the text and answer the questions below. The rocket festival Traditionally the rocket festival is held in the sixth Lunar month (around May or June) and it is believed to bring rains so that rice planting can begin. Celebrations typically take two to three days and include music and dance performances, competitive procession of floats, dancers, musicians, and culminate on the third day with competitive firings of home -made rockets. Large bamboo rockets are built and decorated by monks and villagers and 59

carried in procession before being blasted skywards to let the rain god Phayathaen know it is time to send the rains. The higher a rocket goes, the bigger the praise for its builder. Designers of failed rockets are thrown in the mud or pond. Many villages get together in an outlying area to fire these huge rockets into the sky, while those on the ground celebrate by drinking, singing and dancing. It is a great fun day out for all, although it can get a bit raucous and unruly at times. Questions 1. When is the rocket festival held? ……………………………………………………………………… 2. Why do people celebrate the rocket festival? ……………………………………………………………………… 3. How long do people celebrate the rocket festival? ……………………………………………………………………… 4. What do people do with the designers of failed? ……………………………………………………………………… 5. Do they enjoy celebrating the rocket festival? ……………………………………………………………………… 10. Write ( Brainstorm) Choose one festival or special day that you know well in Laos. 1.What’s the name of the festival? That Louang festival 2.Where/when is it held? ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ 3.Who takes part in it? ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ 4.Why is it held? ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ 5.What happens at the festival? (preparations, special food, ceremonies) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ 6.How do people feel about the festival? ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ 7.Do people enjoy it? ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ Is it celebrated in the same way now as in the past?ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹ 60

Lesson 1 Coffee growing In this lesson students learn about the process of coffee growing and the use of passive voice. 1. Vocabulary ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດbushພມຸ່ ໄມ ້establishຈດັ ຕງັ້ /ສາ້ ງຂນຶ້ hoe (v) ເສຍຫຍາ້ cultivate ສບັ ຊາ່ ວ/ກຽມດນິ ປກູ ຝງັ export ສ່ງົ ອອກ income ລາຍຮບັ chemicals ສານເຄມ ີ fertile ອດຸ ມົ ສມົ ບນູ plantation ການປກູ ຝງັ crops ຜນົ ລະປກູ fertilizer ປຍຸ /ຝນຸ່ soil ດນິ ປກູ ຝງັ destroy ທາໍ ລາຍ plateau ທ່ງົ ພຽງ harvest ເກບັ ກຽ່ ວ weed (V) ຫຼກົ ຫຍາ້ 2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat the words from the vocabulary box after the teacher. 3. Listen and practise John meets Keo at the coffee shop. John: This coffee tastes so good. Is this brand made in Laos? Keo: Yes, this is Lao coffee. John: Oh, that’s Interesting. Where is it planted? Keo: In Paksong on Bolaven Plateau. The land is highly fertile with a cool wet climate. John: That’s why it is suitable for growing coffee. Keo: Yes. 61

John: How do you know about coffee plantation so well? Keo: I used to help my family to cultivate land and grow coffee. Jonh: What a surprise! 4. Read and answer Read the text and answer the questions below. Growing up on a coffee plantation I grew up in Paksong, a small town to the east of Pakse city in Champasak Province. My family still lives there. Paksong is on the Bolaven Plateau, which is highly fertile with a cool wet climate, suitable for growing coffee. Most people who live there get their incomes from growing coffee. I remember when I was young, I used to work hard. I helped my family to cultivate land and grow crops, especially coffee. I still remember how we established the coffee plantation. First we prepared a field for growing seedlings. We cut down small trees and bushes, but we left the big trees to stop the soil from becoming too dry. After that, we sowed the seeds in the prepared soil. Next, we prepared the plantation area. We cleared the land of all trees and bushes. We planted the seedlings in rows of about two metres apart. We had twenty hectares of coffee plantation in the mountains. At that time, coffee was grown in the traditional way. The plants grew without fertilizers or other chemicals. We simply weeded and hoed the soil. After seven years, we had our first harvest of coffee beans. About eighty percent of our income came from coffee production every year after that. 62

