RIME2021 proceedings

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 5 COST ANALYSIS Table 3. Cost analysis of 10 tonne boiler Cost Particular ₹6 crore One-time installation (includes everything) ₹4 crore (Coal + Plastic) ₹2 lakhs/day One-time installation (includes everything) (Coal) Savings (Coal + Plastic) Payback Period 4 months (w.r.t coal fire boiler) Payback Period 1 year from savings (For plastic entire boiler) only Table 3. gives us the overview of the cost analysis of a 10-tonne boiler. Total capital cost of a plastic fed boiler is high when compared to the steam boilers as they have huge energy efficient system plants for removing harmful substances such as (SOx and NOx). But when we compare the cost of a fuel then the plastic fed boilers can save approximately up to 2 lakhs/day and have 4 months long payback period 6 PROBLEMS WITH PLASTIC FED BOILER Plastic has moisture present on its outer surface unlike coal, which has moisture inside it, hence burning of plastic is a little difficult. When plastic burning takes place in a burner, it burns and sticks to the inner lining of the structure causing burning and maintenance issues. So, a provision for air can be provided in the lower part of the burner and furnace to prevent the plastic from sticking. Still few traces of plastic sticking on the inner side of the boiler are noticed. 7 CONCLUSION The main reason behind this study is to determine the effect of plastic as a fuel on the overall performance of the boiler. The mixing of plastic reduces the efficiency [3] to 70.2% from 85% and the capital cost increases from 4 Cr to 6 Cr. External costs such as transportation depend greatly on the location of the power plant and are therefore site specific. However, the payback period and daily savings are much higher compared to a coal fired boiler. Also, with the reducing stock of fossil fuels and increase in the amount of non-biodegradable plastic this technology is not a bad alternative. Plastic, which is considered waste, can be used as an alternative fuel which will contribute towards an eco-friendly environment and creation of energy from waste. With growing urbanization plastic waste is rapidly increasing at an enormous rate, domestic plastic takes roughly 100 years to decompose and is not of much use despite having good calorific value. Plastic fed boilers have the potential to revolutionize the way of energy production in the greenest method eliminating plastic piling up issues. This boiler is new in its field but has the power to revolutionize the entire industrial market with its innovation. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors of this paper extend their heartfelt gratitude to Haripoojan Singh Chauhan, director of Triveni Boiler Pvt Ltd and the entire Triveni Boiler team for giving us the opportunity to take part in this revolutionizing technology.We would also like to thank Professor KM Patel, Head of department and entire 97

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 Mechanical Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma university for granting us the opportunity of this Fellowship. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Shri MV Joshi, Rtd Director of Steam Boilers, Maharashtra. REFERENCES [1] P. C. B. Central, \"Air Pollution Standards for Industrial Boiler,\" Government of India Press, New Delhi, 2018. [2] M. V. Joshi, Boiler Attendant Examination Book, Aurangabad: Govinda Calm Prints, 2014. [3] Campbell, McCahey, Williams and Beekes, \"Coal and plastic waste in a PF boiler,\" Elsevier, 2000. 98

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND FABRICATION OF A FOOT OPERATED HAND SANITIZER BHATIA SIDDHARTH, RATNAPARKHE ATHARVA, SHARMA AYUSH Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481. Gujarat, INDIAs ABSTRACT: Hand sanitizers consist of foam, gel, liquids, etc. which eliminates harmful bacteria present on hands. During this global pandemic of COVID-19, sanitizers have proven to be the most effective shield against the virus, as various studies have shown that the virus is destroyed by the use of sanitizers. At public places, many people touch the same sanitizer bottle and hence there is a risk of contracting the virus. The virus can easily disseminate, when an already infected person touches the sanitizer bottle. The foot-operated sanitizer dispenser eliminates the use of hands required for pushing the cap of sanitizer bottle. The main aim of this paper is to explain the design calculations, preferred material, mechanism and cost of material used. The acquired dimensions were tested in Ansys for its stress distribution. Finally, a real-life prototype considering the calculations shown in this paper was fabricated using industrial waste. 1 INTRODUCTION Adapting preventive measures against COVID-19 is one way to prevent catastrophic repercussions. One of the ways recommended by experts is incorporating Contactless technology in this pandemic to prevent a future outbreak. Coronavirus spreads when an infected person comes in contact with other people and this chain continues. Sanitizers help preventing the spread of this virus, yet there is always a risk when the same bottle is used by many people using their hands. A research done by scientists of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [1] found that Sars-CoV-2 virus remained active on plastic surfaces for 2 to 3 Days. The above facts and data prove that an alternate contact-less technology, or more specifically contact- less sanitizer dispensers can be a lifesaver. 2 IDEA The market is full of different type of contactless sanitizers [2]depending upon cost, size, usage, material, etc. but again problem is getting one which proves to be optimum in all its defining categories, for example if a contactless sanitizer is of good quality, durability, material, and mechanism, eventually it's very costly. Hence a normal person cannot afford it. Another case may be if it is cheap then its quality and durability may be even cheaper. So, the final goal of this paper is to develop a durable, hygienic, economically viable, sustainable Non-Contact Type Hand Sanitizer Dispenser. We can ensure optimality of all the traits by tweaking, iterating, and reconstructing mechanisms of operation and design aspects which will ensure cost-cutting over material usage, time of production and complexity, allowing us to optimize quality and durability. 3 MECHANISM The mechanism used in this product is known as foot activated lever mechanism because of the mechanical advantage we get from class-1 levers, a great amount of force can be produced by applying a small amount of force by human foot on a pedal. On pressing the foot pedal, the entire mechanism gets linked and the mechanism is activated. The mechanical energy released after the activation, results in a linear motion in the top part of the sanitizer dispenser cap. This up-down motion thus presses the spring present in the sanitizer bottle and sanitizer is dispensed. 99

