Essentials-of-Biology

Index Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively. INDEX A fermentation and, 115–116, 116f Alveoli, 453, 454–455, 455f disease of, and fungi, 331–333 glycolysis, 113–114 Alzheimer disease, 292, 523 echinoderms, 353–354 Abdominal cavity, 453–454, 454f light reaction and, 102, 102f Amanita, 10t evolution of, 337–341 Abiotic synthesis, 293 production of, 69, 71, 102 Amino, 40f fishes, 356–358 ABO blood type, 503, 503t structure of, 82, 82f Amino acids, 479–480 flatworms, 343–344 Abortion pill, 566 substrate-level ATP synthesis, human evolution, 363–369 Abscisic acid, 393t, 395–396, 395f metabolic pathway, invertebrate, 338 Abscission, 396 114, 114f 121–122, 121f mammals, 360–362 Abstinence, 564, 565t use and production of, 82–84 molluscs, 344–345 Acetyl-CoA, 117 Adhesion junction, 74f, 75 structure and function of, 49–50 reproduction, 557–559 Acetylcholine (ACh), 518 Adhesion of water, 30–31, 30f Ammonia, as base, 34 reptiles, 358–360 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 518 Adipose tissue, 419, 419f, 489–490 Amniocentesis, 227, 228f roundworms, 347–348 Acid-base balance, 459–460 Adrenal cortex, 530–531 Amnion, 571f sponges, 341–343 Acidosis, 35f Adrenal gland, 526f, 530–531 Amniotic egg, 359, 360f vertebrate, 338 Acids Adrenal medulla, 530 Amoebozoa, 306, 306f viruses of, 289–291 Adrenocorticotropic hormone Amphibians, 358, 358f Annelids, 339f, 345–346, 346f buffers and, 35 Annual ring, 382 defined, 33 (ACTH), 527 circulatory system, 435, 435f Anorexia nervosa, 492 pH scale, 34, 34f Adult stem cells, 213 Amygdala, 522, 522f, 523 Anterior pituitary, 527–528, 528f stomach acid, 33 Aerobic metabolism, 110 Anabolic steroids, 48 Anther, 321, 321f, 400f, 401 strength of, 33, 34f Age structure, 589, 589f Anaerobic metabolism, 110 Anthrax, 295 Acoelomates, 340, 340f Analogous structures, 247, Anthropods, 339f Acquired immunodeficiency comparing, 586, 586f Anthropoids, 363 Agglutination, 503 279, 279f Antibiotics syndrome (AIDS). See AIDS Agricultural value of biodiversity, Analogy, 279 bacteria and, 299 (acquired immunodeficiency Anaphase, 131f, 132f, 150f, 151, as enzyme inhibitor, 87 syndrome) 629–630, 630f evolution and antibiotic resistant Actin, 48f, 49, 550, 550f AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency 151f, 152, 153f, 154 Actin filaments, 72, 72f Anatomy bacteria, 235 Action potential, 516–517, 517f syndrome), 568–569, 568f resistance to and directional Active immunity, 506, 506f emerging virus and, 290–291 as evidence for evolution, Active site, 86–87 transmission and treatment of, 246–248 selection, 253–254 Active transport, 91, 91f Antibodies, 48, 444 Acyclovir, 291 509–510, 509f vestigial structures, Adaptation Alagille syndrome, 226 246–248, 247f B cells and antibody response, common descent with Aldosterone, 530 502–503, 502f modification, 8, 8f Algae, 302, 302f Anemia, 442 defined, 6, 240, 241f Algal bloom, 616 Angiogenesis, 136, 140 function of, 503, 503f natural selection and, Alimentary canal, 466 Angiosperms, 312f Anticodon, 194 240–242, 242f Alkaptonuria, 171, 171f Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 529 sensory, 537 Allantois, 571f adaptations and uses of, 323 Antigen-presenting cell (APC), 503 Adaptive immunity, 502–505 Alleles, 147 alternation of generations, Antigens, 444, 499 Adaptive radiation, 271 Addison disease, 531, 531f dominant, 165, 169 314f, 315 ABO blood type, 503 Adenine (A), 52, 52f, 186, 186f, 190 linkage group, 177 flower of, 321 adaptive immunity and, 502–505 structure of DNA and, 186–188 multiple-allele traits, 174 life cycle, 322–323 Antihistamine, 500 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) population genetics and, 257 Anglerfish, 1 Antioxidants, 95, 482 ATP cycle, 82–83, 83f recessive, 165 Animals Antiviral drugs, 291 cellular respiration and, 111–112, X-linked, 178–179 amphibians, 358 Ants, 388–389, 389f 111f, 112f, 113–114, 120 Allergens, 508 annelids, 345–346 Anus, 471 coupled reaction, 83–84, 84f Allergies, 508, 508f arthropods, 348–352 Aorta, 435f, 436 electron transport chain and, 120 Allopatric speciation, 269–270, 270f birds, 359–360 Aortic bodies, 454 as energy carrier, 52 Alternation of generations, cells, 64, 64f, 74–75 Aortic semilunar valve, 436 characteristics of, 10, 10t, Aphids, 388–389, 389f I-1 314–315, 314f, 399, 400f Apical dominance, 393, 394f Alternative mRNA processing, 337, 337f Apical meristem, 373 chordates, 354–356, 355f 201–202, 201f cloning, 212–213, 212f Altitude, 251 cnidarians, 342 Alveolates, 304–305, 304f compared to fungi and plants, 326t cytokinesis, 132, 133f

INDEX I-2 Apoptosis, 134, 135, 135f Attachment, of virus, 288, 289f, Bananas, 392 Biology, 2, 11 Appendicitis, 471 290, 290f Bark, 381–382 Biomass, 614 Appendicular skeleton, 547, 547f Barr body, 156, 199 Bioremediation, 298, 298f Appendix, 471, 498 Australopithecines, 365f, 366 Barriers to entry, 499 Biosphere, 2, 3f, 581, 620, Aquafarming, 639 Australopithecus afarensis, 365, Basal metabolic rate, 80 Aquaporins, 61, 89, 90 Bases 620f, 621f Aquatic ecosystems, 620, 620f 365f, 366f Biosynthesis, of virus, 288, 289f, Aquifers, 636 Australopithecus africanus, 365f buffers and, 35 Arachnids, 349–350, 350f Australopithecus sediba, 365f, 366 defined, 34 290, 290f Archaea Autism, MMR vaccine and, 507 pH scale, 34, 34f Biotechnology Autoimmune diseases, 509 strength of, 34, 34f characteristics of, 9, 10t Autonomic system of PNS, 524–525 Basophils, 443f genetic engineering, 208 structure, 299 Autosomal dominant pedigree, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 332 reproductive cloning, types of, 299–300 BCR-ABL oncogene, 138, 138f Archaeopteryx, 244, 244f, 265 170, 170f Beaches 212–213, 212f Archaeplastids, 302–303 Autosomal recessive disorder, erosion, 634, 634f therapeutic cloning, 212f Architeuthis dux, 59 pollution, 634 transgenic organisms, 208, Ardipithecines, 365–366, 365f 169–170, 170f Beadle, George, 191 Ardipithecus ramidus, Autosomes, 146, 169 Beer, 43, 43f 214–216, 214f Autotrophs, 610 Behavior, 5 Biotic community, 614 365–366, 365f Auxins, 393–394, 393t, 394f Behavioral isolation, 269 Biotic potential, 590, 590f Arteries, 438, 438f AV node, 437 Benign tumor, 140 Biotic synthesis, 293 Avian influenza (H5N1), 17, Beta-carotene, 95, 141 Biotin, 482t plaque in, and cholesterol, 38 Bicarbonate ion, 456 Bipedalism, 364 plaque in, and fats, 46 287–288 Bicuspid valve, 436 Bird flu, 287–288, 291 Arterioles, 438 as emerging virus, 290–291 Bilateral symmetry, 339, 339f Birds, 359–360, 360f–361f Arthritis Axial skeleton, 547, 547f Bile, 469 osteoarthritis, 553 Axon, 422, 422f, 516, 516f Binary fission, 126, 295, 295f anatomy of, 359, 360f rheumatoid, 553 AZT, 291 Binge-eating disorder, 492 beaks, 361f Arthropods, 348–352, 348f–352f Binocular vision, 542 breathing in, 454, 454f Artificial insemination, 567 B Binomial name, 10 Birth, 576, 576f Artificial selection, 242 Biodiversity, 632 Birth control methods, 564–566, Ascaris lumbricoides, 347–348 B cells. See B lymphocytes (B cells) agricultural value of, 629–630, Asexual reproduction, 126, 557, B lymphocytes (B cells), 565t, 566f 630f Birth control pill, 564, 565t 557f 498, 498t as bioethical issue, 16–17, 17f Birth weight, as stabilizing in flowering plants, 407–411, antibody response and, 502–503, biogeochemical cycles and, selection, 253 407f 502f 630–631 Birthrate, 584 Asian carp, 580 characteristics of, 502t climate regulation, 632 Bivalves, 345, 345f Aspartame, 160 B-cell receptor (BCR), 502 consumptive use value, 630, 630f Black bread mold, 327–328, 327f Aspirin, 545 Bacilli, 294 defined, 628 Black widow spider, 350f Assisted reproductive technologies, Bacteria extinction and, 628 Blade (leaf), 377–378, 378f antibiotic resistant and natural fresh water provided by, 631 Blastocyst, 572, 572f 567–568 medicinal value of, 629, 629f Blind spot, 543 Association areas, 521 selection, 7, 8, 235 soil erosion prevention and, Blood Assortative mating, 260–261 bacterial diseases in humans, Aster, 129, 131f 631–632 ABO blood type, 503 Asthma, 450, 453 298–299 value of, 629–630 capillary exchange, 441, 441f Atherosclerosis, 46, 445 characteristics of, 9, 10t waste disposal and, 631 components of, 420–421, 420f, Atomic mass, 23 diversity of, 294–299 Biodiversity hotspots, 628, 628f Atomic number, 23 in environment, 297–298, 297f Bioethics, 16–17 442–443, 442f, 443f Atomic symbol, 23 food irradiation, 25 Biogas, 300 as connective tissue, 420–421 Atomic theory, 23 in food science and Biogeochemical cycles, 614, exchange of gas and, 455, 455f Atoms, 2, 3f function of, 420, 442 biotechnology, 298, 298f 630–631 inheritance of blood type, arrangement of electrons in, nutrition, 296–297 Biogeography, as evidence of 25–26, 25f, 26f as prokaryotic cell, 62–63 174, 174f reproduction of, 295–296 evolution, 239–240, 246 movement in vein, 438–439, 438f defined, 23 role of, 62 Bioinformatics, 218 path of, 439, 439f electronegativity of, 29 in root nodules, 386 Biological magnification, 643, 643f plasma, 442 period table, 23–24, 23f sexually transmitted diseases, Biological molecules, 39, 41–53 platelets and blood clotting, structure of, 23, 23f Biological organization valence shell, 26 569–570 444–445 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate structure of, 62–63, 63f, categories of classification, 9, 9t pulmonary and systemic circuits, in human body, 415–416, 415f (ATP) 294–295, 294f levels of, 2, 3f 439–440 ATP cycle, 82–83, 83f transgenic, 214f Biological species concept, 266–269 sickle-cell disease, 52–53, 53f Atrioventricular valves, 435–436 Bacteriophages, reproduction of, transportation and exchange of Atrium, 435, 435f 288 gas, 455–456 Balance, sense of, 541, 541f water as component of, 30f, 31 Ball-and-socket joints, 551, 552f Blood doping, 443 Balloon angioplasty, 446, 446f Blood pressure, 437–438, 441 high, 445

