Bagru Craft Cluster Documentation

Ѓ Agents Ѓ Nearby markets Ѓ Far away markets 47. Do you have any problem buying raw materials? Ѓ Yes Ѓ no If yes then specify - Ѓ Often Ѓ Sometimes Ѓ Rarely 48. How can this problem be eliminated?(give suggestions). 49. Do you get any subsidy from the government while procuring raw materials? Ѓ Yes Ѓ No If yes specify, Marketing 50. How do you sell your products? Ѓ Directly to the customers Ѓ Melas & festivals Ѓ Exports Ѓ Local markets Ѓ Trade fairs Ѓ Any other: 51. Are you facing any difficulties in marketing your products? Ѓ Yes Ѓ No If yes,what are the main reasons? Ѓ Distance from your unit to market Ѓ Transportation Ѓ middlemen/ agent Ѓ Lack of domestic/ local market Ѓ Any other Students name: Course and semester: Cluster: Date: 136

Format 2 National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi Craft Development Initiative 1. Artisan’s name- 2. Father’s name- 3. Artisans address- 4. Artisan’s age- 5. Artisan’s sex Ѓ Male Ѓ Female 6. No. of family member dependent on the artisan (specifically not doing any other work and no income source)- 7. Education level of artisan Ѓ Illiterate Ѓ Primary Ѓ Secondary Ѓ College 8. Are you engaged in any other activity apart from the handicrafts? Ѓ Yes Ѓ No If yes, specify the occupation 9. No. of months for which artisan is involved in craft related activity. 10. Are you a member of any of the following organisations? Ѓ SHGs Ѓ Cooperative Ѓ Society Ѓ Any other 11. Current monthly income of the artisan: Ѓ Less than Rs.2500 Ѓ Rs. 2500- 5000 Ѓ Rs. 5000-7500 Ѓ More than 10,000 12. Dwelling Ѓ Own house Ѓ Rented house Ѓ Type of house Ѓ Kachha Ѓ Pacca Ѓ Semi pucca 137

13. Are you working on Ѓ Traditional design Ѓ Latest design Ѓ Market demand design 14. Who gives the design? Ѓ Own Ѓ trader/ agent Ѓ Old patterns Ѓ Designers 15. How do you sell your products? Ѓ Directly to customers Ѓ Fairs & festivals Ѓ dealer/agents networks Ѓ Exports Ѓ Local markets Ѓ Cooperatives Ѓ Any other 16. In which of the areas do you need training? Ѓ Skill development Ѓ Capacity building Ѓ Design innovation Ѓ Better quality Ѓ Marketing Ѓ Any other Student’s name: Date: Course & semester: Cluster: Signature : 138

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Glossary A Aal ka rang : Alizarine Aditi : Hindu Goddess Anar ka chilka : Pomegranate peel Angocha : Scarf usually carried on the shoulder by Indian men. Athada : Handle of the wooden block B Baalti : Bucket Babool ki gond : Gum extracted from Babool tree Bagru : Hand block printing technique ; a village in Rajasthan Baishak : Hindu calendar month Bajre ki Roti : Chapati made of pearl millet Basant Panchami : An auspicious day of Hindu and jain calendar Bazaar : Market. Begar : Red colouring pigment Bel : Creepers plants used as motifs. Bhatti : Furnace Butta : Motif. Butti : Smaller motif. C Chaitra : Hindu calendar month Chanderi : Weaving techniques of Madhya Pradesh, India. Chaubundi : It is a style of bandhani where four dots are placed together in a cluster to form a pattern. Chedan Yantra : A tool with a sharp pointed needle to make holes. Cheni : Chisel Chhiya : Tamarind seed Chhiya ka Aata : Tamarind seed flour Chippa : A community of hand block printers from Rajasthan 141

