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jtwhFk;> Vndd;why; fupfhydJ Kl;lhs;jdkhdJ my;yJ kpfTk; njhlu; ntw;wpfis mtuJfhyf; jtwhFk;. fk;gu; vOjpa ,uhkhaz ftpQu;fs; gyUk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ghly;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> mtu; ghb ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. fp.gp.1117 Mk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; my;yJ tUlj;jpy; uhkhD[u; vd;w ,e;j kj gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; vd;W $WtJ gz;bju;> ,tuhy; jz;bf;fg;gl;lhu; xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk;gbahf ,y;iy. ‘,J vd;w fUj;ij xU rhuhu; $Wfpwhu;fs;. Nghd;w jtwhd Kbr;Rfis gw;wpa tpthjj;jpw;Fupa ,lky;y,J vd;gjhy; ,ij Nghd;W Kidtu; fhy;Lnty;> ehd; mq;F nry;ytpy;iy.” fupfhyid gjpd;%d;whk; E} w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jtu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;. ,e;jpa rupj;jpuj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa jpUf;Fwspd; fhyj;ij Fwpj;J Ma;T Fog;gj;jpw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; ngau; nra;j ,tu;> kJiu jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpy; fupfhyd;. ,e;j rpwg;Gg; ngaupy; gy ,e;j E}y; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhff; kd;du;fs;> gy fhyq;fspy; jkpofj;jpy; $wp> ‘,e;j kupahijf;Fupa ngupatu; Ml;rp nra;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;w jkpo; rq;f fhyj;Jld; ,e;j Fwis cz;ikia ehk; Ghpe;J nfhs;stpy;iy ,izj;Jg; ghu;gjhf ,Ue;jhy; vd;gNj ,e;j Fog;gj;jw;F fhuzk;. Fwspd;2 fhyj;ij FiwthfNt Kd;dhs; Jiz fy;ntl;L kjpg;gpl ,aYk;” vd;W $Wfpwhh;. Muhar;rpahsUk;> ,d;iwa Kjd;ik mJkl;Lkpd;wp gy Fwpg;GfisAk;> ek;gpf;iffisAk;> gof;fq;fisAk; fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rpahsUkhd vdJ ,izj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ jkpo;r; ez;gu; jpU tp.ntq;ifah %d;W fupfhy fil rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf fUjg;gLk; Nrhoidg; gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;ljhf ef;fPuUf;Fk;> fupfhy; Nrhodpd; vd;dplk; $wpAs;shu;. rhjhuzkhf Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijAk; ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ ehk; vjpu;ghu;j;jjw;F khwhf> ,tu;fspd; ,tu;fsJ fhyk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;L ahUila fhyKk; njspthf cWjp vd;W Kdptu; fhy;Lnty; $Wfpwhu;. nra;ag;gltpy;iy. Kjypy; $wg;gLk; ekf;F njupe;jtiu ef;fPuiuAk;> xU fupfhyd; rpwe;j NghuhspAk;> fupfhy;NrhoidAk; ,izf;Fk; ve;j epu;thfpAk; Mthu;. ,e;j ngau;> kuGtop gof;fNkh> Neubahd cwNth xU rpwg;Gg;ngau;> kf;fspilNa ,Ue;jjhf njupatpy;iy. kpfTk; gpugykile;jjhy; mtiuj; ef;fPuuh;> fhpfhy Nrhod; fhyk; Fwpj;J njhlu;e;J Ml;rpf;F te;j gyUk; Re;judhh; fUj;J ,e;j milnkhopapy;3 my;yJ rpwg;G ef;fPuiu gjp%d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. Nru;e;jtu; vd;W $WtJ (njhlUk;) 2 Dr.Caldwell, Robert (1874) A comparative Grammer of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of languages – An Introduction, P-131 3 fpU\\;zrhkp Iaq;fhu; - The Augustain Age of Tamil Literature - vd;w fl;Liuapy; fupfhy;Nrhodpd; fhyj;ijf; Fwpj;J tpupthf tpthjpf;fpwhu;. jkpopd; mKjk; 7

,irj;jkpH; mtu; bra;j mU|;rhjid Nrho> ehfuh[d; nrk;kyu; ,izahrpupau Kd;nghUehs; ehd; gzpahw;Wk; - vd;w ghliy ehq;fs; nka;kwe;J “nrk;kyu;” - gj;jpupif mYtyfj;jpw;F Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;Njhk;. cs;Ns te;j FkNurd; vJTk; Ngrhky; ghlNyhL te;jpUe;j xUrpy Njhou;fNshL jd;idAk; If;fpag;gLj;jp epd;whu;. fz;fis %b> tpuiyr; nrhLf;fp> Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. gioa rpdpkh jiyairj;jgb ,g;gbr; nrhd;dhu;: ghly;fspd; jpirapy; Ngr;R NghdJ. v];.[p.fpl;lg;gh> gp.A+.rpd;dg;gh> vk;.Nf.b.ghftju; vd;nwy;yhk; Ngha; “,e;jg; ghl;il mbr;rpf;f ,d;ndhU ghl;L ,g;gtiu tuiyaa;ah...” b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; ngaupy; te;J epiynfhz;lJ me;jf; fye;Jiuahly;. ehDk; mtu; md;iwf;Fr; fzpdpapy; ,izaj;ij KLf;fp> nrhd;dij ,g;NghJtiu Nahrpj;Jg; A+bA+gpy; b.Mu;. kfhypq;fj;jpd; ghu;f;fpNwd;. mjpy; cz;ik fhyj;jhy; mopahj ghly;fisr; ,Ug;gjhfNt Njhd;WfpwJ. nre;jkpo;j; nrtpkLf;fj; njhlq;fpNdhk;. Njd;nkhopahisj; jiyKiwfs; mg;NghJjhd; nrd;idapypUe;J fle;Jk; ,d;Wtiu urpf;fhjhu; ahu;? kJiu te;jpUe;j vd; rf Mrpupaj; mJjhd; njd;fiu uhkfpU\\;zd; kfhypq;fk; mjhtJ b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; Njhou; m.FkNurd; vd; miwf;Fs; vDk; me;j mw;Gj ,irf;fiyQdpd; Fuypdpikapd; [hyk;. mjd; tpisr;ry; Eioe;jhu;. mw;Gjk;. mJjhd; nrt;tpirapy; Njha;e;j me;jr; ,ir murdpd; mupa “nre;jkpo;j; Njd;nkhopahs; - epyhntd rpupf;Fk; kyu;f;nfhbahs;...” 8 jkpopd; mKjk;

jdpj; jpwdpd; ntspg;ghL. (njd;fiu ,Njh te;Jtpl;lhu; fpl;lg;ghtpd; vd;gJ kJiu khtl;lk; Nrhote;jhid ,ir thupR vd;W ,ir mwpQu;fSk; xl;ba mofpa rpw;W}u;.) tpkuprfu;fSk; xUkpj;J tpae;J ghuhl;bdu;. Kjypy; nrhd;d nrt;tpirg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; kd;du;fnsdf; jkpofj;jpd; jpiuauq;Fffspnyy;yhk; NfhNyhr;rpa fpl;lg;ghtpy; njhlq;fp> =ts;sp 55 thuq;fs; Xb> b.Mu;. ghftju; Clhf> me;jj; J}a ,irkugpd; kfhypq;fk; vDk; mofpa ,sk; filrp murd;jhd; - filf;Fl;bjhd; ghl;Lf;fhu rpdpkh ehafidf; b.Mu;.kfhypq;fk;. mtUf;Fg; fz;lile;j ngUikiag; giwrhw;wpf; gpd;du;jhd; gpd;dzpg; ghlfu;fspd; nfhz;lJ. Jizia ehLk; ebf kuG njhlq;fpaJ mjidj; njhlu;e;J 1947 y; ehl;L tpLjiy czu;itg; gpd;Gykhff; vdyhk;. nfhz;l ehk; ,Utu; glj;ij V.tp. vk;. jahupj;jNghJ kfhypq;fk; mjpYk; ehlf Nkilfspy; rpd;dQ;rpWtdhd ehafdhdhu;. ,jpy; kfhftp ghujpapd; ghliyg; ghb urpfu;fis kfpor; nra;jhu;. kfhypq;fk; jd;Dila Foe;ijf; kpfg;ngUk; ntw;wpiag; ngw;w ,e;jg; glk;jhd; b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; ehafdhf FuypNyNa nrt;tpirapd; ebj;j Kjy; r%fg; glkhfTk;> mtiu cr;r el;rj;jpukhf;fpa glkhfTk; El;gq;fNshL FioTfisAk; mike;jJ. fkfq;fisAk; ntF meharkhf mUtpnadf; nfhl;Ltijf; Nfl;Lr; rpypu;j;Jg;Nghd V.tp.nka;ag;g nrl;bahu;> jhd; jahupj;j ee;jFkhu; (1938) glj;jpy; rpWtd; b.Mu;. kfhypq;fj;ij mtuJ 14 tajpy; mjd;gpd; tupirahfg; glq;fs;. mtuJ Fuypd;top Cw;nwLj;j Kjd;Kjypy; ebf;fitj;jhu;. glk; ghly;fSf;fhfNt mtUf;nfd;nwhU urpfu; $l;lk; vy;yhk; cUthdJ. ntw;wpngwtpy;iy. Mdhy;> rpWtdhd kfhypq;fj;jpd; ghl;Lj;jpwj;ij kf;fs; ntFthf urpj;jhu;fs;. mjd;gpd;du; gpufyhjh (1939)> “thDyhTk; jhiu ePnad; ,jafPjNk...' G+Nyhfuk;ig (1940) cs;spl;l gy “X n[fkjpy; ,d;gk;jhd; tUtJk; vjdhNy...”> glq;fspy; rpWtd; b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; njhlu;e;J ebj;J jdJ kfuf;fl;L “ghl;L NtZkh... cdf;nfhU ghl;L NtZk;...”> cilahj epiyapYk; trPfuk; kpf;f Fuyhy; urpfu;fis epuk;g <u;j;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. “jPu;j;jf;fiuapdpNy fz;zk;kh...”> 1945 y; kPz;Lk; V.tp.vk;.kpd; “vq;fs; jpuhtplg; nghd; ehNl...”> =ts;spapy; ,sk; thypgdhd b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; KUfd; Ntlk; Vw;W> “fhahj “ehdd;wp ahu; tUthu;...”> fhdfj;Nj...” vd;W cr;rf; Fuypy; ghb jkpo; urpf cyifNa fpuq;fr; nra;jhu;. “Milfl;b te;j epyNth...”> jkpopd; mKjk; 9

“Nfhb Nfhb ,d;gk; juNt Njbte;j mj;Jld;> J}a nrt;tpirAk; nry;tk;...”> kughu;e;j ,irf;fUtpfSNk “nrhl;L nrhl;LD nrhl;LJ ghU ,q;Nf...”> Goq;fpte;j fhyj;ijj; jhz;b> “ehd; nja;tkh ,y;iy eP nja;tkh...”> rpdpkhTf;nfd;Nwahd nky;ypir “gbf;fg; gbf;f neQ;rpypdpf;Fk;...”> tbtk; cUthfp tsu;e;Jte;jJk; mjpy; “fhl;rpAk; ePjhd; fw;gidAk; ePjhd;...”> Nkiyj; Njrq;fspd; ,irf;fUtpfSk; “,y;yhjnjhd;wpy;iy...” ,ize;Jnfhz;lJkhdnjhU etPd “,irj;jkpo; eP nra;j mUQ;rhjid...”> ,irr;R+oypd; Jtf;ffhy ,irthzuhf “jQ;ir ngupa Nfhtpy;...”> b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; jpfo;e;jJk; mtuJ “njd;wNyhL cld; gpwe;jhs;...”> mopahg; GfOf;F mbj;jskpl;ld. - Nghd;w ,d;Dk; ePSk; ,e;jg; cr;r];jhap Fuy;tsj;jpy; meharkhd gl;baypd; ghly;fs; fhynky;yhk; b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; vDk; me;jj; FioTfNshLk;> fkfq;fNshLk;> jdpj;Jtkpf;f ghl;Lf; fiyQupd; ngaiur; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. rq;fjpfNshLk; mtusT ghLe;jpwDs;s jkpo;kz;zpy; ey;y jkpOzu;T ,d;ndhU ghlfu; ,y;iy vd;Nw NknyOe;J te;Jnfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; ehlfj;JiwapYk; jpiuj;JiwapYk; ,g;NghJk; ,irawpQu;fs; b.Mu;. NfhNyhr;rpatu; kfhypq;fk;. mjd; gpujpgypg;ghfNt ftpr;RitNahL ey;y kfhypq;fk; Fwpj;Jf; $Wfpwhu;fs;. jkpo;r;RitAk; jJk;Gfpd;wd mtuJ ghly;fspy;. ghlfuhf> ebfuhf kl;Lky;yhky; ,ir mikg;ghsuhfTk;> ehlftpayhsuhfTk;> (mg;NghJ ‘ts;sp jpUkzk;’ - ehlfj;Jf;F b.Mu;. kfhypq;fKk; cilag;ghTk;jhd; mj;jhupl;b!) Njhy;tpfisg; guprspj;jhYk; jkpo; rpdpkhtpd; jahupg;ghsuhfTk; fiy tsu;j;j b.Mu;. kfhypq;fk; vDk; me;jg; ngUk; ,iraurid urpj;Jg; Nghw;whjhu; jkpo; urpfg;ngUntspapy; ahu;? bgz;zpak; ngz;zpa Ma;T nra;gtu;fSf;F xU ey;y nra;jp. ngz;zpak; rhu;e;j jiyg;ig vLj;J tpl;L vg;gb xU ,yf;fpag; gpujpiaf; fl;Lilj;Jg; ngz;zpaj; juTfis ntspf;nfhzu;tJ vd;W njupahky; jpf;FKf;fhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ma;thsu;fSf;F cjTk; tifapy; ngz;zpa Ma;T mZFKiw rhu;e;j vspikahd xU E}iyf; Nfusg; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrpupau; j. tp[ayl;Rkp vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,e;E}ypy; ngz;zpaj; juTfis ve;nje;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; ntspf;nfhzu;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ngz; ika Ma;T vt;thW nra;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp nray;Kiw tpsf;fq;fshfr; rpy fl;LiufisAk; Nru;j;J ntspapl;Ls;shu;. 10 jkpopd; mKjk;