I-3 INDEX Blood vessels, 437–440, 438f Callus, 408 Carbon cycle, 617–618, 617f Cell plate, 132, 133f Body. See Human body Calorie, 80 Carbon dioxide Cell recognition proteins, 61, 61f Body mass index, 488–490 Calvin cycle reactions Cell reproduction Bolus, 467 breathing rate and, 454 Bonds fixation of carbon dioxide, carbon cycle and, 617–618, 617f basics of, 126, 126f 103–104 cellular respiration, 111–112, cancer and, 136–141 carbon-carbon, 40 cell cycle control systems, covalent, 27, 27f overview of, 98f, 99, 103, 103f 111f, 112f hydrogen, 29, 29f reduction of carbon dioxide, 104 exchange of gas and, 454–455, 134–135 ionic, 26–27, 26f regeneration of RuBP, 104 cell cycle overview, 128, 128f peptide, 49, 49f Calvin, Melvin, 103 455f chromatin to chromosomes, 127 Bone marrow transplant, 213 Calyx, 321, 321f fixation of, in Calvin cycle, cytokinesis, 132–133 Bone marrow, red bone marrow, CAM photosynthesis, 106, 106f mitosis, 129–133 Cambrian period, 273t 103–104 Cell suspension culture, 408 497–498, 548 Camera-type eyes, 542, 542f forests absorption of, 104 Cell theory, 62, 126, 293–294 Bones. See also Musculoskeletal Cancer, 136–142 global warming, 640 Cell transport, 88–91 absence of telomere shortening, in photosynthesis equation, 28, active transport, 91 system passive transport, 88–91 compact, 420 138 97, 97f Cell wall as connective tissue, breast, 140f reduction of, in Calvin animal, 74–75 cell cycle and, 136–139 plant, 74 419f, 420 characteristics of cancer cells, cycle, 104 prokaryotic cells, 63, 63f function of, 545–546 transportation and exchange of Cell-signaling, 202–203, 203f skeletal muscle moving bones at 139–140, 139f Cells, 2, 3f, 415 chromosomal rearrangements gas, 455–456 animal cell, 64–65, 64f, 74–75 joints, 551–553, 551f Carbon monoxide poisoning, 120 cell respiration, 110–122 structure of, 548, 548f and, 138, 138f Carboniferous period, 273t, cell transport, 88–91 Bony fish, 357, 358f classification of, 139 energy for, 82–85 Borborygmi, 469 defined, 136 318–319, 318f entropy and, 81, 81f Bottleneck effect, 262, 262f development of, 136, 136f Carboxyl, 40, 40f eukaryotic, 64–73 Botulism, 296 of epithelial tissue, 418 Carcinogenesis, 136 of immune system, 498t, 499 Bovine growth hormone (BGH), 215 genes associated with, 125, Carcinogens, 138 junctions between, 75 Bowel, 471 Carcinomas, 139 metabolic pathways and Brain 138–139 Cardiac cycle, 436–437, 436f brain stem, 522 growth factor and, 137 Cardiac muscle, 421, 421f, 548 enzymes, 85–87 cerebellum, 522 lymph nodes and, 498 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 478, origin of, 293–294, 293f cerebrum, 521 normal cells compared with, 139f plant cell, 65, 65f, 74, 373–375 comparison of, 520, 520f prevention of, 141–142 491–492 plasma membrane, 59–61, diencephalon, 521 proto-oncogenes become Cardiovascular system Brain stem, 520f, 522 60f, 61f BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutation, 138 oncogenes, 137, 137f capillary exchange, 441, 441f prokaryotic, 62–63 Breast cancer, 140f transposons, 139 as closed circulatory system, 433 structural components of, 44, 44f Breathing, 453–454, 454f treatment for, 140–141 defined, 424, 424f surface-area-to-volume ratio and, Bronchi, 453 tumor suppressor genes become disorders of, 445–446 Bronchioles, 453 homeostasis and, 426 58–59, 58f, 59f Bronchitis, 453 inactive, 137, 137f pulmonary circuit, 439, 439f Cellular respiration, 71 Brown algae, 303–304, 303f Candida albicans, 332, 570 systemic circuit, 439f, 440 Bryophytes, 315–316, 315f Canola oil, 46f Carnivores, 467, 610, 610f alternative metabolic pathways, Budding, 342 Capillaries, 438, 438f Carnivorous plants, 372 121–122 Buffer, 35 Capillary exchange, 441, 441f Carotenoids Bulbourethral glands, 561 Capsaicin, 79, 311 color of fall leaves, 95 citric acid cycle, 112, 118 Bulimia nervosa, 492 Capsid, 287, 287f in photosynthesis, 100 electron transport chain, 112, Bullhorn acacia, 606–607, 607f Capsule, 63, 63f Carotid bodies, 454 Burgess Shale, 27 Carbohydrates, 41f Carpels, 321, 321f, 400f, 401, 401f 119–120 Bursa, 551, 552f Carriers, 170, 179 energy yield from, 121, 121f Bursitis, 553 defined, 42 Carrying capacity, 584, 591 glycolysis, 112, 112f, 113–114 Butter, 46, 46f digestion of, 473–474, 474f Cartilage, 420 overview of, 111–112, 111f, 112f disaccharides, 43, 43f Cartilaginous fish, 357, 357f preparatory reaction, 112, 117 C fiber, 44, 477, 477f Caveman diet, 490 Cellulose, 44 health and, 478 Celiac disease, 465 Cenozoic era, 273t C3 plant, 105, 105f monosaccharides, 42, 42f Cell body, 422, 422f, 516, 516f Central nervous system (CNS) C4 plant, 105–107, 105f, 106f polysaccharides, 43–45, 44f Cell cycle brain, 520–522 Calcitonin, 529 produced in photosynthesis, apoptosis, 134, 135f defined, 515 Calcium cancer and, 136–139 limbic system, 522–523 96, 97 checkpoints, 134, 134f overview of, 520 as element of living organisms, 22 role of, 476–477 cytokinesis, 132–133 Centrioles, 64f, 72–73, 73f, 129 muscle contraction and, 550 Carbon internal and external signals, Centromere, 127, 127f regulation of, 530 carbon skeleton and functional Centrosome, 72, 72f 134–135 spindles and, 129–130 groups, 40, 40f interphase, 128–129 Cephalization, 339 characteristics of, 39–40 mitosis, 129–133 as element of living organisms, 22f Cell membrane, phospholipids and, model of, 25f 47, 47f

INDEX I-4 Cephalopods, 345 Chordates, 339f Citric acid cycle, 112, 112f, Color blindness, as X-linked Cerebellum, 520f, 522 characteristics of, 354 118, 118f recessive disorder, 179, 180 Cerebral cortex, 521, 521f evolutionary trends, Cerebrum, 520f, 521 356, 356f Clade, 280 Colossal squid, 59 Cervical cap, 565 invertebrate, 354–355, 355f Cladistics, 280–281, 281f Columnar epithelium, Cervix, 562, 562f Cladograms, 280–281, 280f Channel proteins, 61, 61f Chorion, 571f, 572 Clark’s nutcracker, 607, 607f 417–418, 417f Chara, 311, 311f Chorionic villi, 575, 575f Class, as category of classification, Commensalism, 604t, 605 Character displacement, Chorionic villi sampling (CVS), Common ancestor, 267 9, 9t, 277f, 278 Community, 2, 3f, 581 606, 606f 227, 228f Classification categories, 9, 9t, Chargaff, Erwin, 186 Chromatid, 128 climax community, 603 Chargaff’s rules, 186–187 Chromatin, 66 277–278, 277f coevolution, 601–602 Charophytes, 311, 313f Clavicle, 547 competition, 605–606 Chase, Martha, 185 cell division and, 127, 127f Cleavage, 572 defined, 601 Checkpoints, cell cycle, 134, 134f condensation, 199 Climate diversity of, 602–603 Chemical bonds, 26–27 Chromium, 122 ecological niche, 605 Chemical cycling, 614–619 Chromosomal disorders biodiversity and regulation ecological succession, 603–604 chromosomal mutations, of, 632 mutualism, 606–608 carbon cycle, 617–618 native vs. exotic species, in ecosystem, 4, 4f 224–226 fossil fuels and global climate model for, 614–619, 615f testing for, 227–228 change, 639–640 608–609 nitrogen cycle, 616–617 Chromosomal theory of species composition and, 602, overview, 611–612 Climate change, 18, 276, 618, 619f phosphorus cycle, 615–616 inheritance, 165 global, 600 602f Chemical reactions, 28 Chromosomes species richness, 602 Chemoautotrophs, 296, 610, 611 Climax community, 603, 603f stability of, 608–609 Chemoheterotrophs, 297, 325 abnormal chromosome Clitoris, 562 succession, 603–604 Chemoreceptors, 537–538, 538f inheritance, 156–157 Cloaca, 360 Compact bone, 420, 548, 548f Chemotherapy, 140 Clonal selection model, 502 Companion cell, 375 Chickenpox, 290 compaction of, 127, 127f Cloning Competition, 592 Chiloglottis trapeziformis, composition of, 66 character displacement, defined, 126 first cloned sheep, 212–213 601–602, 601f deletion, 224–225, 224f plants, 407 606, 606f Chitin, 44, 348 diploid number of, 146 reproductive, 212–213, 212f in community ecology, Chlamydia, 569–570 duplication, 225, 225f therapeutic, 212f Chlamydomonas, 302, 303f gender determination of humans Closed circulatory system, 604t, 605–606 Chlorine, in sodium chloride niche specialization, 606 and, 178 433, 434f resource partitioning, 606 formation, 26–27, 26f haploid number of, 146 Clostridium tetani, 298–299 Competitive exclusion principle, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), homologous, 146–147 Club fungi, 328, 328f inversion, 226, 226f Club moss, 316–317 605–606, 606f 641–642 karyotyping, 227–228 Clumped distribution, 588 Complement system, 501, 501f Chlorophyll linkage groups, 177, 177f Cnidarians, 339, 339f, 342, 342f Complementary base pairing, 52, meiosis, 146–157 Coal age plants, 318–319, 318f color of leaves and, 95, 100f number of, and complexity of Cocaine, nervous system and, 188, 188f in photosynthesis, 97, 100 Compound eyes, 542, 542f Chloroplasts, 65, 65f organism, 127 519, 519f Compounds, 26 energy flow and, 84–85, 85f rearrangements of, and cancer, Cocci, 294, 294f Conclusion, 11f, 13–14 photosynthesis and, 97, 97f Cochlea, 539–540, 539f Condoms, 565, 569 structure and function of, 138, 138f Coconut, 406 Conduction deafness, 540 sex, 146, 146f, 178 Codominance, 174 Cones, 320, 543, 543f 69–70, 70f translocation, 138, 138f, Codon, 192 Conifers, 320–321, 320f Choanocytes, 341 Coelom, 340, 466 Conjugation, 296 Choanoflagellates, 307, 307f 225–226, 225f Coelomate, 340–341, 340f Conjugation pili, 296 X chromosome, 146, 178–180 Coenzyme A (CoA), 112, 112f Connective tissue, 416, 416f 338, 338f Y chromosome, 146, 178–180 Coenzymes, in cellular respiration, Cholesterol, 479, 491–492 Chronic myelogenous leukemia blood, 420–421 112 defined, 419 fiber and, 44 (CML), 138, 138f Coevolution, 601, 601f loose fibrous and related, heart disease and, 38 Chyme, 469 Cofactors, 386 high-density lipoproteins Chytrids, 326–327, 326f Cohesion-tension model, 387, 387f 419–420 Cialis, 560 Cohesion, of water, 30–31, 30f Conservation biology, 582, 627 (HDLs), 38 Cigarette smoking, cancer and, 138, Coleochaete, 311, 313f Conservation of energy, 80 hypercholesterolemia, familial, Collagen, 74, 74f, 419, 475 Constipation, 471 141 Consumers, 4, 4f, 610, 610f 173, 173f Cilia, 73–74, 73f, 452, 452f as fibrous protein, 51 Contact inhibition, 135 low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), Ciliates, 304 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 172 Continental drift, 275–276, 276f Circulatory systems Collar cells, 341 Continuous ambulatory peritoneal 38 Collecting duct, 458f, 459 as precursor of steroids, 48 closed, 433 Collenchyma cells, 374, 374f dialysis (CAPD), 461–462 reducing, 479t human cardiovascular system, Colon, 471 Contraceptive implants, 565, 565t role of, 38 Colonial flagellate hypothesis, Contraceptive injections, 565, 565t structure and function of, 47f, 48 435–446 Contraceptive vaccines, 566 open, 433 338, 338f in vertebrates, 433–435 Cirrhosis, 473