Choti Tastari : Wooden Tray for keeping colour pigments Chuna : Limestone powder Churidar : Tightly fitted traditional pyjamas worn by both men and women D Dabba : Container Dabu : A resist printing technique Datta : Filler wooden block Dawadi ka Phool : Fire Flame Bush, a kind of flower found in India Dhobis : A community engaged in washing of clothes Dhol : A double-sided barrel drum Dhotis : A draped piece of cloth worn by male Hindu, tied around the waist Dhulai : Process of washing the fabric Dohar : It’s a traditional Indian summer blanket made out of breathable cotton fabric. Dupatta : A length of material worn to cover chest and shoulder by South-Asia women Durries : Carpet. E Ektara : A single-stringed musical instrument Erie : Silk found in the Indian state of Assam comes from the caterpillar Samia ricini. F Fadat : A piece of cloth used to stitch ghagra out of. Fitkari : Alumn G Gaadi : Revolving stool Gaay ka Gobar : Cow dung Gaddi : A thick piece of cloth Gadh : Wooden block to print the base of the fabric Geru : Red soil used to make red pigment for printing. Ghagras : Traditional long skirts worn by women in different parts of india. Gharana : An organization of musicians practising a kind of Indian music system. Ghee : A dairy product; clarified butter Ghumar : Traditional folk dance of rajasthan Gond : Gum Gujjar : Ethnic agricultural or pastoral community 142

Gur : Jaggery Gurjan : Tree commonly grows in southeast asia. Gurjan ki Lakdi : Wood of Gurjan tree (Dipterocarpus Turbinatus) H Haats : Local market Haldi : Turmeric Harda : Fruit of Myrobalan tree; mordanting agent Harda Rangai : Tanning or preparing the fabric for printing Hari Sarna : A process of removing dirt, grease and oil from gray fabric Hastshilp : Handicrafts. Hathoda : Hammer Hathodi : Hammer Hattha : Hammer Holi : an Indian festival of colors I Imli ka beej : Tamarind seed J Jaal : Interlaced web motif. Jali : A design pattern of Jaal Jat : Agricultural community found in India K Kaali Mitti : Local black soil found in the banks of Sanjaria river. Kala : Craft. Kalam : Chisel Kambal : A thick piece of cloth Karigar : Craftsman. Kartik Sudi Ekadashi : An auspicious day of Hindu and jain calendar Kashyap Gotra : Lineage segment within Indian caste system Kathak : A classical dance form of North India Katli : A wooden/plastic frame used for sieving Keel : Iron Nail Kendra : Centre Kesul flower : Bright orange-red flower commonly known as pallash and found in indian 143

subcontinent and southeast asia. Kesula : Firebush flower. Kharaudi : A community of wood block makers (predominantly Muslims) Khat : Square like pattern Kota Doria : Hand woven cotton fabric. Kurta : Loose long shirt worn by men Kurti : A traditional Indian women’s attire. L Laal Kassis : Potassium Dichromate Laal Mitti : Red Soil; Geru Lehenga cholis : A top and bottom women’s wear Indian attire Lugdis : It’s a Rajasthani design popular in the Meena community. Lungi : Fabric draped around the waist, worn by men. M Makar Sankranti : A Hindu festival Malmal : Muslin. Mawa : A dairy product Meena : Scheduled Tribe from Rajasthan Meenakari : Process of painting and colouring metal surfaces Mela : An event where goods can be sold and bought. Mela : Fair or carnival. Melas : Local fairs Mochi : Community of people working with leather shoes Moga : A variety of silk from the Indian state of Assam comes from the caterpillar An- theraea Assama. Mohallas : Small residential colonies Mughals : Muslim dynasty which ruled in India from 16th to 19th century N Nagada : A single-sided head drum Namdev : An Indian poet and saint from Maharashtra Nashpal : Pomegranate peel Naspal Putai : Post mordanting or fixing of yellow dye 144