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດCoffee is a major agricultural export item for Lao PDR, which is one of the few coffee growing countries in Southeast Asia. Many people in Paksong are returning to coffee growing. Questions: 1. Where is Paksong? ……………………………………………………………………… 2. How do most people in Paksong make a living? ……………………………………………………………………… 3. What kind of weather is the best for growing coffee? ……………………………………………………………………… 4. How long does it take before coffee beans can be harvested? ……………………………………………………………………… 5. Is coffee-growing increasing or decreasing in Paksong? Why? ……………………………………………………………………… 5. Grammar note Passive voice The passive voice is often used in formal writing or speech. We use it when who or what causes the action is unknown or not very important. What happened or will happen is more important. For example: (Active): The war destroyed some coffee plants. (Passive): Some coffee plants were destroyed (by the war). The passive is used because what were destroyed is more important than who or what destroyed them. The passive can be used in all tenses. Present simple: am / is / are + past participle, e.g. Lao coffee is exported to many countries. Past simple: was / were + past participle, e.g. Coffee plants were destroyed by war. Present perfect: has been / have been + past participle, e.g. The land has been developed for coffee-growing. 63

6. Rearrange Rearrange the words to make correct sentences and rewrite them as passive sentences. Example: seedlings / a field / for growing / We / prepare - We prepare a field for growing seedlings. - A field is prepared for growing seedlings. 1. from becoming / the taller trees / leave / to stop the soil / too dry/ We - …………………………………………………………………..… - …………………………………………………………………….. 2. into / sow / the prepared soil / We / the seeds - …………………………………………………………………..… - …………………………………………………………………….. 3. We / all trees / the land / of / and / clear / bushes - …………………………………………………………………..… - …………………………………………………………………….. 4. in rows / We / the seedlings / two metres apart / about / plant - …………………………………………………………………..… - …………………………………………………………………….. 5. the soil / hoe / weed / We / and - ………………………………………………………………………. - ………………………………………………………………………. 7. Listen and complete Listen and complete the text below. First, a field……………….. for the seedlings. Small trees and bushes were cut down, but big trees ……………..…. Then the seeds were sowed in 64

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດthe prepared field. Next, the plantation area ………………….. by clearing the land. After that, the seedlings were planted in rows. ……………..……….. because at that time, coffee ………………………….by traditional methods. 8. Write Why do you think more people are growing coffee in Paksong? Try to think of four or five reasons, and write them in the space below. …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 65

Lesson 2 Farm animals In this lesson students learn some activities on the farm and the causative passive. 1. Vocabulary cattle (ຝງູ )ງວົ , ຄວາຍ pen ຄອກສດັ straw ເຟືອງ vaccinate ສກັ ຢາປອ້ ງກນັ fish pond ໜອງປາ raise ລຽ້ ງສດັ graze ເລັມຫຍາ້ rice barn ເລົ້າເຂົ້າ plough ໄຖ (ນາ) vet (veterinarian) ສດັ ຕະວະແພດ wool ຂນົ ແກະ 2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat the words from the vocabulary box after the teacher. 3. Listen and complete Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks. Then practise the dialogue in pairs. Ms. Naly is a vet. She is visiting Mr. Bounma- a farmer. Ms. Naly: How long (1)……… …………. been raising cattle? Mr. Bounma: Since I got married, about eight years ago. 66

Ms. Naly: How many cattle do you have? Mr. Bounma: Well, I’ve got (2)….…….….buffaloes and (3)……...…..cows. Ms. Naly: What do you do with (4)……..…… in the wet season? Mr. Bounma: In the wet (5)……………….. , I keep them in a pen or (6) …………… my rice barn. I feed them with (7)……………. and rice straw. Ms. Naly: What about the (8)……………. season? Mr. Bounma: In the dry season, I let them (9) …….……… freely. In the evening, I put them in a pen. Ms. Naly: Do you have your (10) ……………… vaccinated? Mr. Bounma: Yes, twice a year. A (11)…………..… from the district comes to the village and gives vaccinations. Ms. Naly: Is it (12)…………………… of charge? Mr. Bounma: No, but it’s cheap and I don’t (13)…………..….. my animals to get sick. They are no good to me then! ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 4. Match Match the verbs with the phrases. Example: 1 – b 1. build 1 -b a. the cattle b. a new fence 2. feed _____ c. the rice fields d. a fish pond 3. plant _____ e. a new vegetable garden f. a new rice barn 4. vaccinate _____ g. chickens in the farm h. the motorbike 5. plough _____ 67 6. dig _____ 7. repair _____ 8. build _____

