Gandhi _ Diane Bailey

and stayed that way until Gandhi’s death. After India became independent, Nehru was elected the new country’s first prime minister. His daughter, Indira Gandhi (not related to Mohandas Gandhi), later served two terms as prime minister. The next day, Gandhi was Indira Gandhi carried in a 5-mile (8-km) walk through the streets as more than two million people looked on and tossed f lowers. Then a large pyre was built, and his body was cremated in the Hindu tradition. His ashes were scattered into the river to return his body to the world. Even though Gandhi’s life was over, his inf luence was still strong. Although some of his political opponents did not mourn his death, there were far more people who did. India’s hero was dead. His cheerful smile and soft voice were gone, but the importance of his work was clearer than ever. 99

100

More than two million people, including many world leaders, attended Gandhi’s funeral procession in 1948. 101

Gandhi had lived for almost 80 years. He had worked on three continents, and he had done incredible things. Through his leadership, India had finally achieved its independence. People called him the “Father of a Nation.” After the British “quit India,” India became a democracy, which is a place where the people elect their government. India was the world’s largest, simply because so many people lived there. Because of Gandhi’s work, more people had a voice. There were important steps made toward treating everybody fairly. Gandhi had worked for years to help the untouchables. In 1950, India wrote a new constitution that made it illegal to discriminate against them. CONSTITUTION OF INDIA CONSTITUTION OF India’s new constitution took three years to write. It is the longest one in the world! INDIA It borrowed ideas from the constitutions of several other countries—including France, Japan, and Ireland—and gave Indians more rights than they had ever had before. 102

Gandhi had always worked toward his goals with a spirit of peace. “There are many causes for which I am prepared to die,” he once said, “but none for which I am prepared to kill.” In the years after his death, many others tried to follow his ways. Nelson Mandela named Gandhi as one of his strongest inspirations. Mandela was a political leader in South Africa, where Gandhi had spent his early life. He fought against South Africa’s system of apartheid, which discriminated against black people. He wanted native Africans to be treated fairly and spent 27 years in jail because of his work. After he got out, he was elected president of South Africa in 1994. He was the country’s f irst black president. Nelson Mandela 103

The famous civil DID YOU KNOW? rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was also In 1959, Dr. Martin inspired by Gandhi. Luther King Jr. went King fought for equal to India to learn more rights for African- about Gandhi’s life and teachings. Americans during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s. Like Gandhi, he encouraged his supporters to protest without becoming violent. King often referred to Gandhi in his speeches and books. In a speech called “The Birth of a New Nation,” King had said that without Gandhi and his followers, “India would have never been free.” Both Gandhi and King worked tirelessly to improve the lives of people in need. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 104

“If there had not been a Gandhi in India with all of his noble followers, India would have never been free.” LutDhre1.r9MK57ainrtginJr., 105

“[Gandhi] is a hero not just to India, but to the world.” –Barack Obama, 2010 “Gandhi’s views were the most “Gandhi demonstrated that we enlightened of all the political can force change and justice men of our time.” through moral acts . . .” –Albert Einstein, 1950 –Steve Jobs, 1999 106

Many other notable DID YOU KNOW? people have also praised Gandhi’s work—people such as Albert Einstein, Gandhi wrote a lot a brilliant scientist who during his lifetime. Put lived at the same time together, his writings fill up almost 100 volumes! as Gandhi; Steve Jobs, who helped start the hugely successful company Apple; and Barack Obama, the first black president of the United States. Each of these people made important contributions to society, and they all spoke of Gandhi as a hero for human rights who had helped lead the way. During his life, Mahatma Gandhi had many successes and just as many failures. His protests, fasts, marches, and speeches were milestones both in his life and in India’s history. His actions touched millions of people and changed the lives of many, but his life was not just what he did for other people. It was also how he lived himself. Even during his quieter moments, 107

when he wasn’t surrounded by crowds, Gandhi stood firm on his message. Change, he said, really could happen with peace and love. Gandhi always used his strengths, and he always admitted his weaknesses. He never tried to be perfect. He only tried to be the best person he could be. In doing so, he showed how one person can change the world. 108

The Mahatma Gandhi statue in Washington, D.C. 109

Gandhi’s family tree Father Karamchand Putlibai Uttamchand Gandhi Gandhi 1839–1891 1822–1885 Mother Laxmidas Raliatbehn BrotherKarsandas Karamchand Karamchand Karamchand Gandhi Gandhi 1860–1914 1862–1960 Gandhi Brother 1866–1913 Sister 110 Son Harilal Gandhi 1888–1948 Harilal was born six years after his parents' wedding.