P Padharo Mhare Des : Visit my country Pakai : The process of fixing colours permanently on the fabric Parat,: A thick piece of cloth Parvati : Hindu Goddess Patti : Leaf Pawansaar : Small cylindrical holes that provide air passage Peela Karna : Tanning or preparing the fabric for printing Phalgun Purnima : A sacred day according to Indian calender R Raiger : A community of leather workers specific to Rajasthan Rangaee Mez : A table used for block printing Rangrez : A community of dyers Rangrez : Dyers. Rekh : Outline wooden block Rohida ki Lakdi : Wood of Desert Teak (Tecomella Undulata) S Saaj : Wooden Tray for keeping colour pigments Sagwan ki Lakdi : Wood of Sagwan tree (Tectona Grandis) Samiti : Council. Saree : A garment consisting of a length of fabric draped around body typically worn by South-Asia women Sheesham ki Lakdi : Wood of Sheesham tree (Dalbergia Sissoo) Sheetla : Hindu Goddess Shilpa Shastra : the science of creative arts such as sculpture, iconography, and painting. Shiva : Hindu God Sukhai : Process of drying the fabric Syaahi : Natural black printing pigment Syaahi ka Paani : Fermented solution of iron nails, jaggery and water T Taati : A wooden/plastic frame used for sieving Tambe ki Patila : Copper Vessel Tambri : Copper Vessel Teej : An indian festiva 145

Tehmad : Fabric form by Indian men around the waist, a different name for lungi. Tercoid oil : A type of Industrial soap thakur : Head of the Village Than : Fabric roll Til kaTel : Sesame oil Tilli : Sesame oil Tussar : A variety of silk found in India. V Vaishnava : One of the major Hindu denominations; followers of Lord Vishnu Vastu shastra : The science of architecture, town building, fort building etc. Vikas : Growth. Y Yojna : Scheme. 146

Image Source Fig. 1 https://500px.com/photo/155652641/after-dark-by-Ganesh-Bagal/ Fig 1.1 Fig 1.2 https://pin.it/5joNroB Fig 1.3 Fig 1.4 Self Illustrated Fig 1.5 Self Illustrated Fig 1.6 Fig 1.7 https://www.nomadbubbles.com/telas-indias/?hcb=1 Fig 1.8 https://www.latestly.com/quickly/lifestyle/festivals-events/chai- Fig 1.9 tra-navratri-gangaur-teej-2021-dates-shubh-muhurat-amp-signifi- Fig 1.10 cance-2421879.html?hcb=1 Fig 1.11 Fig 1.12 https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haryali-teej-here-s-all-you- Fig 1.13 need-to-know-about-the-monsoon-festival-2649246?hcb=1 Fig 1.14 Fig 1.15 https://www.jaipurcityblog.com/sheetla-ashtami-festi- Fig 1.16 val-the-cool-and-vibrant-utsav-festival/?hcb=1 Fig 1.17 https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/happy-makar-sankran- ti-2020-here-s-why-kite-flying-is-an-important-aspect-of-the-celebra- tion/story-UfVRTwCI6qxr9l9ErV505L.html https://www.easemytrip.com/blog/unique-holi-celebrations-in-india?h- cb=1 https://kotakachori.com/img/resized/Optimized-67.%20%20Dal%20 Bati%20Churma.jpg https://www.archanaskitchen.com/images/archanaskitchen/1-Author/ Jyothi_Rajesh/Pyaaz_Kachori.jpg https://www.sarkardaily.com/discovering-jaipur-through-its-popu- lar-dishes/ https://www.jaipurstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Jai- pur-Blue-pottery.jpg https://www.katerinaperez.com/articles/indian-glamour-discover-mu- ghal-jewellery-style-and-jewellery-making-techniques?hcb=1 https://www.arrivalguides.com/en/Travelguide/AHMEDABAD/shop- ping/law-garden-night-market-95675 https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3668/handicrafts-in-in- dia?hcb=1 https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/nested-white-elephant-figu- rines-19967570288.html?hcb=1 147