5. Read and answer Read the text and answer the questions Farm animals Farm animals in this section, are featuring just some of the animals that reside on the farm. You can find lots of interesting animal information about your favourite farm animals. You can discover and learn what life is like on the farm for sheep, pigs, cows, buffaloes, goats, ducks, chickens and horses. Farm animals are bred for many purposes. Chickens give us eggs. Buffaloes, cows and goats provide us with nutritious milk and meat. Different breeds of sheep produce many kinds of wool fibers which are made into clothing. Pigs provide us with bacon and pork. Horses are used as working animals, sports and leisure activities. However, all these animals are not just there to provide us with materials, aid and provisions. They also make wonderful pets, which give us years of pleasure and devotion. Read the text and answer true or false. If it is false, give the correct answer. 1. In this text, we are talking about animals living on the farm. …………. 2. Farm animals are raised for many purposes. …….…… 3. Goats are farm animals. ……….… 4. We can get wool fibers from horses. …………. 5. Pigs are working animals. …………. 6. Pets give pleasure for human. …………. 68

6. Grammar note Causative passive Mr. Bounma is not a vet. He does not vaccinate his animals. He pays a vet to vaccinate his animals. have/has object past participle Mr. Bounma has his animals vaccinated twice a year. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 7. Write Use going to and causative passive form to write about the things Mr. Bounna will do and pay other people to do. Example - Mr. Bounma is going to build a new fence. (Things he will do) - He is going to have a new rice barn built. (Things he will pay other people to do) Things that Mr. Bounma will do Things that Mr. Bounma will pay other people to do himself -… - build a new rice barn - vaccinate the cattle -…build a new fence - plough the rice fields -…take some chickens to the market - dig a new fish pond -…plant a new vegetable garden … - repair his motorbike - - …………………………………………………………………… - …………………………………………………………………… - …………………………………………………………………… - …………………………………………………………………… - …………………………………………………………………… 69

8. Look and write Look at the pictures and write sentences about some of the them you are going to have them done. Example: 1 I’m going to have my cassette player repaired. 2 ………………………………………..…… 3 ……………………………………………. 4 …………………………………………….. 5 …………………………………………….. 6 …………………………………………….. 70

Lesson 3 Irrigation In this lesson students learn to talk about the advantages of irrigation in Laos and how to use auxiliaries with passive verbs. 1. Vocabulary advantage ຂໍສ້ ະດວກ/ຜນົ ດີ contain ບນັ ຈຸ drainage ການລະບາຍນາໍ້ brew ຕມົ້ /ກນ່ ັ roast ຂາງໄຟ (ອບົ ) moisture ຄວາມຊຸມ່ amount ຈາໍ ນວນ volatile ການລະເຫີຍເປນັ ອາຍ ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ aroma ກ່ ນິ ຫອມ huge ໃຫຍ/່ ມະຫາສານ purchase ຊ້ື artificial ທຽມ ເຄ່ ອື ງມສື ະກດັ convert ປ່ຽນແປງ manufacture ການຜະລດິ extraction equipment 2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat the words from the vocabulary box after the teacher. 3. Read and answer Read the text and answer the questions below. Irrigation All crops need water to grow. In many areas natural rainfall does not provide enough water, so irrigation is used to water the fields artificially. With irrigation, it is possible to use much more land to increase the amount of food that the land can produce. 71