I-5 INDEX Cytoplasm, 63f Diabetes mellitus, 459 structure and function of, 51–52, glycolysis and, 113–114 overview of, 531 52f, 186–188 Contractile proteins, 48 type 1 diabetes, 531–532 Control group, 13 Cytosine (C), 52, 52f, 186, 186f, type 2 diabetes, 532 testing for genetic disorders, Control systems of human body, 190 228–229, 228f Dialysate, 461–462 424–425, 424f structure of DNA and, 186–188 Dialysis, 461–462 transcription, 193–194 Controlled study, 14–15, 14f Cytoskeleton, 64f, 65, 72 Diaphragm (anatomical), 453, 454f viral reproduction and, 288, 289f Convergent evolution, 279–280 Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells), 498t, Diaphragm (birth control), 565, Watson and Crick model, Copulation, 558 Coral reefs, 342 504–505, 505f 566f 187–188, 187f Cork cambium, 373, 382 Diarrhea, 472 DNA analysis, 210–211 Cork cells, 382 D Diastole, 436–437 DNA fingerprinting, 210–211, 210f Cornea, 542, 542f Diastolic blood pressure, 445 DNA ligase, 189 Corolla, 321, 321f Dams, 635–636 Diencephalon, 520f, 521 DNA microarray, 228–229, 229f Coronary bypass operation, Darwin, Charles, 7–8 Diet, 475. See also Nutrition DNA polymerase, 189 DNA replication, 126, 128, 129, 446, 446f background of, 236–237, 236f to prevent cancer, 141–142 Corpus luteum, 563, 563f natural selection and adaptation, Dietary supplements, 485–487 129f, 189–190, 189f Cortex, plant, 379–380, 383f, 384 Dieting, 490 DNA sequencing, 209, 217f, 229 Cortisol, 530–531 240–242, 252, 252f Diffusion DNA technology Cotyledons, 323, 376, 404 study of geology, fossils, Coupled reaction, 83–84, 84f facilitated, 89, 89f DNA fingerprinting, 210–211, Covalent bond, 27, 27f biogeography, 238–240 simple, 88, 89f 210f Wallace and, 243–244 Digestive enzymes, 473–474, 474f electronegativity and, 29 Darwin’s finches, 271, 271f Digestive system, 424, 424f, polymerase chain reaction polar, 29, 29f Data, 13 (PCR), 209–210, 209f Coxal bones, 547 Daughter cell, 126 466–474, 466f–467f Cranial nerves, 523, 523f Daughter chromosomes, 129, 129f, accessory organs, 472–473 recombinant DNA (rDNA), Cranium, 547 complete and incomplete, 466 208–209, 208f Creatine, 84 130, 131f digestive juices, 473–474, 474f Cretaceous period, 273t, 276 Death rate, 584 functions of, 466 Dogs, 336 Cri du chat (cat’s cry) syndrome, Deciduous plants, 377 homeostasis and, 426 Domain Decomposers, 4, 4f, 611, 611f organs of, 467–472 224–225 Default sex, 574 tube-within-a-tube plan, 466 as category of classification, 9, Crick, Francis, 187–188, 187f Deficiency disorder, 475 Dihybrid, 167 9t, 10t, 277f, 278 CRISPR, 207, 211, 211f Deforestation, 635, 635f Dioecious, 401 Cristae, 71, 117f Dehydration synthesis reaction Diploid number, 146 three-domain system, 281–282, Directional selection, 252f, 253–254 282f organization of, 120, 120f defined, 42, 42f Disaccharides, 43, 43f Cro-Magnons, 368–369 of fat, 45, 45f Diseases Domain Archaea Cross-pollination, 403 peptides, 49f bacterial diseases in humans, characteristics of, 7f, 9, 10t Crossing-over, 149–150, 149f Delayed allergic response, 508 three-domain system and, Cruetzfeldt-Jakob syndrome, 292 Deletion, chromosomes, 298–299 281–282, 282f Crustaceans, 349, 350f emerging diseases, 17–18 Cuboidal epithelium, 417, 417f 224–225, 224f emerging viruses and, 290–291 Domain Bacteria Culture, 366 Demographic transition, 585 fungi causing, 331–333 characteristics of, 7f, 9, 10t Cushing syndrome, 531 Demographics, 589–590 Disruptive selection, 252f, 254, 255f three-domain system and, Cutaneous receptors, 544–545, Denatured protein, 51 Distal convoluted tubule, 281–282, 282f Dendrite, 422, 422f, 516, 516f 544f, 545f Dendrogamma, 1 458f, 459 Domain Eukarya Cuticle, 373 Denisovans, 367–368 Diuretic, 460 characteristics of, 7f, 9, 10t Cuvier, Georges, 237 Denitrification, 617 Diversity, of communities, 602–603 kingdoms of, 9, 10t Cyanide, as enzyme inhibitor, 87 Dense fibrous tissue, 419–420, 419f DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 5 three-domain system and, Cyanobacteria, 96, 96f, 97, 296, Density-dependent factors, 281–282, 282f Chargaff’s rules, 186–187 296f 592–594, 593f compared to RNA, 191t Domestic livestock, 638–639, 638f Cyclins, 134, 202 Density-independent factors, 592, 592f as evidence for evolution, 248 Dominant alleles, 165, 169 Cymbalta, 518 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA flow of genetic information, Dopamine, drug abuse and, 519 Cystic fibrosis Dormancy, 395 (deoxyribonucleic acid) 192–197, 192f Dorsal root ganglion, 523 as autosomal recessive disorder, Deoxyribose, 42 Franklin’s X-ray diffraction Double fertilization, 322, 402f, 403 170–171, 171f Depressants, 518 Double-blind study, 15 Desertification, 634–635, 635f data, 187 Doubling time, 584 causes of, 88 Detrital food web, 612, 613f gene mutation, 222–223 Down syndrome, 155–156, 155f gene therapy, 232–233 Detritus, 611 genetic code, 192–193 Cytochrome c, 248, 248f Deuterostomes, 340, 340f, 353–362 genetic marker, 228, 228f characteristics of, 221 Cytokines, 502–503 Development, 5 as genetic material, 185, 185f gene causing, 225 Cytokinesis, 131, 132–133 Devonian period, 273t Human Genome Project, karyotype of, 227 in animal cells, 132, 133f Diabetes maternal age and, 156 defined, 128 216–218 translocation, 225 in plant cells, 132–133 gestational, 532 intergenic DNA, 216 Drug abuse, nervous system and, Cytokinins, 393t, 395 type 1 diabetes, 491 replication of, 189–190 type 2 diabetes, 491 518–520 Dry fruit, 404, 405f DScam gene, 202 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, as X-linked disorder, 180, 180f

INDEX I-6 Duodenum, 469, 472 Electronegativity, 29 Endosperm, 322 Epistatic interaction, 177 Duplication, chromosomes, Electrons Endospores, 296 Epithelial tissue, 416, 416f, Endosymbiosis, 70 225, 225f arrangement of, in atoms, 25–26, Endosymbiotic theory, 301 417–418, 417f, 418f Dyads, 148f, 149 25f, 26f Endotherms, 359 Epithelium, 417 Dynein, 72, 72f Energy EPSA1 gene, 251 Dysentery, 299 covalent bonding, 27, 27f Equilibrium species, 595 defined, 23, 23f of activation, 87 Equisetum, 318 E electronegativity, 29 ATP cycle, 82–83, 83f Erectile dysfunction (ED), 560 ionic bonding, 26–27, 26f for cells, 82–85 Erection, 560 E. coli. See Escherichia coli light reactions and, 100–101, conservation law of, 80 Erosion Earthworms, 346, 346f coupled reaction, 83–84, 84f Eating disorders, 492, 492f 101f defined, 2, 80 beach, 634, 634f Ebola virus, 286, 291 octet rule, 26 energy flow in ecosystem, 4, 4f biodiversity and prevention of, Ecdysis, 347 Elements entropy and, 81 Ecdysozoans, 340, 347–352 atomic structure, 23, 23f flow of, 84–85, 85f 631–632 Echinoderms, 339f, 353–354, 353f defined, 22 fossil fuels and global climate food production and, 637–638 Ecological niche, 605, 605f isotopes, 24 Erythrocytes, 442–443, 443f Ecological pyramid, 613–614, 614f of living organisms, 22, 22f change, 639–640 Erythropoietin, 443 Ecological succession, 603–604 periodic table, 23–24, 23f intake and output of body, Escherichia coli, 9, 10t, 25, 62, 185, Ecology source of, 22 Elephant, 125 488–489 185f, 294f, 297, 471, 608 basic concepts of, 581, 581f Elephantiasis, 348 kinetic, 80, 80f enzymes for lactose metabolism biodiversity, 628–632 Elongation cycle, 195–196, 195f laws of, 80–81 as biological science, 582 Embolus, 445 measuring, 80 and, 197, 198f of communities, 601–609 Embryo polysaccharides as energy Esophagus, 467, 467f, 472f defined, 581 development of, 570–576, 572f Essential amino acids, 479–480 of ecosystems, 610–619 gastrulation and neurulation, storage molecules, 43–44, 44f Essential dietary fatty acids, 478 extinction, 595–596 potential, 80, 80f Essential nutrient, 475 life history patterns, 595–596, 595f 573–574 radiant, 99f Estrogen, 563–564, 564f population growth, 588–591 organ formation, 574, 574f renewable sources of, 640–641 resources and pollution, 632–643 plant, 403, 404f Energy flow, 612–614 structure and function of, succession, 603–604 testing for genetic disorders, Energy laws, 80–81 47–48, 47f sustainable society, 643–646 Energy of activation, 87 Ecosystems, 2, 3f 230–231, 230f Enhancer, 201 Estuary, 621 aquatic ecosystems, 620 Embryo sac, 402, 402f Entropy, 81 Ethyl alcohol, 43, 43f, 116 autotrophs, 610 Embryonic stem cells, 213 Environmental factors Ethylene, 393t, 396, 396f biosphere, 620 Emergency contraception, 566 gene mutations and, 222 Euchromatin, 200 chemical cycling and energy Emerging virus, 290–291, 291f phenotype and, 175–176 Eudicots, 376–377, 376f Emphysema, 453, 455 Environmental impact, population flow in, 4, 4f Empty-calorie foods, 476 development of seeds in, 403, coevolution and, 601–602 Emulsification, 469–470 growth and, 587, 587f 404f defined, 581 Endemic goiter, 529, 529f Environmental science, 582 energy flow and chemical Endocrine glands, 472, 526–532 Enzymatic proteins, 61, 61f germination, 405–406, 406f Endocrine system, 424f, 425, Enzyme inhibition, 87 root, 383f, 384 cycling, 611–614, 611f Enzymes Eugenics, 231 heterotrophs, 610–611 526–532 Euglena, 10t human influence on, 17 action of hormones, 514, active site of, 86–87 Eukarya, 10, 10t primary productivity, 621–622 defined, 86 Eukaryotes terrestrial, 621 526–527 energy of activation, 87, 87f cell-signaling, 202–203, 203f Ecotourism, 632, 632f adrenal gland, 530–531 enzymatic action, 86–87, 86f evolution of, 301, 301f Ectoderm, 573, 573f as control system, 514, 514f in eukaryotic cells, 64 gene expression in, 199–203, Ectothermic, 359 homeostasis and, 426 function of, 48 Edema, 461 hypothalamus and pituitary as globular proteins, 51 199f, 200f Egg, 557 induced fit model, 86 Eukaryotic cells, 64–73 testing for genetic disorders, gland, 527–529 inhibition of, 87 overview of, 526 restriction enzymes, 208, 208f centrioles, 72–73, 73f 230–231, 231f pancreas, 531–532 Eocene epoch, 273t cilia and flagella, 73–74, 73f Ejaculation, 561 summary of, 532t Eosinophils, 443f cytoskeleton, 65, 72 Elastin, 74 thyroid and parathyroid gland, Epidermal growth factor, 135 defined, 62 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 437 Epidermal tissue, plants, 373–374, DNA replication, 189–190, 190f Electron microscope, 57–58, 57f 529–530 endomembrane system, 64–65, Electron shell, 25–26, 25f, 26f Endoderm, 573, 573f 374f, 383f, 384 Electron transport chain Endodermis, plants, 383f, 384 Epidermis, 373, 417–418 68, 69f Endomembrane system, 64–65, Epididymis, 559, 560f energy-related organelles, 9–71, in cellular respiration, 112, 112f, Epigenetic inheritance, 200, 238 119–120, 119f, 120f 68, 69f Epiglottis, 452f, 453, 467, 467f 65, 70f Endometriosis, 567 Epinephrine, 530 gene expression in, 196f light reactions, 101–103, 102f Endometrium, 562 Episodic memory, 522–523 motor proteins and, 72 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 64f, nucleus, 64–65, 66–67, 66f, 67f organelles, 64 65, 65f, 67, 67f, 68, 68f, 69f plasma membrane, 59–61, 60f, 61f Endoskeleton, 546 ribosomes, 67, 67f vacuoles, 69, 70f vesicles, 65

