Alleged Discrepancies of the Bible

Bible Commentary, i. 246. 93 Geography of Palestine and Sinaitic Peninsula, i. 94 10–11 (Gage’s trans​lation). Page 29. 95 Page 197. 96 Desert of the Exodus, p. 426 (American edition). 97 See Deuteronomy 2:14. 98 Introd. to Old Testament, i. 326–327. As to 99 stations of Israelites, see under “Places.” pp. 196–197. 100 Green’s Pentateuch Vindicated, pp. 69–70. 101 See Jeremiah 2:10–11. 102 Compare Deuteronomy 10:22. 103 Genesis 46:3. 104 In both cases, only males above twenty years of 105 age were reckoned. See Exodus 30:12–14. The second reckoning, Numbers 1, was probably based on the former one. This would account for the agreement in the sum total. See Genesis 26:36. 106

Compare the obvious meaning of ינ טבּ ̣ in Job 107 3:10. Delitzsch on Job, Vol. ii. p. 416. 108 Matthew 11:14. 109 Genesis 39:21. 110 Smith’s Bib. Dict., ii. 1465. 111 2 Kings 23:12. 112 2 Chronicles 33:15. 113 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 67. 114 Illustrations of Scripture, pp. 275–276. 115 Theopneusty, p. 117 (Kirk’s translation). 116 See Exodus 18:23–24. 117 Graves on the Pentateuch, i. 87. 118 Smith’s Bible Dict., iv. 2853, makes Abiel the 119 father of Ner. 120 See more than a hundred similar cases collected by Davidson, Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 108– 112. On Pentateuch, i. 119,–20. 121 122 Smith’s Bib. Dict., ii. 1576.

123 Antiq. iv. 3–4. History of Israel, ii. 180. 124 125 History of Old Covenant, iii. 296. Numbers 2:10. 126 127 Numbers 3:29. Blunt, Coincidences. See Korah. 128 1 Chronicles 6:22–28. 129 1 Chronicles 6:31, 33; Psalm 44–49, titles. 130 Numbers 16:32. 131 132 So Macknight, Paxton, and others. Compare Exodus 18:27; Numbers 10:29–32; 133 Judges 1:16; 4:11; 1 Samuel 15:6. See Genesis 19:14; 2 Kings 8:27, where a word 134 differing only in vowel points, is employed. Hist. of Israel, iv. 75, note 2. So also J. D. 135 Michaelis, and others. See Bible Com., i. 797–798. 136 Smith’s Bib. Dict., iv. 3114–3115. 137

Genesis 12:6–7. 138 Compare Numbers 1:2–3, 45–46. 139 Numbers 1:3, 45, 49. 140 Introd. to New Testament, ii 220. 141 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 222. 142 See Gesenius, Hebrew Lexicon, p. 951, Rem. g. 143 On use of άκούω with different cases, see 144 Winer’s Grammar of N.T. Idiom, pp. 199–200 (Thayer’s edition); also, Buttmann’s Grammar, pp. 165–166. Compare Hackett, Commentary on Acts 9:7. 145 Ewald’s History of Israel, iii. 25. 146 Davidson on Hebrew Text, pp. 57–58. 147 Dissertations, ii. 418–430. 148 History of Israel, iii., 71, note. 149 Introd. to Old Testament, i. 530. 150 See p. 331 infra, “David’s detention.” 151 See Bible Commentary on 1 Samuel 16:21. 152 Thomson (Land and Book, ii. 366, American 153 edition), speaking of the sudden change of boys

in such cases, says: “They not only spring into full-grown manhood as if by magic, but all their former beauty disappears; their complexion becomes dark; their features hard and angular, and the whole expression of countenance stern and even disagreeable. I have often been accosted by such persons, formerly intimate acquaintances, but who had suddenly grown entirely out of my knowledge, nor could I without difficulty recognize them.” Mr. Thomson thinks that David, having returned to shepherd life, had probably undergone a change like that above described, hence was not recognized by Saul. So Kurtz in Herzog’s Real-Encyklopädie, iii. 154 300. See chap. 17:25. 155 Introd. to New Testament iii. 438. 156 Kitto, iii. 221. 157 Genesis 11:31 merely shows that Abraham’s 158 destination was known to Moses writing at a later date. “Went forth to go,” points to the result in

the case. 2 Kings 9:25–26. 159 See 2 Kings 9:28. 160 Smith’s Bible Dict., i. 48. 161 162 Compare Bible Commentary on 2 Kings 9:27. 163 Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, under “emek,” קֶמﬠַ p. 476. 164 Ewald, History of Israel, ii. 204–205, 295. Conciliator, i. 246–247; Prideaux, Connections, 165 i. 310–311 (Charlestown, Mass. 1815). 166 Joshua 3:3–6. History of Balaam and his prophecies, pp. 508– 167 509. History of O. C., iii. 458. 168 See articles in Smith and Kitto; also, Thomson’s 169 Land and Book, ii 9, 29–32; and Ebrard, Gospel History, p. 335–336. History of Old Covenant, i. 376–377. 170 1 Corinthians 15:6. 171