Irrigation has been used for thousands of years. The Egyptians were irrigating land around the Nile River seven thousand years ago. The Chinese has been using irrigation for more than four thousand years. Since 1800 the amount of irrigated land in the world has increased from about 8 million hectares to about 222 million hectares. Today, China and India have more land with irrigation systems than any other countries to feed their huge populations. Irrigation can also cause problems, however. Rain water does not contain any salt, but all irrigation water contains some. Over the years, the amount of salt in the soil slowly increases, and this damages the crops. Irrigated land needs to have good drainage so that the salt can be washed out of the soil. Questions: 1. What do crops need? ………………………………………………………………………… 2. Why is irrigation used to water the fields? ………………………………………………………………………… 3. How is it possible to use much more land? ………………………………………………………………………… 4. How long has the irrigation been used? ………………………………………………………………………… 5. When did the Egyptian use irrigation? ………………………………………………………………………… 6. How much has the amount of irrigated land in the world increased? ………………………………………………………………………… 72

4. Match Match the words with their definitions. 1. artificial watering of land ____a. crops 2. not natural ____b. increase 3. very big ____c. artificial 4. removing water from the soil ____d. huge 5. become more ____e. irrigation 6. plants grown by farmers ____f. drainage ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 5. Complete Complete these sentences by writing suitable words in the blanks. produce population salt grow ago cause drainage 1. Irrigated land can more food. 2. Without water, crops cannot . 3. India and China need to use irrigation because they have very large______. 4. The Chinese started using irrigation over four thousand years . 5. Irrigation has many advantages, but it can also problems. 6. Sometimes, irrigated soil contains too much . 7. Irrigated land must have good . 6. Grammar note Modal auxiliaries in Passive forms. After modal verbs (will, can, must) and some other verbs use be+past participle. Subject +modal verbs + be + past participle. e.g Salt can be washed out of the soil by a good drainage. Coffee beans will be harvested after seven years. 73

7. Read and answer Work in a group of 4 to discuss and write the answers. Example: When must we dig a fish pond? It must be dug at once. 1. When will you build a new rice barn? ………………………………………………………………..……..…. 2. When must we prepare the plantation area? ……………………………………………………………………...…. 3. When can we irrigate our rice fields? …………………………………………………………………....…… 4. When must we cultivate the land for growing crops? …………………………………………………………………..…….. 5. When will you harvest the coffee beans? …………………………………………………..………………..…… 8. Read and complete Read and complete the sentences below. Example: Trees will be cut down (cut down). 1. They …………………… (take) to the paper mill. 2. The bark …………………… (remove). 3. The wood …………………….. (break) into small chips. 4. The chips ……………………… (mix) with water. 5. The mixture ……………………. (make) into a pulp. 6. Chemical and dyes …………………… (add) to the mixture. 7. The pulp ………………….. (press) by rollers to remove the water. 8. The paper …………… (send) to factories, newspaper offices, etc. 74

9. Listen and complete The first paper (1)………….…..in China. It (2)………….….nearly two thousand years ago. The method of making paper (3)………..….……to Europe by the Arabs. In the 8th century, paper (4)………….……for many years, because it was (5)……………..Until the 19th century old (6)……………..was used to make the pulp. Many paper products (7) ……………….. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 10. Read and write Read and write the following sentences, into passive verb forms. Example: They should tear down this building. This building should be torn down. 1. We must clean up the pollution in our rivers. ………………………………………………….……..………………… 2. Your adviser has to sign this form before they will allow you to take this class. …………………………………………..………………………………. 3. They might hold the graduation ceremony outside. ……………………………………………………….…………….…….. 4. We mustn’t tell Mina about our surprise. ……………………………………………………………….………..…... 75

Review Unit 1-5 In this unit students will review Unit 1-5 to improve their language skills. 1. Write Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish… Example: You’ve swum in the river too long and you feel sick. I wish I hadn’t swum so long. 1. You are in the countryside and there is a beautiful view, but you didn’t bring your camera. ………………………………………………………………………….… 2. When you were young, you didn’t study hard. Now you regret this. ……………………………………………………………………………… 3. Last week you were interviewed for a job. They offered you the job, but you decided not to take it. Now you regret this. ……………………………………………………………………………… 4. You didn’t have breakfast this morning, so you are very hungry now. ……………………………………………………………………………… 5. You went to bed late last night. Now you feel very tired. ……………………………………………………………………………… 76