Gul;rpg;ghtyu; RfjFkhup Kj;jkpo;r; rhuy; elj;jpa ,izatopf; ftpauq;fpy; f.thdkhkiy toq;fpa ftpij jkpo; tzf;fk; nghUNshL RitAk; jkpo; czu;T ehb euk;ngy;yhk; nghd;kyu;r; rpwg;Gk; JSk;gp epw;Fk; jkpo;j;jha; mUNshL ey;yij kl;Lk; epidf;fr; nra;Ak; juzpr;rPu;gLk; nra;tij ,af;f nrk;nkhop Ntz;Lk;. jj;Jtg; Gul;rpfshy; Neu;gl ,af;Fk; nrk;khu;e;j nkhopNa jiyikf;F tzf;fk; . nre;jkpNo tzf;fk; mit tzf;fk; jiyik tzf;fk; jkpopdk; vd;Wk; Md;NwhUk; rhd;NwhUk; jiyepkpu;e;J epw;f md;idj; jkpo; gw;wpdhy; jifrhy; jiyik mUe;jkpo;f; ftpijfis epd;wply; Ntz;Lk;. mfkfpo;e;J toq;fpLk; mw;Gjf; fhl;rpapq;F fz;Nld;. jd;dpfuw;w mzpjpuz;L epw;Fk; ghtyu;f;F jj;Jtq;fs; Nktp mbNadpd; mit tzf;fk;. jdpj;Jtk; nfhz;L Gtpahs Ntz;Lk;. Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;baJ Gjpad fz;Lk; ngz;ikNa GJikfs; nra;Ak; jha;ikf;F ,yf;fzk; cyfpy; Kj;jkpo;r; rhuy; thopNaNt jk;kf;fisAk; gpwkf;fisAk; jkpopd; mKjk; 11

tha;ikAld; Nerpg;gJk; Nghw;WtJk; Jz;bj;j ghjfiu cyifidj;Jk; ekf;Nf nrhe;jnkd fyff;Fuyhy; fyq;f itj;jhu; etpd;Wk; fw;gpj;Jk; Kwpg;gjw;fpdp mQ;RtNu gycs;sq;fis Nfhu;j;jpizj;J md;ghy; ,aw;if vopiy mopf;fpd;w cwT nfhz;L ctif nfhs;Sk;. ,opthd jpl;lq;fs; fw;nwnjyhk; Nerpf;f kl;LNk nraw;ifahfNt nra;Nthupd; ftpQu; ghtyu; RfjFkhupf;F #o;r;rpapiz ,dk; fz;lhu;. gd;dhl;L epWtdf; iff;$yp Rw;nwnkyhk; MjuT ,y;yhNjhu; ehafu;fs; eLq;fpdu; #o;r;rpapNNy tPo;e;jtu;fs; Mz;Lfsha; Ngjkpd;wp twpatiu ek; ehl;L ftpf;Fapy; fu;[idahy; mutizj;Jg; ghuhl;b Ntshz; tpj;Jfs; J}tpNa G+z;lNfhyk; fUiz nja;tk; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lk G+kpapNy ew;whapd; juprdk;. jhshj kdq;fspd; khw;wj;ij Fwpj;jJ kfpo;e;jJ ngz;bupd; fz;zPu; epWj;jNt mikjpj; jho;thuk; mopf;fpd;w Ngjypj;J epw;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; xope;jJ Mz;fspd; kJkaf;fk; xopf;Fk; kWtho;T ikak; mikahj tpkhd epiyaKk; mgiyfspd; Jaupidf; fz;L ,tu;fijia $wpLNk Mjutha; ey;tho;T ew;nghUs; my;yhJ ahuplKk; ed;nfhil mgahntDk; epiyak; epWtp ngWtjpy;iy Kw;gLk; nray;fs; ahTk; Mjupj;J epd;whu;. Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijf;Nf #o;epiy moif Ntz;LNthu; kdNehahy; tUe;Jk; kfspu;f;F cs;sj;jpy; gakpd;W kUj;Jtk; jUtjw;f;F tho;itNa fUiz md;G ,dk;ghuh cjtpf;fuk; ePl;b Neu;ikf;fha; mu;g;gzpj;jtu; ,dpatu; Mdhu; jha;ikf;F kWnrhy; ,f;ftpNa md;idapd; fuprdk; Vioau;f;F RfjFkhup vDk; ehkk; fy;tpAk; tho;Tk; jd;dyk; ghuhJ gfpu;e;J Nrahfp jhahfp nrk;nkhopapd; Nerj;jhy; ciwtplk; rpwg;Gf;fha; ghbatu; G+kpj;jhia capupDk; Nkyha; ,t;Tyf khe;ju; vd;Wk; fhjypf;Fk; ,ay;G epidTnfhs;Sk; jha;ik ehkpd;Wk; epide;J kfpo kWcUtk; ngw;w ngz;ghujp Nghuhba tPuj;jha; Gul;rpj;jha; tho;fNt kiyj;njhliu ,bj;Jk; nghbj;Jk; tzpfk; nra;aNt Kj;jkpo;r; rhuYf;Fk; Kj;jkpo; mwpQu; rhf;fPu; cNrDf;Fk; tpiy nghUsha; khw;wpa jiyikf; ftpf;Fk; Vida fhjfUf;F rpk;knrhg;gdk; ghtyu;f;Fk; Jspu;j;J tsu;e;j ngUkuq;fs; ed;wp ed;wp ed;wp 12 jkpopd; mKjk;

Kidtu;. n`g;rp Nuh]; Nkup.m cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;> Nfusg; gy;fiyf;fofk; fhupatl;lk;> jpUtde;jGuk;. jkpou;fs; gz;ghl;bYk; ehfupfj;jpYk; kl;Lky;yhky; gz;ila jkpou;fspy; xU neLk; ghuk;gupak; kpf;ftu;fs;. gz;ghl;Lg;gjpTfs; ,d;iwa ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F r%fj;jpYk; epd;W epiyg;gijAk; Kd;gpUe;j rq;f ,yf;fpak; ,jid ,f;fl;Liu vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ePz;l tuyhw;Wg; gz;ghL tpsf;fk;:- gpd;Gyk; nfhz;l xU r%fk; mJ ’gz;ghL’ vd;Dk; nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gapd;W tutpy;iy. Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; gy;Jiwr; rhu;e;j gz;G> gz;Gilik> gz;ghsu; vd;w nrhw;fs; kl;LNk rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tho;tpay; $Wfspy; Fiw epiwfisr; gapd;W te;Js;sJ. ,d;iwa tof;fpy; gz;ghL> ehfuPfk;> fyhr;rhuk; vd;Dk; nrk;ikgLj;jpf; nfhz;Nl tUtJ %d;W nrhw;fSk; xNu nghUspy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. ”gz;ngdg;gLtJ ,ay;G. fhy tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;gTk; ghlwpe;J xOfy; vd fypj;njhif gz;Gf;F tpsf;fk; $WfpwJ. r%fj;Njitf;Nfw;gTk; fUj;Jf;fs; Gj;jhf;fk; ngWtJk; GJg;nghypT ngWtJk; ,aw;if. ,j;jifa tsu;r;rpiaf; fhye;NjhWk; ngw;W te;jhYk; mbg;gilahd fUj;jhf;fq;fspy; khw;wk;ngw ve;j r%fKk; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. fhuzk; f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk; > ehL> Nghd;wtw;iwr; mit xU r%jhaj;jpd; capu; Nru;e;j kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> kjk;> nkhop> fiyfs; ehbahfj; jdpj;jd;ikahf epd;W rpe;jid ntspg;ghL tho;f;ifAld; njhlu;G nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUs;fs; epiyj;J gad;jUtNjahFk;. Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhj;j fyhr;rhuk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. gz;ghL vd;Dk; ,f;fUj;jhf;fj;ijNa fUJNfhshff; nfhz;L gz;ila jkpou;jk; r%fj;ijg; gw;wpAk; mtu;jk; gz;ghl;ilAk; ,dk;fhz Kay;fpwJ. jkpopd; mKjk; 13

nrhy;ypw;F ,izahd Mq;fpyr;nrhy; vd;W VOjpizfisAk; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ‘CULTURE’ vd;gjhFk; gz;gLj;Jjy; ,tw;Ws; iff;fpis ngUe;jpiz vd;why; xU epyj;ijg; gapu; ePq;fyhf FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy kUjk;> nra;tjw;Fg; gjg;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; nea;jy;> ghiy ,tw;iw md;gpd; nghUs;. mjhtJ Xu; ,dj;jhupd; Ie;jpizahff; nfhs;tu;. gpwg;G nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> Fbik Kjyhdtw;why; xj;j ,yl;rpaq;fs;> to;f;if Kiwfs;> gz;Gila fhjyu; khl;L epfOk; fhjy; gof;ftof;fq;fs; r%fr;rl;lq;fs; tho;it mfide;jpiz vdg;gl;lJ. topghl;L Kiwfs;> fsnthOf;fk;> ,t; Itif epyg;gpupTfs; kdpj fw;nghOf;fk;> mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz ,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpia mwpa kuGfs; ,yf;fpa kuGfs; murpay; cjTfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpau; gj;Jtif mikg;Gfs;> mzpfyd;fs;> kdepfo;r;rpfisj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; jpUtpohf;fs;> czT> nghOJ Nghf;F Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,itfis tpisahl;Lfs; Mfpatw;iwnay;yhk; ,sk;G+uzu; mtj;ijfs; vdf; Fwpf;Fk;. $Wfpwhu;. mitahtd> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kpfTk; fhl;rp Ntl;if xUjiyAs;Sjy; njhd;ikahdij rq;f ,yf;fpak;. nkypjy; Mf;fk; nrg;gy; ehZtiuapwj;jy; gz;ila jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; tuyhw;iwj; Nehf;Ftnjy;yhk; mitNa Nghwy; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F mbg;gilj; kwj;jy; kaf;fk; rhf;fhL juTfshf mikfpd;wd. ,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; epyTk; gz;ila jkpou;jk; gz;ghl;il ,uz;L epiyfspy; fhzyhk;. mitahtd;> 1. mfk;rhu; gz;ghL (njhy; fsT 9) 2. rkak;/ek;gpf;if rhu; gz;ghL ,tw;Ws; fhl;rp> rhf;fhL> xopa mfk;rhu; gz;ghL cs;s vl;L mtj;ijfSk; fsT xj;j md;Gila jiytDk; epfo;tjw;Fupa fhuzk; vdTk; jiytpAk; ,ize;J tho;e;j tho;T jiytd; jiytpaUf;F xf;FnkdTk; mftho;ntd;Wk; ,y;tho;ntd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpa gj;J $Wtu;. mfj;ij md;gpd; Ie;jpiz mtj;ijfs; ,d;iwa fhjyu;fSf;Fk; vd;W gz;ila jkpou; tFj;jdu;. xj;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. FWe; ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpau;> njhifapy; xU jiytp . iff;fpis Kjyhg; ahU kpy;iy jhNd fs;td; ngUe;jpiz ,Wtha; jhdJ ngha;g;gpd; ahndtd; Kw;glf; fpse;j nja;Nfh vOjpiz vd;g (FU.25) (njhy; mfj;.) jiytidf; fsT kzk; Gupe;jijf; 14 jkpopd; mKjk;

fz;ltu; ahUkpy;iy .mtDk; %f;fpd; cr;rp thf;Fkhwpdhy; ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; Rl;L tpuy; Nru;j;jp vd tUe;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. kWfpy; ngz;bu; mk;gy; J}w;w - ew;wp myu;:- fsT tho;tpy; myu; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. njUtpYs;s kfspu; rpyUk; gyUk; ,t;tyu;jhd; fhjiy tsu;f;Fk; vdj; $b epd;W filf;fz;zhNy Nehf;fp jpUts;Stu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. tpag;gilgtu; Nghy %f;fpd; Edpapy; Rl;L tpuiy itj;Jj; jiytpiag; mk;gYk; myUk; fsT gw;wp mk;gy; $Wtu;. ntspg;gLj;jypd; mq;fjd; Kjy;td; fpotdhFk; ,w;nrwpg;G:- (njhy; fs 60) jiytpapd; fhjy; gw;wp jhapd; kdjpy; re;Njf Vw;gLk;NghJ tPl;by; milj;J vd;gJ kfpo;tpj;jy;> myuhjy; ,it itj;jYk; cz;L. ,jid ‘,w;nrwpg;G’ ,uz;Lk; fsT ntspg;gLtjw;Fupa vd;gu;. jiytp milf;fg;gl;l thapy;fshFk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; epiyia> jiytd; vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. mLk;gpd; Ma;kiy tpiu< nea;jy; ,ijg;Nghd;Nw mf ehD}Wk;> neLe;njhil Nta;e;j ePu;thu; $e;jy; ePnuhypj; jd Nghu; tpisahlYq; fbe;jd;iwNjd; myu; ekf; nfhopa fk;k nka;Njha; el;Ng mog;gpupe;NjhNu vdf; $WfpwJ. fstpy; (FW 401) jiytd; jiytp ,UtUNk njhlu;GilauhapDk; J}w;wg;gLgts; nea;jy; jiytdhfpa JiwtNdhL jiytp kl;LNk. jiytdy;yd;. vd;whtJ xU ehs; eifj;J J}w;WgtUk; kfspNu J}w;wg;gLgtSk; tpisahLjiyAk; mtd; nka;iaj; kfspNu. fstpy; myiug; nghWj;jtiu jPz;Ljw;Ff; fhuzkhd fhjy; mJ kfspUf;FupajhfNt mikfpwJ. el;G tpyf;fptpl;lJ vd;W ,jd; ,d;Wk; ngz;fisNa J}w;Wtijf; nghUs;. ,g;ghlypy; JiwtDf;F fhzyhk;. ,f;fUj;ij czu;j;Jk; milnkhopahff; flw;fiuapy; gonkhop xd;W ,d;Wk; kf;fs; tpisahLk; kfspu;f;F mQ;rp Xb kj;jpapy; epyTtijf;fhzyhk;. ‘Nry kiwAk; ez;L $wg;gLfpd;wJ ,t; te;J Ks;Sy gl;lhYk;> Ks;S milnkhop jiytp md;idapd; te;J Nriyapy gl;lhYk; Nriyf;F fba fhtYf;fQ;rp tPl;bDs; ,Uf;Fk; jhd; NfL” vd;gNj mg;gonkhop. jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;ghy; czur; nra;fpwJ. myu; ahu; vg;gb NgRtu; vd;gijg; ez;L mt;thW mQ;rpf;fyq;FNkh ew;wpizg;ghly; mofhf czu;j;JfpwJ. mj;jifa mr;rKk; fyf;fKk; rpyUk; gyUk; jiytpaplKk; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gJ filf;fz; Nehf;fp czuj;jf;fJ. jkpopd; mKjk; 15