Sinai and Palestine, p. 360. 172 Greek ε’�ι` τό�ου �ε‛οινουˆ. 173 Joshua 19:47. 174 Compare Keil on Joshua 19:40–48. 175 Joshua 19:1, 9. 176 See Smith’s Bible Dict., Art. “Gadara.” Some of 177 the best critics, Tischendorf, Tregelles, etc., give a different reading in the first passage, agreeing with that of the second. Introd. to Old Testament, p. 208. 178 Vol. iii. 148. 179 Vol. ii. 321–322; iii. 186, note. 180 Sinai and Palestine, pp. 322–323. 181 See Judges 12:1–6. 182 See 2 Kings 11:3–5. 183 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 216. 184 History of Israel, iii. 72. 185 See p. 342 infra. 186 Kitto’s Cyclopedia, iii. 1075. 187 Desert of Exodus, p. 433. 188

History of Old Covenant, iii. 301. 189 Kitto, iii. 1079. 190 See in Kurtz, iii. 90. 191 Introd. to Old Testament, 1, 326–327. 192 Bible Commentary, i. 654, 720. 193 Bib. Researches, i. 106 (first edition). 194 So Davidson, i. 326, and Keil on Numbers 195 21:16–20. History of Old Covenant, iii. 384. 196 That is, “wells of Benejaakan” = Benejaakan in 197 the other passage. See Hengstenberg, Gen. of Pent. ii. 355–357; 198 Kurtz, Hist, of Old Cov., iii. 254–255. See authorities cited, History of Old Covenant, 199 iii. 220. Sinai and Palestine, pp. 93–94, notes. 200 Desert of Exodus, p. 420. 201 Smith’s Bible Dict., ii. 1519. 202 See Smith’s Bible Dict., Art. “Paran.” 203 Kurtz, iii. 246–247, 305–309. 204

See Kitto, iii. 138. 205 History of Israel, iii. 150, note. 206 History of Hebrew Monarchy, p. 80. 207 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 72–73. 208 Real-Wörterboch, i. 595. 209 Replies to Essays and Reviews, p. 434. 210 211 Smith’s Bible Dict., ii. 1273. 212 Sinai and Palestine, p. 175. 213 Prospect of Temple, chap. 1. 214 See different senses, Numbers 32:19, 32. Sacred Hermeneut. p. 551. 215 216 See use in Genesis 20:3. 217 Compare Zechariah 12:11. Sinai and Palestine, 31, note. 218 History of Israel, ii. 43, note. 219 Gen. of Pent., ii. 327. 220 Desert of Exodus, p. 103. 221 Smith’s Bible Dict, iv. 3054. 222

History of Old Covenant, iii. 213. 223 In Deuteronomy 16:7. 224 See Genesis 12:6–7. 225 Genesis 33:19; 35:2, 4. 226 Gen. of Pent. ii. 32–46. 227 1 Kings 10:22. 228 Introd. to Old Testament, i. 441. 229 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 90. 230 Smith’s Bible Dict., iv. 3178–3181. See 231 references, p. 3180. 2 Chronicles 9:21; 20:36–37. 232 See in Davidson’s Introd. to Old Testament ii. 233 36–37. In Davidson, Vol. i. 515. 234 History of Israel, iii. 21, and note. 235 Genesis 35:8. 236 See pp. 20, 312–313, infra. 237 See pp. 21–24, infra. 238 See Antiq. i. 13, 1, and xx. 2, 1. 239 See lists in Keil’s Commentary; also, in De 240

Wette, Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 331–332. Compare Bib. Comment. in loc. Sacred Hermenentics, p. 554. 241 Conciliator, ii. 11. 242 Davidson, on Hebrew Text, p. 44. 243 Ewald (ii. 181, note) deems it “a slight slip” of 244 Paul’s pen. Ewald says (iii. 157, note) “a clerical error.” 245 Davidson, Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 544. 246 So Rawlinson; also, Taylor’s Calmet. 247 See Bib. Com. on 1 Kings 5:16. 248 Davidson, Sacred Hermeneutics, pp. 548–549. 249 Kennicott, Dissertations, i. 95–96. 250 History of Israel, iii. 170, note. See another 251 solution, Davidson’s Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 548. Keil, Commentary in loc. 252 Introd. to New Testament, i. 86. 253 Grammar of New Testament Idiom, p. 175. 254 Davidson’s Sacred Hermenentics, p. 562. 255