2. Match Match English words with their Lao equivalents. Example: (1-b) 1. maths ____a. ພມູ ສາດ 2. history __1_b. ຄະນດິ ສາດ 3. geography ____c. ຟີຊກິ ສາດ ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ4. science ____d. ວທິ ະຍາສາດ 5. language and literature ____e. ປະຫວດັ ສາດ 6. foreign language ____f. ເຄມສີ າດ 7. physics ____g. ຊວີ ະສາດ 8. chemistry ____h. ພາສາລາວ ແລະ ວນັ ນະຄະດີ 9. biology ____i. ພາສາຕາ່ ງປະເທດ 3. Find Read the text and find words or phrases in the texts that mean: 1. opportunity …………………..…… 2. a person who translates spoken language …………………………....... 3. in another country ……………………………... 4. department of the university ……………………………... 5. join a course of study …………………………....... General education in Laos General education in Laos consists of pre-school, primary school and secondary school. Most children in Laos start their education at about three years old when they enter pre-school. Pre-school takes three years to prepare children for primary school. Children study at primary school from about six to eleven years old- a total of five years. Primary education is compulsory in 77

Laos. After finishing primary school, they go to secondary school, which takes seven years to finish- four years for lower secondary school and three years for upper secondary school. Normally, students complete their general education at the age of about eighteen years old. Students who pass the final exam in secondary school receive a secondary school certificate. Students who can pass the entrance examination can continue their education after secondary school. The highest level of education is university- this takes four to six years. Students who do not want to go to university can go to vocational or technical schools, which take three years. Another option is vocational hands-on training for a particular job. 4. Write Rewrite these sentences from active into passive form. Example: We advertised the job last week. The job was advertised last week. 1. We received seven applicants. ……………………………………………………………………. 2. The manager interviewed three people today. ……………………………………………………………………. 3. He has written notes about each of them. ……………………………………………………………………. 4. He is considering the applicants at the moment. ……………………………………………………………………. 5. He will make a decision soon. ……………………………………………………………………. 5. Read and complete Read the letter below and complete it by writing suitable words in the blanks. 78

P.O. Box 117 Vientiane 5 April 2010 Mrs Clak (Personnel Manager) Lincoln Engineering Services Ltd. P.O. Box 2897 Vientiane ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ(1)……………. Mrs Clak, I saw your advertisement in yesterday’s Vientiane Times, and I would like to (2) …………….for the position of Electrical Engineering. I am twenty-five years old. I studied electrical engineering at the National University (Faculty of Engineering), and I (3) …………..two years ago. I have (4)…………. as an electrician for my father’s company (5)since that time. I am interested in working on hydro-electricity projects, and I would be happy to work in the provinces. I enclose my (6) ………….(7) …………… you please send me more details and an (8) …………………….form? I (9)…………………. forward to hearing from you. (10)…………………. Sincerely, Vilaysack (Mr) Vilaysack Inkhalavong 6. Translate Translate these traffic rules into Lao. 1. When the traffic light is yellow motorists prepare to stop or to go. ……………………………………………………………………… 79

2. At the round- about, the car in the round- about has a priority to go first. ……………………………………………………………………… 3. Motorists should slow down their cars while passing market places, villages, schools, and other public gatherings. ……………………………………………………………………… 4. Motorists should slow down their cars when seeing zebra crossings. ……………………………………………………………………… 5. Do not stop your cars on the zebra crossings. ……………………………………………………………………… 6. Give signal light before changing the lane or turning. ……………………………………………………………………… 7. Do not turn on headlights high beam while driving in cities at night. ……………………………………………………………………… 7. Write Write the name of the traffic signs. …………………. …………………. ………………….. …………………. …………………. ………………… 8. Write Use when to join the following sentences. 1. I arrived home. I saw a present on the table. …………………………………………………………………………… 2. I saw an accident. I walked out of the market. …………………………………………………………………………… 80