I-7 INDEX Eumetazoans, 339 Exponential growth, 590, 590f Ferns, 312, 313f, 314f, 315, Follicle-stimulating hormone Eutrophication, 616 External fertilization, 558 317–318, 317f (FSH), 561, 563, 564f Evergreens, 377 Extinction Evolution, 6–10 Fertilization, 146, 571–572, 571f Follicular phase, 563, 564f biodiversity and, 628 double, 322 Food, 4. See also Nutrition adaptation, 240–242, 241f, 242f as bioethical issue, 16–17 external, 558 anatomical evidence, 246–248 defined, 595 seed plants, 319 agricultural value of biodiversity, of animals, 337–341 humans influence on, 596 629–630 antibiotic resistant bacteria mass, 275–276 Fertilizer, 386 natural selection and, 240 Fetus biological magnification and, 235 of vertebrates and invertebrates, and, 643 biogeographical evidence of, 246 development of, 575–576 bottleneck effect and, 262 336 testing for genetic disorders, from cloned animals, 213 chordates, 356, 356f vulnerability to, 595, 596f domestic livestock, 638–639, 638f coevolution, 601–602 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 229–231 fishing, 639, 639f common descent with Fever, 500 fruit, 324 74–75, 74f Fiber, 477, 477f fungi as, 330 modification, 8 Extraembryonic membrane, 558 genetic engineering, 638 convergent, 279–280 Ey gene, 201, 201f cellulose as, 44 green revolutions, 638 before Darwin, 237–238 Eyes cholesterol and, 44 harmful farming methods, 637 Darwin’s and, 236–237, 238–244 insoluble, 45 rural sustainability and, 644–645 defined, 7 camera-type, 542 soluble, 45 soil loss and degradation, evolutionary tree, 7, 7f color, 176–177, 176f Fibrinogen, 444 fitness and, 241–242 compound, 542 Fibroblasts, 419 637–638 fossil evidence, 244–245 human, 542–544 Fibrous proteins, 51 water used to produce, 636 fungi, 325f LASIK surgery, 544 Fibrous tissue, 419–420, 419f Food chains, 614, 614f gene flow, 260 Fibula, 547 Food irradiation, 25 in genetic context, 257–260 F Fight-or-flight response, 525 Food web, 612–614, 613f genetic drift, 261–262, 261f Filament, 321, 321f, 400f, 401 Formed elements, 442–445, 443f genetic mutation, 260 F2 fitness, 269 Filter feeder, 342 Fossil fuels gradualistic model of, 274–275 Facial bones, 547 Filtration, in kidneys, 458f, 459 acid deposition and, 34 Hardy-Weinberg principle, 259 Facilitated diffusion, 89, 89f Fimbriae, 562 carbon cycle and, 617f, 618 of humans, 363–369 FAD, 112 Finches, Darwin’s study of, 240, 240f Fossil record, 244–245 of jaws, 356–358, 356f FAD+, 119 Fire, 582, 582f Fossils, 238–239, 238f, 239f of land plants, 312–314, 313f FADH2, 112, 119 Fish, 356–358, 356f–358f Darwin’s study of, 238–239 macroevolution, 266–272 Family, as category of classification, circulatory system in, 433–434, defined, 272 mass extinction, 275–276 as evidence of evolution, microevolution, 257–262 9, 9t, 277f, 278 435f molecular evidence of, 248 Fat-soluble vitamins, 483t gills, 455, 456f 244–245 mosaic evolution, 366 Fat, body, 478 Fishing, 639, 639f geological timescale and, natural selection and, 7–8, Fitness, 241–242, 252 glucose metabolized to, 43 F2 fitness, 269 272–274, 272f, 273t 240–242, 252–256 maintaining healthy weight, sexual selection and, 254 transitional links, 244 nonrandom mating and, 260–261 Five-kingdom system, 281 Founder effect, 262, 262f pace of, 274–275, 274f 489–490, 490f Flagella, 73–74, 73f, 295, 295f Fovea, 543 photosynthesis and, 106–107 synthesis and breakdown of, 45f Flagellum, 63, 63f Frameshift mutation, 223 as principle, 14 Fat, dietary, 45–46. See also Lipids Flatworms, 339f, 343–344, 344f Franklin, Rosalind, 186, 187, 187f speciation and, 240, 266–272 cardiovascular disease and, Fleming, Alexander, 12 Freckles, 260, 260f systematics, 277–282 Fleshy fruit, 404, 405f Fronds, 317 taxonomy and systematics, 9–10 491–492 Flint water crisis, 626 Fructose, 42, 43 Wallace and, 243–244 digestion of, 474, 474f Flowering plants, 321–324, Fruit, 323, 324 Evolutionary tree, 7, 7f, 10, reducing, 49t seed dispersal and, 404–405, trans, 478 321f–324f 274–275, 274f types of, 478 asexual reproduction in, 404f, 405f Ex vivo gene therapy, 232, 232f Fatty acids types of, 404–405 Excavata, 305, 305f metabolic pathway, 407–411, 407f Fruiting body, 328 Exchange pool, 614 life cycle overview, 402f Fukushima Nuclear Facility, 24, 24f Exercise, benefits for joint 121–122, 121f sexual reproduction in, 399–406 Functional groups, 40, 40f omega-3 fatty acid, 46 Flowers Fungi disorder, 553 saturated, 46, 46f anatomy of, 321, 321f, characteristics of, 10, 10t, Exocrine gland, 472 structure and function, 45–46 Exophthalmos, 529, 529f unsaturated, 46, 46f 400–401, 400f 325–326, 326–329, 326f Exoskeleton, 348, 546, 546f Feathers, 359, 360f in evolution of land plants, chytrids, 326–327 Exotic species, 608–609, 609f Feedback inhibition, 87, 87f club or sac (mushrooms), Experiment, 11f, 12 Female condom, 565, 566f 312–313, 313f Experimental design, 12–13 Female gametophytes, 402f, 403 Fluid-mosaic model, 60, 60f 328–329 Experimental variable, 12–13 Female reproductive system, Flukes, 344 compared to plants and Expiration, 454, 454f Fluorescent immunohistochemistry 562–564, 562f–563f animals, 326t Femur, 547 in situ hybridization as disease-causing organisms, Fermentation, 43, 43f, (FISH), 227f Folic acid, 482t 331–333 115–116, 116f Follicle, 562 ecological benefits of, 329–330 economic benefits of, 330

INDEX I-8 evolution of, 325f flow of genetic information, Human Genome Project, chitin, 44 mutualistic relationships, 192–197, 192f 216–218 disaccharides and, 43, 43f energy yield from metabolism 329–330 Hox genes, 248 incomplete dominance, 173–174 mycorrhizal, 330 mutations of, 222–223 law of independent assortment, of, 121–122, 121f peppers and, 311 regulatory gene, 198, 198f fermentation, 115–116, 116f plant roots and, 386 Genetic code, 192–193 166 metabolic pathway, 121–122, 121f zygospore (black bread mold), Genetic counseling, 226–227 law of segregation, 164 in photosynthesis equation, 28 Genetic disorders linkage groups, 177 polysaccharides and, 44, 44f 327–328 chromosomal mutations, meiosis, 146–157 as product of Calvin cycle, 104 Fusion and entry, of virus, 290f Mendel’s laws, 161–173 structure and characteristics of, 224–226 multiple-allele traits, 174 G disorders of interest, 170–173 one-trait inheritance, 162–166 42, 42f Down Syndrome, 155–156, pleiotropy, 177 Glucose phosphate, 104 G3P polygenic inheritance, 174–176 Gluten, 465 fate of, 104, 104f 155f, 221 rule of multiplication, 167–168 Glycemic index, 478 production of, in Calvin cycle, family pedigree and, 169–170 sex-linked inheritance, 178–180 Glycerol 103, 104 gene mutation, 222–223 sexual reproduction, 146–157 gene therapy, 232–233 testing for genetic disorders, metabolic pathway, 121–122, 121f Galactose, 42 testing for, 226–231 structure and function, Galápagos Islands, 239–240, 606 Genetic drift, 261–262, 261f 226–231 Genetic engineering, 208, 638 transgenic organisms, 45–46, 45f adaptive radiation and finches of, Genetic marker, 228, 228f Glycogen, 44, 44f 271, 271f Genetic mutation, 260 214–216, 214f Glycolysis Genetic profile, 228–229 two-trait inheritance, 166–167 Gallbladder, 469, 470f Genetic testing Genital herpes, 569 defined, 112, 112f Gamete, 568 for cancer associated genes, 139 Genital warts, 569 energy investment step, Gamete intrafallopian transfer of DNA, 228–229 Genome, 216 DNA microarray, 228–229 Human Genome Project, 113, 113f (GIFT), 568 of egg, 230–231, 231f energy-harvesting step, Gamete isolation, 269 of embryo, 230–231, 230f 216–218 Gametes, 145 of fetus, 229–230 Genome editing, 207, 211, 211f 114, 114f Gametophyte, 314, 314f, 399 genetic marker, 228, 228f Genomics, 216–218 substrate-level ATP synthesis, Gamma globulin, 507 karyotyping, 227–228 Genotype, 258, 259f Gamma-aminobutyric acid over-the-counter tests, 229 Genotype, 165 114, 114f for a protein, 228 Glycoproteins, 60 (GABA), 518 Genetically engineered plants, 392, defined, 165 Goiter, endemic, 529, 529f Gap junction, 74f, 75 versus phenotype, 165–166, 166t Golgi apparatus, 65, 68, 69f Garrod, Archibald, 191 408–411, 409f–410f, 409t Genus, as category of classification, Golgi tendon, 544 Gaseous cycle, 614 Genetically modified organisms Golgi, Camillo, 68 Gastric reflux disease, 469 9, 9t, 277f, 278 Gonadotropic hormone, 527, 561 Gastropods, 344 (GMOs), 208, 214–216 Geological timescale, 272–274, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 561 Gastrula, 573 Genetically modified plants (GMPs), Gonads, 557 Gastrulation, 573, 573f 272f, 273t Gonorrhea, 570 Gause, G. F., 606 408–411, 409f–410f, 409t Geomyces destructans, 332 Gradualistic model of evolution, Gender Genetics Geothermal energy, 640 Germ layers, 339, 573, 573f 274 determination of, in humans, abnormal chromosome Germinate, 405 Grana, 97, 97f 178, 574 inheritance, 156–157 Gestation period, 558 Grant, Peter, 240 Gestational diabetes, 532 Grant, Rosemary, 240 sexual selection and, 254, 255f asthma susceptibility and, 450 Giant squid, 59 Granum, 70, 70f Gene expression cellular reproduction, 126–139 Giardia, 305 Granzymes, 504–505 chromosomal mutations, Gibberellins, 393t, 394–395, 395f Grasshopper, 351–352, 352f from DNA to RNA to protein, Gills, 455, 456f Gravitational equilibrium, 541 192–197 224–226 Glands, 418 Gravitropism, 397, 398f cloning and stem cells, 212–213 Global warming, 18, 618, 618f Grazing food web, 612, 613f in eukaryotes, 199–203, DNA and RNA structure and Green revolution, 638 199f, 200f fossil fuels and, 639–640 Green tea, 485 function, 191–196 Globular proteins, 51 Greenhouse, 99 levels of control, 197–203 environment and phenotype, Glomerular capsule, 457, 458f Greenhouse effect, 18, 618 in prokaryotes, 197–198 Glottis, 453 Greenhouse gases, 619, 640 in specialized cells, 175–176 Glucagon, 472 Ground tissue, 373, 374, 374f epigenetic inheritance, 200 Grow-lights, 99 197–198, 197f evolution in genetic context, function of, 531 Growth factors summary of, 196–197, 196f regulation of blood glucose transcription, 193–194 257–260 cancer and, 137 translation, 194–196 gene expression, 185–197 level, 531f proto-oncogenes and cancer, 137 Gene flow, 260, 261f gene mutations, 222–223 Glucosamine-chondroitin as signal in cell cycle, 135 Gene locus, 165 gene therapy, 232–233 Growth hormone (GH), 528 Gene migration, 260 genotype versus phenotype, supplements, 553 Groynes, 634 Gene pool, 257 Glucose, 43 Guanine (G), 52, 52f, 186, 186f, 190 Gene therapy, 232–233 165–166, 166t structure of DNA and, 186–188 Genes, 5 Hardy-Weinberg principle, 259 breakdown of, in cellular composed of DNA, 185, 185f homologous chromosomes, respiration, 111–120 expression of, 191–197 146–147 cellulose, 44, 44f