Fig 1.18 https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-rajasthani-miniature-paint- ing-from-rajasthan-india-probably-late-19th-77520319.html?hcb=1 Fig 1.19 https://pin.it/4R7DPlK Fig 1.20 https://www.amazon.in/Trade-Star-Crafting-Pattern-Garments/dp/ B07Z4ZMSFP Fig 1.21 https://www.india1001.com/products/bagru-block-printed-running-cot- Fig 1.22 ton-fabric-13?variant=31752436285514 Fig 1.23 https://medium.com/direct-create/that-which-floats-in-air-kota-doria- Fig 1.24 13f1749edb55#.sohrlzuqw Fig 1.25 https://www.ebay.com/itm/193028844780?hcb=1 Fig 1.26 https://pin.it/5dnpOqN Fig 1.27 Fig 1.28 https://paintbynumberscanvas.com/products/indian-palace-win- Fig 1.29 dow-new-paint-by-number/?hcb=1 Fig 1.30 https://livesunique.tumblr.com/post/184655697002/mehran- Fig. 2 garh-fort-jodhpur-rajasthan-india Fig 2.1 https://thegoodlifewithiq.com/chittorgarh-fort/?hcb=1 Fig 2.2 Fig 2.3 https://www.flickr.com/photos/nhanchanahal/15640771974/ Fig 2.4 https://pin.it/4eXZCsz Fig. 3 Fig 3.1 https://www.tripoto.com/rajasthan/trips/rajasthan-s-red-car- pet-5824309d3a1e5?hcb=1 Fig 3.2 Fig 3.3 https://www.artsy.net/artwork/steve-mccurry-woman-in-chand-baori- Fig 3.4 stepwell-abhaneri-india?hcb=1 Fig 3.5 Self Clicked Fig 3.6 Fig 3.7 Self Clicked https://alwar.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/alwar/en/about-alwar/histo- ry.html?hcb=1 Self Illustrated https://adventure.com/rajasthani-block-printing-traditions/?hcb=1 https://www.instagram.com/p/Bn1fOkTlF_w/?utm_medium=share_ sheet https://thekindcraft.com/bagru/?hcb=1 http://thehouseofsusanna.blogspot.com/2014/12/bagru-fort.html https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print https://www.instagram.com/p/Bn1fOkTlF_w/?utm_medium=copy_ link_/ https://www.instagram.com/p/CSwxHQFhkl5/?utm_medium=copy_link https://thekindcraft.com/bagru/?hcb=1 148

Fig. 4 https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fw- ww.jaipurbandhej.in%2Fimages%2Fwomen-appaarels%2Fbag- ru-print-fabrics-manufacturer.jpeg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. jaipurbandhej.in%2Ffabric-manufacturer%2Fbagru-print-fab- rics-manufacturer&tbnid=h39f8RpDApbBWM&vet=1&docid=-GUX- qlashio-SM&w=2077&h=1500&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim Fig 4.1 https://www.amazon.in/dp/B086C16M62/ref=cm_sw_r_apan_glc_ fabc_ET4ZHJZ5G13AB35XPF53 Fig 4.2 https://www.shutterstock.com/search/gurjun?hcb=1 Fig 4.3 https://www.sheeshamurns.com/what-is-sheesham Fig 4.4 https://mobile.twitter.com/search?q=%23rohida&hcb=1 Fig 4.4 (i) https://thekindcraft.com/indian-block-printing/?hcb=1 Fig 4.5 https://www.photocase.com/photos/3100360-fresh-cow-dung-in-the- green-grass-nature-animal-cow-photocase-stock-photo?hcb=1 Fig 4.6 https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/food-grade-caustic-soda- flakes-21544854848.html?hcb=1 Fig 4.7 https://www.spiceography.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Sesa- me-Oil-1024x683.jpg Fig 4.8 https://away2travel.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Bagru-India- Block-Printing-20-of-43-768x512.jpg Fig 4.9 https://jaitexart.com/knowledge-center/art-of-hand-block-printing/ Fig 4.10 https://away2travel.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Bagru-India- Block-Printing-21-of-43-768x512.jpg Fig 4.11 https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/haritaki-benefits-us- es-dosage-formulations-and-side-effects Fig 4.12 https://www.instagram.com/p/CSZH0NOpWuY/?utm_medium=copy_ link Fig 4.13 https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-how-to-identify-real-and- fake-jaggery-find-out-easily-with-this-domestic-method-gur-to-stay- fit-2863726 Fig 4.14 https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woodfordia_fruticosa_-_ Fire_Flame_Bush_flowers_at_Peravoor_2018_(4).jpg?hcb=1 Fig 4.15 https://www.dreamstime.com/pomegranate-dried-fruit-peel-skin-wick- er-table-image103303117 Fig 4.16 https://www.ingredientsnetwork.com/gum-acacia-prod111955.html?h- cb=1 Fig 4.17 https://img2.exportersindia.com/product_images/bc-full/ dir_44/1309706/tamarind-seed-powder-2185775.jpg 149