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ3. I said thank you very much. He gave me a birthday present. …………………………………………………………………………… 4. I’ll ask the teacher. I have a maths problem. …………………………………………………………………………… 5. I do it right. I do something. …………………………………………………………………………… 6. I was young. I could swim. …………………………………………………………………………… 7. I was doing homework. My mother cooked breakfast. …………………………………………………………………………… 8. I always stop jogging. I feel tired. …………………………………………………………………………… 9. I saw a snake. I stopped my car. …………………………………………………………………………… 10. I ask someone to pick up and put the rubbish into the bin. I see someone just drop them anywhere. …………………………………………………………………………… 9. Write Write the verbs in brackets into the present perfect passive. 1. Since the 19th century, wood has been used (use) for making pulp. 2. Many different paper products ………………………… (develop). 3. A lot of pollution …………………… (cause) by bleaching paper to make it white. 4. Many lakes and rivers …………………….. (destroy) by pollution from paper mills. 5. Since the 1980s more and more paper ………………………(recycle). 81

10. Puzzle How many words can you find about agriculture? (There are 16). M S EEDF I ELD B A G R I CU L TUR E N R AERHWAB S A U O I HOS E UXC N R WNGPA L AYM S E T PQSAL FOPW I R R I GA T I ON A A I LTBB UCKE T J CULT I VAT E E F E RT I L I ZER R 82

Lesson 1 Living in the big cities In this lesson students learn about living in the big cities and then compare to the one in the rural areas. 1. Vocabulary ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດinfluenceອດິ ທິພນົpotentialຄວາມອາດສາມາດ adequate ພຽງພໍ hygienic ມອີ ານາໄມ mental ດາ້ ນຈດິ ໃຈ populous ພນົ ລະເມອື ງໜາແໜນ້ physical ດາ້ ນສຂຸ ະພາບ ignore ບ່ ໍເອົາໃຈໃສ,່ ຖເື ບົາ pollution ມນົ ລະພດິ lack of ຂາດເຂນີ interaction ການພວົ ພນັ compulsion ຄວາມກດົ ດນັ pure ສະອາດ, ບໍລສິ ດຸ demand ຄວາມຮຽກຮອ້ ງຕອ້ ງການ 2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat the words and expressions from the vocabulary box after the teacher. 3. Read and match Read and match the English words and expression with the correct Lao translation. 83

Living in Big Cities Most people in our world believe that it is better to live in big cities than to live in small villages, and this belief further gives rise to a trend where large numbers of village people migrate to big cities. This trend can be easily seen in most parts of the world, as the pollutions in big cities has increased. Mostly people come to big populous cities because they find it very easy to get good earning opportunities, whereas villages fail in providing adequate earning potentials for their people. Moreover, in cities, there is more demand for services, thus creating more job opportunities for a large number of people. However, there are a number of other issues which we mostly ignore, due to earning compulsions. Though big cities provide a good potential of earning to a large number of people, they also cause some disadvantages. Some of these things are highlighted below. x Lack of open and hygienic housing facilities for the people in big cities because large numbers of these migrants can only afford to live in small and unhygienic conditions. x Scarcity of pure water and air, as most of big cities of the world are polluted very badly. x High level of noise pollutions in big cities as compared to small villages which create lot of physical and mental health problems to people. x Higher traffic on the roads, increasing the chances of fatal accidents and problems in travelling, less quality time for oneself and family, less opportunity to commune with nature and appreciate its beauty. 84

