Grant Boston's FlipBook

BODY SYSTEMS

Table of Contents 1. Integumentary System 2. Musculoskeletal System 3. Nervous System 4. Special Senses 5. Cardiovascular System 6. Respiratory System 7. Digestive System 8. Urinary System 9. Reproductive System

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system is the skin and the organs derived from it (hair, glands, nails etc). It is one of the largest organs and the largest sense organ in the body. Key Terms derm/o, dermat/o - skin kerat/o - cornea (or “horny” tissue) xer/o- Dry xanth/o = yello erythr/o = red blood cell pedicu/o = foot onych/o = nail myc/o =muscle pil/o =hair lip/o = putty rhytid/o =wrinkle albin/o = white Vocabulary Words: SKIN - the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body HAIR - fine threadlike strands growing from the skin NAILS - made of a tough protein called Alpha-keratin KERATIN -Protein that strengthens hair, nails and skin DERMIS - this is the inner layer of skin EPIDERMIS - is the outer skin SWEAT GLANDS - these are known as sudoriferous glands SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - is the fatty layer of tissue ECZEMA - when patches of skin become rough and irritated ACNE. - common skin disease that cause pimples

4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Acne - skin condition where hair follicles become blocked due to overproduction Eczema of keratin and sebum (oiliness) Burns Melanoma - a reaction in the skin that shows as dry, itchy patches of skin that can look like rashes - this is when the skin gets damage by heat, chemicals or electricity and can result in the death of skin cells - the most dangerous form of skin cancer, which typically develops from a mole and is highly metastatic. Careers associated with Integumentary System Dermatologist - medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating skin disorders Dermapathologist - medical doctor who focuses on pathology and dermatology to diagnose diseases of the skin, hair and nails and typically work in a lab setting

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM This system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Key Terms  my/o -muscle  myel/o -spinal cord, bone marrow  oste/o - bone  cost/o - rib  crani/o - cranium (skull)  -pexy - surgical fixation  chondr/o - cartilage  arthr/o - joint  -plegia - paralysis, stroke  kinesi/o - movement 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Osteoarthritis  this is where the cartilage between two bones breaks down, causing the bones to rub together and can cause pain, stiffness and other symptoms Bone fractures  this is when a bone can break, often due to injuries and most often are treated by being stabilized with a cast or similar methods, depending on the severity and placement of the facture Back Pain/ Spinal Stenosis  Back pain can be caused by issues in within the spine itself, the nerves or the muscles that support the spine. Spinal Stenosis is a specific condition caused by the narrowing of the spine that puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, causing pain Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  this is the compression of the median nerve as it passes into the hand, which is located on the palm side of your hand. Swelling inside the wrist can cause the compression in carpal tunnel syndrome and can lead to numbness, weakness and tingling

Careers associated with Musculoskeletal system Physical Therapist  Licensed health professional who helps patients increase their mobility and/or reduce pain through special supervised exercises and stretching routines. Orthopedic Surgeon  Specializes in treating bone, joint and muscle conditions, often with surgical procedures

NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is the highly complex system of nerve cells and fibers that transmits neve impulses between parts of the body Key Terms Neur/o -nerve Encephal/o -brain Myel/o - spinal cord Ambul/o - walking Esthesia - feeling Mening/o - membrane Psych/o - mind Concuss/o - shaken together 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Alzheimer’s Disease  This is a degeneration of nervous system that affects brain function, memory an behaviors Cerebral Palsy  This is a condition where the ability to control muscles is reduced, due to damage in the nervous system before, during or after birth Epilepsy  Long term brain condition where a person has repeated seizures Multiple Sclerosis  This is a chronic disease that is cause by damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds the nerves in the brain and spine. This damage does not allow nerves to send signals round your body properly Careers associated with Nervous System Neurosurgeon  Treats spinal or brain tumors, epilepsy, spinal cord injury and more through surgical treatments Neurologist  Medical doctor who determines and treats disorders of the nervous system

SPECIAL SENSES The special senses are senses that have specialized organs devoted to them: vision (eye), vision (the eye) hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system and vestibular system) smell (the nose) taste (the tongue) Key Terms Irid/o - iris -cusis - hearing condition -opia - vision Ot/o -ear/hearing Tympan/o -eardrum Opthalm/o -eye -metry - process of measuring 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Blindness  Loss of vision that can’t be corrected with contact lenses or glasses Deafness  Losing ability to hear Glaucoma  Fluid pressure in the eye causes damage to the optic nerve and possibly loss of vision Strabismus  Where one or both eyes may turn inward, outward, upward or downward, otherwise known as cross-eyes Careers associated with Special Senses Opthamologist  Is a medical doctor who specializes in eye and vision care Optometrist  Are not medical doctors, but licenses to provides eye exam and vision tests, prescribing and dispensing corrective lenses etc