Mohandas Mohandas Karamchand Karamchand Gandhi was Gandhi the youngest of his parents' 1869–1948 four children. Gandhi married Kasturba in 1883. Wife Kasturba Gandhi 1869–1944 Son Son Manilal Ramdas Devdas Gandhi Gandhi 1892–1956 Gandhi 1900–1957 1897–1969 Son Devdas was the youngest of his parents' four children, just like his father. 111

Timeline Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi helps found the Gandhi is born in Natal Indian Congress Porbandar, India, on October 2. in South Africa. Gandhi sails to England to study law. 1869 1883 1888 1893 1894 Thirteen-year-old Gandhi sails to South Africa Gandhi marries for work. He experiences racial discrimination and Kasturba Kapadia. decides to protest against it. 112

Gandhi establishes the Indian Opinion, a newspaper for Indians, in South Africa. Gandhi returns to India and travels across the country. In the same year, he is given the title of “Mahatma.” 1903 1906 1913 1915 1917 Gandhi uses the word Gandhi leads “satyagraha” for the thousands of striking first time to describe coal miners on a march to protest against their his non-violent beliefs. unfair treatment. Gandhi leads a campaign for the rights of indigo farmers in Champaran. 113

Gandhi fasts as a protest against the separate elections for untouchables. Gandhi boycotts British products in India. He encourages Indians to spin their own yarn. Gandhi travels to Britain to discuss Indian independence. During his stay, he also visits textile workers. 1920 1922 1930 1931 1932 Gandhi is charged with sedition and sentenced to six years in prison. Gandhi leads the Salt March to Dandi and inspires Indians to break the salt law. 114

In February, Kasturba dies. Gandhi is released from prison in May. Gandhi India celebrates begins the its independence “Quit India” movement. on August 15. 1942 1944 1946 1947 1948 In August, a day of protest about the partition of India turns into months of violence. Gandhi is assassinated on January 30. 115

Quiz 1 Where was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi born? 2 What happened when Gandhi appeared in court as a lawyer for the first time? 3 Which political group did Gandhi help form in South Africa? 4 What word meaning “truth force” did Gandhi give to his philosophy of doing what’s right? 5 Which group of people did Gandhi visit in Champaran in 1917 in order to help them? 6 What two professions did Gandhi write on his paperwork when he was arrested in 1922? 7 On which day of the week did Gandhi refuse to talk unless it was urgent? 116

Do you remember what you’ve read? How many of these questions about Gandhi’s life can you answer? 8 How many days did it take Gandhi and his followers to complete the Salt March? 9 Under which type of tree did Gandhi fast while in prison? 10 What does Kasturba’s nickname, “Ba,” mean? How many people moved from their homes 11 during the Indian partition? 12 What 1950 document made it illegal to discriminate against the untouchables? Answers on page 128 117

Who’s who? Attlee, Clement Gandhi, Karamchand Richard Uttamchand (1883–1967) British prime (1822–1885) Gandhi’s father minister from 1945 to 1951 Gandhi, Karsandas Cripps, Sir Stafford Karamchand (1889–1952) chief finance (1866–1913) Gandhi’s minister of Britain from older brother 1947 to 1950; met with Gandhi to discuss Indian Gandhi, Kasturba independence in 1942 (1869–1944) Gandhi’s wife; affectionately called “Ba,” Einstein, Albert which means “mother,” (1879–1955) German-born by the people of India physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work in Gandhi, Laxmidas the field of theoretical Karamchand physics (1860–1914) Gandhi’s oldest brother Gandhi, Harilal (1888–1948) oldest of Gandhi, Manilal Gandhi’s four sons (1892–1956) Gandhi’s second-oldest son Gandhi, Indira (1917–1984) prime Gandhi, Putlibai minister of India from (1839–1891) Gandhi’s 1966 to 1977, and again mother from 1980 to 1984; India’s first woman Gandhi, Raliatbehn prime minister Karamchand (1862–1960) Gandhi’s sister 118

Godse, Nathuram Obama, Barack (1910–1949) man who (1961– ) president of the assassinated Gandhi United States from 2009 to 2017; America’s first black Hitler, Adolf president (1889–1945) chancellor of Germany during World Slade, Madeleine War II and leader of the (1892–1982) one of Nazi Party Gandhi’s most dedicated followers; left her home in Jobs, Steve Britain to live with and (1955–2011) inventor, learn from Gandhi designer, and entrepreneur who helped found the Apple computer company King Jr., Martin Luther (1929–1968) activist and public speaker who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 1950s and 60s Mandela, Nelson (1918–2013) president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; South Africa’s first black president Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964) prime minster of India from 1947 to 1964; India’s first prime minister after it became an independent nation 119