I-9 INDEX Hepatitis, 473, 569 Hornwort, 315, 315f more-developed vs. less- Herbaceous plants, 378 Horseshoe crab, 350–351, 350f developed countries, Gymnosperms, 312, 313f, Herbivores, 467, 610, 610f Horsetail dietary supplements, 318 585–586, 585f 320–321, 320f Heredity. See Genetics Hox genes, 248 Hermaphroditic, 343–344, 557 Human activities present and future growth of, alternation of generations, Herpes viruses, 290 583–584, 583f, 585f 314, 314f Herpes, genital, 290, 569 beaches and, 634 Hershey, Alfred, 185 carbon cycle and, 618–619 Humerus, 547 H Heterochromatin, 199 nitrogen cycle and, 617 Huntington disease, 172–173, Heterotrophs, 610–611 phosphorous cycle and, 616 H1N1 virus, 17 Heterozygous, 165 semiarid lands, 634–635 172f, 201 H5N1 virus, 17, 287–288 tropical rain forests, 635 Hyaline cartilage, 420 advantage of, 256 Human body Hybrid sterility, 269 as emerging virus, 291 High-density lipoproteins (HDLs), blood, 442–446 Hybridization, 409 Habitat, 605 body mass index, 488–490 Hydra, 432, 432f Habitat isolation, 268 38, 491 body temperature regulation, Hydrocarbons, 40, 40f Habitat loss, 16–17, 628f High-fructose corn syrup, 43 Hydrochloric acid Hagfish, 357 Hinge joints, 551, 552f 428, 428f Hair, 360 Hippocampus, 522, 522f, 523 control systems of, 424–425, dissociation of, 33 Histamine, 500 as stomach acid, 33 perms and relaxers, 51 Histones, 127 424f as strong acid, 33 Hair cells, 538–539 HIV (human immunodeficiency development, 570–576, 572f Hydrofluorocarbons, as greenhouse Halophiles, 300, 300f digestive system, 466–474, Haploid number, 146 virus), 505, 568 gas, 619 Hardy-Weinberg principle, 259 as emerging virus, 290–291 466f–467f Hydrogen Hardy, G. H., 259 reproduction of, 290f healthy weight maintenance, Hawaiian honeycreeper, 8, 8f transmission and treatment of, breathing rate and, 454 Hawks, 4, 4f, 6 489–490, 490f as element of living Hearing, 538–542, 539f 509–510, 509f heart and blood vessels, 435–441 Hearing loss, 540–541, 540f Hobbits, 367 homeostasis, 426–428, 426f organisms, 22f Heart Holocene epoch, 273t levels of biological organization, model of, 25f Homeostasis, 4 molecular formula, 27, 27f in closed circulatory system, 415–416, 415f structural formula, 27, 27f 433, 434f body temperature and, lymphatic system, 440 Hydrogen bond, 29, 29f 428, 428f maintenance system of, Hydrogen gas, 27, 27f human, 435–437, 436f–438f Hydrogen ions (H+), 27, 33 in open circulatory system, defined, 426 424, 424f in acids, 34 negative feedback mechanism, motor system, 545–553 bases and, 34 433, 433f nervous system, 514–525 pH and, 34, 34f pulmonary circuit, 434, 434f 427 organs and organ systems of, Hydrolysis reaction, 42, 42f systemic circuit, 434, 434f systems of body and, 426 Hydrophilic, 29–30, 40 Heart attack, 446 Hominids, 363 423–425 Hydrophobic, 29–30, 40 Heart disease, cholesterol and, 38 Hominins, 363, 364–367 reproductive system of, 425, Hydropower, 640, 640f Heart murmur, 436 Homo erectus, 365f, 366–367, 367f Hydrostatic skeleton, 546, 546f Heartbeat, 437–438, 437f Homo floresiensis, 367 425f, 559–570 Hydroxide ions (OH-), 34 Heartburn, 469 Homo habilis, 365f, 366 respiratory system, 451–456, in bases, 33 Heat, as lost energy, 81 Homo naledi, 368 pH and, 34, 34f Height, as polygenic trait, 174, 174f Homo sapiens, 10t, 365f, 368 451f Hydroxyl, 40f Helicase, 189 Homogentisate oxygenase (HGD) senses, 537–545, 537f Hymen, 563 Helicobacter pylori, 14–15, 469 sensory input and motor output Hypercholesterolemia, familial, Helium, model of, 23, 23f gene, 171 Helper T cells (TH cells), 498t, Homologous chromosomes, system, 425, 425f 173, 173f tissue of, 415–423 Hypertension, 445 504–505 146–147, 146f, 165, 165f transport system, 424, 424f, Hypertonic solution, 90f, 91 Heme, 456 Homologous structures, Hyphae, 325 Hemocoel, 433 435–442 Hyponatremia, 483 Hemodialysis, 461–462, 461f 247, 278 urinary system, 457–462, 457f Hypothalamic-releasing hormone, Hemoglobin, 6, 420, 442 Homologues, 146–147 Human chorionic gonadotropin Homozygous, 165 527 carbon monoxide binding Hookworm, 348 (hCG), 572–573 Hypothalamus, 521, 522f, 526f with, 120 Hormone replacement therapy Human evolution, 363–369 Human Genome Project, 52, control of pituitary gland, as globular proteins, 51 (HRT), 565 527–529 mRNA translation, 202 Hormones 216–218 quaternary structure of, 51 Human growth hormone (hGH), as Hypothesis, in scientific method, sickle-cell disease, 52–53, 53f action of, 526–527, 527f 11f, 12 as transport protein, 48f, 49 in males, 561–562 regulatory protein, 48 transportation and exchange of as messenger of endocrine Human immunodeficiency virus Hypotonic solution, 90–91, 90f gas, 455–456 system, 514 (HIV). See HIV (human I Hemolysis, 90, 90f peptide, 526–527 immunodeficiency virus) Hemophilia, 444 plant, 393–396, 393f, 393t Human papillomavirus (HPV), Ice, density of, 32, 32f as regulatory protein, 48 568–569 Iandumoema smeagol, 1 as X-linked trait, 179 as signal in cell cycle, 135 Human population, 583–587 Immediate allergic response, 508 Hepatic portal vein, 472, 473f steroid, 526 comparing age structures, 586, 586f growth and environmental impact, 587, 587f

Immune system/immunity, 424, incomplete dominance, 173–174 Isotonic solutions, 90, 90f INDEX I-10 424f, 496–510 law of independent assortment, Isotopes Lactose, 43 ABO blood type, 503 166 defined, 24 Lactose metabolism, 197–198, 198f active immunity, 506, 506f law of segregation, 164 uses of radioactive isotopes, Lacunae, 420 adaptive immunity, 502–505 linkage groups, 177 Ladder-like nervous system, 515 AIDS, 509–510, 509f Mendel’s laws, 161–173 24, 24f Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de, 237–238 allergies, 508, 508f multiple-allele traits, 174 Lambda virus, 288, 288f, 289f antibody function, 503 one-trait inheritance, 162–166 J Lampreys, 357, 357f autoimmune disease, 509 particulate theory of, 162 Lancelets, 355 B cells and antibody response, pleiotropy, 177 Jacob, Francois, 197–198 Land plants. See also Plants polygenic, 174–176 Jacobs syndrome (XYY), 157 502–503, 502f rule of multiplication, 167–168 Jaundice, 473 diversity of, 315–324 barriers to entry, 499 sex-linked inheritance, 178–180 Jawless fish, 357, 357f overview of, 31–315 complement system, 501, 501f two-trait inheritance, 166–167 Jaws, evolution of, 356–358, 356f Land resources, 633–635 cytotoxic T cells, 504–505 Initiation, 195, 195f Joint appendages, 348–352, Land subsidence, 636 fever and, 500 Innate immunity, 499 Land, soil loss and degradation, helper T cells, 504–505 Inner ear, 539–540, 539f 348f–352f immunity defined, 499 Inorganic chemistry, 39 Jointed limbs, 358, 358f 637–638 immunizations, 506–507 Insecticides, resistance to and Joints Large intestine, 471–472, 472f inflammatory response, Laryngitis, 453 directional selection, ball-and-socket joints, 551, 552f Larynx, 452, 452f, 467f 500–501 253–254 disorders of, 552–553 LASIK surgery, 544 innate immunity, 499 Insects, 351–352, 352f hinge joints, 551, 552f Lasiognathus dinema, 1 natural killer (NK) cells, 501 excretory system, 460–461, 460f skeletal muscles moving bones Lateral bud, 375 nonspecific defenses, 499–501 respiration of, 453, 453f Lateral line, 542 organs, tissues and cells of, walk on water, 31 at, 551 Law, 14 Insoluble fiber, 45 synovial, 551, 552f Learning, memory and, 522–523 497–499 Inspiration, 454, 454f Junction proteins, 61, 61f Leaves passive immunity, 507 Insulin, 459, 472, 491 Jurassic period, 273t problems with, 508–510 function of, 531 color of, and chlorophyll, 95, 100f specific defenses, 502–505 quaternary structure of, 51 K diversity of, 379f, 380f T cells and cellular response, regulation of blood glucose function of, 377–378 level, 531f Kaposi’s sarcoma, 509 organization of, 377–378, 378f 503–505, 505f as regulatory protein, 48 Karyotype, 146, 227f structure of, 377–378, 379f tissue rejection, 505 Integration Karyotyping, 227–228 Leeches, 346, 346f In vitro fertilization (IVF), neurons, 518 Keratin, 51 Legionnaires’ disease, 17 senses and, 537 Keystone species, 608 Lemmings, 616, 616f 230–231, 556, 567 of virus, 288, 289f, 290f Kidney stones, 461 Lens, 542, 542f In vivo gene therapy, 232–233 Integumentary system, 425, 425f Kidneys Lenticels, 382 Inbreeding, 260–261 Intercalated disk, 421 Leprosy, 629 Incomplete dominance, Interferon, fever and, 500 function of, 457, 457f, 458f Less-developed countries (LDCs), Intergenic DNA, 216 hemodialysis and transplants, 173–174, 173f Interkinesis, 152 585–586, 585f Independent assortment, law of, 166 Intermediate filament, 72, 72f 461–462 fossil fuel use, 639 Induced fit model, 86 International Code of Phylogenetic nephrons, 457, 459 Leukemias, 139 Induction, 57 Nomenclature, 281 urine formation, 458f, 459–461 myelogenous, 225–226 Inductive reasoning, 12 Interneurons, 516, 516f Kilocalories, 80 stem cell therapy, 213 Industrial melanism, 258, 258f, 259 Internode, 375 Kinases, 134 Leukocytes, 443, 443f Industrial waste, 642–643 Interphase, 128–129, 128f, 130f Kinesin, 72, 72f Levitra, 560 Infertility, 566–568 Interstitial fluid, 424 Kinetic energy, 80, 80f Lichen, 329–330, 329f, 604 Inflammatory response, 444, Intervertebral discs, 547 Kingdom Life cycle Intestinal enzymes, 470 as category of classification, of humans, 147–148, 147f 500–501, 500f Intracytoplasmic sperm injection of plants, 399–400 Influenza (ICSI), 567 9–10, 9t, 10t, 277f, 278 Life history, 595, 595f Intrauterine device (IUD), 565t, 566 of domain Eukarya, 7f, 9, 10t Life table, 589–590, 589f anatomy of virus, 287–288, 287f Inv dup 15 syndrome, 225, 225f five-kingdom system, 281 Ligaments, 419, 551, 552f H5N1 virus, 287–288, 291 Inversion, chromosomes, 226, 226f Klinefelter syndrome, 156, 156f Light microscope, 57, 57f H7N9 virus, 287–288 Invertebrate animals, 339 Krebs cycle, 118, 118f Light reactions, 99–103 Inheritance. See also Genetics Ionic bond, 26–27, 26f Kuru, 292 ATP production, 102, 102f abnormal chromosome Ions, 26–27 Kwashiorkor, 638 electron pathway of, 100–101, 101f Iris, 542, 542f NADPH production, 102–103 inheritance, 156–157 Iron, plant nutrition and, 385, 386 L organization of thylakoid of acquired characteristics, Isomers, 40 Labia majora, 562, 562f membrane, 102, 102f 237–238 Labia minora, 562, 562f overview of, 98, 98f chromosomal theory of, 165 Lac operon, 197–198, 198f photosynthetic pigments, 100 codominance, 174 Lactate, 114, 116 Light, visible, 99, 99f environment and phenotype, Lacteal, 471 Lignin, 374 Lactic acid, 115 175–176 epigenetic inheritance, 200, 238 genotype versus phenotype, 165–166, 166t