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 4 PARTS 4.1 Base Dimensions: 250 x 200 mm, thickness= 20mm. Function of the base is to bear the entire weight of the dispenser. It steadily balances the support stand. The base should be totally flat to provide stability to the entire setup. Also, as the base is always is always in contact with the ground, it is prone to corrosion. Hence a coat of corrosion resistant paint must be applied to the base. (As shown in Fig. 1.) Figure 1: Base 4.2 Support Stand Stand thickness- 60mm, Length-1000mm. Function of the stand is to act as a supporting pillar to the rod and is also an important part of the mechanism. The stand sits on the base and supports the sanitizer bottle stand. 4.3 Connecting rod Rod Diameter- 25mm, Length- 900mm. The rod follows a linear up and down motion, which transfers the force from foot pedal to press the cap on top of sanitizer bottle. This is how sanitizer is dispensed. 4.4 Bottle Stand Width-60mm, Length-50mm. Function of the bottle stand is to hold the sanitizer bottle firmly in its place as seen in Fig.2. Figure 2: Bottle stand 4.5 Lever Lower Lever – Length - 150 mm, curvature - 20mm, Upper Lever – Length - 100 mm, curvature - 20mm. Both the levers are class-1 type and help in gaining a mechanical advantage. 5 MATERIAL Material for Support Stand, Rod and Base is Powder coated Mild Steel (S355). The cost of this material is Rs.150/kg. This material is chosen because it has more durable coatings, capabilities for thicker and specialty 100

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 finishes, and does less environmental impact. Material for Lever, Nut and Bolt is Stainless Steel (Grade 303). Its cost is Rs.18/nut bolt [x 8] and Rs.30/lever [x 4]. This material is chosen because addition of Sulphur or selenium gives it the best machinability and it has good oxidation resistance. 6 DESIGN CALCULATIONS [3] 6.1 Assumptions: We have assumed that the lengths of upper and lower lever are bifurcated in the following ways: L1 = 50 mm, L2 = 100mm, L3 = 25 mm, L4 = 50 mm. L1 and L2 correspond to the lower lever whereas L3 and L4 correspond to the upper lever (as shown in fig.3 & 4). The assumed length of support stand = 103 mm = 1 m and length of Rod = 9x 102 mm = 900 cm. Figure 3: L3 and L4 of Upper Lever Figure 4: L1 and L2 of Lower The factor of safety is assumed to be 2.5. We have considered FOS value lesser than 3, because plain S.S. is an average material, our setup is operated in ordinary conditions and the order magnitude of the forces is on the lower side. Also, the value of FOS is kept greater than 2, because the force applied is not the same. For example, force applied by a child differs from the force applied by an adult. Now, the permissible stress value can be determined by, ������permissible = ������������������ = 420 Or, ������������������������ = 168 ������⁄������������2 ������������������ 2.5 The permissible shear stress is half the value of ������per. So, ������������������������ = 84 ������⁄������������2. 6.2 Fulcrum pin (Nut- Bolt) present on lower side lever The fulcrum pin will be subjected to bending. So, for the given ������permissible and by taking 2 cases for standard diameters available in the market, we will find the load P(N) applied by the foot. 6.2.1 CASE - 1 (consider diameter = 4mm) For bending, ������������������������ = ������������ (1) 3������2������3 Here, Mt is the moment of the push from the pedal and can be expressed as, Mt = (P)(y) (2) Also, y=5mm, (as shown in Fig. 5), ������������������������ = 168 = ������(5) (3) 3������243 or P= 211.12 ~ 212N, or 21. 2 Lkgoaldoa=d.PA=s2w12.e2 have 2 levers on the lower side, the load on each lever will equally distributed. Therefore, = 10.6kg or 106N. be 101

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 Figure 5: Distance y 6.2.2 CASE - 2 (consider diameter = 6 mm) For bending in this case, similarly to Eq.(1), we get P= 712N, or 71. 2 kg load. We can assume that no human is capable of applying such a heavy force. Thus, out of both the cases, Case - 1 seems appropriate to solve our design calculations. 6.3 Mechanical Advantage In the design we have used a Class - 1 lever and equating moments about the fulcrums we get, P*(L1) = W*(L2) (4) P is the force applied by a foot on the pedal as calculated in Case – 1. And W is the weight of the rod. Therefore, P*(100) = W*(50) Or, W = 2P. Finally, W = 2*(106) = 212N for each lever. 6.4 Small Pin on the back side (attached to Rod) The pin will be subject to Bending and, ������������������������������������������������ = ������������ 3������2������3 (5) Here, Mt = W*(10) = 212 (10). And the diameter is taken the same as for earlier pin; i.e., 4mm. Therefore, ������������ = (212)(10) = 337.4 ������/������������2. 3������2(4)3 As the obtained Bending Stress is greater than Permissible stress, the design fails. To overcome this problem, we will take the next standard diameter available in market (i.e., diameter = 6 mm, as in Case -2). Now from Eq.(5), ������������ = 99.9������/������������2 ≅ 100������/������������2 . This is less than the permissible bending stress (168 N/mm2). So, this design is safe. Hence, the diameter of all the pins can be considered to be 6mm. This step will help as only one kind of Nut-bolts are required and the inventory is reduced. Also, while drilling only one size of drill bit is used which helps in increasing production. 6.5 Shear Stress consideration for small pin (attached to Rod) The shear stress, ������, can be calculated as follows, ������ = ������������������������������ = ������ = 212 = 7.5 ������⁄������������2 < 84 (6) ������������������������ ������������2 ������(6)2 As it can be seen that, ������ < ������������������������������������������������������������������������. Hence, the design is safe. 6.6 The small pin present on Top (attached to Rod) This pin will also be subject to bending. Therefore from Eq.(5), ������������ = (������)(10) = 100������/������������2 . Again, it can be seen that, ������ < ������������������������������������������������������������������������. Hence, the design is safe. 3������2(6)3 102