cld;Nghf;F:- kf;fs; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdu;. jq;fs; tho;T KOtJk; mwk; rhu;e;jjhf ,Uf;f jiytDk; jiytpAk; fsT Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdu;. njhy;fhg;gpau; ,j;jifa jpUkzk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fupa tho;f;ifia tpUk;ghky; fsT kzk; fhuzj;ijr; Rl;Lfpwhu;. nra;J nfhs;Sk; tof;fk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ. goe;jkpou; ngha;Ak; tOTk; Njhd;wpa gpd;du; tho;f;ifapy; jiytDk; jiytpAk; Iau; ahj;jdu; fuznkd;g ngw;Nwhu; jiyaPL ,y;yhky; fhjy; Gupe;J ,y;yw tho;f;if elj;jpdu;. ,jid cld;Nghf;F vd;W miog;gu;. vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpd; %yk; mwpayhk;.. jiytp Njhopaplk; je;ijapd; fhtiyf; fle;J nrd;W ahNd Nju;e;J nfhz;l ek;gpf;if rhu; gz;ghL fsT kzj;ij ahNd ew;wha;f;F njhy;fhg;gpau; kzkf;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jtjhy; ekf;Fg; Gfod;wp ,Uf;fNtz;ba gj;J tifahd gopAz;lhFNkh vd;W $Wfpwhs; xg;Gikfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. NkYk; FWe;njhifapy; mitahtd> mupnga;J nghjpe;j gpwg;Ng Fbik njuprpyk;G foP, Mz;ik ahz;NlhL aha; mwpTWjy; mQ;rp cUT epWj;j fhkthapy; Nta; capu; gpwq;fy; dpiwNa mUNs kiy ,we;Njhu; czu;NthL jpUntd KiwAwf; fpse;j vd;Dk; ghlypy; rpyk;nghyp Nfl;Lj; xg;gpdJ tifNa jha; jd;id mwpe;J nfhs;ths; vd;W md;rpa jiytp rpyk;gpidf; mfw;wp vd;gdthFk;. ,e;j gj;J gz;Gfs; xj;j ifapy; nfhz;L jiytDld; nrd;whs; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ. jiytd; jiytpaUf;F Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ. ,d;Wk; gj;J nghUj;jq;fs; fw;G xOf;fk; ghu;f;Fk; gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kdpjdhy; kdpj r%jhaj;jpd; eyd; fzg;nghUj;jk; (mRufzk;> fUjpg; gilj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhu; Njtfdk;)> Nahdpg;nghUj;jk; mJjhd; xOf;f Kiw jpUkzk;. ,J njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; fhk thapy; kdpj ,dj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu xU MFk;. ,d;Wk; jkpou;fspilNa gj;J cyfshtpa nghJikahf ,Ue;j nghUj;jq;fs; ghu;f;Fk; kuG cz;L. NghjpYk; ntt;NtW gz;ghl;Lf; nghUj;jq;fspy;jhd; khw;wk; cz;Nl FOf;fspilNa ntt;NtW tpj jtpu nghUj;jk; ghu;f;Fk; kuG ,d;Wk; kdtpjpfSk; newpKiwfSk; jkpou;fspilna fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkzk; r%fj;jhy; fw;G tho;f;ifapy; fztd; kidtpiag; ghJfhj;jy;> kidtp fztidNa jd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;> ngz; cwT capuhf vz;Zjy;> FLk;g tWikiag; epiyiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jpUkzj;jpd; top mikAk; fw;G tho;f;ifapy; rq;ffhy; 16 jkpopd; mKjk;

gpwu; mwpahky; tho;f;if elj;Jjy; mf;fpdpia tyk; tUjy; epfo;T ,d;W Nghd;w gy gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epfo;fpd;wd. vdNtjhd; jpUts;Shtu;> goe;jkpou; jpUkzj;ijg; ngz;tPl;by; mwd; vdg;gl;lNj ,y;tho;f;if m/Jk; epfo;j;Jjiy kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. gpwd;gopg;g jpy;yhjhapd; ed;W fw;G kzk; ngUk;ghYk; kzkfs; ,y;yj;jpNyna epfOk;. mr;nra;jpia> vd ,y;tho;f;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. rq;ffhyj;jpy; ngz;Foe;ijf;Ff; Ek;kidr; rpyk;G foP maupDk; vk;kid tJit ey; kzk; foP, fhy;fspy; rpyk;gzptpg;gu;. ,e;j ngz; tsu;e;J fd;dpaha; ,Uf;Fk;tiu xU ngz; kztpid epfOk; tiu gpwe;j tPl;il tpl;b ntsptUjy; rpyk;gzpe;J nfhs;Sk; tof;fk; $lhJ. guprk; NghLjYk;> ngz;tPl;by; jpUkzk; nra;jYk; ,lk;ngWtJ ,Ue;jj;J. jpUkzkhd ngz; jkpou; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jhJ. ,d;Dk; mk;kuG ePbg;gijf; fhzyhk;. vd;gjw;F milahskhfr; rpyk;gpid mfw;Wjy; ,d;wpaikahj nrayhfj; ,Ue;jikiar; rq;f ,yf;fpak; top mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; ,d;W jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; nkl;b mzptij jkpou;fs; ve;j nraiyr; nra;jhYk; tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. nkl;b ey;y ehs; ghu;j;J nra;tjpy; mzptjhy; fu;g;gg;ig tYtilAk; ek;gpf;ifAilatu;fs; jpUkzk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdu;. nra;tjw;F Kd; ey;y ehs;> ey;y Neuk; rq;ffhyk; Kjy; fp.gp.10 midj;ijAk; ty;ytuplk; Nfl;Nl E}w;whz;L tiuj; Njhd;wpa Kbnra;jdu;. E}y;fspy; jkpou; jpUkzj;jpd; kid tpsf;FWj;J khiy njhlu; fid ,Us; mfd;w ftpd;ngW fhiy NghJ jhypfl;bajw;Fr; rhd;wpy;iy. Nfhs; fhy; ePq;fpa nfhL ntz; jpq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy;jhd; jhyp fl;Lk; kuG Njhd;wpaJ. (mfk;) Neu; ,iw Kd;ifgw;wp Eku;ju tsu;gpiw ehs; gfypd; Kd;gFjpahd ehLmwp ey;kzk; mau;fk; rpy; ehs; fhiyg; nghOJjhd; jpUkzk; jiytpia Neupiw Kd;if gw;wpr; epfo;j;Jtjw;Fupa ey;y Neukhf Rw;wj;jhu; nfhLg;gj; jiytd; fUjpdjhf mfehD}W Rl;LfpwJ. kze;jhd; vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; ,d;Wk; jpUkzj;jpw;F ey;y ehSk; nghUs;. cwtpdu;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; NeuKk; ghu;f;Fk; Kiw ,d jiytpapd; ifgw;wp Vw;Wf;nfhz;lijf; NtWghbd;wp vy;yh r%fj;jpdupilAk; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L czu;j;JfpwJ. epfo;tijf; fhzyhk;. kzkfspd; je;ij kzkfDf;Ff; rq;fg;gz;ghl;L vr;rq;fs; ,d;Wk; ifgpbj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; ,d;Wk; jkpou;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpou;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpy gz;ghLfs; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; rpy kzkfd; kzkfspd; Kd;ifgw;wp khw;wk; ngw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpopd; mKjk; 17

Vo;ikf;fha; xU Mykuk; Kg;gj;jp ehd;F Mz;Lfshf mgah vDk; Mykuj;jpd; epoypy; Mapukhapuk; Ngu; fle;Jte;Js;sdu;. ,g;NghJk; vz;zkw;wtu; njhlu;G nfhz;Lk; mgahtpy; tho;e;J nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. ngz;fs;> jha;khu;fs;> topjtwpatu;fs;> rjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> gae;J Xbte;jtu;fs;> fu;g;gpzpfs;> Foe;ijfSld; Xbte;j mgiyfs;> fhty;Jiwahy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ltu;fs; ahtUk; jpde;NjhWk; mgahtpy; mgak; Njb tUgtu;fs;. fhiy Kjy; khiytiu tupirahf te;jf; fz;zPu;f;fijfs; ahTk; me;j ftpf;Fapy; Nfl;L fz;zPu; tpLtJk; ,ad;w cjtpfisr; nra;tJk; tof;fkhfp mJNt thbf;ifahfpg; NghdJ. ,t;thW te;jtu;fs; Mrpupauhf Tk;> vQ;rpdpau;fshfTk;> kUj;JtuhfTk; nrtpypfshfTk; fzpzp epWtdq;fspy; gzp vLg;gtuhfTk;> muR Ntiyfs; nra;gtuhfTk; FLk;gg;ngz;fshfTk; ,g;NghJk; gzp Mw;Wfpd;wdu;. Mapuf;fzf;fpy; te;j kd cisr;rypy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;> kaf;fkUe;J kw;Wk; kJg;gof;fj;jpdhy; mbikahNdhu; ahtUk; rpfpr;irf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ldu;. kjk; rhjp rhu;e;j mikg;ghf ,y;yhjjhYk; nghUshjhuk; vg;NghJk; gpur;ridahf ,Ue;jjhy; ftpf;Fapy; jdf;F fpilj;jit ahTk; mikg;gpw;Nf nfhLj;jhu;. mJ epiwthfhjjhy; cyfk; KOtJk; nrd;W gpr;ir vLg;gJk; tof;fkhfpaJ. mjw;fhfNt tpjpf;fg;gl;lts; jhd; vd;Nw fUjpdhu;. 18 jkpopd; mKjk;

mUe;jjp uha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; #rd;dh. mUe;jjp uha; Gfo; ngw;w Nfusj;ijr; rhu;e;j Mq;fpy vOj;jhsu;. ,tu; vOjpa jp fhl; M/g; ];khy; jpq;f;]; vd;w ehtYf;F khd;Gf;fu; tpUJ mtuJ 35 k; tajpy; fpilj;jNjhL cyfg;Gfio mtUf;F ngw;Wj; je;jJ. kdpj cupik kPwYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLk; ,tu; xU ,aw;ifr;#oyhspauhfTk; mwpag;gLfpwhu;. \\py;yhq;fpy; gpwe;j ,tupd; je;ij uh[Pt; uha;. jha; Nkup uha;. mfpy ,e;jpa tpUJ ngw;w kh]p rhfpg; vDk; jpiug;glj;jpy; ebj;jJ kl;Lky;y jp Mdp kw;Wk; vyf;l;upf; %d; Nghd;w jpiug;glq;fspYk; ebj;Js;shu;. NkYk; ,d;tpr; Mdp fpt;]; ,l; Njh]; xd;]; vd;w glj;jpw;F fij trdk; vOjpaNjhL ebf;fTk; nra;Js;shu;. njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlu;fspYk; ebj;Js;shu;. ,tu; Gf;fu; tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp. ,tUf;F ehu;kd; nka;l;lu; tpUJk; rpl;dp gP]; tpUJk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ];fupg;l; iul;lu; MfTk; mwpag;gl;ltu;. Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oy; ghjpg;GfSf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;gpatu;. 1961k; Mz;L gpwe;j ,tUf;F ,g;NghJ 59 taJ Mfpd;wJ. Kw;Nghf;F rpe;jidfs; cs;s ,tu; vOj;Jyfpy; ngUk; rhjid Gupe;J ngUk;ghz;ik ,yf;fpathjpfshy; Ngrg;gl;ltu;. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs; Fiction Roy. New Delhi: Penguin, 2008. ISBN 978-0-670-08207-0 ƒƒ The God of Small Things. Flamingo, 1997. ISBN 0-00- ƒƒ Listening to Grasshoppers: Field Notes on Democracy. 655068-1 New Delhi: Penguin, 2010. ISBN 978-0-670-08379-4 ƒƒ The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Hamish Hamilton, ƒƒ Broken Republic: Three Essays. New Delhi: Hamish 2017. ISBN 0-24-130397-4 Hamilton, 2011. ISBN 978-0-670-08569-9 Non-fiction ƒƒ The End of Imagination. Kottayam: D.C. Books, 1998. ƒƒ Walking with the Comrades. New Delhi: Penguin, 2011. ISBN 81-7130-867-8 ISBN 978-0-670-08553-8 ƒƒ The Cost of Living. Flamingo, 1999. ISBN 0-375-75614-0 ƒƒ Kashmir: The Case for Freedom. Verso, 2011. ISBN 1-844- ƒƒ The Greater Common Good. Bombay: India Book 67735-4 Distributor, 1999. ISBN 81-7310-121-3 ƒƒ The Hanging of Afzal Guru and the Strange Case of the ƒƒ The Algebra of Infinite Justice. Flamingo, 2002. ISBN 0-00- Attack on the Indian Parliament. New Delhi: Penguin. 714949-2 2013. ISBN 978-0143420750. ƒƒ Power Politics. Cambridge: South End Press, 2002. ISBN ƒƒ Capitalism: A Ghost Story. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 0-89608-668-2 2014. ISBN 978-1-60846-385-5[106] ƒƒ War Talk. Cambridge: South End Press, 2003. ISBN ƒƒ Things that Can and Cannot Be Said: Essays and 0-89608-724-7 Conversations (with John Cusack). Chicago: Haymarket ƒƒ An Ordinary Person’s Guide To Empire. Consortium, 2004. Books, 2016. ISBN 978-1-608-46717-4 ISBN 0-89608-727-1 ƒƒ The Doctor and the Saint: Caste, Race, and Annihilation ƒƒ Public Power in the Age of Empire. New York: Seven of Caste, the Debate Between B.R. Ambedkar and M.K. Stories Press. 2004. ISBN 9781583226827. Gandhi. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017. ISBN 978-1- ƒƒ The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations 608-46797-6 with Arundhati Roy. Interviews by David Barsamian. ƒƒ My Seditious Heart: Collected Non-Fiction. Chicago: Cambridge: South End Press, 2004. ISBN 0-89608-710-7 Haymarket Books, 2019. ISBN 978-1-608-46676-4 ƒƒ The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati ƒƒ Azadi: Freedom, Fascism, Fiction. Haymarket Books, 2020. jkpo; rq;fk; G+i[g;Giu jpUtde;jGuk; ,e;jg; GJikg;ngz;kzpia neQ;rhu tho;j;JfpwJ. jkpopd; mKjk; 19

rpWfij epiwa gpupaKld; Nkh.,isatd;. %r;rpiuf;f Xb te;jhs; ruz;ah> Njhd;wpl tpy;iy. ngz;fs; KO cupik> ,Jtiu mts; ,e;j ,lj;Jf;F Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lnkd;W $r;rypLk; te;jjpy;iy> gpujhd rhiyapy; ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ $l mts; ,e;j rj;jk; vq;Fk; Nfl;f Kbahky; NghdJ> fl;blj;ij jpUk;gp ghu;j;jJ ,y;iy> fhuzk; ngz;fs; jq;fs; cupikfs; jid xt;nthU ,lq;fspYk; epiyehl;bf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mdhy; Fw;wk; nra;jtu; jhd; fhty; mtSf;F VNdh ,d;Dk; KOikahd epiyaj;Jf;F tUthu;fs; vd;W mk;kh nrhy;yp nrhy;yp tsu;j;jhs;> vd;d ghJfhty; fpilf;fngwhkNy ,Ue;jJ. nra;tJ mk;kh nrhd;dJ rupNah jtNwh Muha;e;J nfhs;s mtSf;F thrypy; vjpu;gl;l jiyik Neukpy;iy. fhtyiu rl;il nra;ahkNy mts; cs;Eioe;jhs;> ,uTg;gzpia Kbj;J xt;nthU fhtyu;fSk; kpf Nrhu;thf fhiy MW kzpf;Nf fhty; mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. Bf;fil igad; epiyaj;jpw;Fs; Ntfkha; Xb te;jhs; ruz;ah. 21 taJ ngz; ,e;j xt;nthUtUf;Fk; #lhd NjePu; mjpfhiyapNyNa fhty; epiyak; tu fhuzk; vd;d? vy;yhk; fhyj;jpd; nfhLj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;> ghtk; ,uT Nfhyk;. KOtJk; miye;J> J}f;fk; fise;j me;j Kfq;fs; ,d;Dk; ,Uz;bUe;jd. murpay; rhf;filaha; ngUf;nfLj;J New;W ,uT uapypd; Kd; gha;e;J jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;l fhjy; XLk; ehl;by; ngz;fs; fhty; N[hbapd; rpjwpg;Nghd cly; ghfq;fis Njbg;gpbf;Fk; rthyhd gzp Mdhy; epiyankd;d kJf;filfSf;Fk; nfhLikahd gzpAk; $l> ifapy; fpilj;j NjePiu Fbf;f Kad;w rhjhuzkha; gazpj;jdu;. ngz;zpak; NghJ ifapy; tPrpa uj;jthilahy; NgRk; midtUk; Ngrp Kbj;j thNahL ngz;zpaj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhdtu;fNshL fye;jpl;lNjhd;Wk; Gjpjhd tp\\akha; 20 jkpopd; mKjk;