I-11 INDEX Limbic system, 522–523, 522f Mad cow disease, 292 Meiosis I, 148–150, 148f, 150f, in genetic context, 257 Lineage, 363 Maintenance system of human body, 151–152, 153–154, 153f Hardy-Weinberg principle, 259 Linkage groups, 177, 177f Micronutrients, 385, 475 Linnaean classification, 277–278, 424, 424f Meiosis II, 148–150, 148f, 151f, Microphylls, 312, 313f, 316 Major histocompatability complex 152, 153f, 154 Microscopes, 57–59, 57f 280–281 Microspore, 399–400, 402 Linnaeus, Carl, 278 (MHC), 503–504 Melanin, 176 Microsporidians, 326 Lipase, 470, 474 Major minerals, 480 Melatonin, 521 Microtubules, 72, 72f Lipids, 41f, 45–48, 478–479 Malaria Memory B cells, 503, 506 Microvilli, 471 Memory cells, 498t Midbrain, 522 characteristics of, 45 directional selection and, 254 Memory, learning and, 522–523 Middle ear, 539–540, 539f fats and oils, 45–46 sickle-cell disease and, 256, 256f Mendel, Gregor, 161–162, Mifepristone, 566 fatty acids, 45–46, 45f, 46f Male condom, 565 Milk of magnesia, as base, 34 function of, 45 Male gametophytes, 402f, 403 162f–163f Miller, Stanley, 294 omega-3 fatty acid, 46 Male reproduction system, 559–562, one-trait inheritance, 162–166 Millipedes, 350f, 351 phospholipids, 47 two-trait inheritance, 166–167, Minerals steroids, 47–48 560f–561f dietary, 481 trans fat, 46, 46f Malignant tumors, 140 166f, 167f as nonrenewable resource, 641 Liver, 469, 470f Malpighian tubules, 460–461, 460f Mendel’s laws, 161–173 plant nutrition and, 385 disorders of, 473 Maltase, 474 transport in plants, 386, 386f functions of, 472 Malthus, Thomas, 241 family pedigrees, 169–170 Miocene epoch, 273t Liverwort, 315, 315f Maltose, 43, 43f, 473–474 genetic disorders of interest, Mitochondria, 65, 65f Living things Mammals, 360–362, 361f–362f cellular respiration, 111–112, characteristics of, 2–6 Mammary glands, 360 170–173 organization of, 2–3, 3f Marfan syndrome, 177 law of independent assortment, 111f, 112f, 117–120, 117f Lobe-finned fish, 358, 358f Marijuana energy flow and, 84–85, 85f Logistic growth, 591, 591f 166 intermembrane space, 120 Loose fibrous connective tissue, 419 medical, 519 law of segregation, 164 structure and function of, 69–71, 71f Lophotrochozoans, 340, 343–346 nervous system and, 519–520 meiosis and, 168–169, 168f Mitosis, 129–133 Loss of function mutation, 137 Mars, exploration of, 21 probability and, 167–168 compared to meiosis, Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), Marsupials, 246, 246f, 361, 361f rule of multiplication, 167–168 Mascroscelides micus, 1 Meniscus, 551, 552f 152–154, 153f 38, 491 Mass extinction, 273t, 275–276 Menopause, 145, 564 defined, 128 Lower respiratory tract, 452f, 453 Mass number, 23 Menses, 563–564 in human life cycle, 147f Lumen, 417 Mast cells, 498t, 500 Menstruation, 563–564, 564f occurrence of, 152–154 Lungs, 358, 452, 452f Mating Meristem tissue, 373, 373f overview of, 129, 129f assortative, 260–261 Mesoderm, 573, 573f phases of, 129–133, exchange of gas and, nonrandom, 260–261 Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, 59 454–455, 455f Matrix, 71, 117f, 419 Mesophyll cells, 105, 105f, 378 130f–131f, 132f Matter, 22 Mesozoic era, 273t MMR vaccine, 507 Luteal phase, 563, 564f Maturation, of virus, 288, 289f, 290f Messenger RNA (mRNA), 66, 190 Models, 13, 13f Luteinizing hormone (LH), Mechanical isolation, 269 alternative mRNA processing, Molecular formula, 27, 27f Mechanoreceptors, 539 Molecules, 2, 3f 561, 563, 564f Medicinal value of biodiversity, 201–202, 201f, 202f Lycophytes, 312, 313f, formation of, 193, 193f defined, 26 629, 629f processed, 193–194, 194f as evidence for evolution, 248 316–317, 316f Medulla oblongata, 522 processing, 201–202, 201f, 202f polar, 29, 29f Lyell, Charles, 238, 243 Medusa, 342 translation, 202 Molluscs, 339f, 344–345, 344f, 345f Lymph, 440, 441 Megaphylls, 312, 313f, 317 Metabolic pathway, 85–86 Molting, 347, 348 Lymph nodes Megaspore, 400, 401–402 Metabolism, 2 Monocots, 376–377, 376f Meiosis, 146–157 Metamorphosis, 349, 349f germination, 405–406, 406f cancer and, 498 Metaphase, 131f, 132f, 150f, root, 384, 384f function of, 498 abnormal chromosome seed development, 403 Lymphatic organs, 497–498, 497f inheritance, 156–157 151–152, 151f, 152, Monocytes, 443f, 444 Lymphatic system, 424, 424f, 153, 153f Monod, Jacques, 197–198 basics of, 146–150 Metastasis, 136, 136f, 140, 140f Monoecious, 401, 401f 440, 440f compared to mitosis, Meteorite, mass extinction and, 276 Monohybrid cross, 163 Lymphatic vessels, 440, 440f Methamphetamine, nervous system Monomers, 42 Lymphocytes, 443f, 444, 498, 498t 152–154, 153f and, 519 Monosaccharides, 42, 42f Lysogenic cycle, 288, 289f crossing-over, 149–1501, 149f Methanasarcina mazei, 10t Monosomy, 154 Lysosomes, 68, 69f defined, 146 Methane Monotremes, 360, 361f Lytic cycle, 288, 289f function of, 146 as greenhouse gas, 619 Monounsaturated oils, 46–47 in human life cycle, models of, 27, 27f Mons pubis, 562 M Methanogens, 299–300, 300f More-developed countries (MDCs), 147–148, 147f Methemoglobinemia, 170, 171f, 228 MacArthur, Robert, 606 importance of, 150 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus 585–586, 585f Macroevolution, 266–272 Mendel’s laws and, aureus (MRSA), 235 fossil fuel use, 639 Macronutrients, 385, 475 Methylmercury, 642 Macrophages, 444, 498, 498t 168–169, 168f Microevolution occurrence of, 152–154 causes of, 260–262 inflammatory response and, overview of, 148–150, 148f defined, 257 500, 500f phases of, 150f–151f, 151–152 in plants, 148

INDEX I-12 Morning-after pill, 566 NADPH, 101, 101f, 102–103 Neurotransmitters essential, 475 Morula, 572, 572f Nasal cavities, 452, 452f drug abuse and, 518 transport in phloem, 388–389 Mosaic evolution, 366 National Geographic, 15f, 16 drugs that regulate depression Nutrition Mosquitoes, 352 Native species, 608–609 and anxiety, 518 body mass index, 488–490 Moss, 312, 313f, 314f, 315, 315f Natural flora, 299 nerve impulses and, 518 carbohydrates, 476–478 Motor neurons, 516, 516f Natural history, 582 dietary supplements, 485–487 Motor output system of human Natural killer (NK) cells, 498t, 501 Neurulation, 573–574, 573f dieting, 490 Natural selection, 252–256 Neutrons, 22–23, 23f eating disorders, 492, 492f body, 425, 425f Neutrophils, 443f, 444, 498t energy intake vs. energy output, Motor proteins, 72, 72f adaptations not perfect, 255 Motor system, 545–553 antibiotic resistant bacteria and, inflammatory response and, 488–489 Mouth, 466–467, 467f, 472f 500, 500f fiber and, 477, 477f MRNA transcript, 193 7, 8, 235 food labels, 485, 486f MRSA infection, 7, 235 Darwin’s hypothesis, 252, 252f New Scientist, 15f, 16 lipids, 478–479 Mullis, Kary Banks, 210 defined, 240 Niacin, 482t maintaining healthy weight, Multicellular, 2 directional selection, 252f, Niche specialization, 606 Multifactorial traits, 175 Nitrates, 142 489–490, 490f Multiple sclerosis, 509, 513 253–254, 254f Nitrification, 617 minerals, 480–481 Multiple-allele traits, 174, 174f discovery of, 7 Nitrites, 142 MyPlate food guidelines, Multipotent, 213 disruptive selection, 252f, Nitrogen Muscle dysmorphia, 492 484–485, 485f Muscle spindle, 544 254, 255f as element of living organisms, nutrients, 475–476, 476f Muscles. See also Musculoskeletal fitness, 252 22, 22f overview of, 475 heterozygote advantage, 256 plant, 385–386 system maintenance of variations, model of, 25f proteins, 479–480 contraction and calcium, 550 plant nutrition and, 385f, 386, 387 Type 2 diabetes and function of, 545–546 255–256 Nitrogen cycle, 616–617, 616f major muscles in body, 549f process of, 7–8 bacteria and, 297–298 cardiovascular disease, number of, in body, 548 sexual selection, 254, 255f Nitrogen fixation, 616–617 491–492 types of, 548 stabilizing selection, 253, 253f Nitrogen gas, 27 vitamins, 482–483 Muscular dystrophy, 180, 180f steps of, 240–242 Nitrous oxide, as greenhouse gas, 619 water, 483 Muscular system, 425, 425f Neandertals, 367–368 Noble gases, 26 Nutrition labels, 485, 486f Muscular tissue, 416, 416f, Negative feedback mechanism, Nociceptors, 544 Node, stems, 375 O 421–422, 421f 427, 427f, 529, 529f Nodes of Ranvier, 516, 516f Musculoskeletal system, 545–553 Nematocyst, 342 Nondisjunction, 154, 155f Obesity Nematodes, 339f Nonrandom mating, 260–261 cancer risk and, 141 appendicular skeleton, 547 Nephridium, 345 Nonrenewable resources, 633 cardiovascular disease and, axial skeleton, 547 Nephron loop, 457, 458f, 459 Nonsister chromatids, 491–492 bone structure, 548, 548f Nephrons, 457, 458f, 459 diet and, 478 function of, 545–546 Nerve cells, 422, 422f 149–150, 149f type 2 diabetes and, 491 skeletal muscle contraction, 550 Nerve deafness, 540 Nonspecific defenses, 499–501 skeletal muscle moving bones at Nerve impulse, 516–517, 517f Nonvascular plants, 315–316, 315f Observation, in scientific method, Nerves, 422 Nonwoody stems, 378–380, 381f 11–12, 11f joints, 551–553, 551f Noradrenaline, 530 Mushrooms, 328–329, 330 cranial, 525 Norepinephrine (NE), 518, 530 Ocean acidifcation, 618 Mutagens, 222 spinal, 525 Octet rule, 26 Mutations, 5, 260 Nervous system, 424–425, 424f, drugs that regulate depression Oils, structure and function, and anxiety, 518 chromosomal, 224–226 514–525, 514f 45–46, 45f gene, 222–223, 222f, 223f central nervous system, 520–523 Norovirus, 291 Oligocene epoch, 273t Mutualism, 604t, 605, 606–608 comparison of, 515, 515f Notochord, 354, 354f, 573, 573f Omega-3 fatty acid, 46, 491 Myasthenia gravis, 509 as control system, 514 Nuclear envelope, 67 Omnivores, 467, 610 Mycelium, 326, 326f drug abuse, 518–520 Nuclear pores, 67 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), Mycorrhizal association, 386 examples of, 515 Nuclease, 470 Mycorrhizal fungi, 330, 330f homeostasis and, 426 Nucleic acids 7, 243, 244 Mycoses, 331 nerve impulse, 516–517 Oncogenes, 137 Myelin sheath, 422f, 423, 516, 516f neurons, 516 relationship with proteins, 52–53 OncoMouse, 216 MyoD gene, 201 overview of, 514 sickle-cell disease, 52–53, 53f One-trait inheritance, 162–166 Myofibrils, 550, 550f peripheral nervous system, structure and function of, Oocyte, 563, 563f, 571 Myosin, 48f, 49, 72, 72f, 550, 550f Oogenesis, 148 MyPlate food guidelines, 484–485, 485f 523–525 51–52, 52f synapse, 518 Nucleoid, 63, 63f, 295 compared to spermatogenesis, 145 N Nervous tissue, 416, 416f, Nucleolus, 66–67 Open circulatory system, 433f Nucleosome, 127 Operon, 197–198, 198f NAD+, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119 422–423, 422f Nucleotide, 52 Ophyrys, 324 NADH, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, Neural plate, 573, 573f Nucleus, 23f, 64–65, 64f, 65f Opisthokonta, 307, 307f Neural tube, 573 Opportunistic pioneer species, 604 118, 119 Neuroglia, 423 structure and function, 66–67, Opportunistic species, 595 Neurons, 422, 422f 66f, 67f Order, as category of classification, structure and function of, 516 Nutrients 9, 9t, 277f, 278 types of, 516, 516f classes of, 476–483, 477t defined, 475