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 6.7 Bending in Lever (present on the bottom) In this model, the lever is in the form of a rectangular pyla=te���2.��� The moment, Mt, can be given by, Mt = P(x) = . Also, it is assumed that d=2b. The moment of 106(100) IN=-m������1���2���m3 .(fTohrea distance from the neutral axis is inertia is rectangular plate). So, ������������������������������������������������������������������������ = ������������ where, (������ = ������������) (7) ������ ������������������������ = ������������������ => 168 = (106)(100)���2��� where, (������ = ���2���) ������ ������������3 12 Upon calculating we get d = 10mm. So, y = 5mm and b = 5mm. 6.8 Bending of upper lever (present at Top) Now we h=av���e���������������th=e ������ bending stress can be obtained ������������������������������������������������ v������a������������l���u���.eHs eorfed, M=t1=0mWm*(,5b0)==5(m21m2)a(n5d0)yN=-m2 m=.5Smo,m. The as, ������������������������������������������������ = ������(50)���2��� (8) ������������3 12 Upon calculation we get ������������ = 127.2 ������/������������2 . As it can be seen that, ������������ < ������������������������������������������������������������������������ , hence the design is safe in all the aspects. 7 STRESS ANALYSIS IN ANSYS The maximum stresses are verified using stress analysis in Ansys and are compared with their respective permissible values as shown in Table. 1. Figure 6: Stress distribution of Upper Figure 7: Stress distribution of Back Figure 8: Stress distribution of Lower lever Pin Lever Figure 6 shows force of Magnitude 212N applied in the upward direction on the longer end of the Lever, fixed at the Fulcrum Point. Maximum stress on the upper lever according to the calculated dimensions is 105.86 MPa (calculated stress is 127.2 MPa) which is less than the permissible stress, i.e., 168 MPa. Figure 7 shows force of Magnitude 212N applied at a distance of 5mm from the lower face of the Head of the bolt, fixed at the Rightmost End. Maximum stress on the Back Pin according to the calculated dimensions is 98.391 MPa (calculated stress is 100 MPa) which is less than the permissible stress, i.e., 168 MPa. Figure 8 shows force of Magnitude 212N in the Downward Direction on the Longer end of the Lever, fixed at the Fulcrum Point. Maximum stress on the Back Pin according to the calculated dimensions is 145.1 MPa which is less than the permissible stress, i.e., 168 MPa. 103

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 8 PROTOTYPE MODELLING After looking at all the necessary design aspects, a prototype model was fabricated based on the dimensions obtained in the calculations and an attempt was made to build the model using waste aluminium in the industry. To obtain holes as required in the lever design, a professional rotary drill machine was used. We have spray painted the prototype, instead of powder coating as suggested in this paper. All the additional processes costed us less than Rs. 100. The fabrication process is shown in Fig. 9, 10, 11 and 12. Figure 9: Drilling the levers Figure 10: Upper Lever Figure 11: Model testing Figure 12: Spray painting the prototype 9 CONCLUSION In this pandemic, when all the public places would re-open, there would be a need for a simple yet safe machine to boost up the process of sanitization. Due to the low manufacturing costs of this product, it is easily affordable for factories, hospitals, restaurants, and other public places. Many manufacturing industries have started producing these machines as they can be completely constructed from other industrial wastes, which also benefits the factories. These dispensers contribute in creating a healthy environment for all and will surely help in reducing the COVID-19 spread. REFERENCE [1] National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, [Online]. Available: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases- conditions/covid-19-clinical-research. [2] M. Anushka and P. Vansh, \"Battling Covid-19 with Foot-Operated Sanitizer Dispenser Stands,\" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 6. [3] V. B. Bhandari, Design of Machine elements, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010. 104

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 SOLAR WATER HEATING WITH SOLAR PLATE COLLECTORS SYSTEMS WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF ANN: A REVIEW VISHWAKARMA PRAMOD; SHARMA AJAY Institute of engineering and technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA ABSTRACT: Modern Solar Water Heating Frameworks are focused with their implementations in the latest review article. Solar energy is free, eco-friendly and is thus known as one of the most motivating sources of elective fuel. The good use of solar energy is ruined by the irregular concept of its accessibility, which constrains its use and feasibility in home-grown mechanical and water heating applications, in particular. A discontinuous concept of its gracefully prevents successful utilisation of solar energy, which restricts its utilisation and efficiency in public and modern contexts, particularly in water heating. Today, many high temp waters are used for home-grown, commercial and contemporary purposes. Various products, e.g. coal, diesel, gas etc., are used to heat water and here and there to produce steam. The answer to supplanting customary fuels is solar energy. The open writing is examined in order to grasp the plan, structure, applications and scale of the solar heating system and to extend the usage of solar authorities to increase the range of innovations of solar collectors in an attempt to enhance their effectiveness. There are several techniques, to optimize the performance, is available in current trend one of the techniques is ANN (Artificial Neural Network). ANN is a technique which provides fast and precise outcome for a complex problem. Application of ANN is growing in various sectors like Manufacturing, Defence, Business and medical sector etc. Keywords: Solar energy, Solar water heating systems, Flat plate collector, ANN. 1 INTRODUCTION Solar Water Heating (SWH) is the process used to transform renewable energy into solar thermal water. Solar water heating systems are made up of numerous technologies, are used internationally. Solar energy in nature is both natural and seasonal. Solar energy can be used in all phases for heating water air and for generation of photovoltaic electricity. The Solar Hot Water System is not totally new. Black water-filled metal tanks were used to store solar energy in the 19th century. The consequences of accelerated heat loss are due to it since there is no isolation [1]. The usage of solar water heaters worldwide is growing in order to counter electricity shortages, deficit and fossil fuels price rise. This clean energy policy also lowers atmospheric emissions. A solar water heating system includes a solar collector, storage tank, heat switch, pipeline, etc. The solar collector converts radiation from solar to thermal energy. Solar water heating (SWH), a well-known technology, is one of the most efficient technologies for transforming solar energy to thermal energy. However, prospects exist for further enhancement of the performance of the system to increase its reliability and efficiency. In terms of both energy quality and cost efficiency, a large number of stakeholders have submitted a thorough analysis over the years of the design features and associated technological development of SWH framework and many further studies remain underway. Several designs were advertised for solar water heating and are most often seen in developed countries' tropical regions. The new advances in solar pumping technologies indicate a promising solar power as a stable source of heating for solar-adverse areas. There are several renewable energy options that can be used other than fossil fuels. In both cases, deciding what form of energy should be used on the basis of tax, environmental and protection considerations is important. Instead of other renewable energy sources solar energy is widely accepted, although its costs are slightly higher, given the favourable environmental and security aspects. In comparison to other energy sources, solar energy is renewable and can be supplied without environmental emissions. The aim is to present the different types of solar energy collectors, their performance, thermal analysis and an application evaluation. Investigated study as well as the analytical study followed by the practice of computational methods, need a much time to reach at a precise outcome of a physical problem. The implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), cuts time of analysis, delivers crucial fact patterns in a multifaceted fact territory and, 105