N/O English words and a. ____ Lao expressions b. ____ translations c. ____ 1. migrate d. __1_ ພຽງພໍ 2. opportunity e. ____ ຄວາມອາດສາມາດ 3. ignore f. ____ 4. demand g. ____ ຄວາມຮຽກຮອ້ ງຕອ້ ງການ 5. adequate h. ____ ການຍກົ ຍາ້ ຍຖ່ ນິ ຖານ 6. potential i. ____ ໂອກາດ 7. hygiene j. ____ 8. mental problem ມອີ ານາໄມ 9. pure (ທ່ ີ)ບໍລິສດຸ , ບໍລສິ ດຸ 10. influence ບ່ ໍເອົາໃຈໃສ,່ ຖເື ບົາ ອິດທິພນົ ບນັ ຫາດາ້ ນສຂຸ ະພາບຈດິ ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 4. Read and Answer True or False Read the text in Exercise 3 and answer True or False. If it is false, give the correct answer. Example: Most people migrate to small villages. F Most people migrate to big cities. 1. Mostly, people migrate to big cities because it is very easy to find jobs. ______ 2. Small villages fail in providing earning potentials to the people. ______ 3. There is more demand for services in small villages. ______ 4. People living in big cities have more quality time for themselves and their families. ______ 5. The rate of physical and mental problems of the people in big cities is higher than the people in small villages. ______ 6. We can easily find pure water and air in big cities. ______ 7. People in the small villages have adequate opportunities to commune with nature and appreciate its beauty. ______ 85

5. Grammar note Comparison “–er” is used for the comparative with one syllable adjectives. Bounkong works harder than most of his friends. Adjectives Comparatives hard harder cheap cheaper “er and ier” are used with one or two-syllable adjectives ending with – y. Adjectives Comparatives strong stronger funny funnier easy easier “more” is used with some two – syllable and all longer adjectives. Adjectives Comparatives serious more serious successful more successful There are also some exceptions for some irregular adjectives and adverbs such as good, bad, little, much, far … when making comparisons. Adjectives Comparatives little less far farther/further After comparatives, “than” is usually used. 6. Read and complete Read and circle the correct comparative form of adjectives. 1. Sorry I’m late. It took me ………. to get here ……….. I expected. (longer … than / more long … than) 2. My toothache is ……….than it was yesterday. (more painful / painfuler) 86

ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ3. She looks about 20, but in fact she’s much ……….than she looks. (more older / older) 4. The problem is not so complicated. It’s ……….than you think. (simpler / more simpler) Your English has improved. You speak much ……….than you did when we last met. (gooder / better) 5. Health and happiness are ……….than money. (importanter / more important) 7. Rearrange Put the following words into the correct sentences. Example: important/ happiness/ Health/ are more/ and/ money./ than Health and happiness are more important than money. 1. from/ influence/live /the /city /of /overseas /from /people. .…………………………………………………………………………… 2. Education / development / big / depend / cities./ and / on / economic .…………………………………………………………………………… 3. People / cities / quality / in big / living / time / oneself / for / have less / and family. .…………………………………………………………………………… 4. communication / benefits / have / People / developments./ from .…………………………………………………………………………… 5. is more / demand / There / services / for / number / of people. / for large .…………………………………………………………………………… 8. Write Write 5 impressions about life of the people in your village or city. …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 87

Lesson 2 Rubbish burning In this lesson students learn about how to preserve better environment in their own surroundings. 1. Vocabulary awareness ສະຕຕິ ່ ນື ຕວົ garbage ຂເ້ີ ຫ້ືຍອ convenient ສະດວກສະບາຍ consist of ປະກອບດວ້ ຍ experiment ເຮດັ ການທດົ ລອງ dioxin ສານໄດອອັ ກຊນິ (ທາດພດິ ) messy ບ່ ໍເປັນລະບຽບ/ຮກົ fertilizer ປຍຸ , ຝນຸ່ ງາມ encourage ຊຸກຍ,ູ້ ປກຸ ລະດມົ charity ມນູ ນທິ ິ (ຄວາມມໃີ ຈບນຸ ) effect ຜນົ ສະທອ້ ນ dangerous ອນັ ຕະລາຍ rubbish ຂເ້ີ ຫຍອ້ື disposal ການຖມີ້ ຂເີ້ ຫຍອ້ື ໃສບ່ ອ່ ນທ່ ີເໝາະສມົ 2. Listen and repeat Listen and repeat the words and expressions from the vocabulary box after the teacher. 3. Read and practise Read the conversation after the teacher and practise it with your partner. Khamsone sells food at the market. She usually wraps her food in banana leaves, but Davanh uses plastic bags. Davanh: You know, people do not use banana leaves to wrap food Khamsone: nowadays. Why do you still use them? Well, I’ve always used banana leaves. I don’t see any reasons to change it. 88