I-13 INDEX production of, atmosphere of Penicillium, 330 Photorespiration, 105 early Earth, 97 Penis, 560, 560f Photosynthesis, 96–106 Ordovician period, 273t Peppers, fungi and, 311 Organ systems, 2, 3f transportation and exchange of Pepsin, 469 C3 plant, 105, 105f gas, 455–456 Peptidase, 474 C4 plant, 105–107, 105f, 106f homeostasis and, 426, 426f Peptide bond, 49, 49f Calvin cycle reactions, 103–104 Organ transplant, tissue Oxygen deficit, 116 Peptide hormones, 526–527, 527f CAM photosynthesis, 106, 106f Oxygen gas, 27, 27f Peptides chloroplasts role in, 70 rejection, 505 Oxytocin, 529 defined, 4, 96 Organelles, 64, 65f structure and function of, 49 equation for, 28 Organic chemistry, 39 P synthesis and degradation of, 49f grow-lights and, 99 Organic crops, 411 Peptidoglycan, 295 light reactions, 98–103 Organic farming, 39 P53 gene, 125 Pericycle, 383f, 384 organisms conducting, Organic molecules, 39–53, 39f Pacemaker, 437 Periodic table, 23–24, 23f Pain, referred, 544 Peripheral nervous system 96–97, 96f carbohydrates, 41f, 42–45 Paleo diet, 490 autonomic system, 524–525 overview of, 96, 96f carbon, 39–40 Paleocene epoch, 273t defined, 515 photosynthetic pigments, carbon skeleton and functional Paleontology, 237, 272 parasympathetic division, Paleozoic era, 273t, 274 100, 100f groups, 40, 40f Palisade mesophyll, 378 524, 525f plants as photosynthesizers, defined, 39 Pancreas, 469, 470f, 526f reflexes, 523–524 lipids, 41f, 45–48 somatic system, 523–524 97, 97f nucleic acids, 41, 51–53 function of, 531 sympathetic division, Photosynthetic pigments, 100, 100f proteins, 41f, 48–51 type 1 diabetes, 531–532 Photosystems, 100–101, 101f Organisms Pancreatic amylase, 470, 474 524–525, 525f Phototropism, 393, 394f, 397, 397f evolutionary tree of, 7, 7f Pancreatic islets, 531 Peristalsis, 468 Photovoltaic (solar) cells, 640f, 641 organization of, 2–3, 3f Pangaea, 276, 276f Peritonitis, 471 PhyloCode, 281 study of, in ecology, 581 Pantothenic acid, 482t Permian period, 273t Phylogenetic tree, 278–280, 278f Organs, 2, 3f Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), 289 PET (positron-emission Phylogeny, 277, 278f defined, 415 Paper, 373 formation of, 574, 574f Paramecium, 305–306, 305f tomography) scan, 24, 24f tracing, 278–280 of immune system, 497–499 Parasitism, 604t, 605 Petals, 321, 321f, 400f, 401, 401f Phylum, as category of of plants, 375–377 Parasympathetic division, 524, 525f Petiole, 377, 378f tissue and function of, 423 Parathyroid gland, 526f, 530 pH buffers and, 35 classification, 9, 9t, 277f, 278 Osmosis Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 530 Phytochrome, 398, 399f defined, 90 Parazoans, 339, 341 defined, 34 Pine trees, 320–321, 320f effect on cells, 90–91, 90f Parenchyma cells, 374, 374f regulation of, in urine formation, Pineal gland, 521, 526f Osmotic pressure, 441 Parent cell, 126 Pinus longaeva, 10t Osteoarthritis, 553 Parsimony, 280 459–460 Pinworm, 348 Osteoblasts, 548 Parthenogenesis, 557 pH scale, 34, 34f Pitcher plant, 372 Osteoclasts, 548 Particulate theory of inheritance, 162 Phage, 288 Pith, 380, 381f Osteocytes, 548, 548f Passive immunity, 507 Pharmaceutical products, 410–411 Pitocin, 527 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 172 Passive transport, 88–91 Pharyngeal pouch, 354, 354f Pituitary gland, 526f Osteons, 420, 548, 548f facilitated diffusion, 89, 89f Pharynx, 452, 452f, 468f, 469, 472f Osteoporosis, 481, 481f, 548 osmosis, 90–91 Phenotype, 258, 259f anterior, 527–528 Out-of-Africa hypothesis, 367 simple diffusion, 88, 89f control of, by hypothalamus, Outer ear, 539–540, 539f Pasteur, Louis, 293 defined, 166 Ovarian cycle, 563–564, 563f, 564f Pathogens, ways to get rid of, 501f environmental factors and, 527–529 Ovaries Paxil, 518 posterior, 529 of flower, 321, 321f, 400f, 401 Peat moss, 316 175–176 Placebo, 15 human, 526f, 557, 562–563, Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, 547 versus genotype, 165–166, 166t Placenta, 558, 575, 575f Pedigree, 169–170, 170f Phenylketonurics, 160 Placental mammals, 362, 362f 562f, 563–564, 563f autosomal dominant, 170, 170f Philadelphia chromosome, 138, 138f Plan B One-Step, 566 Oviducts. See uterine tubes autosomal recessive, Phloem, 316 Planarians, 343, 343f, 432–433, 432f Oviparous, 558 structure of, 374, 377, 380–381 Plants Ovoviviparous, 558 169–170, 170f sugar nutrient transport in, alternation of generations, Ovulation, 562, 563–564 for sex-linked disorders, Ovule, 319 388–389 314–315, 314f, 399, 400f 179–180 Phosphate, 40f angiosperms, 321–324 of flower, 400f, 401 Pelvic (hip) girdle, 547 Phospholipids, 47, 47f C3 plant, 105, 105f Oxidation, 98 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), C4 plant, 105–107, 105f, 106f Oxygen plasma membrane as, 59–60, 60f carnivorous, 372 567, 570 Phosphorous cycle, 615–616, 615f cell wall, 74 cellular respiration, 111–112, Penetration, of virus, 288, 289f Phosphorus cells, 64, 65f 111f, 112f, 119 Penicillin, 629 characteristics of, 10, 10t as element of living organisms, compared to fungi and as element of living organisms, antibiotic resistant bacteria 22, 22f 22, 22f and, 8 animals, 326t model of, 25f cytokinesis, 132–133 exchange of gas and, discovery of, 12 plant nutrition and, 386 disease of, 331, 331f 454–455, 455f Photoautotrophs, 296, 296f, 610 diversity of land plants, 315–324 Photoperiod, 398–399 ecological benefit of, 324–325 model of, 25f Photoperiodism, 398–399, 398f in photosynthesis equation, 28 Photoreceptors, 542, 543, 543f

INDEX I-14 economic benefits of, 324 Pollen tube, 322 Predator-prey population cycle, peptide synthesis and eudicots, 376–377 Pollination, 319, 403 593–594, 594f degradation, 49, 49f evolution of, 312–314, 313f Pollinators, 323, 323f flowering plants, 321–324, Pollution Prediction, scientific experiment, in plasma membrane, 61, 61f 11f, 12 relationship with nucleic acid, 399–406 biological magnification genetic engineering, 638 and, 643 Prefrontal area, 521 52–53 genetically engineered plants, 392, Preparatory (prep) reaction, shape of, 50–51, 50f chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sickle-cell disease, 52–53, 53f 408–411, 409f–410f, 409t 641–642 112, 112f, 117, 118f structure of, 50–51, 50f gymnosperms, 320–321 Pressure-flow model, 388–389, 388f testing for genetic disorder, 228 hormones, 393–396, 393f, 393t coastal, 634 Presynaptic cell, 518 types, 48 leaves, 375, 377–378 defined, 633 Preven, 566 Protein activity, 202, 202f life cycle of, 399–400 industrial waste, 642–643 Prezygotic isolating mechanisms, Proteinaceous infectious particles, 292 monocots, 376–377 sewage, 643 Proteome, 218 nonvascular, 315–316 Polygenic inheritance, 174–176 268–269, 269f Proteomics, 218 nutrition, 385–386 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Primary growth, 375, 376f Prothrombin, 444 organs of, 375–377 Primary motor area, 521, 521f Protista, 10, 10t overview of land plants, 312–315 209–210, 209f Primary productivity, 621–622, 622f Protists photoperiodism, 398–399 Polymers, 42, 42f Primary sensory area, 521, 521f characteristics of, 301 as photosynthesizers, 97, 97f Polymorphism, 254 Primary structure, of proteins, 50, 50f classification of, 301–307, 301t phototropism, 393, 397, 397f Primary succession, 603, 603f evolution of, 301 propagating, 407–408 balanced, 256 Primates, evolutionary tree, Proto-oncogenes, 137, 137f roots, 375, 382–384 Polyp, 342, 472 Protocells, 294 seed plants, 319 Polypeptide, 49 363–364, 363f Protons, 23, 23f seeds, 404–406 Polyploidy, 270, 271 Principle, 14 Protostomes, 340, 340f stems, 375, 378–382 Polyribosome, 196, 196f Prions, 292 Proximal convoluted tubule, sugar transport in phloem, Polysaccharides, 43–45, 44f Probability, Mendel’s laws and, 457, 458f 388–389 as energy storage molecules, 167–168 Prozac, 518 tissue of, 373–375 43–44, 44f Producers, 4, 4f, 610, 610f Pseudocoelomates, 340, 340f, transgenic, 214–215, 214f, 215f Product, 85 transpiration, 387 as structural components of Products, 28 347–348 transport of nutrients, 387–389 cells, 44–45, 44f Progesterone, 564, 564f Pseudopods, 306 transport of water in, 30f, 31 Prokaryotes, 293–300 Pseudostratified epithelium, tropism, 397 Polyunsaturated oils, 46–47 vascular, 316–319 Pome, 404 archaea, 299–300 417f, 418 viruses of, 289, 290f Pons, 522 bacteria, 294–299 Puberty, 561–562 water and mineral transport in Population, 2, 3f characteristics of, 10, 10t Pulmonary arteries, 435–440, 435f Population density, 588, 591f defined, 293 Pulmonary circuit, 434, 434f, xylem, 387–388 Population genetics, 257 gene expression in, 197–198 Plaque, 445 Population growth importance of, 293 439, 439f Plasma, 420, 442 origin of cells, 293–294, 293f Pulmonary semilunar valve, 436 Plasma cells, 498t, 502 age structure and, 589, 589f Prokaryotic cells, 62–63 Pulmonary trunk, 436 Plasma membrane, 63, 63f biotic potential, 590 defined, 62 Pulmonary veins, 435–440, 435f demographics and, 589–590 plasma membrane, 59–61, Pulse, 437 active transport, 91 doubling time, 584 Punctuated equilibrium model function of membrane proteins, exponential growth, 590 60f, 61f factors that regulate, 592–594 structure and function of, of, 275 61, 61f, 79 human, 583–587 Punnett square, 163, 163f, 166f, 167 osmosis, 90–91 logistic growth, 591, 591f 62–63, 63f Punnett, Reginald, 163 structure and function of, Populations Prolactin, 528 Pupil, 542, 542f defined, 257, 581 Prometaphase, 132f Purkinje fibers, 437 59–60, 60f distribution and density, Promoter, 193 Pyruvate, 114, 116, 116f, 117 Plasmid, 208, 295 Prop root, 384f Plasmodesmata, 75, 75f, 289 588, 588f, 591f Prophage, of virus, 288, 289f Q Plasmolysis, 91 extinction, 595–596 Prophase, 130f, 132f, 150f, 151, Plate tectonics, 275–276, 275f human, 267f, 583–587 Quaternary period, 273t Platelets, 420f, 421, 443f life history patterns, 595–596 151f, 152, 153, 153f Quaternary structure, of proteins, study of, in ecology, 581 Proprioceptors, 544 blood clotting and, Porphyria, as pleiotropic trait, 177 Prosimians, 363 50f, 51 444–445, 445f Portal system, 440 Prostaglandin, 545 Postanal tail, 354, 354f Prostate gland, 560 R Pleiotropy, 177 Posterior pituitary, 528f, 529 Proteasomes, 202 Pleistocene epoch, 273t Postsynaptic cell, 518 Protein, 41f Radial symmetry, 339, 339f Pliocene epoch, 273t Postzygotic isolating mechanisms, Radiant energy, 99, 99f Pneumocystis pneumonia, 509 amino acids, 49–50, 49f Radiation, to treat cancer, 140 Point mutation, 223, 223f 269, 269f denatured, 51 Radioactivity Polar, 29, 29f Potassium, plant nutrition and, 386 dietary, 479–480 Pollen grains, 319, 400, 402, Potential energy, 80, 80f digestion of, 473–474, 474f food irradiation, 25 Precambrian time, 272–275, 273t fibrous, 51 use of radioactive isotopes, 24, 24f 402f, 403f Predation, 592–593, 593t, functions of, 48, 48f globular, 51 604t, 605