Glossary ahimsa boycott ancient Hindu belief refusing to buy products that people should not or use the services of a behave violently company or government, ashram usually as a form of farm or settlement political protest where people with the caste same spiritual beliefs in the Hindu religion, live together a group that people are born into assassination civil disobedience when someone is killed using peaceful methods due to his or her political when refusing to follow beliefs or actions laws believed to be unfair auction constitution sale in which people document listing the compete with one rights of a nation’s another to buy a citizens and how its particular item goverment should work cremation burning a body after death; the ashes may be saved or disposed of in a ceremony 120

democracy home rule government in which government of a nation people elect their leaders by its own people while dhoti still being a colony, or traditional item of under the control, of clothing for Hindu men another country that is made of a piece hunger strike of cloth wrapped and when a prisoner refuses tied around the waist to eat as a protest fast immigrant act of not eating someone who moves for a period of time, from their home country sometimes as a form to another one of protest hartal independence Hindu word for going when a country is on strike against an no longer part of, employer or the or governed by, government another country Hindu person who follows Hinduism, the largest religion in India 121

khadi non-cooperation Indian cloth that peacefully protesting is woven at home British rule in India Mahatma without breaking the law, title of great respect, such as by boycotting given to Gandhi, British goods and schools meaning “great soul” optimist martyr someone who looks person whose death on the bright side inspires others to fight and does not focus for their cause on the negative migration partition act of moving act of something being from one place to divided into two or another, usually in more parts large numbers prejudice Muslim having opinions, usually follower of the bad, about people and religion Islam without good reason protest 122 to show that you disapprove of, or do not agree with, something pyre structure or heap, usually made of wood, for cremating, or burning a dead body

salt f lats turban crusty layers of salt headdress made from that form gradually a long cloth wrapped where ocean tides around the head wash up on beaches untouchable satyagraha person considered to non-violent political have no status in the struggle Indian caste system sedition act of working against or trying to overthrow a government strike when workers refuse to work in order to convince or force their employer to meet their demands temple place for religious worship 123

Index Aa character 10–12 childhood 8–15 Africans, native 24, 27, 103 Chinese immigrants 24, 27 ahimsa (non-violence) 35 civil disobedience 60, 62–69, Amritsar massacre 50, 53 apartheid 24–30, 34, 36, 72, 76 Civil Rights Movement (US) 103 appendix 56 104 ashrams 32–33, 44, 64 clothes 19, 25, 51–52, 72 assassination 95–96 constitution 102 Attlee, Clement Richard 91 cooking 19 auctions 68 cremation 99 Cripps, Sir Stafford 82 Bb Dd boycotts 50–51 Brahmins 13 Dandi 64, 65 Britain democracy 102 dhoti 52 Gandhi in 16–20, 27, 71–73 discrimination Indian independence and against untouchables 12, partition 70–72, 83, 92, 13, 44, 58, 74, 75, 102 102 rule in India 17, 40–41, in South Africa 24–30, 34, 48–54, 56–61, 67–68, 36, 103 74 rule in South Africa 24, 27, Dutch, in South Africa 24, 30, 36, 38 27, 30 Cc Ee caste system 12, 13 education 8–9, 11 Champaran 44–46 Einstein, Albert 106, 107 124

Ff Hh family background 9–10, 12 hartal (strike action) 49 family life 60 health farmers 45–46 fasts 46, 49, 70, 74–75, 76, Gandhi’s 56–57, 88 and vegetarianism 20 95, 107 Hindus fears 14 beliefs 11, 17, 35, 75, 99 f ingerprinting 34 caste system 13 funeral 99–101 Gandhi’s enemies among Gg 91, 95 and Muslims 43, 57, 58, Gandhi, Devdas (son) 28, 60 Gandhi, Harilal Mohandas 80–83, 90, 91, 93–95 in South Africa 36 (son) 14, 60 Hitler, Adolf 79, 80 Gandhi, Indira 99 human rights 107 Gandhi, Karamchand hunger strikes 56 (father) 10, 12 Ii Gandhi, Karsandas immigrants, Indian 24, 26, (brother) 9 30, 34, 36–38 Gandhi, Kasturba (wife) India 14–15, 16, 21, 23, 39, 60, constitution 102 84, 86 ethnic and language Gandhi, Laxmidas differences 81 (brother) 9 flag 93, 97 Gandhi, Manilal (son) 21, 60 Gandhi returns to 38, 40 Gandhi, Putlibai (mother) Gandhi tours 76–77, 90–91 10, 12–14, 17 independence movement Gandhi, Raliatbehn (sister) 9 41, 52–53, 58, 70, 81–83 Gandhi, Ramdas (son) 28, partition 88, 91–97, 102 60 population 48 Germany 79 gilli danda (game) 10 Indian National Congress Godse, Nathuram 95 (INC) 50, 77, 80, 84, 90 125