Davanh: But banana leaves are expensive – plastic bags are much Khamsone: cheaper. Davanh: Khamsone: Yes, I agree. Luckily, I grow banana plants in my garden, so I don’t have to buy them. Davanh: I think plastic bags are much more convenient. My customers like them too. That may be true, but look at this street! It’s so messy, plastic bags are everywhere. They will stay there forever if people don’t pick them up, unlike banana leaves. If leaves are thrown along the street, they will disappear and become natural fertilizer after a few years. Yes, I think you’re right. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 4. Read and answer Read the conversation in Exercise 3 and answer the following questions. 1. Why does Davanh prefer plastic bags to wrap her food for customers? …………………………………………………………………………… 2. Why does Khamsone prefer banana leaves to wrap her food for her customers? …………………………………………………………………………… 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using plastic bags? Advantages: ………………………………………………………… Disadvantages: ……………………………………………………… 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using banana leaves? Advantages: ………………………………………………………… Disadvantages: ……………………………………………………… 5. What way you can help community to reduce the using plastic bags? ………………………………………………………………………… 89

5. Read and match Read and match the English words and expressions with the correct Lao translation. Burning rubbish Burning rubbish is common cause of air pollution. This has a harmful effect on people’s health. In the past, most people used to burn garden rubbish. This did not cause any serious damage to people’s health. Nowadays, however, there is a lot of plastic in household rubbish. When plastic is burnt, it produces poison called dioxin, which can cause cancer and skin disease. Many people still burn their rubbish. Some people are too lazy to put their rubbish out for collection, and some people may not know that burning plastic is dangerous to health. Local authorities are trying to reduce the burning of rubbish. Vientiane Capital, for example, sends trucks to collect rubbish every day. Other ideas have been suggested to help solve this problem. One idea is an awareness campaign, telling people about the dangers of burning some types of rubbish. Another idea is an “anti-pollution day”, which could raise awareness of the importance of a clean and healthy environment. 90

English words and a. ____ Lao expressions b. ____ translations c. ____ 1. cause d. ____ ສານໄດອອັ ກຊນິ (ສານພດິ ) 2. effect e. ____ ສະຕຕິ ່ ນື ຕວົ 3. consist of f. ____ ສຂຸ ະພາບ 4. plastic g. ____ ຂເ້ີ ຫື້ຍອ 5. dioxin h. __1_ ສ່ ງິ ແວດລອ້ ມ 6. anti-pollution day i. ____ ວນັ ຕາ້ ນມນົ ລະພດິ 7. awareness j. ____ ປະກອບດວ້ ຍ 8. dangerous k. ____ ສາຍເຫດ 9. health ປລາສະຕກິ 10. environment ຜນົ ສະທອ້ ນ 11. rubbish ອນັ ຕະລາຍ ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 6. Listen and complete Listen and complete the missing words in the blanks. produces waste rubbish produce garbage plastic bags recycling looking for supermarket medicine Beijing has a big problem with ……………... The city is full of plastic bags and disposable cups and boxes. China’s 1.2 billion people ………… about 100 million tons of ……………. each year. This includes about 220 million food boxes and 2.3 billion plastic bags. Beijing, a city of 12 million people, ………….… up to 15,000 tons of household …………… each day. ……………… is not new in China. Just a few years ago, very little was thrown away in Beijing. Office workers used coffee jars as cups. Orange peel was hung out to dry and used in Chinese ……………... That was before the arrival of fast food and ……………….. packaging. These days, people can be seen poking through the rubbish, ………………. different kinds of things that can be recycled, such as bread to feed the animals and ………….. …….. and empty cans to sell to recycling companies. 91

7. Write Make a list of things that your family throws away, then write sentences about what your family does with these things with your partner. Example: Empty water bottles We collect the drinking water bottles and sell them to the recycling companies. 1. ………………………………………………………………….. . 2. ………………………………………………………………….. . 3. ………………………………………………………………….. . 4. ………………………………………………………………….. . 5. ………………………………………………………………….. . 92