Fig 4.18 https://www.jacksonsart.com/blog/2020/03/03/the-enduring-ap- peal-of-alizarin-crimson/?hcb=1 Fig 4.19 https://www.amazon.in/dp/B07VZ65L1B/ref=cm_sw_r_apan_glc_fab- Fig 4.20 c_113GM49KRN7FB2E80QBE Fig 4.21 https://img.mensxp.com/media/content/2019/Feb/benefits-of-alum-or- fitkari-1200x900-1550753919_1200x900.jpg Fig 4.22 https://www.shoppingkart24.com/image/cache/catalog/BANKURA%20 Fig 4.23 HAND%20BLOCK%20PRINT/bagru%20gi-265x290.jpgw Self Illustrated Fig 4.24 Fig 4.25 https://www.instagram.com/p/BuVQv0Xni4R/?utm_medium=share_ Fig 4.26 sheet Fig 4.27 Fig 4.28 https://thekindcraft.com/indian-block-printing/?hcb=1 Fig 4.29 Fig 4.30 https://thekindcraft.com/indian-block-printing/?hcb=1 Fig 4.31 Fig 4.32 Self Illustrated Fig 4.33 Fig 4.34 Self Illustrated Fig 4.35 Fig 4.36 Self Illustrated Fig 4.37 Fig 4.38 https://www.cocoonkapas.com/bagru-printing/?hcb=1 Fig 4.39 https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print Fig 4.40 Fig 4.41 https://away2travel.com/wander/block-printing/ Fig 4.42 Fig. 5 Self Illustrated Fig 5.1 https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print Fig 5.2 https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print Fig 5.3 https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print Self Illustrated Self Illustrated Self Illustrated https://kanthadecor.com/products/indigo-dabu-diamond-pat- tern-hand-block-printed-100-cotton-fabric-design-265?hcb=1 Self Illustrated https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print https://pin.it/5JrYx2p https://theindianethnicco.com/products/black-bagru-hand-block-print- ed-cotton-fabric-7 Self Illustrated Self Illustrated Self Illustrated 150

Fig 5.4 Self Illustrated Fig 5.5 Fig 5.6 Self Illustrated Fig. 6 Fig 6.1 Self Illustrated Fig 6.2 Fig 6.3 https://adventure.com/rajasthani-block-printing-traditions/ Fig 6.4 Fig 6.5 Self Illustrated Fig. 7 Fig 7.1 Self Illustrated Fig 7.2 Self Illustrated Fig 7.3 Self Illustrated Fig 7.4 Self Illustrated https://pin.it/1FRWeqM Fig 7.5 https://www.instagram.com/p/CPn3S7bBBHw/?utm_medium=share_ Fig 7.6 sheet https://theindianethnicco.com/products/red-bagru-hand-block-print- Fig 7.7 ed-cotton-fabric-1?variant=33528145838168&currency=INR&utm_me- dium=product_sync&utm_source=google&utm_content=sag_organ- ic&utm_campaign=sag_organic&utm_source=google&utm_cam- paign=Smart_shopping&utm_medium=fabric&gclid=Cj0KCQjw7MG- JBhD-ARIsAMZ0eesA8pOowfrd7L86lZGq-QUoVZq_1f08dHE09Dyf- ngnRtMdCIDuIQPwaAsqXEALw_wcB https://www.dickblick.com/products/rit-dyemore-synthetic-fi- ber-dye/?hcb=1 https://jaitexart.com/products/office-accessories/block-printed-note- book/?hcb=1 https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/designer-screen-fabric-print- ing-9402997330.html https://jaipurcitypost.wordpress.com/2013/04/10/exploring-jai- pur-anokhi-museum-of-hand-printing/?hcb=1 Self Illustrated Fig 8.1 Sourced Fig 8.2 Sourced Fig 8.3 Sourced Fig 8.4 Sourced Fig 8.5 Sourced Fig 8.6 Sourced Fig 8.7 Sourced Fig 8.8 Sourced 151