Fkl;bf;nfhz;L tu jiyik ÷ ªð£¿¶ fhtyu; vOe;J ntspNa nrd;W tpl;lhu;. rpwF tpupj;J gwe;J nrd;wJ gwitfs; ,wnfq;Fk; J}spifahk; tu;z Nfhyq;fs; Ntiyapy; ,j;jid rpukq;fs; kiy eLNt nrd;W Kl;baJ kaf;fq;fs; ,iy ,ilNa Jspu;tpl;lJ ,d;g urq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; nghJkf;fs; rpYrpY ntd njd;wYk; njhl;lhbaJ ksksntd kz;iz njhl;lJ kioj;JspAk; ghu;itapy;> fhtyu;fs; vd;whNy Japy; cwq;Fk; Ntisapy; cjpj;jJ fdTfs; tpbAk; Ntisapy; epfo;Tfs; Gjpjha; ngha;au;fs;> jpUlu;fs; Vd;> kz; kaq;Fk; kjpaoF nghd; tpisAk; Gj;Japu; G+kp ntsp nra;ahky; ntl;baha; vq;F Nehf;fpahYk; ,aw;if md;id jq;Fk; jilAkpd;wp juzpapy; jioj;jhbaJ rk;gsk; thq;Fk; $l;lj;jpdu;. G+j;J FYq;fpaJ G+q;fhtdk; rhiyfs; vq;Fk; Nrhiyfs; fle;j MW khjq;fshf me;j khDlk; ,y;iy kd;dpg;Gk; ,y;iy CoYk; ,y;iy Cu;tyKk; ,y;iy fhty; epiyaj;Jf;F jiyik tpUg;G ,y;iy ntWg;G ,y;iy kWg;G ,y;iy kf;fSk; ,y;iy jiyik fhtyu; Kdpahz;b Nghl;b ,y;iy nghwhik ,y;iy ngha; ,y;iy Gfl;by;iy jhd;> ,jw;F Kd;dpUe;j fhty; JapYzu;e;J Gyu;e;jJk; ehd; ,aw;if md;id kbapy; Ma;thsu; ,lkhWjy; ngw;W fz;lJ fdntd;whYk; if$LNkh me;j tpbay;. tpl;lhu;> cjtp Ma;thsu; Nf.fy;gdh kUj;Jt tpLg;gpYs;shu;. jpUtde;jGuk; MdhYk; vy;yh fhtyu;fSk; rpwg;ghfNt gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,e;j epiyapy; ,d;iwf;F Gjpjhf nghWg;Ngw;f;ftpUf;Fk; Ma;thsiuf;Fwpj;j tpthjk; jhd; ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ> mtu; vg;gbg;gl;ltuhf ,Ug;ghu;> ey;ytuh? nfl;ltuh?> xU Ma;thsu; nghWg;Ngw;f tUfpwhu; vd;W Nfs;tpg;gl;lJk; mtu; Kd;djhf gzpahw;wpa fhty; epiyaq;fspy; mtiuf; Fwpj;J tprhupj;J njupe;J nfhs;Sk; mstpw;F ,q;Nf Njit Vw;gltpy;iy> fhuzk; ,tu;fSf;F kh%y; t#ypf;f cjtp Njitg;gltpy;iy> ngupa ngupa murpay; jiytu;fSf;F cjt mtrpak; tutpy;iy> jq;fs; Ra NjitfSf;fhd> tpLg;Gfs;> mDkjpfs; Njitg;gl;ld> mtw;iw jkpopd; mKjk; 21

jUtjpy; Ml;Nrgid ,y;yhj ,lg;gf;f neQ;R gFjpapy; NkypUe;J Ma;thsu; tuNtz;Lk; vd;W vy;yh fPohf fpope;jpUe;j iel;bia mts; fhtyu;fSk; Ntz;lhj ehNs ,y;iy nghj;jp gpbj;jpUg;gJ njupe;jJ.... gzp Ghpgth;fSf;F fpilf;fNtz;ba te;j Ntfk; ,g;NghJ ,y;iy> nkJtha; ele;J te;J. RtNuhukha; tpLKiwfs; rupahf nfhLf;fg;gl;lhNy rha;e;J mku;e;jhs;. gzpaplj;jpy; tUk; ghjp gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;thfptpLk;. fhtyu;fs; Rjhupj;Jf;nfhz;L tpthjk; ePz;Lnfhz;bUe;jJ... Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;f Kw;gLKd; jpBnud xU ,sk;ngz; fhty; mtshfNt Ngrpdhs; epiyaj;Jf;Fs; gha;e;J te;jJk; vy;NyhUk; ];jk;gpj;jdu;... \"vd; NgU ruz;ah> fhNy[; igdypau; gbf;fpNwd;> vq;f mg;gh rhkpehjd;> mikjp.... kahd mikjp.... ,e;j Cu; gs;spf;$lj;Jy Jg;GuT gzpahsu;...' vd;d? vd;W Nfl;f ahUf;Fk; \"eP jhNdk;kh Nghd thuk; v];.I Njhd;wtpy;iy nryf;\\d; Nghapl;L te;jJ' Nfl;ltu; iul;lu; fz;izah... Ie;jhW Mz; fhtyu;fNshL mku;e;jpUe;j ngz;fhtyuplk; Xbdhs;> \"Mkh rhu; ehd; jhd;> upl;ld; nl];l; ghrhapl;Nld;> ,z;ltpA+ kl;Lk; jhd; mts; te;J epd;w Nfhyk; ghu;f;Fk; kPjkpUf;F' ahiuAk;. xU epkplk; ];jk;gpf;fr; nra;Ak;. \"mf;fh> ,q;f ff;$]; vq;f ,Uf;F?' \"rup ,g;Ngh cdf;F vd;dhr;R> vJf;F me;j ngz; fhtyu; vjpu;ghu;f;fhj ,q;f te;Nj?' Nfs;tp mJ. \"vd; tPl;Ly xU ff;$]; ,Ue;jpUe;jh mdpr;iraha; foptiw ,Uf;Fk; vdf;F ,e;j epiyik te;jpUf;fhJ jpirapy; ifia ePl;bdhu; me;j ngz; rhu;' fhtyu;. fz;zPh; tope;NjhbaJ> Jilj;Jf; jhkjkpd;wp efu;e;jhs; ruz;ah> foptiw nfhz;lhs;. fjT jhsplg;gl;lJ. \"mJ ,Uf;fl;Lk; ,g;Ngh vd;d Mr;R> VNjh> Gaybj;J Xa;e;jja;g; Nghy Vd; cd;Ndhl iel;b fpopQ;rpUf;F?' ,Ue;jJ vy;NyhUf;Fk;... ngz; fhtyu; f;Sf;...nfd rpupj;Jtpl;lhu;. \"rhu; vq;f mg;gh gs;spf;$lj;Jy Rj;jk; gz;Zw Ntiy nra;apwhU rhu;> rw;W Neuk;> foptiw fjT mtu; nfhz;L tu;w nrhw;g tUkhdk; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.. nkJthf ntspapy; jhd; vq;fSf;F> vq;f tPl;Ly ff;$]; te;jhs; ruz;ah> ,g;NghJ if> fhy;> fpilahJ> mjdhy Mj;jq;fiuf;Fj; Kfk; fOtpapUe;jhs;> jiyKbia jhd; NghNthk;. ,d;idf;F tof;fk; nfhz;ilahf fl;bapUe;jhs;> jd; Nghy ehDk; Mj;jq;fiuf;F NghNdd; mg;Ngh vd; gpd;dhbNa vq;f gf;fj;J 22 jkpopd; mKjk;

njUtpNyu;e;J xUj;jd; te;jhd;> $g;gpL> mJf;F Kd;dhb ];ghl;Lf;F mtd; ,q;Nf kl;Lkpy;iy> ehd; Nghw Ngha; me;j igaDf;F vd;d vy;yh ,lj;JyANk tu;wij ehd; Mr;Rd;D ghU' ftdpr;rpUf;Nfd;> ,Jf;F Kd;dhb xU ehs; te;J vd;id fhjypf;fpwjh \"ok rhu;' 206 clNd jd; nkhgl;by; Vwp nrhd;dhd;> ehd; KbahJd;D gwe;jhd; nrhy;ypl;Nld;' \"iul;liua;ah> ,e;j nghz;Z fpl;l \",d;idf;F fhiyy ehd; NghFk;NghJ njspth ];Nll;nkz;l; thq;Fq;f' vd;ida topkwpr;R> eP vd;ida fhjypf;fTk; Ntz;lhk;> fy;ahzk; \"FkNurd;> eP ,e;j nghz;Z tPl;Lf;F gz;zTk; Ntz;lhk;.. xNu xU jlit jfty; nrhy;Y> mg;gpbNa gps;isf;F kl;Lk; Vd; $l ,Ue;Jl;L Ngh d;D xU khj;J Jzp thq;fpl;L tha;ah' nrhy;yp ifia Gbr;R ,Oj;jhd;' FspUf;fha; mtu; Nghu;j;jpapUe;j mOjhs;... ahUk; MWjy; gLj;j rhy;itia vLj;J ruz;ahtplk; tpy;iy. fhuzk; vy;NyhUk; mts; nfhLj;jhu;. vd;d nrhy;y Nghfpwhs; vd;W ftdpj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. \",e;jhk;kh> cd;Ndhl iel;b fpopQ;rpUf;F> ,ij Nghu;j;jpf;f' ruz;ah njhlu;e;jhs;> \"ehd; mtd; ruz;ah kWf;ftpy;iy> Nghu;j;jpf; ifia cjwpl;L Xl ghj;Njd;> me;j nfhz;L ,d;Dk; RtNuhukha; Neuk; mtd; kiwr;R tr;rpUe;j RUq;fpf;nfhz;lhs;. fj;jpia fhl;b kpul;bdhd;> vd;ida Fj;jTk; Kaw;rp gz;zpdhd;> me;j mLj;j rpy epkplq;fs;> ruz;ahtpd; Neuj;Jy vd;d nra;apwJd;D njupahk> mg;gh te;jhu;> $lNt gs;sp jiyik me;j fj;jpia GLq;fp mtidNa MrpupaUk; te;jpUe;jhu;> tpguq;fs; Fj;jpl;Nld;.' gupkhwpf;nfhz;ldu;. fhty; epiyaNk gugug;ghdJ. ruz;ahtpd; mk;kh vq;Fk; eprg;jk;.... ahUk; Ngrtpy;iy... te;jhy; kfis fl;bf;nfhz;L mOjhs;> ruz;ah kl;Lk; mOjhs; \"vd; tho;f;ifNa Nghr;R rhu;' vd;W nrhy;yp Fj;Jgl;ltd;. nrj;J NghapUe;jhd;> mOjhs;... Mw;wq;fiuapy; cs;s Gjupy; mtd; gpzk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L gpNuj \"Nla;> ,q;f thlh' Bf;fil rpWtid gupNrhjid ele;jJ.. mioj;J mtdplkpUe;J xU NjePiu ngw;W mtsplk; ePl;bdhu; Vl;ilah. kzp gjpndhd;W> ruz;ahtpd; ngaupy; \"Kjy;y ,e;j Bia Fb' nfhiy Fw;wk; gjpT nra;J ,.gp.Nfh thq;fp Fbj;jhs;> #lhd NjePu; xU Gj;Jzu;it je;jJ MdhYk; Fj;J 302. mtis ePjpkd;wj;jpy; M[u;gLj;j gl;ltid epidj;j NghJ kPz;Lk; Nrhu;e;J Nghdhs;. vy;yh NtiyiaAk; iul;lu; \"Naht; 206> clNd Mk;Gyd;i] nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jhu;. rhjhuzkhf Kdpahz;b b.v];.gp mYtyfj;jpy; my;yJ tpLg;gpypUf;Fk; cjtp Ma;thsuplk; mgpg;uhak; Nfl;L mDkjpAk; ngWthu;> vd;d jhd; mtu; jkpopd; mKjk; 23

mDgtKilatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; gjtp ,sk;ngz; ,g;gb rPuopf;fg; ntWk; jiyik fhtyu; jhNd. glf;ff;$lhJ vd;nwz;zpdhuh?> Gjpa Ma;thsu; nghWg;Ngw;Fk; ,d;iwa ehs;> nfhiy tof;NfhL ,we;jtd; gpd;dzpAk;. jPu njhlq;FfpwJ. kD\\d; vd;d nra;a NghwhNuh> mtu; nrhy;tjw;f;fpzq;f tprhupf;fg;gl;lJ mtd; ngaupy; Kjy; jfty; mwpf;if vOj iul;lu; jahuhf ,Ue;jhu; Neu;ikahd kdpjd; Vw;fdNt ,g;gbahd gy tof;Ffs; NtW> ,e;j ngz;zpd; tho;f;if vg;gb jpir khwg;NghfpNjh vd;nwy;yhUk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;LUe;jd. gae;Jnfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. ,we;jtd; FLk;gk; fytuk; nra;a vj;jdpj;jJ> ruz;ahtpd; FLk;gj;jhy; mij jhq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gijAk; mutpe;jd; Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;. Ma;thsu; vd;wJk; mDgtk; kpf;f vd;d nra;tnjd;W Nahrpj;jhu; xUtiu vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jJ fhty; mutpe;jd;> ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiy epiyak;. vd;gij ed;F czu;e;jpUe;jhu; rw;W Neuj;jpy; xU thypgd; ruz;ah fk;gpfSf;F gpd;dhy; epkpu;e;j eil> Neu;nfhz;l ghu;it> milf;fg;gl;lhs;> ,we;J KUf;ftplg;glhky; mofha; Nghdtd; FLk;gj;jhu; ahUk; ntl;lg;gl;l kPir> fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd te;J jhf;fptplf;$lhJ vd;w ey;y cly;> miuf;if rl;ilapy; vz;zj;jpy;. mtu; ifapy; mzpe;jpUe;j jq;f ngz;Zf;F Rje;jpukha; elkhl Kbatpy;iy rpy fhkf;nfh^uu;fshy;> iftisay; mofha; kpd;dpaJ> ,e;jpah KOtJk; ,g;NghJ mjpfk; gjpthFk; tof;Ffs; ,g;gbahd ,lJ ifapy; gspr;rpl;l ill;ld; td;nfhLik tof;Ffs; jhd;> jpdnkhU nra;jp te;jtz;zk; cs;sd. ,d;Dk; mo$l;baJ. fk;gPu Njhw;wk; mofha; xU Gy;yl;by te;jpwq;fpdhu; ,d;];ngf;lu; mutpe;jd;. Gjpjha; gzpaplk; khw;wk; ngw;W tUk; iul;liu mioj;jhu; mutpe;jd;... Ma;thsUf;fhd tuNtw;G ,d;W fz;izah Kjy; jfty; mwpf;ifia Ntz;lhk;> epiyik rupahf ,Uf;fhJ thrpj;J Kbj;jhu;... mutpe;jDf;F vd;w mtupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f jpUg;j;jpahf Njhd;wtpy;iy> \"Vl;ilah' khiy> kupahijfs; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;lJ> vd mioj;j mLj;j nehb Kdpahz;b Mdhy; midj;J fhtyu;fSk; xU te;J epd;whu;. Nru ry;A+l; nra;a mij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ry;A+l; nra;J Gd;difAld; cs;Ns \"cf;fhUq;f' Eioe;jhu;. jaq;fpathNw mku;e;jhu; Kdpahz;b> tpguq;fs; Vw;fdNt mtUf;F \"B nrhy;Yq;f' mwptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> ,Ue;jhYk; xUKiw $l ruz;ahit tprhupj;jhu;. mtUf;nfd;W ];ng\\yhf xU fhty; cjtp Ma;thsuhf gzpia gpsh];f;fpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j NjePu; njhlq;fp cauq;fis njhlNtz;ba gupkhwg;gl;lJ... Ritj;Jf;nfhz;Nl 24 jkpopd; mKjk;

Nfl;lhu;> \"mtd; xz;Zk; Nahf;fpadpy;iy rhu;> ,Nj khjpup fpl;l jl;l 10Nf]; mtd; \"vd;d nra;ayhk;' NgUy ,Uf;F>' Kdpahz;bf;F Mr;rupakhf ,Ue;jJ> \",Ue;jhYk;...' vd cjl;il gpJf;fpdhu; mutpe;jd;. Mdhy; jhd; nra;a ,j;jid Mz;Lfs; Ntiy epidj;jij ,d;ndhUtu; Kd;nkhope;j NghJ cs;Sf;Fs; re;Njh\\g;gl;lhu; nra;jpUf;fpNwd; ,Jtiu ve;j mutpe;jd;. Ma;thsUk;> Vd;> cjtp Ma;thsUk; \"rhu; xd;Dk; Nahrpf;fhjpq;f rhu;> xU ey;y nghz;Nzhl tho;f;if ek;khy $l jd;dplk; mgpg;uhak; Nfl;ljpy;iy. nfl;Lg; Nghf Ntz;lhk; rhu;' \"ehd; vd;d rhu; nrhy;wJ? ePq;f jhd; clNd iul;lu; miof;fg;gl;lhu;> mjpfhup> ePq;f nrhy;wij nra;ayhk; tof;F jpir khwpaJ> xU ngz; rhu;' fhg;ghw;wg;gLths; vd;w epr;rak; czu;e;jhYk;... \"mjpfhupnay;yk; ,Uf;fl;Lk;> xU n`l; fhd;];lgpsh> ,e;j nghz;iz tPLfspy; foptiw vj;jid Kf;fpak; fhg;ghj;j KbAkh?' vd;gij ehk; jhd; czuNtz;Lk;. rpW rpW cjhrPdq;fs; ngupa jtWfSf;F \"KbAk; rhu;' Nahrpf;fhky; gjpy; te;jJ Muk;gk; vd;W kdJf;Fs; nehe;J Kdpahz;baplkpUe;J> nfhz;lhu;. \"nrhy;Yq;f> vd;d nra;ayhk;' tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhs; ruz;ah... mutpe;jd; ,g;NghJ flTs; Nghy Njhw;wkspj;jhu; \"nrf;rd; 302 f;F gjpyh> nrf;rd; 100y midtUf;Fk;. Nghl;L Nfr f;Nsh]; gz;z KbAk; rhu;' \"mnjg;gpb> ,we;jtNdhl nrhe;j ge;jk; gpur;rpid gz;zpdh?' gpugy kiyahsf;ftp tp\\;Z ehuhazd; ek;G+jpup fhykhdkhdhu;.. kiyahs ,yf;fpa cyF kwf;fNt Kbahj ftpQu; xU MrpupaUk; rpwe;j Ngr;rhsUk;$l. ngUikAs;s mikjpahd kfhftp ehL> ehl;Lg;gw;W> Rje;jpu czu;T ahTk; ,tUila ftpijfspy; kpfTk; Moj;jpy; fhzKbAk;. r%fk; gw;wpa CLUtpa g;ghu;itfs; fhtpakakhf gilj;jtu;. ePjp> cz;ik Neu;ik jkJ mofpaypy; ,dpikahf je;jUspa ftp. gy ,yf;fpa tpUJfs; ngw;w ,tu; kuzk; kiyahs kz;zpw;Nf Ngupog;G vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. jkpopd; mKjk; Mo;e;j ,uq;fiy njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. jkpopd; mKjk; 25

myp tQ;rpkiy ml;kpdp];l;Nul;bt; M‡gp]u;> mgah jpUtde;jGuk; (Nghd;. 94478 92586 epidth|;ryp md;Gs;s MrpupaUf;F RfjFkhup Br;ru; epidthfpAs;shu;. ftp vd;w epiyapDk; Rw;Wg;Gw #oypahsu; vd;w epiyapYk; cyfk; mtiu mwpe;Jk; Mjupj;Jk; tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; mth; kdpjNeaj;jpd; epiwFlkhf jpfo;e;jhh; vd;w cz;ik gutyhf mwpag;gltpy;iy vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. Clfq;fspy; ,e;j FiwT ftdpj;jjhy;jhd; ,e;jf;Fwpg;ig vOJfpNwd;. vOjpait ghtfPjq;fSk; fz;l fht;aq;fSkhf ,Ue;jdntd;why; Br;ru; vOjpa kfh fhtpak;jhd; ‘mgah” vDk; mikg;G. kd Nehahy; kUj;Jtkidfspy; js;sptplg;gl;l E}Wf;fzf;fpy; tUk; kdpjf; Nfhyq;fSk;> gy gpur;ridfspy; mfg;gl;L tho;f;if xU Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf khwpa ngz;fSk;> mehijNah my;yJ mjw;F ,izahd epiyapy; Md ngz; Foe;ijfSk;> kJ kaf;fkUe;jpw;Fk; mbikahdtu;fSf;Fk; kWtho;Tk; mgaKk; ,ytrkhf nfhLj;J 1985 Kjy; jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; nray;gl;LtUk; kWtho;T ikak;jhd; ‘mgah”. ,jd; epWtduhf kl;Lky;yhky; epWtdj;ij jdJ capuhf kjpj;J epiyepWj;jpatUk; mtu;jhd;. 1983-84y; muRr; nrayfj;jpy; rpwpa rpwpa ftpijfis vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;j vdf;F rpy ftpauq;Ffspy; gq;FngWk; tha;g;Gfs; fpilj;jJ. mg;NghJjhd; mtiu Neubahf fhzTk; mwpKfkhfTk; Kbe;jpUe;jJ. 26 jkpopd; mKjk;

mijj;njhlu;e;J lhf;lu; RFkhu; mopf;NfhL Kd;dpiyapy; ‘etghuj Ntjp” cUthFk;NghJ jpUtde;jGuk; khtl;lj; jiyikapypUe;j ,tUld; xj;Jioj;J gzpahw;Wk; tha;g;G fpilj;jJ.md;W njhlq;fpa mwpKfk; muR gzpfspypUe;J Xa;Tngw;w gpd;dUk; 2010y; mgahtpd; epu;thfg; nghWg;G Vw;W vLj;j NghJk; mtiu $Ljy; mwptjw;Fk; Mj;kge;jj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhNdd;. mJtiu ehd; mwpe;jpUe;j my;yJ Gupe;Jitj;jpUe;j Br;ru; xU rpwpa Fd;wha; Njhd;wpath;>; ,khyak; Nghy mwptpYk; kdpjNea czu;Tfshy; kfhNkUthf cau;e;J fhzg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; kiyahspfspd; md;idnad;W rpwpJ fhyk; nrd;w NghNj czu;e;Njd;. cjtp Njb tUNthu; ahUk; Vkhw;wk; milaNtz;b te;jjpy;iy. MWjy; nkhopfshf ,Uf;fyhk;> G+uzkhd ghJfhg;ghfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Jf;fj;ijAk; tprdq;fisAk; vg;NghJk; jd;Dld; Nru;j;Nj itj;jpUg;gtu;f;F ,itnay;yhk; vt;thWKbfpd;wJvd;gJvdf;Fs;mjpraj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. cjTk; fuq;fSf;F cjtp nra;a tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; gzk; ,y;iy vd;W ehq;fs; $Wk;NghJjhd; mtu; mwpthu;. cz;ikAk; fhe;jp khu;fKk; kdpjNeaj;Jld; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L ,e;j E}w;whz;by; ,g;gb xUtu; tho;fpd;whu; vd;gJ ,d;iwa jiyKiwf;F ek;gKbahky; Nghfyhk;. ,d;Ws;stu;f;Fk; ,e;jr; nra;jpfs; njupANkh vd;W vdf;F IaKz;L xU ftpAk; Rw;Wg;Gw #oypahsu; vd;fpw epiyapy; gy tpUJfSk; ghuhl;LfSk; ,tiuj; Njb te;jJ. mgahtpd; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf njhz;bw;fhf FbauRj; jiytu; tpUJ ,tUf;F fpilj;jJ. gj;k= tpUJk; ,tUila ‘kznyOj;J” ftpijj;njhFg;gpw;F ru];tjp rk;khd; tpUJk; kw;Wk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd kjpg;GkpF tpUJfSk; ,tiuj; Njb te;jJ. ‘vd;id Mjupf;fhjPu;fs;” vd;W NehAw;W fope;j ehl;fspy; mtu; $wpaijAk; ehk; Nfl;Nlhk;. ,it NghJkh? cau;e;j gj;k tpUJfSk; gyUf;Fk; thup nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Xbatu;fSf;Fk; rhbatu;fSf;Fk; ghbatu;fSf;Fk; cau;e;j gjtpfis thupthupf; nfhLf;f ekJ gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; gpd;dhNy NghtijAk; ehk; fz;bUf;fpNwhk; (gjtpfs; fpl;batNuhL cs;s kjpg;G Fiwj;J fhzNtz;lhk; vd;W Ntz;LNfhs;) rhjp kj Ngjkpy;yhJ nray;gLk; ,tu;> murpay;thjpfspd; fdptpw;fhf epw;fhjJk; NgrhjJk; ,tiu jFjpapy;yhjtuha; jPu;khdpj;jpUg;ghu;fs; vd fUj Ntz;bAs;sJ. vLj;j epiyghLfspy; ,Wjptiu cWjpAld; ,Ue;jij Nfus kf;fs; mwpthu;fs;. RfjFkhup vd;w kfhj;khit Mjupf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F khj;UG+kp thu ,jo; rdtup ,jio ,tUf;fhf xJf;fp itj;jjw;fhf ghuhl;lyhk;. Br;rupd; epidtpw;F Kd; gpuzhkk; mu;g;gpj;J nfhz;L epWj;JfpNwd;. ed;wp jkpopd; mKjk; 27

,jak; thRNjtd; kaq;Fk; nea;Ntyp ,dpa ghly;fs; ntF mG+u;tkhd ghly; nfhz;Nl ghLk;> (rpy jfty;fNshL) ‘fyPu; fyPu; vd;W ePz;l ehs; nrd;W ,g;ghliyf; Nfl;fg; fhyk; jd;dhy; ,q;F NghfpwPu;fs; Kd;NdWJ“ tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rp rpupf;FJ Nghd;w ghly;fis jwp nerTj; gy tbtk; fhl;b ,Of;FJ njhopypd; ngUikia giw rhw;Wk; ,q;F ciof;Fk; fuj;jpy; ghly;fshff; nfhs;syhk;. cUtkhFk; cau;e;j E}yhil ,J gsgsntd clypy; n[hypf;Fk; (,g;NghJ jwp nfl;l ghliyfisj;jhd; moF Nkyhil Nfl;f KbfpwJ. fhyj;jpd; Nfhyk;). FUtpf;$L (1980) glj;jpypUe;J. Rjhfu;> rupjh> uPdh> rj;auh[;> RUsp ebj;j ,j;jpiug;glj;jpw;F ,ir ‘jpiu ‘Youtube’ y; ,g;ghly; ,Ug;gjhfj; ,irj; jpyfk;“ Nf.tp.kfhNjtd; njupatpy;iy. mtu;fs;. nksyp trdk; vOjpa ,g;glj;jpw;F fz;zjhrd; ghly;fis jwp nerTj; njhopiy nra;J nfhz;Nl vOjp ,Ue;jhu;. ,af;fk; gp.khjtd; mjd; ngUikia czu;j;Jk; ghly;fs; mofhd ,g;ghliy ghY rhUk;> RrPyh mt;tsthf jkpopy; ,y;iy. ,e;jf; mk;khTk; mw;Gjkhfg; ghb ,Ue;jhu;fs;. fhy ,sRfSf;F ‘jwp“ vd;whNy vd;dntd;W njupahJ. mg;NghJ rpNyhd; thndhypapy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w ghly; ,J. eLtpy; Rj;jkhf ‘Gijay;“ glj;jpy; gj;kpdp jwp kwe;Nj NghdJ. NubNahf;fspNyh> nea;Jnfhz;Nl ghLk; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspNyh mjd;gpwF Rj;jkhf x(yp)spgug;gg; glNt ,y;iy. ‘rpd;d rpd;d ,io gpd;dpg; gpd;dp btpb kl;Lk; ntspNa te;jJ . mjdhy; tUk; rpj;jpuf; ifj;jwpr; Nriyab“ . ,g;ghly; fpilj;jJ. ‘Njtij“ glj;jpy; n[ae;jp jwp mbj;Jf; Rjhfu;> rupjh ebj;j ‘nghz;Z 28 jkpopd; mKjk;