Conciliator, i. 233. 256 See Bible Commentary on Leviticus 23. 257 Davidson, Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 50, says 258 these accounts must “relate to different periods of time, and different branches of the same line.” Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 139. 259 Die Bücher der Chronik, pp. 16–17. 260 Vol. iii. 74, note; also p. 136. 261 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 219. 262 Numbers 25:6–14. 263 Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 548. 264 Gospel History, pp. 447–448, 452. 265 So Davidson, Sacred Hermeneutics, pp. 558– 266 559. See Ebrard, pp. 362–366. 267 See ’εγγίςω in Liddell and Scott; also in 268 Robinson’s New Testament Lexicon. Bible Commentary, in loc. 269 Conciliator, i. 37. 270 Conciliator, ii. 22–23. 271

See some eight solutions in Kitto, ii. 823–825. 272 Bible Commentary, in loc. 273 Gospel History, pp. 149–150. As the pedigree is 274 “juridical, and not strictly genealogical,” he reckons Mary herself as one of the third series. See Deuteronomy 7:2–4; Ezra 9:1–2. 275 On Mythical Interpretation of Gospels, pp. 150– 276 161. Genesis 46:8–26. 277 Davidson’s Sacred Hermeneutics, pp. 582–583. 278 Pp. 546–547. Also, Bib. Com. on 1 Chronicles 279 21:5. See p. 296 infra. 280 Deuteronomy 31:26. 281 Davidson, on Hebrew Text, p. 37. 282 Ben Gershon thinks that האָָד keen-sighted, and 283 הָ י ד ) האָָדּ another form of the same word) swift- f lying, both denote the same bird. See Conciliator, i. 225. Also, compare Wood’s Bible Animals, p. 360. See Robinson’s English Harmony, p. 181. 284

See Kitto, ii. 582, 585. 285 Comp. pp. 327–330 infra. 286 See pp. 9–14 infra. 287 Davidson, Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 528; also, 288 Hackett on Acts. Vol. i. 325, note. 289 Vol. i. 204–205. 290 Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 212. 291 Ant. vii. 9, 1. 292 Vol. iii. 170, note. 293 Lectures on Daniel the Prophet, p. 399. 294 Ephesians 2:1. 295 Ephesians 4:18. 296 Numbers 24:2, 16. 297 See Numbers 24:20. 298 See same Hebrew expression in Amos 6:1. 299 Robinson, Later Bib. Res., pp. 138–139. 300 This name seems to mean “trans-Euphratics,” 301 that is, those who had come across the Euphrates. See Joshua 24:14; also Kurtz, i. 167–169 and

Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 987. See “Jerusalem, the City of Herod and Saladin,” 302 by Besant and Palmer, pp. 54–55; also, Smith’s Bible Dict., ii. 1309. Exodus 17:9. 303 So Rosenmüller, Eichhorn, and Kanne; and 304 substantially Hengstenberg and Ranke. Genesis 17:6, 16; 35:11. 305 See Smith’s Bib. Dict., ii. 1699–1700. 306 Kurtz, ii. 356. 307 See Genesis 22:2; Exodus 3:1–2. 308 Smith’s Bib. Dict., i. 439; also, compare pp. 309 11–14 infra, where the subject is discussed more fully. Conciliator, ii. 86. 310 Browne, “Ordo Saeclorum,” p. 221–248, 311 maintains that some of the reigns are enumerated in years current, others in years complete; and that the kings of Judah reckoned their reigns from an epoch different from that employed by the kings of Israel.

He says, “Geschichte der Heb. Sprache und 312 Schrift,” p. 174, “Nach 2 Kön. 8:26 ist offenbar zu lesen 22 ( בכ für במ ).” Lightfoot and Ben Gershon think that, in Chronicles, the whole reign of the house of Omri is reckoned in, to make the forty-two; thus, Omri 6 + Ahab 22 + Ahaziah 2 + Joram 12 = 42. It is a singular fact that this peculiarly rabbinic method of computation will, in a considerable number of cases, remove apparent discrepancies. —See Conciliator, passim. 2 Chronicles 21:18–19. 313 1 Kings 15:10. 314 1 Kings 15:33. 315 See Browne’s Ordo Saeclorum, pp. 231–234. 316 Compare the translator’s note in Bähr, p. 151. 317 Davidson, Vol. ii. p. 22, and Ewald, Vol. iv. 318 167, with the Septuagint, Syriac, and Arabic of 2 Chronicles 28:1, make Ahaz twenty-five years old at his accession. Conciliator, ii. 98–99. 319

Ordo Saeclorum, p. 242. He thinks that Isaiah 320 9:17–21 refers to this period of anarchy. Vol. iii. 113. 321 Josephus agrees with this emendation. 322 Obviously, upon the principles of computation already explained, a discrepancy of one or two year arises and is accounted for so easily, as to be of no consequence whatever. See Davidson, Sac. Herm., p. 550. 323 Smith’s Bible Dict., ii. 1178. 324 Vol. iv. p. 118. 325 Ordo Saeclorum, p. 239, note. 326 Ordo Saeclorum, loc. cit. 327 See Sac. Herm., p. 550. 328 He says that the father “conferred upon his son 329 Nebuchadnezzar, now a man, some share of the government.” See Hengstenberg’s Genuineness of Daniel, p. 50. Historical Illustrations, pp. 168–169 (American 330 edition). 1 Kings 16:21–22. 331