References Block Printing and Dying of Bagru, Rajasthan” by Bijoy Chandra Mohanty and Jagdish Prasad Mohanty. Second Revised edition 2004, - Motifs and Type of Products [Accessed NIFT Library online on 30/7/21] https://eco-age.com/resources/preserving-the-art-of-natu- ral-block-printing-bagru-india/ - Recent field visit [Accessed on 3/8/21] Wikipedia- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagru [Accessed on 23/07/21] https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3498/contem- porarisation-of-bagru-printing - Fiber to fashion - fo process & quick overview. [Accessed on 1/8/21] https://pinkcity.com/2012/07/14/bagru-where-history-re- gains-birth/ - Bagru for pickles. [24/7/21] https://pinkcity.com/2012/07/14/bagru-where-history-re- gains-birth/ - CHIPPA COMMUNITY - DERIVATION OF NAME. [Acessed on 25/7/21] https://pinkcity.com/2012/07/14/bagru-where-history-re- gains-birth/ - Jaipur [Accessed on 7/8/21] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/whats-in-a- name-artisans-of-bagru-discover-it-the-hard-way/article- show/74466629.cms - THE TRADE MARK DISPUTE. [Accessed on 25/7/21] https://thekindcraft.com/bagru/ - process [Accessed on 26/7/21] https://www.unnatisilks.com/dabu-printing-indigo-dyeing-pro- cess-indian-crafts.html - INDIGO DYING [Accessed on28/7/21] https://www.knocksense.com/jaipur/35-km-from-jaipur-the-vil- lage-of-bagru-is-a-tempting-textile-trail-perfect-for-a-week- end-getaway - Village [Accessed on 27/7/21] https://pinkcity.com/2012/07/14/bagru-where-history-re- 152

gains-birth/ - BAGRU.COM [Accessed on 10/8/21] https://metaphorracha.com/blogs/news/syahi-begar-print - Syahi Begar [Accessed on 10/8/21] https://away2travel.com/wander/block-printing/ - sukhai [Accessed on 28/7/21] http://indianculture.gov.in/node/268675 -Bagru product intro [Ac- cessed on 6/8/21] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/t-magazine/block-print-jai- pur-india.amp.html -Market [Accessed on 6/8/21] https://rajasthantourismbuzz.wordpress.com/tag/hand-block-print- ing/ -RAJASTHAN [Accessed on 6/8/21] https://issuu.com/akshatachoudhary929/docs/craft_document -DOCUMENT EXAMPLES [ [Accessed on 7/8/21] https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/31/special-articles/anokhi-craft- block-printing.html -Anokhi [Accessed on 7/8/21] https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/how-covid- 19-induced-lockdown-has-pushed-rajasthans-traditional-block- printing-community-to-the-brink-6501921.html - COVID and its af- fects [Accessed on 12/8/21] https://issuu.com/brinda04/docs/degree_project_document_-_ shifting_ - Examples [Accessed on 8/8/21] https://www.behance.net/gallery/119558431/Dabu-Craft-Re- search-Documentation-Project-2020?tracking_source=search_proj- ects_recommended%7Cbagru%20craft%20documentation%20 - Example [Accessed on 5/7/21] https://www.vogue.in/content/history-of-block-prints-indian-tex- tiles-designers-using-ajrakh-dabu-prints - Prints and textiles [Ac- cessed on 3/8/21] https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/31/special-articles/anokhi-craft- block-printing.html - anokhi market [Accessed on 12/8/21} https://www.anokhi.com/museum/caf%C3%A9.html - Anokhi mu- seum [Accessed on 9/8/21] 153

https://www.fabindia.com/60-years-of-fabindia -FabIndia market [Ac- cessed on 8/8/21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabindia - FabIndia [Accessed on 8/8/21] 154

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