CUf;F GJR” glj;jpd; ntw;wpahy; mJ ,e;jg; ghlypYk; ed;whfNt ,Nj N[hbia itj;J ,g;glj;ij njupAk; . jahupj;jhu;fs; kzpNkfiy gpf;ru;];. tajhdtu;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk kf;fs; jwp ,isauh[htpd; ,ir nerTj; njhopy; nra;tJ ek; neQ;ir ms;SfpwJ Mjpf;fj;jhy; fhzhky; Nghd gy ,iraikg;ghsu;fspy; kfhNjtDk; ‘fr;rpjkh ghT Nghl;L jwpf;Fg; NghFJ” xUtu;. mg;gb ,Uf;ifapy; ‘Vzpg;gbfs;“ glk; mtuJ Gfio kPz;Lk; gl;b njhl;b vq;Fk; gug;gpaJ. vd;W nerTj; njhopypd; Gfo; ghLk; tupfs;. 1979 -y; ,g;glk; te;J ghly;fs; ngupa mstpy; `pl; mbj;jjdhy; mtiuNa rupjhTk;> RjhfUk; cWj;jhky; ,ay;ghf ebj;jpUg;ghu;fs;. Ml;lKk; vspikAld; ,g;glj;jpw;F ,ir mikg;ghsuhf moF. ntl;lntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; nerTj; njhopy; nra;tij fhl;b ,Ug;gJ rpwg;G. xg;ge;jk; nra;jpUe;jhu;fs;. mtUk; mw;Gjkhd ghly;fisj; je;jpUe;jhYk; glj;jpd; Njhy;tpahy; ghly;fs; ngUk; mstpw;F Gfo; ngwhky; Nghapd. ebfu; jpyfj;jplk; ,Ue;J ntspte;J rpy glq;fis ,af;fp Kbahky; Njhy;tp ghY rhiuAk;> RrPyhitAk; fz;lhu; ,af;Fdu; gp.khjtd;. nkd;ikahfg; ghl itg;gjpy; ty;ytu; kfhNjtd;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; mUikahd ghly; Nfl;L ghLk;NghJ ‘,J kfhNjtd; ,ir“ nerTj; vd;W fz;%b nrhy;Yk; mstpw;F urpf;fyhNk. ,e;jg; gjpT mtuJ jdpj;jd;ik jdpNa njupAk;. njhopyhsu;fSf;fhf. gilj;jtid nehtjpy; gadpy;iy czu;. mHfh; vy;iy ,d;wp gue;jpUe;j G+kpia epk;kjpia NjLtjha; vy;iy tpupj;J vdJ cdJ vd;Nwhk; Mirfspy; tPo;fpNwhk;. vy;iy jhz;b mtd; te;jhy; thOk; newpaha; tFj;jij vjpup vd;fpNwhk;. kjkhf khw;WfpNwhk; vy;iy jhz;b ,td; nrd;why; tPud; vd;fpNwhk; topjtwp newp kwe;J kkijapy; epw;fpd;Nwhk; kapy; eldj;ij xJf;fp ey;yij xJf;fp thd;Nfhopia urpf;fpNwhk; my;yhjijj; njhlu;fpd;Nwhk;. Rit jUk; fdp xJf;fp ,Ug;gij tpLj;J ,y;yhjijj; vl;bf;fha; Ritf;fpNwhk; Njb miyfpd;Nwhk; vq;Fk; epiwe;j kfpo;r;rp gilj;jtid fhzhJ kaq;FfpNwhk; Nehtjpy; gadpy;iy czu; jkpopd; mKjk; 29

Kidth; rhe;jp Nguhrpupau; Kidtu; Mu;tk; nfhz;ltu;. muRg;gzpapypUe;J Ntjrfha Fkhu; kl;LNk ,tu; Xa;T ngw;whu;. mtuJ jkpo;g;gzp njhlu;e;J nfhz;Nljhd; ,uz;lhapuj;jp ,Ugjhk; Mz;L ,Ue;jJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; cyifNa tUj;jpa Mz;L. nfhNuhdh rpWfijapy; GJikiag; GFj;jpa vd;w Neha; fpUkpapd; Njhw;wKk; GJikg;gpj;jdpd; KOg;gilg;GfSf;Fk; mjd; cUt khw;wKk; cyifNa ,tu; vOjpa Kd;Diu ,tuJ cYf;Ffpd;w Ntisapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tpku;rdj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. cyfpw;Fk; ,iyAjpu; fhyk; vdyhk;. ,tu; Ma;Tkhztdhf ,Ue;jNghNj Vndd;why; ,yf;fpa khNkijfspd; ‘jkpo;r; rpWfij tuyhW” vd;w E}iy kiwT njhlu;e;J epfo;e;jJ. brk;gu; ntspapl;lhu;. me;E}y; ,d;Wk; rpwe;j khjk; 17 Mk; ehs; jkpo; ,yf;fpa gilg;ghf tpsq;FfpwJ. Re;juuhkrhkp> thdpy; xsptPrpf;nfhz;bUe;j tpz;kPd; n[aNkhfd;> ehQy; ehld; Nghd;w xd;W tPo;e;jJ. rpwe;j ,yf;fpa ,yf;fpa gilg;ghspfSld; neUq;fpa tpku;rfUk;> gilg;ghspAk njhlu;Gilatu;. ,tu;fsJ NguhrpupaUkhd Kidtu;. gilg;Gfisj; jpwdha;T Ntj rfha Fkhu; nra;J ‘jw;fhy ,yf;fpak; GfOlk;ig va;jpdhu;. thrfg;ghu;it” vd;w ,r;nra;jp vd;id kpfTk; E}yhf ntspapl;lhu;. tUj;jj;jpy; Mo;j;jpaJ. ez;gu;fs; vd;W vz;zhky; xU je;ij kfisf; eLT epyikNahL ifgpbj;J topelj;JtJ gilg;Gfis tpku;rdk; Nghy; vd;id topelj;jpa nra;Js;shu;. rq;f ,yf;fpak; ma;ah mtu;fisg; gw;wp njhlq;fp etPd ,yf;fpak; kpFe;j typNahL jhd; ,ij Kidtu; Ntjrfha Fkhu; tiu ,tuJ mZFKiw vOJfpNwd;. Nguhrpupau; N[Rjhrdpd; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. khztuhd ,tu; fd;dpahFkhup jq;fs; khztu;fisAk; mg;ghijapy; khtl;lk; ehfu;Nfhtpypy; trpj;Jte;jhu;. gazpf;fj; J}z;Lthu;. rpwe;j jpUtde;jGuk; muR gy;fiyfoff; topfhl;b> ey;yhrpupau; newpahsu;> fy;Y}upapy; Nguhrpupauhf ,Ue;J rpe;jidahsu;> ey;y thrfu;> gilg;ghsp Xa;T ngw;wtu;. Re;juuhkrhkpapd; vd gy;NtW Kfk; nfhz;ltu;. fhfq;fs; vd;w ,af;fj;jpYk; Ruh jdJ Ma;thsu;fSf;F mspj;j vd;w ,af;fj;jpYk; ,aq;fpatu.; NkYk; jiyg;GfNs mtuJ jdpj;jd;ikfis gy;NtW jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fspd; ntspg;gLj;Jk;. ,tuJ %ykhf jkpo;g;gzp Mw;wpatu;. nea;jy; newpg;gLj;Jjypy; xd;gJ Kidtu;fs; epy kf;fs; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;tjpy; cUthfpAs;sdu;. xU Ma;T vt;thW 30 jkpopd; mKjk;

mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F njspthd Kiwapy; tpsf;fk; je;jtu;. ,tu; flTs; tpsf;fk; jUgtu;. gzp epiwT ngw;wgpd; ek;gpf;ifaw;wtu; vd;whYk; Nfhapy;> ‘jkpo; tpku;rdf; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;” rkaq;fs; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;Js;shu;. vd;w jiyg;gpy; gy;fiyf; fof vspa nkhopeilapy; jd; Ma;Tf; khdpaf; FOtpd; epjpAjtpAld; Ma;T fl;Liufis midtUk; Gupe;J nra;jhu;. ,yf;fpaj;ij tpku;rpg;gjpy; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; mikj;Js;shu;. ty;yik ngw;wtu; vd;gjhy; gy ,tu; gjpide;jpw;F mjpfkhd tpku;rdq;fSf;Fk; cs;shdhu; M. Gj;jfq;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;. khjtdpd; rpWfijfSf;F tpku;rdk; ,tuJ gilg;Gfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ vOjpa Ntisapy; khjtd; rpWfij mofu;Nfhapy; gw;wpa Ma;T mwpag;glhj cyfpy; Vd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lhu; jkpofk;> ,e;J Njrpak;> gz;ghl;L vd;gjd; Njlyhf mtu; fl;Liu mirTfs; Nghd;w E}w;fs; gy mike;jJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;Jk; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; ghl E}yhf gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; rpe;jpj;Js;shu;. tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,tu; jpUney;Ntypapd; xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; $u;e;J ftdpf;f fpuhkg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;W fs Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mtuplkpUe;Nj Ma;T epfo;j;jp ntspapl;l mwpag;glhj fw;Nwd;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;ij kWthrpg;G jkpofk;> gz;ghl;L mirTfs; Nghd;w nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Kidg;G E}w;fs; jkpofj;jpd; gy cz;ikfis fhl;bdhu;. khztu;fspd; kdjpy; ,lk; ntsp cyFf;F nfhz;L te;jd. gpbj;jtu;. khztu;fspd; ma;aq;fSf;F Nfhapy;fs; gw;wpAk; kf;fs; filgpbf;Fk; rypf;fhky; gjpy; jUgtu;. vd; Mrhd; gof;f tof;fk;> mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gjpy; ngUikailfpNwd;. mtuJ Fwpj;Jk; ed;F tpsf;fpAs;shu;. ,Jtiu ,og;G <Lfl;l Kbah ,og;Ng. ahUk; juhj tpsf;fj;ijAk; je;Js;shu;. njh.gukrptd;: jkpou;fspd; cwTg;ngau;fs;> cwTfspd; rpwg;Gfs; cupikfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Nguhrpupau; njh.gh. jkpofj;jpd; tpsf;fpAs;shu;. jkpou;fspd; rlq;F Nfhapy; Fwpj;j Ma;TfSf;Fk; gw;wpa ek;gpiffisAk; tpsf;fpAs;shu;. jkpou;fspd; gz;ghL fyhr;rhuq;fs; ,e;J rkar; rlq;Ffs; kl;Lkd;wp Fwpj;j Ma;TfSf;Fk; Kd;Ndhbahfj; ,];yhkpa rkak; rkz Gj;j rkaq;fs; jpfo;e;jtu; njh>gh. vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;Js;shu;. jkpofj;jpy; njh.gukrptd;. jkpou;fspd; gz;ghl;L Gj;j rkz rkaq;fspd; vr;rq;fs; mwpit giw rhw;wpa ,tu; brk;gu; khjk; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijr; kiwe;jhu;. mdhy; mtu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w rhd;Wld; epWtpAs;shu;. jkpou;fspd; rpwg;igAk;> mtu;fspd; Ma;Tfs; ,d;Wk; vd;Wk; ek;gpf;iffisAk; jkpo; epiyj;J epw;Fk;. ,tu; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vt;thW gjpT jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;ijr; nra;Js;sd vd;gijAk; Nru;e;jtu;. gz;ghL je;Js;shu;. jkpou;fs; rkaq;fs; njhlu;ghd gz;ghl;il ntspAyfpw;F ,tuJ Ma;Tfs; khu;f;rpa nfhz;L te;jhu; vdyhk;. ngupahupa mbg;giliaf; ,j;jifa rpwg;G tha;e;j nfhz;lJ. mope;JtUk; Nguhrpupaupd; ,og;G jkpou;fspd; gz;ghLfisf; Ngupog;Ng. fz;lwpe;J mjw;F Gjpa njh.gukrptd; jkpopd; mKjk; 31

,sq;Nfhtbfs; jkJ fhg;gpakhd kw;w rlq;Ffs; Njhw;wg;ghl;L G+i[fs; 10 rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fw;gpd; nja;tk; fz;zfpia xU ehl;fshf Njtpf;fhf eilngw;wJ. fhg;G cf;fpu fhspahf ePjpia epiyehl;b kJiuia mtpo;g;Gf;F gpwF tpohf;Nfhyk; G+z;l vupj;JtpLk; kfhrf;jpahf cUtfpj;J vOjpaJ efuj;jpy; nghq;fhyh epfo;T epiwT ehk; mwpNthk;. G+k;Gfhiur; Nru;e;j fz;zfpf;F ngw;wJ. Nfhtpy;fs; itj;J Nruehl;by; tzq;Ffpd;wdu;. jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; Mw;Wfhypy; Nfhtpypy; gj;J ehl;fsha; eilngw;W te;j FbapUj;jp tzq;fp tUle;NjhWk; nghq;fy; tpoh khrp khjk; G+uk; el;rj;jpuj;jpy; elj;Jfpd;wdu;. fiy ,ir epfo;r;rpfSk; rpwg;ghf 25 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ngz;fs; te;J nghq;fypl;L xNu kdJld; tzq;FtJ cyf kf;fspd; eilngw;wJ. nghq;fhyh kNfhj;rtk; ftdj;ij <u;j;jJ. jpUtde;jGuk; efuNk tpohf;Nfhyk; G+z;bUf;Fk;. Mw;Wfhy; Nfhtpy; fz;zfp Njtpf;fhf eilngWtJk; ngz;fspd; rgupkiy vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;fs; yl;rf;fzf;fpy; gq;nfLg;gJk; Nfhtpl; fhuzkhf ,k;Kiw gpg;utup 27k; Njjp md;W nghq;fy; mtutu; tPLfspy; ,l Ntz;b gy;yhz;Lfsha; eilngWfpd;wJ. te;Js;sJ. fhiy 10.50 f;F Nfhtpy; gz;lhu mLg;gpy; jP glu;j;jp nghq;fy; ,Lk; epfo;T tpj;jpahrkhf ,k;Kiw Nfhtpl; - 19 eilngw;wJ. tPLfspy; mLggpw;F tpsf;fpypUe;J jP gfpu;e;J nghq;fy; ,Lk; epfo;Tk; njhlu;e;jJ. g;Nuhl;Nlhfhy; mDrupj;J Kff; ftrk;> NfhtpypNyh tPjpfspNyh kw;wtu;fs; nghq;fy; ,l mDkjpapy;iy. r%f mfyk; kw;Wk; Kff; rhdpilrpq;> r%f ,ilntsp NahL ftrk; epu;ge;jpf;fgl;Ls;sJ. rKf ,ilntsp filgpbj;Jj;jhd; NfhtpYf;Fk; nry;yNtz;Lk;. cw;rtk; eilngw;wJ vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg; nghq;fy; ,LNthu; kz;lg;Gw;W> jpusp> ghy; GJik $l;lNk ,y;yhJ ntWk; ghahrk; ru;f;fiug;nghq;fy; ahTk; gilayhf rlq;Ffs; G+i[fs; khj;jpuk; vd;gJ nra;J te;Js;sdu;. ,k;Kiw ,itahTk; tpl;by; vy;yhk; ahUk; fdtpy; $l epidj;jpUf;f nra;jhu;fs;. KbahJ 32 jkpopd; mKjk;