Manual of Ancient History of the East, i. 172 332 (Amer. edition). See a summary of regnal discrepancies in Movers’ Kritische Untersuchungen über die biblische Chronik, pp. 54–55, note (a). For tabular and synchronistic lists of the kings of Judah and Israel, the reader is referred to the various Commentaries and Bible Dictionaries. De Wette’s Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 177, 333 note. Die Bücher Samuels, p. 68. 334 Compare Bib. Com. Introd. to Judges, pp. 123– 335 125. On this hypothesis, we must read in Judges 1:1, “after the death of Moses,” etc. This seems plausible, since the death of Joshua is related in 2:8–9. See Bible Com., Introd. to Joshua p. 12; also, p. 336 376 infra. History of Israel, ii. 263. 337 Introd. to Old Testament, i. 349. Several other 338 passages referring to Hebron, Joshua 11:21;

14:12–13; Judges 1:9–11, indicate its varying fortunes. Alttestamentliche Studien, i. 22. 339 Some have reckoned three places with this 340 name. Numbers 14:45 may mean, unto the place now known as Hormah. Vol. iii. 335. 341 Ant. v. 2, 2. Compare Ewald, Hävernick, and 342 Stanley. See, on this point, Ebrard, pp. 167–171; also, 343 Wordsworth, Replies to Essays and Reviews, p. 469. See Acts 10:3, 13, 15, and 9:6, 10–16. 344 Gospel History, sections 44, 51, and 70. 345 Such as Agassiz, Dana, and Guyot. See Dr. J. P. 346 Thompson’s Man in Genesis and in Geology, p. 19. Also, Davidson, Introd. to Old Testament, i. 161. Commentary on Genesis, p. 113; see, also, p. 347 82. See Lange on Genesis, pp. 200–202. 348

See Ebrard, pp. 196–197. 349 Conciliator, i. 246. 350 Gen. of Pent., ii. 352. 351 Davidson, Introd. to Old Testament, ii. 138. 352 353 Bible Com. on Nehemiah 10:1–28. See Exodus 24:5. Compare, however, Kurtz, ii. 354 334–337; iii. 142–143. This is the testimony of a scholar thoroughly 355 acquainted with Oriental manners and customs, Prof. J. L. Porter, in Kitto’s Biblical Cyclopaedia, ii. 132 (latest edition). Genesis 28:20–22. 356 Genesis 35:14–15. 357 Kitto, i. 614. 358 Vol. iii. 469–470. 359 Comp. Judges 4:1 and 1 Chronicles 2:22–23. 360 Gospel History, pp. 445–446. 361 Conciliator, i. 126–129. 362 Life of Christ, p. 325. 363 Smith’s Bib. Dict., ii. 1102. 364

Compare 1 Samuel 30:12–13. 365 Later Bib. Res. pp. 625–626. 366 New Life of Jesus, ii. 91. See, also, 367 Schleiermacher, Life of Jesus, pp. 46, 48 (Thirlwall’s translation). So Robinson, Gardiner, Wieseler, and others. 368 Kitto, ii. 548, note; Andrews’ Life of our Lord, 369 pp. 84–89. Gospel History, pp. 186–189. 370 Gen. of Daniel, pp. 54–56. 371 Die Genesis, p. 85. 372 Chap. 7:11. 373 8:13. 374 8:14. 375 According to Fuerst and Gesenius, the Hebrew 376 term רוֹךּ means not only a generation, but also a century. So the Latin “seculum” originally meant an age or generation, but in later times came to denote a century. So Jacobus, Murphy, Wordsworth, and the 377 earlier commentators.

This is Keil’s view. 378 Codex B. followed by Lachmann and Meyer, 379 supplies δεδομένον Chrysostom, δοθέν; Alford, ’ενεργουˆν. Compare, on the other hand, Winer’s Grammar 380 of N. T. Idiom, p. 312. So Fuerst and Gesenius. The same word is 381 applied to Joseph when seventeen years of age, Genesis 37:2, 30. So Keil, Kurtz, Lange, and others in substance. 382 Bengel, Baumgarten, Mr. Browne (Kitto, i. 509, 383 and Ordo Saeclorum, pp. 295–316), and Mr. R. S. Poole (Smith’s Bible Dict., i. 442–444), and others. Exodus 12:40. 384 See Genesis 26:2–3. 385 Numbers 3:27–28; 4:36. Compare Green’s 386 “Pentateuch Vindicated,” p. 129; Kurtz, Vol. ii. 144–145; Smith’s Bible Dict., i. 450–451. Delitzsch, Ewald, Gesenius, Hävernick, 387 Hengstenberg, Hofmann, Jahn, Kalisch, Keil,