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 consequently, this technique is getting quite popular in Science and Engineering, especially in Mechanical Engineering applications in modern years [2]. 2 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) The study of artificial neural-networks (ANNs) is one of the two major branches of artificial intelligence. Second is expert system. Throughout the past decade, the increment has been seen regarding artificial neural networks. This tool is pretty good for a number of tasks, despite the fact that it shows some deficiency in others. Mainly, It is decent for tasks which have partial-data sets, fuzzy or incomplete information, and for extremely intricate and ill-illustrated problems, where humans typically decide on an intuitional basis. ANN can learn from examples, and are competent to interact with non-linear problems. Moreover, it shows property like robustness as well as fault tolerance. The jobs that ANNs cannot solve commendably are those which requires a good amount of precision as well as accuracy, as in logic and arithmetic [3]. ANNs have been applied successfully to a number of applications. Some of the most important ones are listed below [4].  Classification - Pattern recognition. Sound and speech recognition, Analysis of electromyographs and other medical signatures, Identification of military targets, Identification of explosives in passenger suitcases.  Forecasting - Weather and market trends, Predicting mineral-exploration sites, Electrical and thermal load predictions.  Control systems - Adaptive control, Robotic control  Optimization and decision making - Engineering systems, Management. 3 SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM 3.1 Solar Collector Solar energy collectors are special kind of heat exchangers that transform solar radiation energy to internal energy of the transport medium. The major component of any solar system is the solar collector. This is a device which absorbs the incoming solar radiation, converts it into heat, and transfers this heat to a fluid flowing through the collector [3]. Classification of solar collector is given in figure 1. Figure 1 (a) Typical ANN structure [5]; (b) Different Type of solar collector [2]. There are many critical components of a solar water heating system (SWHS): one or two solar collectors, a pump, a heat exchanger, a storage tank (or separate reservoirs) and a storage back-up tank. It is possible to consider solar heating as passive or aggressive. For water heating purposes, the general method is to use flat- plate solar energy collectors (FPC). Although the Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) and Evacuated Tube Heat Pipe Collectors (ETHP) are more efficient, the initial cost is comparatively higher. Figure 2:(a) Component of flat plate collector [6]; (b) Components of ETC (Evacuated tube collector) [6] 106

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 3.2 Active Systems In active system water heated to collectors and heat transferred by solar light emitted on collector’s tank, and active system forced water by electric pump. The Active mechanisms, however, are often called systems of forced circulation and may be overt or indirect. The active system is further subdivided into two classifications: 3.2.1 Open-Loop Active Systems In open loop system pump used to forcefully send water to collectors to moved water inside tube. This concept is effective and cuts running costs, but if the water is rough or acidic, it is not ideal because size and corrosion easily kill the device. In non-freezing climates, these open-loop systems are common. 3.2.2 Closed-Loop Systems Under conditions that prevent the device from being affected by the freezing, solar water heaters should be worked. Anti-freezer liquid in the collector loop with an exchange of heat in the storage tank is one of the many security measures under operation. In areas prone to prolonged freezing temperatures, closed-loop glycol systems are popular because they provide effective freeze protection. Figure 3: (a) Open-Loop Active system [7]. (b) Indirect (closed-loop) solar water heating system [7]. 3.3 Passive system Freestanding frames are sufficiently flowing hot water by daily transport between a collector and an increased storage tank. The law is clear that its thickness decreases as the liquid heat up. The liquid becomes lighter and rises up to the head of the pulling tank. The cooled liquid then runs back to the collector at the base of the ability reservoir. Inactive frameworks can be more affordable, but less convincing than dynamic frameworks. The solution to Thermosiphon is the best case of disconnected devices. 3.3.1 Thermosiphon Systems By ordinary flow in the thermo-siphon system, water originates from the overhead tank to the lower portion of the solar collector, and water circles from the authority to the capacity tank as long as the safeguard continues to absorb heat from the sun and water in the authority is warmed. At the lower portion of the capacity tank, the cool water flows into the control and holds the boiling water, which is then crushed into the stockpiling tank of set high temp water. If the authority does not have any renewable electricity, the course scheme ends. Figure 4:(a) Passive thermosiphon System [6]; (b) Thermosiphon system [8]. 107

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 4 LITERATURE REVIEW In recent years, the use of solar energy has gained more attention due, on the one hand, to the decline of fossil fuels and, on the other, to environmental destruction due to the use of traditional energy sources. The current literature summarises numerous studies carried out in the field of solar hot water systems, especially in the past and present natural and forced circulation modes of activity. Since, my present work also takes account of application of Artificial Neural Network so the review of some research paper including ANN is going to be also comprised in my review. Singh and Khanna [9] has studied the different kinds of solar energy collectors and their uses is discussed in this article. At the end, a breakdown of the various environmental issues involved with the consumption of traditional energy sources is discussed and the advantages of green energy technologies are highlighted. A detailed analysis of a different kind of collectors, including level plate, explanatory compound, cleared cylinder, allegorical box, is trailed by a prologue to the utilization of sun oriented energy. Trademark usage of various sorts of authorities are investigated to investigate the level of their pertinence. Force stockpiling, sun oriented water warming, room warming and cooling, air and water frameworks and warmth siphons, sun powered cooling, measure heat age, desalination, sun based heaters, and so forth are generally applications. Ghritlahre and Prasad [2] surveyed on the proficiency assessment of sun-powered collector frameworks utilizing ANN. Information got for different kinds of sun based collector frameworks, for example, SAC, SWH, DXSAHP, and more are utilized to prepare the ANN model utilizing various sorts of learning calculations and test the ideal ANN model. It is conceivable to precisely anticipate the proficiency of the sun based authority framework through this implies. For input parameters in the input layer, parameters which directly affect the output of the system are selected. For performance parameters in the output layer, estimated data are selected. The ANN algorithm reduces the time for prediction and forecasts better results than other strategies for computers. This study paper will allow researchers to predict system efficiency through the use of the ANN model. Waseem et al. [4] aimed to increase the reliability of the heat transfer rate from the wall of the absorber pipe to the operating fluid by using multiple types of inserts and inner caps. Increasing the interaction area of the fluid with the absorber tubing, using such obstacles, such as introduction, which improves the residual time of the fluid and thereby decreases the tension through the tubing, reducing the speed of the working fluid, are some of the strategies to improve the efficiency of the heat transfer rate to the operating environment. The research was carried out to investigate the effect of heat transfer in absorber pipes with various forms of fine profile and also to compare the findings with the fine-free absorber pipe. Prakash’s [10] study centred on the efficient use of solar energy in a modern solar water heating system, and sufficient ceiling insulation content maintains the heat flow throughout the indoor construction. In business computational liquid elements programming, the adjusted confined roof with solar water radiator is proposed and mathematically re-enacted with legitimacy. Through this investigation, the factors affecting the solar water heating framework execution and the limit of warm protection are examined and the ideal setup of the adjusted roof structure is determined. With a temperature ascent of 60 ° C in the late spring season, the refreshed rooftop framework gives 25 L of heated water every day. In the late spring season, a similar rooftop structure likewise keeps the roof temperature at around 27 ° C for an entire day. Figure 5 Figure 6 Sadhishkumar and Balusamy [1] investigated the feasibility of using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) to store solar energy and to use this energy for domestic purposes during the night to heat water. In this study, three techniques (i.e.) with no reflector, reflector and reflector cum PCM (Paraffin wax) were used to investigate the performance of an enclosed water-in-glass pipe solar water heater. The results of the simulation 108