Indian Opinion (newspaper) Muslims and partition 30, 35 81–83, 90, 92, 93 Indians, in South Africa 24, Muslims in South Africa 36 26–30, 34, 36–38 Nn indigo 45, 46 Islam 43 Natal Indian Congress 29 Nehru, Jawaharlal 47, Jj 98–99 Jobs, Steve 106, 107 newspapers 21, 30, 53 non-cooperation movement Kk 50, 52, 56, 57, 59, 60, 84 King, Martin Luther Jr. non-violent protest 53, 80, 104–105 86, 95, 103, 104, 107 Kshatriya caste 13 Oo Ll Obama, Barack 106, 107 landowners 45–46 law studies 16–21 Pp legacy 98–108 London 16–20, 22, 71, 72 Pakistan 83, 90, 91–93 partition 81–83, 90, 91–95 Mm Passive Resisters (soccer Mahatma (name) 46 team) 38 Mandela, Nelson 103 philosophy 32, 35 marriage 14–15, 36, 38, 86 politics 29, 34, 50, 77, 80 medicine, interest in 28 prison 34–35, 54, 56, 57, 70, migration 93–95 Mondays, silent 58 72, 74, 84–86, 88 Muslims, Gandhi’s enemies property ownership 26 among 91 Qq Muslims and Hindus 43, Quit India movement 83–92 57, 58, 80–83, 90, 91, quotes 42, 59, 72, 85, 96, 93–95 103 126

Rr Vv reincarnation 75 Vaishya caste 12, 13 Rowlatt Acts 48–49 vegetarianism 11, 17, 18, 20 rural life 41–43 villages 41–43 vote, right to 26 Ss Ww Salt March 62–69, 70 satyagraha (f irmness World War II 78–80, 88–90 through truth) 35, 86 sedition 54 South Africa 23–38, 44, 103 speeches 28, 55, 65, 69, 84, 107 spinning 51, 56, 57, 64 spiritual life 32–33 strikes 36–38 Sudra caste 13 Tt taxes 26, 36–37, 38, 63 technology 41 temples 11 textile workers 46 transportation and segregation 26 Uu Uka (servant) 12–14 United States 104, 107 untouchables (Dalit) 12, 13, 44, 58, 74, 75, 76, 102 127

Acknowledgments DK would like to thank: Romi Chakraborty and Pallavi Narain for design support; Maya Frank-Levine for proofreading; Helen Peters for the index; and Priti Mishra and Stephanie Laird for consulting. The publisher would like to thank the following Stock Photo: Classic Image (ca); Dinodia Photos (cb). for their kind permission to reproduce their 77 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos. 82 Alamy photographs: Stock Photo: Military History Collection. 84 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos. 89 Alamy Stock Photo: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; Dinodia Photos. 91 Alamy Stock Photo: Keystone l-left; r-right; t-top) Pictures USA. 93 Dreamstime.com: Jayv. 94 Alamy Stock Photo: UtCon Collection. 97 Alamy Stock 6 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos (tr). 9 Photo Photo: Historic Collection (ca); Keystone Pictures Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. USA (cb). 98 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection 10 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos (tl). 11 Alamy Historical. 99 Getty Images: Tim Graham (cra). Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos. 15 Alamy Stock Photo: 100–101 Getty Images: Haynes Archive / Maurice Joseph. 16 Library of Congress, Washington, Popperfoto. 103 Alamy Stock Photo: Trinity Mirror D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsc-08560. 20 Alamy Stock Photo: / Mirrorpix. 104 Library of Congress, Washington, Dinodia Photos. 22 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia D.C.: LC-USZ62-126559. 106 Alamy Stock Photo: Photos. 29 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos. 31 Allstar Picture Library (crb). Library of Congress, Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive. 36–37 Washington, D.C.: (clb); LC-DIG-ppbd- 00358 (ca). Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos. 39 Alamy Stock 109 Alamy Stock Photo: Maurice Savage. 111 Alamy Photo: Dinodia Photos (ca, cb). 41 Wellcome Images Stock Photo: World History Archive (ca) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Collection. 47 Alamy Stock Photo: World Cover images: Front and Spine: Getty Images: History Archive. 51 Alamy Stock Photo: Chronicle. Bettmann 55 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos. 57 Alamy Stock Photo: The Print Collector. 62–63 Getty All other images © Dorling Kindersley Images: Bettmann. 66–67 Getty Images: Time Life For further information see: www.dkimages.com Pictures. 69 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos (ca, cb). 71 Getty Images: ullstein bild Dtl.. 73 Alamy ANSWERS TO THE QUIZ ON PAGES 116–117 1. Porbandar, India; 2. He became tongue-tied and could not speak; 3. Natal Indian Congress; 4. satyagraha; 5. indigo farmers; 6. farmer and weaver; 7. Monday; 8. 25 days; 9. mango tree; 10. mother; 11. more than 15 million people; 12. Constitution of India 128