Knobel, Kurtz, Lange, Michaelis, Ranke, Reinke, Rosenmüller, Tiele, Tuch, Winer, etc. Galatians 3:17. 388 Genesis 15:16. 389 See striking examples in Genesis 46:15, 18, 22. 390 Antiq. v. 1, 29. 391 Joshua 24:31, 38. 392 So Von Bohlen and Lützelberger. 393 So Lange, Murphy, Keil, Kurtz, Hengstenberg, 394 etc. Genesis 35:27. 395 Genesis 29:27–30. 396 So in substance Lange and others. 397 See Bib. Com., i. 177–178. 398 Ebrard and Ewald. 399 Aben Ezra, Calvin, Hävernick, Munk, etc. 400 Smith’s Bib. Dict., ii. 1514, note. 401 Keil, Commentary, p. 276, note. 402 Numbers 8:24. 403 Numbers 4:4–15, 24–26, 31–33. 404

So Abarbanel, Aben Ezra, Lightfoot, Outram, 405 and Reland. Numbers 8:25–26. 406 Cosmos, i. 97, 188–189 (Sabine’s trans.). 407 See in Kurtz’ Bible and Astronomy, pp. 427– 408 432. Thompson’s Man in Genesis and in Geology, 409 pp. 15–32. Bibliotheca Sacra, January, 1856, pp. 114, 118. 410 Paradise Lost, Book vii., line 243–249. 411 English Harmony, pp. 200–205. 412 So Andrews, Bochart, Davidson, Fairbairn, 413 Gardiner, Hengstenberg, Lange, Lewin, Lightfoot, Milligan, Norton, Olshausen, Robinson, Schoettgen, Stier, Tholuck, and Wieseler. Alford, Bleek, Caspari, De Wette, Ebrard, 414 Ellicott, Erasmus, Ewald, Grotius, Ideler, Lücke, Meyer, Neander, Sieffert, Suicer, Tischendorf, Tittmann, Westcott, Winer, Wratislaw, in substance.

See authorities in Bib. Com., on Genesis 6:3. 415 On Inspiration, pp. 140–141. 416 See, on these points, Whately’s Essay on 417 Dangers to Christian Faith, p. 353 (2d edition); Journal of Sacred Literature, April, 1854, p. 84– 92; Ebrard’s Gospel History, pp. 425–427; Andrews’ Life of our Lord, pp. 473–475, 488– 496. History of Israel, iii. 42. 418 History of Israel, iii. 29. 419 Gospel History, pp. 447–448. 420 See infra, p. 328, note. 421 See Robinson’s Harmony, p. 212; also, compare 422 Judges 9:32–33. See some fourteen different estimates, Ordo 423 Saeclorum, pp. 6–7. Antiq. viii. 3, 1. 424 Ordo Saeclorum, p. 703. 425 Fasti Hellenici, Essay on Scripture Chronology. 426 Vol. ii. pp. 368–369. 427

In Studien und Kritiken, 1863, pp. 712–742. 428 Real-Wörterbuch, ii. 327–329. 429 See their respective Commentaries upon the 430 book of Judges. So Kurtz, Vol. i. p. xvi.; also, Lange. 431 See Jahn, Bib. Archaeol., § 329; Kurtz, iii. 142; 432 also, Exodus 27:8. So Aben Ezra, Ben Gershon, and Keil. See 433 examples of this use, 1 Samuel 1:21 and 22; Matthew 3:5 and Luke 7:30. R. S. Poole in Smith’s Bible Dict., iii. 2541. 434 Ancient Egyptians, i. 96 (2d series); similarly 435 Abarbanel and Rashi. Gesenius says the word is “strictly used only of 436 sheep, goats, and neat cattle, excluding beasts of burden. . . . More rarely asses and camels are also comprehended.” See in Davidson’s Introd. to Old Testament, i. 437 36. Smith’s Bible Dict., i. 345. 438 Hawks, Monuments of Egypt, p. 228. 439

Introd. to Old Testament, i. 254–255. 440 Ancient Egyptians, iii. 180–181; Hengstenberg, 441 Egypt and Books of Moses, p. 217. See in Graves on Pentateuch, p. 481 (sixth 442 edition). Kurtz, Vol. iii. pp. 214–215, 258, 281. 443 Exodus 19:18. 444 Wines, Laws of the Ancient Hebrews, p. 263. 445 Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Book vi. 446 chapter 15. One writer says, “nearly three hundred”; see 447 “Romilly,” in Appleton’s New American Cyclopaedia (first edition). Blackstone’s Commentaries, iv. 4, 15–18 448 (Christian’s edition, New York, 1822). Kurtz, iii. 115–116. 449 See Exodus 12:5. 450 Numbers 28:16–19. 451 Compare 2 Samuel 13:8; 2 Chronicles 35:13; 452 particularly, the latter text.