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 were then delivered alongside those of the test results. The use of the proposed arrangement was observed to result in gains of 5 ° C to 7 ° C during extended periods of time in the storage temperature of warm water. Gujrathi et al. [11] an attempt was made to model a Parabolic Trough Collector using ANSYS 15.0 Workbench tools. A concentration ratio of 25 was planned for the PTC. The PTC was simulated and the effects are addressed. For various mass flow velocities, the heat transfer characteristics such as heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and thermal flux are often researched. For a mass stream speed of 0.25 kg / hr with a collector efficiency of 51.2 percent, the peak water temperature is found to be 3670 K. The water mass flow velocity through the receiver pipe is varied and all the effects obtained have been observed. The mean temperature of the water outlet is 3660 K and is observed to decrease to 3180 K. While the temperature decreases, with the improvement in the mass flow rate indicated by the improved heat transfer ratio and Nusselt number, the heat transfer rate increases. Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Badgujar et al. [12] experimented with and without fins on the flat table solar water heater raiser tubing. In addition, study on Raiser pipe with increasing fine contact field, such as regular fine raiser tube (90 ° contact area), regular fine reversed raiser tube, altered fine raiser tube (270 ° contact area) and changed fine inverted raiser tube. There are also changes as the surface area improves heat flow from fins. It is observed that the area of contact between the raiser pipe and the fine heat transfer improves by comparing the performance of these five distinct propellers. More water output temperature is also given by the reversed raiser pipe than by the traditional raiser pipe. The application of the fine in the panel flat panel collector (FPC) is therefore the most efficient approach that raises the rate of heat transfer and reduces the area of interaction between the fine and the raiser pipe resulting from an increase in the temperature of water supply through the raiser pipe. Karanth and Cornelio [13] analysed the effects of heat production when the absorber plate pipes are picked for various sizes and shapes. The CFD study reveals that, having flattened the contact surface with that of the absorber layer, the circular cross-section tube of the collector has considerably improved thermal efficiency in terms of the Nusselt number compared to other conditions. The numerical study shows that variations in heat efficiency are significant, while different shapes and sizes are considered for solar panel pipes based on the parameters of steady cross-section area and steady perimeter. For triangular pipe construction, the criteria with a steady cross-sectional area implies that the pressure drops and absolute temperature rise through the pipe are comparatively high. Junaid et al. [14] investigated to introduce the sun oriented level plate gatherer setup utilizing CAD programming to perform warm examination at 11 am, 12, 1 pm and 2 pm in March and keep up the recurrence of the mass stream as consistent. For modelling purposes, GAMBIT 2.4 is used and ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 is used for evaluation. It is measured at 11.00am to 2 pm from the time-related FPC simulation. As the temperature of the water inlet is 25 ° C, the 12:00 collector input temperature is higher i.e. 40.89 ° C, which means that the temperature rises to 15.890 C and the output temperature decreases as the time increases. Chaudhary et al. [15] implemented the aid of CFD Analysis comprising evacuated tube heat tubes, which converts radiation energy into helpful heat, the study demonstrates the use of solar energy. There is doubt about the current use of Nano fluids in solar thermal technologies to enhance heat transfer. Geometry is composed of two pipes of heat. For heat tubing, the working fluid used is water and Al2O3, respectively. The thermal performance of Nano fluid requires improved solar water heater closed tube heat pipe than normal evacuated solar water heater tube heat pipe (SWH). It also examines the influence of the mass flow rate on the condenser and the angle of inclination on the outcomes of the evacuated tube heat tubing. Kumavat and Manilal [16] demonstrated the numerical simulation of solar collectors designed to dry meat products and how to improve their performance. Technically and cost-effectively, solar drying is incredibly feasible. To model the state of various types of absorber plates with different shapes and configurations, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) instrument was used to achieve better performance than ordinary solar 109