[pNah nghq;fy; [pNah nghq;fy;R.ngh.mfj;jpaypq;fk; ‘[pNah nghq;fy;... [pNah [pNah... nfhLq;Fspupy; vOgJ cotu; ,dp ,g;gbj;jhd; nghq;fy; Nghuhspfs; capu; ,oe;Jtpl;ldu;. <u nfhz;lhlZkhk;” thu;j;ijf;$l cr;rupf;fhj MSNthu; Mkhk;. [pNah gUg;G> [pNah muprp> cjLfs;. vd;d nra;a? [pNah nty;yk;> [pNah Ke;jpup> [pNah ghjhk; gUg;G> [pNah fUk;G> [pNah ,f;fl;Liu cq;fs; fuq;fis thiog;gok;> [pNah thiof;fha;> [pNah kQ;rs;> [pNah ,Q;rp> [pNah nea;> vl;Lk;NghJ vd;d ele;jpUf;FNkh [pNah fha;fwpfs;> [pNah ghid> [pNah mLg;G> [pNah jz;zp... vd;fpw mr;rj;NjhLjhd; vOJfpNwd;. VNjh ntWg;gpYk; Nfhgj;jpYk; ,g;gbr; coitg; Nghw;wTk;> ,aw;iff;F ed;wp nrhy;tjhff; fUjpdhy; mjw;F ahk; nrhy;yTk; Rod;Wk; Vu; gpd;dJ cyfk;> nghWg;gy;y cOthu; cyfj;jhu;f;F mr;rhzp vd;gij jkpo;$Wk; ey;YyFf;F ‘xNu ehL> xNu nkhop> xNu gz;ghL” vLj;Jiuf;fTk; nghq;fy; ed;dhis vdr; nrhd;dhu;fs; ,dp ‘xNu fk;ngdp - cotu; ngUehis - jpUts;Stu; xNu uh[h” vdr; nrhy;thu;fNsh ? jpUehis rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhLtJ jkpo; kuG. ,g;gb Njrk; nrf;Fkhlha; ‘ijk;kjp gpwf;Fk; ehs; jkpou;jq;fs; nrk;ik tho;tpd; rpwg;Gehs; tPnlyhk; MfptplhjpUf;fj;jhd; nly;ypapy; ghYk; nty;yg; ghFk; gUg;G nea; VyKk; GJneUg; Ngwp> muprpiag; eLf;Fk; Fspupy; ek; rf cotu;fs; gz;zpNy nghq;fg; gz;zpj; jkpou; vz;zpNy kfpo;r;rp Vw;Wk; ,d;gehs;!” cf;fpukhfg; NghuhLfpd;wdu;. ,ij ehd; vOJfpw [dtup vd;whd; Gul;rpf; ftp ghujpjhrDk; Mwhk; Njjptiu Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; jkpopd; mKjk; 33

‘jiyKiw jiyKiw jto;e;J tUk; ,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; Nghuhl;lq;fis ehs;!” vd;w ghujpjhrdpd; ngUq;fdT %o;fbj;Jk; je;jpukha; Vkhw;wpAk; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F ngha;j;Jg; jd; yhgj;ij kl;LNk ghJfhj;Jf; NghFNkh vDk; ngUq;ftiyNahL nfhz;lJ gpupl;b\\; muR. epw;fpNwhk;. jPdge;J kpj;uh tq;f nkhopapy; fhtpupapy; Mbg; ghb ePupy; Fjpj;J vOjpa ‘ePy;ju;gd;” vDk; ehlfk; tpisahb> Mb gjpndl;ilf; fpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; mTup tptrhapfs; nfhz;lhlhky; fhtpupapy; ePupd;wp Nghuhl;lj;ij cRg;gptpl;lJ. gpupl;b\\; Fohabapy; Mbg; gjpndl;ilf; ntWNk muR kpuz;lJ! ehlfj;ijj; jil Fk;gpl;L rlq;fhf;Fk; mtyk; ehis nra;jJ MapDk; Nghuhl;lf; fsk; ek; nghq;fYf;Fk; te;jpLNkh [pNah #lhdJ. nghq;fyha; jpupe;jpLNkh vDk; Ntjid mzyha;r; RLfpwJ neQ;ir. md;W tptrhapfspd; Fuiy cjhrPdk; nra;jJ gpupl;b\\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; mjd; Vd;? eLtz; muR nfhz;L te;jpUf;Fk; tpisT ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l jhiaf; Ntshz; rl;lq;fs; ek;ik thoitf;f nfhy;Yk; gQ;rj;ij Njrk; re;jpj;jJ. my;y ek; tho;it ehrkhf;f vdg; Gupe;J nrayhw;WNthkh? ,d;Wk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd tptrhapfspd; Fuiy cjhrPdk; xU tuyhw;Wr; nra;jp nra;J... Vd; fhJ nfhLj;J Nfl;ff;$l gpupl;b\\; Ml;rpapy; 1783> 1792> 1807> nra;ahky; muR nfhz;L te;Js;s 1823> 1833> 1854>1866-67> 1876-78 vd njhlu;e;J te;j gQ;rk; gy yl;rk; Ngupd; Ntshz; rl;lq;fs; ehis Njrj;ij capiug; gwpj;jJ ntWk; Nrhw;Wf;Nf. te;jjpe;jg; gQ;rk; kjwh]; gpurpnld;rp gQ;rj;jpd; gpbapy; js;sptpLk;. VNjh vdg;gLk; nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; kl;Lk; Me;jpuh> Nfush gFjpfs; kpul;Ltjw;fhfr; nrhy;ytpy;iy cs;slf;fpaJ 40 yl;rk; Ngu; gQ;rj;jpYk; NehapYk; nrj;Jg; Nghapdu;. tq;fg; nfhQ;rk; mij tpupj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghk;. gQ;rk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhNdhiuf; fhT nfhz;lJ. Ntshz; tpisnghUs; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; rl;lk;> Kjy; rl;lk; ‘Ntshz; tpisnghUs; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; rl;lk;> 2020” (Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; trjp Vw;gLj;Jjy;) ,jd; Nehf;fk; vd;dthf ,e;jg; gQ;rk; ,aw;if ngha;j;jjpdhy; nrhy;yg;gbDk; cz;ikahd tutpy;iy gpupl;b\\; Ml;rpapd; jtwhd Ntshz; nfhs;ifahYk; njhopw; Nehf;fk; mk;ghdp> mjhdpapd; gfRu nfhs;ifahYNk te;jd. gpupl;lidr; nropf;f itf;f ,e;jpaiu tijj;jJ nfhs;isf;fhu tiyia tphpg;gNj. gpupl;b\\; muR. MfNtjhd; ,r;rl;lj;ij ‘fUg;Gr; mij vjpu;j;J mLf;fLf;fha; re;ijfis topelj;Jjy;> ngUk; mstpy; ntw;W tpsk;gug;gyiffis md;W tptrhapfs; Nghuhbdhu;fs;. ehnlq;Fk; gug;Gtjw;F cw;rhfg;gLj;Jk; rl;lk;.” vdg; NghuhLk; mikg;Gfs; 34 jkpopd; mKjk;

nrhy;fpd;wd. cUisf;fpoq;if> NfhJikia tpiy cj;juthjk; kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpak; ,y;iy vd;fpwJ. mjd; Ntshz; Nritf;fhd tpUg;gk; Nghy; fhu;g;gNul;Lfs; gJf;fTk; tptrhapfs; xg;ge;j rl;lk; 2020 nraw;ifj; jl;Lg;ghl;il cUthf;fTk; ,uz;lhtjhf> ‘tpiy cj;juthjk; mepaha tpiyf;F tpw;fTk; trjp nra;J kw;Wk; Ntshz; Nritf;fhd nfhLg;gNj ,jd; cs;Siw. tptrhapfs; xg;ge;j rl;lk; 2020” MfNtjhd;> ‘Ntshz; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;Jjy; FO (mjpfhuk; mspg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G) tpid mfw;wp tpl;L> fhu;g;gNul; tzpf epWtdq;fSld; tu;j;jf kNrhjh”. cz;ikapy; ,ilj;jufiu xopf;fg; vdg; Nghuhspfs; gfb nra;fpd;wdu;. NghfpNwhk; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L; murpd; Fiwe;jgl;r tpiy cj;jputhjk;> muR nfhs;Kjy; vd;fpw ghJfhg;G gpupl;b\\; Ml;rpapy; fhtp cilAk; rptg;Gf; nfhbAkha; ehnlq;Fk; tisaq;fis mWj;njwpe;J tpl;L miye;J jpupe;J Rthkp rf[hde;jh ru];tjp Rthkpfs; 1934 y; cUthf;fpa mk;ghdp> mjhdp itj;jJ rl;lk; mfpy ,e;jpa tptrha rq;fj;jpd; jiytu;fspy; xUtUk; ,d;W Nghuhl;l vd;whf;FtNj ,J. fsj;jpy; epw;gtUkhd lhf;lu; mNrhf; jht;Ny nrhy;fpwhu;> ,dp ney;gapul Ntz;Lkh? fQ;rh gapupl Ntz;Lkh? fhu;g;gNul; KbT ‘tptrhapfs; vg;NghJNk nra;thu;. cynfq;Fk; jil nra;ag;gl;l mjpf ePu; rj;ij cwpQ;rp rpy tUlq;fspy; Rje;jpuj;Jld;jhd; ,Ue;J kz;iz kylhf;Fk; tPupa rPik Rz;L tpuy; nts;supf;fhia gd;dhl;L tUfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; jkJ epWtdq;fs; fu;ehlfj;jpy; fhtpup ghrdj;jpy; gapupLfpwJ. ,JNghy; tpisnghUs;fisg; gz;iz kugZ khw;w tpijfisNa je;J gapupl fl;lhag; gLj;jp fhu;g;gNul; ek; kz;iz thry;fspy; tpw;gid nra;ayhk;. er;rhf;fp kylhf;fp ehisa ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikia nfhs;is yhgntwpapy; my;yJ> thq;FNthUf;F Neubahf gypapl mDkjpf;fg; NghfpNwhkh? mtu;fs; vg;NghJ tpUk;gpdhYk; tpw;gid nra;a Kbe;jtu;fs; jhk;. vdNtjhd; ,e;j rl;lj;ij ‘xg;ge;j vdNt mtu;fs; ,g;NghJ Gjpjhf ve;j xU Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ngw;Wtpltpy;iy. tptrhak; %ykhf tptrhapfspd; te;Js;s Gjpa rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mtu;fs; ngwg;NghFk; xNu Rje;jpuk;> mbikj; jdj;ij Kd;ndLf;Fk; Ruz;lg;gLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; kl;LNk. fhu;g;gNul; epWtdq;fspd; mbikfshf kNrhjh” vdg; Nghuhspfs; MFk; Rje;jpuk; xd;W kl;LNk. jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;Stjw;fhd nrhy;fpd;wdu;. Rje;jpuk; kl;LNk” mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; NkYk; nrhy;fpwhu;> ‘,ilj;jufu;fs; (jpUj;j) rl;lk; 2020 %d;whtjhf> ‘mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; (jpUj;j) rl;lk; 2020” ,J ntq;fhaj;ij> muprpia> jkpopd; mKjk; 35

tp\\aj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu> ekf;F ,y;iy. mtu;fs; vy;yhiuf;fhl;bYk; khepy cupikia> czu;it> Mfg;ngUk; ,ilj;jufu; murhq;fNk. gz;ghl;il kpjpj;J Jitj;J xNu f\\ nghJj;Jiwia Kw;W KOjhfj; hakhf;FtNj ,e;jf; nfhLk; rl;lq;fs;. jdpahu; kakhf;Fk; eltbf;ifia ,J mePjpahdJ. Vw;f ,ahyjJ. ehk; NtW ve;j thu;j;ijfspy; tpsf;f KbAk;?” jhdpaf; fplq;FfisAk; mjhdp ,q;Nf nkj;jg; gbj;j %istPq;fpfs; fl;b Kbj;j gpwF> muR mtru rpyu;> gQ;rhg;> `upahdh jtpu gpwu; Nghuhltpy;iyNa vd FWf;Frhy; mtrukhf mjw;F uapy;ghij Xl;Lfpd;wdu; . mikj;Jf; nfhLj;j gpwF mjhdpf;F Ntshz;ikiaj; jhiuthu;f;f nfhuhdh nfhLq;fhyj;jpy; vjpu;g;ig nly;ypf;F mUfpy; ,Ug;gtu; mq;F kPwp ehlhSkd;w kuGfisg; Gwe;js;sp nrd;wdu;. VidNahu; cs;ShupNyNa jk; cs;sf; FKwiy ,ad;w topapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lNj ,r;rl;lk;. ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. ,J tptrhapfspd; gpur;rid kl;Lky;y ek; czT cupikia eRf;Fk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu Nghy; tptrhaKk; gpur;ridAk; $l. ehk; vij cz;z ,y;iy. tptrhapfSk; ,y;iy. jQ;ir tptrhapapd; gpur;ridAk; uhkehjGuk; Ntz;Lk; vij cz;zf;$lhnjd tptrhapapd; gpur;ridAk; xd;wy;y. Nfhbf;fhd &gha; nrytpy; tpsk;guj;jpd; %yk; mk;ghdp mjhdp ngupJk; gzg;gapu; nra;Ak; Nfusk;> fl;likg;ghsh;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; jhdpaf; fplq;fhd gQ;rhg;> `upahd> Njapiy Njhl;lk; epuk;gpa kf;fSf;F vJ Njit vd;gij mrhk;> ney; gapupLk; fpof;F kz;lyk;> tw;whj ejpePu; ghrd epyk;> Mo;Foha; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;tjy;y fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;> thdk; ghu;j;j G+kp ,g;gb E}Wtif ,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; fhu;g;gNul; gzp. mtu;fs; vij cw;gj;jp ,e;j %d;W rl;lKk; jPu;ty;y capu; gwpf;Fk; vkNd! nra;fpd;wNuh mij Efu;Nthuhf kf;fisf; fl;likg;gNj mtu;fspd; khu;f;nfl;bq; cj;jp. mJ E}Ly;]hf ,Uf;fyhk;> Mypt; vz;izahf ,Uf;fyhk;> NtnwJTkhfTk; Ntshz;ik khepy cupik. ,Uf;fyhk; mjw;nfhg;g Efu;Nthu; khepye;NjhWk; gpur;rid NtW. kdij khw;WtNj mtu; je;jpuk;. mjw;nfhg;g Mq;fhq;F Nfhupf;if vOk; jha;g;ghiytpl Gl;bg;ghNy rpwe;jJ vd Foe;ij czT jahupf;Fk; gd;dhl;L jPu;T Nehf;fp Nghuhl;lKk; ntw;wpAk; epWtdq;fs; gpur;rhuk; nra;jJz;Nl! mjw;nfd Nghyp kUj;Jt Ma;nty;yhk; efUk;. nra;J gpur;rhuk; nra;jNj! ,ytr kpd;rhuk; jkpofg; gpur;rid md;W Nrhtpaj; A+dpaDk; ,ju Nrh\\ gQ;rhGf;Fk; `upahdTf;Fk; ,y;iy. yp];l; ehLfSk; If;fpa ehl;L rig tptrhaf; fopTfs; vupf;Fk; gpur;rid gQ;rhGf;Fk; `upahdTf;Fk; cz;L. 36 jkpopd; mKjk;