On Parables, p. 220 (American edition). 453 So Bähr, Keil, and Rawlinson. 454 So Keil, and Hengstenberg (Egypt and Books of 455 Moses, pp. 109–110). The latter points out the use of universal terms throughout the narrative, “all the trees” broken by the hail, etc. The idiom is a very common one in all languages. Vol. ii. p. 271. 456 Smith’s Bible Dict., iii. 2540. 457 Kitto, i. 749. 458 Fuerst and Gesenius say that the word rendered 459 “barrels” in our version, means buckets or pails. Translated “pitcher,” Genesis 24:14–20. Coincidences, p. 199. 460 Physical Geography of the Holy Land, p. 31, 461 and note. Sinai and Palestine, p. 347, and note. Comp. 462 Josephus, Ant. viii. 13, 5. 463 Bibliotheca Sacra, Oct. 1873, pp. 672–696.

Bibliographical Appendix Not to enumerate the various Harmonies of Scripture, which may be regarded as constituting a distinct department, the following would seem to be the principal works occupied wholly or mainly with the consideration of the discrepancies of the Bible. Among the patristic writers, Eusebius, Chrysostom, Augustine, and Theodoret devote certain treatises, or portions thereof, to the subject. But from the latter part of the fifth to the beginning of the sixteenth century little attention was bestowed upon this branch of sacred literature, and almost nothing is extant pertaining thereto. With the era of the Reformation a new impulse was given to biblical study, and the discrepancies received a considerable share of attention, as the subjoined list will evince. The supposed date of first publication is

indicated by full-faced figures. With reference to the size of books there is much difference between ancient and modern designations. The first two works are of an introductory character. Staalkopf, Jac. Introductio in historiam Conciliatorum Biblicorum. 4 to. Lipsiae, 1724. Alardus, Nicolaus. Bibliotheca Harmonico- Biblica, quae praeter historiam harmonicam, tradit notitiam scriptorum harmonicorum. 8vo. Hamburgi, 1725. Julianas Pomerius, Abp. of Toledo, fl. a.d. 680. Αντικειμένων, sive contrariorum in speciem locorum utriusque Testamenti, libri duo. folio, Basileae, 1530; 8vo. Coloniae, 1533, 1540; Parisiis, 1556. The first edition was published anonymously; some later editions under the name of Julian. This work has been attributed to several different authors; but with most probability to Bertharius,

Abbot of Monte Cassino, who, according to Walch, was killed by the Saracens, a.d. 884. It includes two hundred and twenty-one cases. Althamer Brenzius, Andreas. Diallage; hoc est, Conciliatio locorum Scripturae, qui prima facie inter se pugnare videntur. 8vo. Norimbergae, 1527, 1528, 1588. Some sixteen editions were published. The work is in two parts, and comprises one hundred and sixty discrepancies, which are solved in a neat and perspicuous manner. R a b e , Ludwig. Conciliationes locorum S. Scripturae in specie pugnantium. 8vo. Argentorati, 1527, 1550; Noribergae, 1561. In two parts, and including one hundred and twenty discrepancies. The materials of the work are extracted from the writings of Augustine. Cumirano, Serafino. Conciliatio locorum communium Sacrae Scripturae, quae inter se pugnare videntur. 2 vol. 8 vo. Parisiis, 1556, 1559, 1576; 3 vol. Antuerpiae, 1557—1561.

Revised by Leander de Sancto Martino (originally John Jones), Duaci, 1623. Baltanas (o r Valtanas) Mexia, Domingo de. Concordancias de muchos pasos dificiles de la divina historia. 8vo. Sevilla, 1556. Obenhein, Christoph. Novi Testamenti locorum pugnantium ecclegiastica expositio; adjectae sunt etiam quarundam euangelicarum quaestionum solutiones. 8vo. Basileae, 1563. In Acta apostolorum ecclesiastics expositio locorum. 8vo. Basileae, 1563. C a m a r a , M a r c o de la. Quaestionarium conciliationis simul et expositionis locorum difficilium Sacrae Scripturae, in quo dc. Scripturae loca exponuntur. 4to Compluti. 1587.—Also, Venetiis, 1603. Montoya, Pedro Lopez de. De Concordia Sacrarum Scripturarum, 4to. Matriti, 1600. Mettinger, Joannes. Harmonia in utroque Testamento; sive conciliationes eorum, quae in sacris biblicis sibi invicem adversa videntur. 8vo.