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 collectors. The 3D model of the solar flat panel collector is modelled by UGS NX and then exported in Phase format, then exported to ANSYS Workbench and then the meshing in ANSYS ICEM was created. Results were found using fluent ANSYS software. Babu et.al. [17] endeavoured to research the impact on the battery execution of a solar water radiator with balances remotely connected to the riser shaft. The solar authority is then contemplated utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with or without interior balances to recognize the solar gatherer for a more profound comprehension of the warmth trade capacity of the gatherer. The discoveries acquired from the CFD for finned pipe are checked with the CFD and trial esteems for plain cylinder and a temperature ascent of around 3-4 ° C for finned tube has been found. In light of this, advancement is completed and exploratory survey is done for another arrangement of gatherers. The outcomes acquired from the exploratory evaluation show that when we go to the finned pipe rather than the essential channel, there is a presentation increase of around 3-5 percent. Pise and Limaye [18] illustrated that the energy loss between the collector and the receiver is due to the loss of convection and radiation heat. The heat loss between the two is primarily due to the temperature produced by liquid paraffin, which is heated by solar irradiation. As a result, as the temperature of liquid paraffin grows, the percentage loss is directly influenced, and often increases with the increase in temperature. Experimental studies show that when the temperature inside the liquid paraffin pipes is 3000 C and higher, approximately 70 percent of the energy loss in the form of heat occurs. CFD models may show that at the plant the current set-up may produce around 1180C temperature, although virtually only 1080 C temperatures are surpassed. Patel et al. [19] performed a comparative thermal efficiency analysis of the solar water heater straight tube with the planned experimental set-up of the solar heater spiral tube; it consists of a spiral-shaped copper tube, flat plate collector, thermocouple type K, adjusting water temperature for 100 litres per day power of water. Thermal efficiency was commonly measured in the month of May; the efficiency of the solar water heater spiral pipe was determined with a peak temperature difference of 16 C between the inlet and outlet of the solar water heater. The highest value was found to be 47.63 percent during the test time, which was more than the straight pipe solar air heater. Yarshi and Paul [20] assessed the effects on the performance of the flat panel solar receiver of variations in pipe design. The influence of significant parameters such as the mass flow rate and the substance of the absorber was also analysed. Using ANSYS CFD Fluent programme, the numerical analysis is carried out. Comparison of inlet and outlet temperatures with distinct heat fluxes. The result indicates outstanding consensus on the effect of multiple parameters. To explore the efficacy of a plain plate solar collector, 3-D computational simulation was conducted. In order to determine the effect of pipe area shape on stack output and the effect of mass flow rate and absorber quality on thermal efficiency, different geometries and working conditions were studied. Thant et al. [21] conducted a research using CFD computer fluid dynamics on the solar pipe evacuated water-in-glass collector. In a glass tube, the cleared water is an essential piece of the sun powered warming cylinder. The water-in-glass gatherer is the most widely recognized kind of cylinder authority, because of its higher warm exhibition, simple development and hence low expenses of creation. The target of this exploration is to finished the examination expressed above, investigate the short-lived examinations of the released tube gatherer with different inclining calculations and calculations of different cylinder size, take into account better heat recuperation from the cylinder, dissect liquid conduct inside this sun powered authority and roll out potential improvements to this model. This study includes a mixed thermal and structural analysis of the asphalt solar collector by means of finite element techniques. Sheeba et al. [22] investigated in various designs in the specified situation in order to obtain optimal spacing, tube width, depth and tube composition. The numerical analysis undertaken by ASC reveals that both the pipe size and the spacing of the tube have a strong effect on the pavement's temperature distribution. Structural integrity beyond a certain limit is not adversely affected. Although the structural and thermal properties of ASC are different from the current temperature, mixing ratios and pavement compactness, the exact performance can only be predicted by real-time testing of large designs. Chaudhari et al. [23] attempted to test solar air heaters by using FLUENT to conduct fluid flow and thermal transfer functions. ANSYS has developed 3D solar air heater system with water inlet, absorber layer, glass, ANSYS workbench model and non-structured grid. The findings were obtained with the tools of ANSYS FLUENT. This duty is done by a CFD system for the redistribution of flow and temperature in the solar air heaters. In this investigation, a numerical forecast was made to examine the heat transfer and the fluid friction activity of an air heater that is perfect on the bottom of the absorber plate. The effect of different heat flow prices on solar air heaters shows that the heat flux price increases solar heaters' thermal efficiency. 110

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 Ingle et al. [24] designed for drying raisin, the solar collector numerical simulation. It is technically and economically very practical to sun-dry the grapes. In current studies, the CFD system was used to simulate the solar collector to better understand the heat transfer capability. ANSYS Workbench is a 3D collection air input, a wavy-structured absorber plate, a wrap plate for glass and a pebble block, and an unequipped ANSYS ICEM shaped grid. CFD analysis reveals that the air flow in the flat solar panel holder is not distributed correctly. To resolve this problem which improves the efficiency of a solar flat panel stack, we can integrate fan inlet insecurity. Majeed et al. [25] Condensed material was used to improve the water production temperature that flows through a flat plate solar water heater absorber. The simulation software (modelling) was used to verify the outcomes with the numerical solution obtained with another application. The heat transfer of the flat solar heater was influenced by an increase in the temperature of the water along the length of the shaft. Focused components were used to increase the water output temperature floated within the solar water heater absorber of the single plate. To verify the effects of the numerical solution obtained by another programme, simulation (modelling) software has been used. The thermal efficiency of the solar water heater was affected by an increase in the temperature of the water along the length of the absorber shaft. Bhaumik [26] Extra heat diffusion and convective thermal losses from a tank without heater are studied. After the heating water is sluggish and rises up in the tank, the cool, heavier water sits on the bottom of the tank. The flow of the droplets is often evaluated for the effect on the transfer of heat and the loss of heat. The time transient evaluation is based on a constant fixed water temperature within the tank and the heat drop caught. Studies indicate how long the temperature of the water in the tank can be kept colder if the tank is not insulated. Basavanna et al. [27] investigated the solar collector, using CFD, to track the solar collector for a better understanding of the heat transfer capability of the collector. Fluid flow and heat transfer in the collector panel was analysed using computer fluid dynamics (CFD). During this work. The heat transfer event is simulated using fluent CFD software between collector and water. The temperature at the base of the table in the absorber panel is large, because the installation pipe has a higher contact surface between the pipe and the plate, leading to greater heat absorption and hence increased ventilation efficiency. 5 CONCLUSION In this study, some of the most popular forms of solar collectors are discussed. Flat-plate, parabolic compound, evacuated tube, parabolic trough, Fresnel lens and parabolic dish-style collectors are the multiple kinds of collectors listed. In addition, standard implementations are defined in order to demonstrate the breadth of their applicability to the reader. This incorporate warming of water, warming and cooling of rooms, refrigeration, warming of modern cycles, sun-oriented heaters and utilizations in science. It should be recollected that sun- based energy gatherer usage are not restricted to the previously mentioned areas. The choice of appropriate sun-oriented water warming framework for the office relies upon three key components, for example, money related, financial plan and water use boundaries. Sunlight based water warming frameworks are affordable, especially where the energy needed to warm water is required in business structures. ANN from the various research paper and review paper has been studied. The typical ANN structure consist of input layer, hidden layer and output layer. There are various type of ANN model for instance MLP, RBF and ANFIS are implemented to predict the performance. MLP is one of the generally used as neural network model. REFRENCES [1] S. Sadhishkumar and T. Balusamy, \"Thermal Performance of Water-in-Glass Evacuated Tube Solar Collector With and Without Phase Change Material. 193–201,\" Indian Journal of Science and Resources, 20(2), 2018. [2] Ghritlahre and Prasad, \"Application of ANN technique to predict the performance of solar collector systems - A review,\" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018. [3] S. A. Kalogirou, \"Applications of artificial neural-networks for energy systems, page 17-35,\" Applied energ, Volume- 67, Issues 1-2, 2000. [4] M. A. Waseem, \"Numerical analysis of absorber tube of solar parabolic trough collector with and without insertion by using Ansys Fluent,\" Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 2018. [5] S. X. Chen, H. B. Gooi and M. Q. Wang, \"Solar radiation forecast based on fuzzy logic and neural networks,\" Renewable Energy, 60, pp. 195-201, 2013. 111