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM This system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood. Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients which your body needs to survive. The primary function of the heard and blood vessels is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and byproducts of metabolism Key Terms Cardi/o - heart Angi/o - blood vessel Hem/o, hemat/o- blood Brady - slow Tachy- - fast Thomb/o - blood clot -emia - blood condition Leuk/o - white Erythr/o - red Arteri/o - artery 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Coronary Artery Disease  The hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries, producing blockages in the vessels that carry blood to the heart Heart Attack  When blood flow to the heart is severely reduced or cut off, due to the hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries from buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances Congenital Heart Defects  These are abnormalities of the heart that occur while a fetus is developing Cardiomyopathy  Diseases that causes the heart to become abnormally enlarged, thickened and or stiff and limits the heart muscle’s ability to pump blood effectively

Careers associated with Cardiovascular System Cardiologist  physician who treats heart diseases and defects as well as providing preventative care and diagnosis of the cardiovascular system Cardiothoracic Surgeon  a trained surgeon who performs heart bypass surgeries and other cardiovascular surgeries.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respirator system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, blood vessels and the muscles that power your lungs Key Terms Bronch/o - bronchus Cyan/o - blue Laryng/o - larynx (voicebox) -oxia - oxygen Oxy- - oxygen Pleur/o -rib Pneun/o - lung/air Pulmon/o - lung Thorac/o - chest Trache/o -trachea (wind pipes) 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Asthma  Airways are narrow and make too much mucus COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)  This long-term condition gets worse over time and includes bronchitis and emphysema Pneumonia  Infection in your lungs where they could fill up with fluid or pus Lung Cancer  Cells in the lung change and will grow into a tumor, possibly due to smoking or other inhaled carcinogens Careers associated with Respiratory System Pulmonologist  Medical doctor trained to treat diseases and conditions of the lungs Thoracic Surgeon  Medical doctor who specializes in surgical management of disorders of the heart, lungs and major blood vessels of the chest

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Key Terms Cholecyst/o - gallbladder Enter/o - intestine Col/o, colon/o - colon Hepat/o - liver Gastr/o - stomach Or/o - mouth -pepsia - digestion Chol/e - bile Proct/o - anus 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Appendicitis  Inflammation of the appendix and must be treated with surgery to remove it Celiac Disease  A digestive disorder that damages the small intestine which means people who have this disease cannot eat gluten Gallstones  Hard pebble-like pieces of material that develop in the gallbladder, usually made of cholesterol, and can block your bile ducts, causing severe pain Pancreatitis  Inflammation of the pancreas caused by gallstones, heavy alcohol use, medicines or genetic disorders Careers associated with Digestive System Gastroenterologist  Doctor specializing in disease of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines, but they do not do surgical procedures Proctologist  Doctor specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus, and they will perform surgery

URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system is also known as the renal system or urinary tract and consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. Key Terms -cele -hernia -lysis -destruction Cyst/o - bladder, Sac Nephr/o - kidney -uria -urine -pexy -surgical fixation -ectasis -dilation/expansion Pyel/o -renal pelvis 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Kidney Stones  These can form when mineral and acid salts in the urine crystallize. This can be very painful if the stone is large and gets stuck in urinary track Kidney Disease  Where kidneys are damaged and unable to filter blood properly, which can lead to a build-up of waste and other problem including kidney failure. Dehydration  Dehydration occurs when you use or lose more fluid than you take in, and your body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions. Bladder Infections  Can be caused by bacteria which causes the bladder to swell and get irritated Careers associated with Urinary System Urologist  provides medical and surgical management for disorders of the urinary tract and may diagnose and treat urologic disease, cancers, deformities and injuries Nephrologist  Nephrologists provide medical management to patients with kidney disease.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Reproductive system is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction to ensure the survival of the species. Key Terms -cervix -fallopian tube cervic/o - egg salping/o -testicle ov/o -ovary orchid/o -menstruation oophor/o -breast men/o -woman mamm/o -vagina gynec/o -prostrate gland colp/o prostat/o 4 Diseases/ abnormal conditions Prostate cancer  Is cancer that occurs in the prostate and one of the most common cancers in men Sexually Transmitted Disease  STDs are infections you can get from having sex with someone who is infected. Causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites and viruses Endometriosis  Endometriosis is when the tissue that lines the uterus grows somewhere else like on the ovaries, behind the uterus, on the bowels, or on the bladder Cervical Cancer  Cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix

Careers associated with Urinary System Gynecologists  Gynecologists are doctors who specialize in women's health, with a focus on the female reproductive system. They deal with a wide range of issues, including obstetrics, or pregnancy and childbirth, menstruation and fertility issues, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), hormone disorders, and others Urologist  Specialize in the genitourinary tract—the kidneys, urinary bladder, adrenal glands, urethra and male reproductive organs