cs;spl;L vq;Fk; Nghuhb jha;g;ghiy gfPuq;fkhfr; nrhy;fpwJ. Kuz;L kPl;lJ jdpf;fij . ’jha;g;ghYf;F gpbf;fpwJ> jkpof muR kf;fis kwe;J khw;wy;y Jiz” vd Foe;ij mjpfhuq;fSf;F [hy;uh mbj;J ghy;gTlNuhL tpsk;guk; nra;a ghjNrit nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ Ntz;ba epu;g;ge;jk; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; vd;gNj Ntjid. ngw;wJ md;Nwh! kz;iz> kdpjiu> coit> ciog;ig mg;ld; rpq;f;su; vOjpa ‘fhq;fpupl; kjpf;Fk; Nerpf;Fk; ehk; midtUf;Fk; fhLfs;” ehtYk; Nghuhl;lKk; jhNd czT mbg;gil cupik vd;fpw czT juf; fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; tu fhuzk; ehk; Ntshz; njhopiyf; fhf;f vd mnkupf;f tuyhW nrhy;YfpwJ . ek; jiyKiwiaf; fhf;f NghupLk; tptrhapfNshL Njhs; ,iztNj ,g;NghJ vy;yhtw;iwAk; ehrkhf;fp ,d;iwaj; Njit. ,UE}whz;Lfs; gpd; nry;yNt ,r;rl;lq;fs;. mJTk; Rakhdjy;y ‘jiyKiw jiyKiw jto;e;J tUk; mnkupf;fhtpy; nfhzu;e;J mjdhy; ehs;!” vDk; ghujpjhrdpd; nghq;fy; Ngupog;igr; re;jpj;J iftpl;l mNj fdT njhlu;e;J nka;ahf mJNt ek; rl;lj;ij fhy; Gs;sp> miug;Gs;sp top... khw;whky; ,g;NghJ muR ‘Mj;kepu;khu;” ‘Rarhu;G” vd fijtpl;Lf; nfhz;L ,g;NghJ KbT nra;Aq;fs;! te;Js;sJ. ‘nghq;fNyh nghq;fy;” vd;W kPz;Lk; Nghuhl;l fsk; tUNthk;. Fyitapl;L> jhsk; nfhl;b> giw kpd;rl;lk;> tptrhaf; fopTr; Kof;fp> ifnfhl;bf; nfhz;lhl rl;lk; ,uz;ilAk; thg]; thq;f Ntz;Lkh? xj;Jf;nfhz;l muR Ntshz; ‘[pNah nghq;fy;> [pNah [pNah!” vd Cisapl;L Xa;e;jlq;f Ntz;Lkh ? rl;lq;fis thg]; thq;f KbahJ fhu;g;gNul;Lfis giff;f KbahJ ehq;fs; mtu;fspd; gq;fhspfs; vd ,uz;bnyhd;W ghu;f;f ,JNt jUzk;. gz;iz tptrhak;> v];Nll; Kiw vy;yhk; ey;yJ vd;fpwJ Ntshz; rl;lk;. fUk;G gapupl;L fk;ngdpf;F nfhLj;Jtpl;L fUk;Gf;F gzk; juhj Kjyhspfis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tptrhapfs; typ nfhQ;rNkh? rpd;dg;g ghujpapd; 'ru;f;fiu\" ehty; gbAq;fs;. gp.v];. Nldpay; vOjpa nul; B mJNt KUfNts; jkpohf;fk; nra;j 'vupAk; gdpf;fhL\" kw;Wk; b.nry;tuh[pd; 'NjePu;\" gbAq;fs;. fd;dj;jpy; mbj;J fijNahL tho;itr; nrhy;Yk;. ,e;j Ntshz; rl;lg;gb fhu;gNul;Lf;Fk; Nfhtzhz;b tptrhapf;Fk; gpur;rid vdpy; ePjpkd;wk; nry;yKbahJ. ePjpkd;w Nahf;fpaijNa re;jp rpupf;fpwJ. mijAk; kPwp ahNuDk; epahathd; ,Ue;Jtplf;$lhJ my;yth? vdNt jhrpy;jhu;jhd; fl;lg; gQ;rhaj;J nra;thuhk;. mJjhd; Gjpa (rl;l) Vw;ghL. gzk; ghjhsk; kl;Lk; gha> Nfhtzj;ijAk; gwp nfhLg;ghd; tptrhap... Ntnwd;d? jkpopd; mKjk; 37

vOj;jhsu; M.khjtd; 5.1.2021 kuzk; mile;jhu;. jpUtde;jGuk; jkpo; vOj;jhsu; rq;fKk; G+i[g;Giuj; jkpo;r;rq;fKk; Mo;e;j ,uq;fiyj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. etPd ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,tuhw;wpa gq;F rq;fk vg;NghJk; epidT$Wk;..mtUila kiwT jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpw;F Ngupog;G. jpUtde;jGuj;J kf;fSld; Mj;k ge;jk; cs;stu; vd;gij mtUila filj;njU fijfs; nrhy;Yk;. ,tUila fpU\\;zg;gUe;J> GdYk; kzYk; gutyhf thrpf;fg;gl;L ghuhl;Lfis ngw;Wj; je;jJ. fiykhkzp tpUJ thq;fpa xNu xU Nfusj; jkpo; vOj;jhsu;. rhfpj;a mflkp tpUJ ,tUila ‘,yf;fpa RtLfs;” E}ypw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. Nfus Kd; Kjyikr;ru; Njhou; tp.v];. mr;Rjhde;jdhy; rpwg;G epfo;r;rpapy; M.khjtd; ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;. jpUtde;jGuk; jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf gy Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp rq;f ,johd Nfusj; jkpo; ,jo; MrpupauhfTk; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. vOj;jhsu; rq;fk; cUthf cWJiz Gupe;jtu;. mjpy; mtUila vOj;Njhtpaq;fs; gyupd; ftdj;ij <u;j;jJ. Nfus kz;zpd; ike;jupd; kiwT jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpw;Nf jPuhj Ngupog;G. mtUila kiwtpw;F jpUtde;jGuk; jkpo; vOj;jhsu; rq;fk; fz;zPu; mQ;ryp nrYj;JfpwJ f.thdkhkiy KdP];tud; nrayhsu;> jp.j.v.r. jpUtde;jGuk; nrayhsu;> G+i[g;Giuj; jkpo; rq;fk; 5.01.2021 jpUtde;jGuk rq;fk; mf;Nlhgu; Kjy; Njjpad;W ebfu; jpyfk; rpth[p fNzrdpd; 93 -tJ gpwe;j jpdj;ijAk;> mf;Nlhgu; ,uz;lhk; Njjpad;W Njrj;je;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jp[p mtu;fspd; gpwe;j jpdj;ijAk;> ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ gpujku; yhy;gfJ}u; rh];jpup Kg;ngUk; tpohf;fs; mtu;fspd; gpwe;j jpd tpohitAk;> fu;k tPuu; fhkuh[u; mtu;fspd; 70 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf tp[a Nkhfpdp kiwT jpdj;ijAk; > fhnzhsp rpwg;G kpy; njhopyhsu;fis ngUk;ghd;ik epfo;r;rpahf elj;jpaJ .ftpauru; cWg;gpdu;fshff; nfhz;L fz;zjhrdpd; epidT ehis 17 - jpUtde;jGuk; tho; jkpou;fspd; Njjpad;Wk; fhnzhsp epfo;r;rpahf Kftupahf nray;gLk; G+i[g;Giu jkpo; elj;jpaJ. 38 jkpopd; mKjk;

fhe;jp n[ae;jp G+i[g;Giu jkpo; rq;fKk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpatl;lKk; ,ize;J Njrpaj; jiytu;fis fhe;jp n[ae;jp jpdj;jpy; epidT nfhs;Sk; epfo;r;rp ,izaj;jpy; kpfr;rpwg;ghf ele;NjwpaJ. epidTg; ghly;fs; xypgug;gg;gl;lij Njrj;jiytu;fspd; vspa tho;f;if kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpAld; tuNtw;wdu;. Kiw ekf;Fj; je;j ghlq;fis Kidtu; epfo;r;rpf;F rq;fj; jiytu; v. rhe;jp> nf.re;jpuNrfud;> m.yl;Rkzd;. Rg;igah mtu;fs; jiyik jhq;f> kzpfz;ld;. jpUkjp gftjp Nkhjpyhy;> rq;f nrayhsu; V.KdP];tud; Nf.vy;. fpU\\;z%u;j;jp> V.vk;. mtu;fs; tuNtw;f> epfo;r;rp ngUkhs;> f.thdkhkiy> gpwtp xUq;fpizg;ghsuhd f.thdkhkiy ngUkhs;MfpNahu; kPz;Lk; epidT+l;b mtu;fspd; ed;wpAiuAld; epfo;r;rp rpwg;Gwr; nra;jdu;. Njrj; jiytu;fspd; ,dpNj epiwTngw;wJ. g+[g;Giu jkpo;r;rq;fk; G+i[g;G+iu> jpUtde;jGuk; jkpopd; mKjk; rhu;ghf midtUf;Fk; 2021-Mk; Mz;L ,dpa Gj;jhz;L tho;j;Jf;fisAk; cotu; jpUehshk; nghq;fy; tpoh jpd tho;j;Jf;fisAk; tzf;fj;Jld; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. jkpo;r;rq;fk; G+i[g;G+iu rhu;ghf jkpopd; mKjk; vd;w ,yf;fpa ,jo; %d;W khjq;fSf;F xUKiw rpwg;ghf ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. fle;j xU tUlkhf jw;NghJ cyifNa mr;RWj;jp tUfpd;wd Nfhuhdh Nehapd; fhuzkhf ehL KOtJk; nghJ Klf;fk; epYitapy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,ij ntspapl ,aytpy;iy vd;gij tUj;jj;Jld; midtUf;Fk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. tUfpd;w nghq;fy; jpUehs; md;W ,izak; topahf jkpopy; mKjk; ,jo; ntspapl jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L mjw;fhd gzpfSf;F rpwg;Gf; FO xd;iw Nju;T nra;J mjd;%yk; GJg;nghypTld; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; ftpijfs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; rpWfijfs; Mfpait cl;gLj;jp ntspapl;Ls;Nshk;. ,e;j GJ Kaw;rpf;F rpwg;ghrpupauhf nray;gl;L midtiuAk; xUq;fpizj;J ,jo; ntspapl ngUk; cjtp Gupe;J tUfpd;w ftpQu; thdkhkiy mtu;fSf;F jkpo;r; rq;fk; rhu;ghf ghuhl;Lfis njuptpg;gNjhL ,jw;F rpwg;G jUfpd;w ftpijfs; fl;Liufs; rpWfijfs; Mfpait mDg;gp cjtp Gupfpd;w gilg;ghspfSf;Fk; ,jo; tbtikj;J ntspapl cjtp nra;fpd;w re;jpuFkhu; mtu;fisAk; ghuhl;b ed;wp njuptpj;J nfhs;fpNwhk; njhlu;e;J midtUila xj;Jiog;Gk; MjuTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W gzpTld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwhk;. Rg;iga;ah jiyth;

tho;f jkpo;> tsh;f jkpo; vd;Wk; jkpo; g+[g;Giu jkpo;r;rq;f nrayhsh; kly; midtUf;Fk; tho;j;Jfs;. jkpopd; jkpo;g; ngUe;jiffs; ftpfs; mKjk; kpd;dpjo; cq;fs; ghu;itf;Fk; urpg;gjw;Fk; Ritg;gjw;Fk; ekJ jkpo; tpohntLj;J epidT$u;fpd;Nwhk;. mq;fk; jto tpLfpd;wJ. Nju;e;j Mrpupau; FOtpd; Nkw;ghu;itapy; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; xd;Wk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,t;tpjo; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vq;fs; nraw;ghLfSf;F njha;T Vw;gLtjpy;iy. rpwe;j fl;Liufs;> fijfs;> ftpijfs;> ,t;tpjOf;F cq;fs; MjuitAk; Ma;Tfs; vd jkpNohtpaq;fSld rq;fj;jpw;F cq;fs; xj;Jiog;igAk; rq;fr;nra;jpfs;> rhjid Gupe;j jUkhW Ntz;bf;nfhs;fpNwd;. rq;f ngz;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> rpWJspfs; cWg;gpdu;fspy; ngUk;ghz;ikNahu; rpW nra;jpfs; ahTk; thrfdpd; kpy; njhopyhsu;fs;. Xuhz;lhf mwpTf;F jPdpahf mike;jpUf;Fk; kpy; %lg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ahtUk; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj Iag;ghLk; Ntz;lhk;. Ntiyapy;yhky; jpz;lhLfpwhu;fs;. epr;rakhf epiwitj;jUk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vkf;Fz;L. ,Ue;Jk; rq;fj;jpy; jkpo;g;gzpahw;w Kd;tUk; me;j md;Gj;Njhou;fSf;Fk; 70 Mz;Lfsha; nray;gl;LtUk; ek; Mrpupau; FOtpw;Fk; ghuhl;Lk; ed;wpiaAk; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. jkpo; rq;fk; Mw;wptUk; jkpo;g; gzp kPz;Lk; mLj;j ,jopy; re;jpg;Nghk; ahtUk; mwpe;jNj. ciog;ghsu;fspd; Cf;fKk; cz;ikahd gw;Wk; jkpo; tho;f mtu;fspd; Ntu;itahy; cUthd xU jkpOzu;itg; Nghw;WNthk;. rpW fl;blj;jpy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ khje;NjhWk; eilngWk; ed;wpAld; cq;fs; nrhw;nghopTj; njhlu;fs; ige;jkpo; KdP];tud; rpwg;igAk; ew;rpe;jidAk; vLj;Jf; nrayhsu; $Wk;. epidTgLj;j Ntz;ba jkpopd; mKjk; Office : Bank Details : Secretary State Bank of India Tamilsangam, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram - 695012 Br. AC No. 67337633558 Email : [email protected] IFSC Code SBTR0000502