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 [6] H. k. Solar Energy–Water Heating, In Future Energy, 2014. [7] J. Gong and K. Sumathy, \"Active solar water heating systems,\" Advances in Solar Heating and Cooling, Woodhead Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100301-5.00009-6, pp. 203-224, 2016. [8] B. Zohuri, \"Functionality, Advancements and Industrial Applications of Heat Pipes,\" Academic Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819819-3.00003-1, 2020. [9] Singh and Khanna, \"A Review On Solar Energy Collection of Thermal Applications,\" International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research, 2019. [10] D. Prakash, \"Thermal analysis of building roof assisted with water heater and insulation material,\" Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences, 43(3), 2018. [11] A. S. Gujrathi, S. P. Ingale, S. U. Patil and K. Jain, \"Analysis of Parabolic Trough Collector using Ansys Fluent Software,\" International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 5(4), 2017. [12] G. K. Badgujar, S. L. Nimbulkar and M. V. Kulkarni, \"Experimental investigations on solar flat plate collector by changing geometry of fin using CFD, 52–62,\" Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2, https://doi.org/10.1504/ijret.2017.10009915, 2017. [13] K. V. Karanth and J. A. Q. Cornelio, \"FD Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector for Improvement in Thermal Performance with Geometric Treatment of Absorber Tube, 4415–4421,\" International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(14), 2017. [14] M. A. Junaid, M. Nazimuddin, M. Arifuddin and M. Faisal, \"Thermal Analysis of Solar Flat Plate Collector Using CFD,\" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 6(4), 659–662, http://www.ijrct.org/documents/Yacoob-ijrct.org-Dec-15.pdf, 2017. [15] V. Y. Chaudhary, B. Kalamkar, P. Patel, J. Mali and P. & Patel, \"CFD Analysis of Evacuated Tube Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater,\" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS), VI(May), 73–77. www.ijltemas.in, 2017. [16] P. Kumavat and M. Manilal, \"Design , CFD Analysis and Fabrication of Solar Flat Plate Collector,\" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 03(01), 1000–1004., 2016. [17] M. D. Babu, M. V. Ramanan and A. Ganapathi, \"Modelling and Validation of Solar Flat Plate Water Heating System Subjected To Varying Absorber Geometries.,\" International Journal Chemistry and Science, 14(4), 2259–2264., 2016. [18] S. G. Pise and M. Limaye, \"CFD Analysis of Cubical Concentrated Collector Receiver Solar Water Heater,\" International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 6(6), 235–239., 2016. [19] J. A. Patel, T. B. Patel and S. Namjoshi, \"Comparative Study of Thermal Performance of Spiral Tube Solar Water Heater with Straight Tube Solar Water Heater,\" International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(03), 2870–2875., 2015. [20] K. A. M. Yarshi and B. Paul, \"Analysis of Heat Transfer Performance of Flat Plate Solar Collector using CFD,\" International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 4(10), 3576–3580., 2015. [21] Z. Thant, M. Soe and M. Htay, \"Numerical Study on Temperature Distribution of Water-in-Glass Evacuated Tubes Solar Water Heater,\" International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(9), 257836., 2015. [22] J. B. Sheeba and K. A. Rohini, \"Structural and Thermal Analysis of Asphalt Solar Collector Using Finite Element Method,\" Journal of Energy, 2014, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/602087, 2014. [23] S. Chaudhari, M. Makwana, R. Choksi and G. Patel, \"CFD Analysis of Solar Air Heater,\" Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(6), 47–50., 2014. [24] P. W. Ingle, A. A. Pawar, B. D. Deshmukh and K. C. Bhosale, \"CFD Analysis of Solar Flat Plate Collector,\" International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(4), 337–342., 2013. [25] A. M. A. Majeed, S. M Y and K. Sopian, \"THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATING FLAT PLATE SOLAR WATER HEATER ABSORBER USING “ANSYS” SIMULATION,\" International Conference on Engineering and Built Environment, November 2014. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2441.4408, 2012. [26] M. Bhaumik, \"Cfd Simulation of Sdhw Storage Tank With and Without Heater,\" International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, 1(1), , p. 1–11, 2012. [27] S. Basavanna and K. Shashishekar, \" Cfd Analysis of Triangular Absorber Tube,\" International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, 2(1), 2013. 112