Lavingae, 1601. S ha r p (L a t . Scharpius), John. Symphonia Prophetarum et Apostolorum, in qua ordine chronologico loci Sacrae Scripturae, specie tenus contradicentes, conciliantur. 4to. Genevae, 1625, 1639, 1653, 1670. This author solves some seven hundred cases with considerable acuteness. Walther, Michael. Harmonia Biblica; sive brevis et plana conciliatio locorum Veteris et Novi Testamenti adparenter sibi contradicentium. 8vo. Argentorati, 1626, 1630; Noribergae, 1649, 1654 (enlarged edition, 1696). According to Horne, this work is marked by considerable learning and industry. Menasseh Ben Israel. Conciliador o de la conveniencia de los Lugares de la S. Escriptura, que repugnantes entre si parecen. 4to. Vol. i. Francofurti, 1632; Vol. ii. Amsterdam, 1650. ——— Conciliator, sive de convenientia locorom S. Scripturae, quae pugnare inter se

videntur. 4to. Amstelodami, 1633. ——— The Conciliator, a Reconcilement of the Apparent Contradictions in Holy Scripture. Translated, with Notes, by E. H. Lindo. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1842. This work, restricted to the Old Testament, solves four hundred and seventy-three cases of discrepancies, by the usually ingenious, though sometimes fanciful, methods peculiar to the Jewish rabbis. Thaddaeus, Joannes. S. S. Scriptura, a se nec diversa, sibi nec adversa, hoc est, Conciliatorium Biblicum, in quo paria mille et supra S. Codicis Locorum specie tenus contradicentium, conciliantur. 12mo. Amstelodami, 1633, 1648, 1696; Francofurti, 1648, 1687, 1696, 1702; Londini, 1662; Haffniae, 1717. ——— The Reconciler of the Bible, wherein above two thousand seeming contradictions are fully and plainly reconciled. By J. T., Minister of the Gospel. London, 1656.

Thaddaeus, Joannes, and Man, Thomas. The Reconceiler of the Bible enlarged, wherein above three thousand seeming contradictions throughout the Old and New Testament are fully and plainly reconciled. By J. T. and T. M. folio, London, 1662. Singularly enough, in the last two cases the numbers are made up by counting each discrepancy twice; so that the first of these editions really contains but one thousand and fifty cases, and the second only some one thousand five hundred. This work comprises a multitude of trivial discrepancies, and omits many of the more important. M a g r i , D o m e n i c o . Αντιλογίαι, seu contradictiones adparentes et conciliationes Sacrae Scripturae ab ipso collectae. 12mo. Venetris, 1645, 1653; Parisiis, 1665, 1675, 1685. Streat, William H. The Dividing of the Hooff, or seeming contradictions throughout Sacred Scriptures, distinguish’d, resolv’d and apply’d. 4

to. London, 1654. This is characterized as a work of little value. Mayer, Heinrich. Manuale biblicum in quo Sacrae Scripturae certa quaedam testimonia quae sibimet contradicere videntur, omnino concordare docentur. 12mo. Friburgi Brisgoiae, 1654. Arnoldus, Nicolaus. Lux in Tenebris; seu brevis et succincta Vindicatio simul et Conciliatio locorum Vet. et Novi Testamenti. 4to. Franeckerae, 1662, 1665, 1680; Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1698. A voluminous work, of some twelve hundred pages, directed chiefly against Papists and Socinians, yet discussing incidentally certain discrepancies. It hardly belongs to our department. Matthiae, Christian. Antilogiae Biblicae, sive Conciliationes dictorum Scripturae Sacrae, in speciem inter se pugnantium, secundum seriem Locorum Theologicorum in ordinem redactae; editae a Joh. Schelhammero, Jun. 4to. Hamburgi, 1662, 1700, 1726.

Santa Cruz, Emannel Fernandez de. Antilogiae totius Scripturae 2 tom. fol. Tom. i., Segoviae, 1671; Tom. ii., Lugduni, 1677. A 2d ed. of Tom. i., Lugduni, 1681. Bleiswyck, Jan C. van. Bybel-balance ende Harmonieboeck. 4to. Delfft, 1675. Ridder, Franciscus. Schriftuerlyk licht ouer schynstrydende, duystere en misduyde texten der heiligen schrifture. 4to. 5 delen. Rotterdam, 1675. Walch speaks of this work as copious and elaborate. C u p e r , Franciscus. Conciliatio locorum utriusque foederis, quae contraria esse videntur. In his “Arcana Atheismi revelata.” 4to. Roterdam., 1676. Le Fevre (Lat. Faber), Jacques (died, a.d. 1716). Conciliatio locorum Sacrae Scripturae quae contradicere invicem videntur. 12mo. Parisiis, 1683 (?) [Fabricius styles this the second edition], 1685. This work is said to be an enlargement of that of

Magri, men​tioned above. Toornburg, K. Concordantiae locorum dissonantium Sacrae Scripturae [Belgice]. 8vo. Alcmariae, 1695. The original title of this work I have not been able to find. Pontas, Jean. Scriptura Sacra ubique sibi constans; seu Difficiliores Sacrae Scripturae in speciem secum pugnantes, juxta sanctorum ecclesiasticorum Patrum theologorumque sententiam conciliati. 4to. Parisiis, 1698. One volume only, relating to the Pentateuch, was published. Darling says of it; “A learned and able work, containing three hundred and thirty questions with answers.” Heermann, David (also known as Bibliander). Richtige Harmonia oder Uebereinstimmung hundert solcher Sprüche und Oerter welche in H. Schrifft vorkommen und einander scheinen zuwider zu lauffen, 3 Theile. 8vo. Görlitz, 1705 —1710; 4 Theile, Gorlitz, 1707—1717.