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF VARYING FEED WATER TEMPERATURE IN BOILER THROUGH SOLAR OFF-GRID AND ON- GRID CONNECTIONS TO REDUCE THE FUEL CONSUMPTION. NAIR SANJAY LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT: These days a lot of money and energy is being funneled into the research and development of renewable energy or alternative energy to take seat of the conventional energy resources, since these resources are good to the environment and are not limited and can supply human beings for a large amount of time without having any side impacts to the surrounding. This study was carried out with the view in mind to try to reduce the fuel consumption in a conventional coal-fired or any gas burnt boiler by making necessary changes in its operating conditions. For concreting the script, necessary case study was done in a regional chemical fertilizer company. And in last we found that by certain take able steps we can operate our conventional boiler units by having less impact to the environment, plus low operational costs. 1 INTRODUCTION Coal-Fired boilers are widely used for generation of electricity and Heat generation processes. In 2018, the World Total Primary Energy Supply share consisted of Oil (31.6%); Coal (26.9%); Natural gas (22.8%); Nu- clear (4.9%); Hydro (2.5%); Biofuels & Waste (9.3%); Other (2%). The share of Coal and Oil is the largest because of the increased demand for electricity due to booming industrialization and automation, further the share of nuclear, which is clean from environmental perspective, but the materials (radioactive materials) are limited, and the complexity is more in a nuclear based power plant. Further there are hydro and other renewable energy production like wind, wave etc. but the amount of generation from these resources is very limited and cannot meet the demand levels of human race for its everyday consumption levels. In such conditions and reading the research time needed to improve renewable energy technology, it is needed to take some steps to at least lower down the rate at which the harm is inflicted to the environment. The Coal-fired power plants have a contribution to around 60% of Electrical power generation in India. The development of methods for improving the efficiency of conventional thermal power plants is strongly forced by more strict environmental limits placed by the government of various countries. This is the reason for con- tinuously applied new methods and techniques for reduction of gas pollutants and optimizes existing systems considering the dynamic changes of external conditions. The efficiency of large-scale coal boilers is relatively high and varies with the change of boiler load, in- creasing the thermal efficiency is resulting in lower fuel consumption and lower flue gas emissions. Based on some research an improvement of 0.55% of overall thermal efficiency decreased fuel consumption of 2.06% (11.5 t/h lignite) and reduced CO2 in flue gas of 2.06% (4.8 t/h CO2). 2 METHODOLOGY / CALCULATIONS Here, we worked on the technique/method of solar photovoltaics system to heat the feedwater to the desired level, for backing up the aim the study was caried out with values obtained from a local plant. In this method, we are producing a necessary amount of electricity from solar panels, then directing it to a battery bank, where it is stored. The electricity is then used to the heating of the heating coils in the heater, where it is heated and thus it meets its necessary temperature limit. Here necessary calculations are stated which shows the amount of electricity required to heat the amount of water used in the plant and the no. of panels required to produce electricity. The amount of energy needed to heat 81950 liters per hour of water is given by the formulae: 113

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 ������������ = 4.2 × amount of water × (T2 − T1) ) KWh 3600 (T2 – T1) is the temperature difference required Now, according to our data, we want a temp. difference of 50 ℃ and the amount of water is 81950 liters. So, inserting the values we get: ������������ = 4780.41 ������������ℎ ������������ ������������������’������ ������������������ 5000 ������������ℎ Here we considered 5000 KWh since to compensate the different losses in different equipment in the circuit. Now, calculating for the number of PV panels required and the PV system size to generate the desired amount of power to raise the temperature. Now, calculating the annual sun hrs. in the region (here the region in consideration is Gandhinagar district, Gujarat, India). According to the data available, we get around 5.5 KWh per square meter, which is also known as full sun hrs. So, calculating for the whole year (365 days) we get around 2008 hours/year. Now, the PV system size is calculated as: PV System size = (Energy demand)/(Annual full sun hrs. ) Efficiency Here we have Energy demand of 5000 KWh, the annual full sun hrs. is 2008 hours/year and the efficiency is taken as 80%. Calculating we get the PV System size of 3.112 KW. [1] The No. of modules required to meet our energy need can be obtained by the mathematical equation: No. of modules = System power Individual module power Calculating for our system power of 3112.5 W and taking Individual module power as 200 W With these calculations we get the no. of panels required for production of electricity, required to heat the given amount of water (acc. to our data 81950 liters) as 16 panels. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of the various electrical equipment for On-Grid connection; Figure 2 shows the arrangement of off-grid connection. [2] Figure 1 On-grid PV connection By incorporating any of these two methods of PV system, we can raise the feedwater temperature by solar heating. The On-grid and Off-grid connection provides with heating irrespective of the weather, the heater will be a large tank of large capacity of holding water, the heating coils will be as arranged that it provides even heating through all sides to the feedwater, the outlet then would be connected to the boiler and the process continues. Figure 3 shows the effect of varying feedwater temperature to the amount of fuel consumption. Another technique is to use solar energy without batteries is by using an electrical component called CyboInverter developed by CyboEnergy, they are Mini-Inverter possessing key merits of both Central Inverters and Microinverters. Rather than storing energy in batteries, another option is to store solar en- ergy in the form of hot water. An off-grid solar inverter connected to the lower heating element of a water heater, delivering solar energy directly from the solar panels to heat the water. The temperature for the lower heating element can be set much higher than the upper element. This prevents the upper element, which consumes grid power, from turning on unless a large amount of hot water is used within a short time. Hot water will always be available because grid power can heat the water quickly from the upper heating element. Figure 4 shows this inverter. According to the plant data, we are using around 5 TPH 114

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 fuel, after such system incorporation for heating the feedwater, we are able to get the fuel consumption down to 4 TPH. Figure 2 Off-grid PV connection Figure 3 Amount of fuel burnt vs Temp. of water Figure 4 Off-grid CyboInverter model [3] 3 CONCLUSION In this study, the method of reheating the feedwater through PV system is discussed, and the effect of it on the fuel consumption is shown. It is found that by reheating the feedwater even 50℃ more, we get the fuel con- sumption down to around 1 TPH. This would result in less operational cost and less carbon footprint. 115

Proceedings of International e-Conference on Recent Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (RIME) 2021 ©2021, MESA, ME, ITNU ISBN: 978-93-5473-550-9 REFERENCES [1] \"World energy demand statistics 2020,\" [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics- 2020. [2] \"Variability of Photovoltaic Power in the State of Gujarat Using High Resolution Solar Data,\" National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [3] \"CyboInverter Diagram,\" [Online]. Available: https://solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/10/off-grid-solar-power-sys- tem-heating- cooling-refrigeration/ 116

ABOUT MESA The Mechanical Engineering Students Association is a non-profit association of the department established in 1998. All the students of the mechanical engineering department are members of MESA led by a student president guided by the faculty coordinator. The association aims to ensure all-round development of its students also instilling in them a passion for engineering through practical learning. \"Find the purpose, means will follow” With this motto MESA constantly endeavors to provide equal opportunities to students, encouraging them to achieve their dreams and contribute to the society through social innovation. To that effect, MESA organizes various workshops, events and fests throughout the year viz. Praveg, Robocalypse, Autocalypse, Astronomy Workshops, MESA day and initiatives for the underprivileged. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENT ASSOCIATION (MESA) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad- 382 481, Gujarat, India Ph: +91-79-71652000 • Fax: +91-2717-241916-17