Sure nhuys , W i l l e m ( L a t . Surenhusius, Gulielmus). ΒΙΒΛΟΣ ΚΑΤΑΛΛΑΡΗΣ, in quo secundum Theologorum Hebraeorum formulas allegandi, et modos interpretandi conciliantur loca ex V. in N. T. allegata. 4to. Amstelaedami, 1713. Discusses some one hundred and sixty-five cases of disagreement between citations in the New Testament and the original passages in the Old. This work properly belongs to a distinct department. Baruh, Raphael. Critica Sacra examined; or an attempt to show that a new method may be found to reconcile the seemingly glaring variations in parallel passages of Scripture. 8vo. London, 1775. Cooper, Oliver St. John. Four Hundred Texts of Holy Scripture with their corresponding passages explained. 12mo. London, 1791. Includes fifty-seven instances of disagreement. Evanson, Edward. The Dissonance of the four generally received Evangelists. 8vo. Gloucester

(England), 1792, 1805. Falconer, Thomas. Certain principles in Evanson’s “Dissonance of the four generally received Evangelists” examined. Bampton Lectures for 1810. 8vo Oxford, 1811. Strauss’ “Life of Jesus,” with the numerous replies to it, might, equally with the last two works, claim a place in our catalogue. Fuller, Andrew. The Harmony of Scripture; or an attempt to reconcile various passages apparently contradictory. 8vo. London, 1817. A posthumous tract, comprising thirty cases of discrepancy. See, also, Fuller’s Works,Vol. i. pp. 667–684 (Philadelphia ed., 3 vols.). Cox, John Hayter. Lectures on the Harmony of the Scriptures; designed to reconcile apparently contradictory passages. 8vo. London, 1823. Treats of nineteen discrepancies. Longhurst, S. A Common-place Book, or Companion to the New Testament; consisting of Illustrations of difficult passages; apparent

Contradictions and Inconsistencies reconciled. Richmond and London, 1833. Nork, F. Biblische Mythologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Versuch einer neuen Theorie zu Aufhellung der Dunkelheiten und scheinbaren Widersprüche in den canonischen Büchern der Juden und Christen. In two parts. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1842. Davidson, Dr. Samuel. Sacred Hermeneutics, Developed and Ap​plied. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1843. A portion of this work, pp. 516—611, is devoted to our subject, and resolves some one hundred and fifteen apparent contradictions (Compare reference, p. 25, infra, note). There are, of course, many other works which bear indirectly upon the subject. Brief disquisitions are extant, by Lightfoot, Knatchbull, Ludlam and Whately. Several pamphlets, on both sides of the question, have been published in this country, and in England. The above is believed to be, for substance, the

literature of the Discrepancies. List of Scripture Citations Genesis 1:2 3 9, 10 11–27 14–19 26 27 31 2:2 3 4–7 6 9 17 18 19–22

3:4 5 8 16 22 4:1 3 4 5 12, 13 16 26 5:1 1–32 2 5 24 29 6:3 6 7

9 6:19, 20 7:2, 3 4, 11, 12 17, 24 8:1 3, 6, 7, 8 10, 12, 13, 14 21 22 9:2 3 6 21 22 24 25 26 10:29 11:5 11

12 13 26 29 31 32 12:1 4 5 6, 7 11–20 19 13:15 18 14:7 12 13 14 16 24 15:13

16 18 17:1–3 5 6 7 8 10, 14 15 16 17 24, 25 18:10, 14 20, 21 25 19:14 20:2 2–18 3 11 12

21:5, 5–8 10 14–18 23 24 31 22:1 2 5 6, 10 12 23:7 24:14–20 55, 60 25:1, 2 5 6 22, 23 26 31–33 26:2, 3

6–11 7 15, 18, 33 34 36 27:1–29 36 42–45 28:2 5 9 19, 20–22 29:2, 4 5 12 20, 21 27–30 30, 31 30:16 18 20

23, 24 25 31:11, 13 17 41 53 32:3 28 30 33:18–20 19 34:14, 17 35:2, 4 8 10 11 14, 15 16–19 24–26 27 36:2

3 6, 8 12 20 24 26 31 37:2 25 28 30 35 36 39:2 4–6 20, 21, 22 40:3, 4 15 41:12 46, 53 54