I-15 INDEX Radius, 547 Reptiles, 358–360 Root cap, 383, 383f Scientific theories, 14 Random distribution, 588 circulatory system, diversity of, 384, 384f Sclerenchyma cells, Range, 588 433–435, 434f Ras functions, 203 Root hair, 373, 382, 383f 374, 374f RAS oncogenes, 137 Reservoirs, in chemical cycling, 614 Root nodules, 386 Scorpions, 350, 350f Ray-finned fish, 357, 358f Resource partitioning, 606 Root pressure, 387 Sea star, 354, 354f RB gene, 138 Resources, 588 Root system, 375, 376f Seawater, 91 Reabsorption, in kidneys, 458f, 459 Roots Secondary growth, 373, 380 Reactants, 28, 85 energy, 639–641 Secondary structure, of proteins, Receptacle, flower, 400f, 401 food, 637–639 adaptation of, for mineral uptake, Receptor proteins, 61, 61f land, 633–635 386, 386f 50, 50f Recessive allele, 165 minerals, 641 Secondary succession, 603–604, Recombinant DNA (rDNA), nonrenewable, 633 growth of, 383 renewable, 633, 640–641, 640f tissues of, 384 603f, 604f 208–209, 208f water, 635–637 vascular tissue of, 384 Secondary xylem, 382 Red blood cells, 420, 420f Respiration, 451 Rotational equilibrium, 541 Secretion, 68, 458f, 459 birds, 454, 454f Rotator cuff, 547 Sedimentary cycle, 614 function and role of, fish, 455, 456f Rough ER, 68, 68f, 69f Seed coat, 403 442–443, 443f insects, 453, 453f Roundworms, 347–348, 347f Seed plants, 319, 319f Respiratory membrane, 455 RuBP carboxylase (rubisco), Seeds hypertonic solution, 90f, 91 Respiratory system, 424, 424f, hypotonic solution and, 103–104, 105 anatomy of, 319, 319f 451–456, 451f Rule of multiplication, 167–168 development of, in eudicot, 90–91, 90f breathing, 453–454 Ruminants, 469, 469f, 471f isotonic solution and, 90, 90f lower respiratory tract, 452f, 453 Rural sustainability, 644–645 403, 404f Red bone marrow, 548 lungs and exchange of gas, dispersal of, 323, 404–405, function of, 497–498 S Redox reaction, 98, 111 454–455 404f, 405f Reduction, 98 steps in respiration, 451 SA node, 437 in evolution of land plants, Referred pain, 544 upper respiratory tract, Sac fungi, 328–329, 328f Reflexes, 523–524, 524f Saccule, 541 312, 313f Regeneration, 557 452–453, 452f Sacromeres, 550, 550f germination, 405–406 Regulatory gene, 198, 198f Restriction enzymes, 208, 208f Sacrum, 547 production of, 319, 319f Regulatory proteins, 48 RET gene, 139 Sagan, Carl, 22 Segmentation, 341, 348 Release factor, 196 Retina, 542, 543, 543f Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Segregation, law of, 164 Release, of virus, 288, 289f, 290f Retinal, 543 Semantic memory, 522 Renewable resources, 633, Retroviruses, 290 364–365, 365f Semen (seminal fluid), 560–561 Reverse transcription, 290f Salinization, 638 Semiarid land, 634–635 640–641, 640f Rheumatoid arthritis, 233, 509, Salivary amylase, 467 Semiconservative replication, Replacement model, 367, 367f Salivary glands, 467 Replacement reproduction, 586 509f, 553 Salmonella, 25, 299 189, 189f Replication, of virus, 2902f Rhizaria, 305, 305f Salt Semilunar valves, 436 Repressor, 198 Rhodopsin, 543, 543f Seminal vesicles, 560 Reproduction, 5, 5f. See also Rib cage, 547 ionic compounds as, 26f, 27 Seminiferous tubules, 561, 561f Ribose, 42 regulation of, in urine formation, Senescence, 135, 395 Asexual reproduction Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 66, 191, Senses, 537–545, 537f animals, 557–559 459–460 asexual, 407–411, 407f, 557 194–195 Saltatory conduction, 517, 517f balance, 541 assisted reproductive Ribosomes, 63, 63f, 65f, 191 Saltwater intrusion, 636 chemical, 537–538 Saprotrophs, 297, 329 cutaneous receptors, technologies, 567–568 structure and function of, 67, 67f Sarcomas, 139 bacteria, 295–296 in translation, 194–195, 195f Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 550, 550f 544–545, 544f birth control methods, 564–566 Rigor mortis, 550, 551 SARS virus, 17–18, 290–291 hearing, 538–542 female reproductive system, Ringworm, 332, 332f Saturated fatty acids, 46, 46f, 491 proprioceptors, 542 RNA (ribonucleic acid) Scanning probe microscope, 58 sensory receptors in other 562–564 compared to DNA, 191t Scapula, 547 human, 559–570 flow of genetic information, Schistosomiasis, 344 animals, 541–542, 541f infertility, 566–568 Schwann cells, 423 taste and smell, 538, 538f on land vs. water, 558, 558f 192–197, 192f Science, 15f vision, 542–544 male reproduction system, genetic code, 192–193 Scientific American, 15f, 16 Sensory adaptation, 537 messenger, 66, 190, 193–194 Scientific method, 11–14, 11f Sensory neurons, 516, 516f 559–562 origin of cells and, 294 Sensory output system of human replacement reproduction, 586 ribosomal, 66, 191, 194–195 conclusion, 12f, 13–14 sexual, 146–157, 399–406, 557 structure and function of, data, 13 body, 425, 425f sexually transmitted diseases experiments, 11f, 12–13 Sepals, 321, 321f, 400f, 401 51–52, 52f hypothesis, 11f, 12 Septum, 435 (STDs), 568–570 transcription, 193–194 observation, 11f, 12 Serotonin, 518 viruses, 288 transfer, 190, 194, 194f Scientific name, 10 Reproductive barriers, 268–269, 268f translation, 194–196 Scientific studies, publication of, drugs that regulate depression Reproductive cloning, 212–213, 212f RNA interference, 232 and anxiety, 518 Reproductive system of human RNA polymerase, 193 15–16, 15f Rods, 543, 543f Sertoli cells, 561 body, 425, 425f Serum sickness, 507 Set point, 427 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 17–18

Severe combined immunodeficiency Smooth muscle, 421f, 422, 548 Spindle equator, 129, 131f INDEX I-16 (SCID), 232 Sodium Spiral organ, 540 Spirilla, 294 Sugar, 42–43 Sewage, 643 dietary, 481, 481t Spirochetes, 294, 294f high-fructose corn syrup, 43 Sex chromosomes, 146, 146f, 178 in sodium chloride formation, Spirogyra, 302, 302f as nutrient transport in plants, Sex-linked inheritance, 178–180, Spleen, function of, 498 388–389, 388f 26–27, 26f Sponge effect, 631 reducing dietary, 478t 178f–180f Sodium chloride Sponges, 339, 339f, 341–342, 341f Sexual mimicry, 324 Spongy bone, 548 Sulfhydryl, 40f Sexual reproduction, 5, 5f, 146–157 formation of, 26–27, 26f Spongy mesophyll, 378 Sulfur water and, 30 Sporangium, 315 abnormal chromosome Sodium hydroxide, dissociation Spores, 296, 314, 314f, 401–403 as element of living organisms, inheritance, 156–157 Sporophyte, 314, 314f, 315, 22, 22f of, 34 compared to asexual Sodium-potassium pump, 91 315f, 399 model of, 25, 25f reproduction, 557 Solar energy, 640–641, 640f Sprains, 553 Summer wood, 382 Soluble fiber, 45 Spring wood, 382 Superbugs, 235 in flowering plants, 399–406 Solute, 88 Squamous epithelium, 417f, 418 Supergroups, 301, 302f, 303–305 meiosis, 146–157 Solution, 88 SRY gene, 156 Supernova, 22 Sexual selection, 254, 255f Solvent, 88 Stabilizing selection, 253, 253f Surface-area-to-volume ratio, nonrandom mating and, 260–261 Somatic cells, 135 Stamen, 321, 321f, 400f, Sexually transmitted diseases Somatic system of PNS, 523–524 58–59, 58f, 59f Somites, 573 401, 401f Survivorship, 589–590, 589f (STDs), 568–570 Sori, 317 Starches, 104 Sustainable society, 643–646, 644f causes of, 568–570 Speciation, 240, 266–272 Starches function, 43–44, 44f Swallowing, 467–468, 468f preventing, 569 Statocysts, 541 Swine flu (H1N1), 17 Shigella dysenteriae, 299 adaptive radiation, 271 Stem cells, 56, 2113 Symbiotic, 297 Shoot system, 375, 376f allopatric, 269–270 Stems Sympathetic division, Short tandem repeat (STR) biological species concept, diversity of, 380f 524–525, 525f profiling, 210 266–269, 267f function of, 380–381 Sympatric speciation, 270, 270f Sickle-cell disease, 52–53, 53f common ancestor, 267 nonwoody, 378–380 Synapse, 518, 518f defined, 266 organization of, 378–382 Synapsis, 148–150, 149f as autosomal disorder, 171–172, defining species, 266–269 woody, 380–382, 382f Synaptic cleft, 518 171f, 172f geological timescale, Stent, 446, 446f Synovial joints, 551, 552f Sterility, 559 Synthetic blood, 431 as balanced polymorphism, 256 272–274, 273t Sternum, 547 Synthetic organic compounds, gene mutation, 223, 223f mass extinction of species, Steroid hormones, 526, 527f incidence of, 256f Steroids, 47–48, 47f 641–642 Malaria and, 256, 256f 275–276 Stigma, 321, 321f, 400f, 401 Syphilis, 570 Sieve plate, 375 models of, 269–271 Stimulants, 518 Systematics Sieve-tube members, 375 pace of, 274–275, 274f Stomach, 46f, 468–469, 472f Signal molecule, 61 reproductive barriers, 268–269 Stomach flu, 291 cladistics and cladograms, Signal transduction pathway, sympatric, 270 Stomata, 97, 373, 374f 280–281, 281f Species, 2, 3f, 581 opening and closing, 202–203 biological species concept, defined, 9 Signals, in cell cycle, 134–135 388, 388f Linnaean classification, 277–278 Silurian period, 273t 266–269, 269f Stramenophiles, 303–304, 303f phylogenetic tree, 278–280, 278f Simple diffusion, 88, 89f as category of classification, Strata, 237, 237f, 238f three-domain system, Sinuses, 433, 452, 452f Sister chromatids, 127, 127f, 128, 9, 9t, 277f, 278 Darwin’s study of, 238–239 281–282, 282f communities and species Streptococci, 294f Systemic circuit, 434, 434f, 129, 129f, 130, 148f, 149 Striated, 421 Skeletal muscle, 421, 421f, 548 composition, 602, 602f Stroke, 445 439f, 440 defining, 266–269 Stroma, 70, 70f, 97, 97f Systemic lupus erythematosus, 509 contraction of, 550 exotic, 608–609, 609f Structural formula, 27, 27f Systole, 436–437 moving bones at joints, interaction in communities, Structural proteins, 48 Systolic blood pressure, 445 Style, 321, 321f 551–553, 551f 604–608, 604t Style, flower, 400f, 401 T Skeletal system, 425, 425f. See also keystone, 608 Subcutaneous fat, 478 mass extinction of, 275–276 Suberin, 373–374 T cells. See T lymphocytes (T cells) Musculoskeletal system native, 608–609 Subsidence, 636 T lymphocytes (T cells), 498, 498t Skill memory, 523 systematics, 277–282 Subspecies, 260, 261f Skin, 417–418, 418f Species richness, 602 Substrate-level ATP synthesis, activation of, 503–504, 504f Specific defenses, 502–505 cellular response and, 503–505 as barrier to entry, 499 Sperm, 557, 559–560, 561, 561f, 114, 114f characteristics of, 504t cutaneous receptors, 544–545, Substrates, 86 T-cell receptors (TCRs), 503 571, 571f Sucrose, 43 Tapeworm, 344, 344f 544f, 545f Spermatogenesis, 148, 561 Taproot, 384f genetic basis of skin color, Taste, 538, 538f compared to oogenesis, 145 Tatum, Edward, 191 175, 175f Sphagnum, 316 Taxon, 277 Skull, 547 Spicules, 342 Taxonomy, 9, 277–278 Sliding filament model, 550 Spinal cord, 520 Tay-Sachs disease, 68 Slime mold, 306, 306f Spinal nerves, 525 Technology, 16 Small intestine, 469–470, Spindle, 129–130, 131f 470f, 472f Smell, 538, 538f Smooth ER, 68, 68f, 69f

I-17 INDEX root, 384 Tunicates, 354–355 Vector, 208 structure and function, 416, 423 Turgid, 91 Veins, 439 Teeth, 467, 467f Tissue culture, 407–408, 408f Turgor pressure, 388 Venae cavae, 435f, 436 Telomerase, 138 Tissue fluid, 424, 451 Turner syndrome, 156, 156f Ventricles, 435, 435f Telomere, 135 Tissue rejection, 505 Two-trait inheritance, 166–167 Ventricular fibrillation, 437 Tobacco mosaic virus, 289, 289f Type 1 diabetes, 491, 531–532 Venules, 438–439 absence of shortening, and Tonsillitis, 452 Type 2 diabetes, 478, 491, 532 Vertebral column, 547 cancer, 138 Tonsils, 498 Typhoid fever, 299 Vertebrate animals, circulatory Tortoises, Darwin’s study of, 240 Telophase, 131f, 132f, 150f, 151, Totipotent, 408 U pathways in, 433–435 151f, 152, 153f Toxins, 298–299 Vertigo, 541 Trace minerals, 480 Ulcer, 469 Vesicle formation, 65f Template, 189 Tracer, 24 Ulna, 547 Vesicles, 65 Temporal isolation, 268 Trachea, 452f, 453, 453f Ultrasound, 229–230 Vessel elements, 374 Tendons, 419 Tracheids, 374 Umbilical cord, 574 Vestigial structures, 246–248, 247f Terminal bud, 375, 376f Trans fat, 46, 46f, 478 Uncoating, of virus, 290f Viagra, 560 Termination, 196, 196f Transcription, 192, 193–194, 193f Uniform distribution, 588 Villi, 470–471, 470f Terrestrial ecosystems, 621, 621f gene expression in eukaryotes, Uniformitarianism, 238–239 Viroids, 292, 292f Tertiary structure, of proteins, Unsaturated fatty acids, 46, 46f Viruses, 287–291 199–202, 200f Upper respiratory tract, 50–51, 50f gene expression in prokaryotes, animal viruses, 289–291 Test group, 13 452–453, 452f bacteriophage reproduction, Testcross 197–198 Uracil (U), 52, 52f, 190 Transcription activators, 201, 201f Urban sustainability, 645 288, 289f one-trait, 163f, 164 Transcription factors, 201, 201f Ureter, 457, 457f defined, 287 two-trait, 166–167, 166f, 167f Transduction, 296 Urethra, 457, 457f drug control of, 291 Testes, 526f, 557, 559–560, Transfer rate, 616 Urinary bladder, 457, 457f Ebola, 286 Transfer RNA, 190, 194, 194f Urinary system, 415, 415f, 424, emerging, 290–291 560f, 561 Transformation, 296 norovirus, 291 Testosterone, 68, 561–562 Transgenic bacteria, 214f 424f, 457–462, 457f parts of, 287–288, 287f Transgenic organisms, 208, functions of kidneys, 457 plant viruses, 289 structure and function of, kidney problems, 461–462 reproduction of, 288 47–48, 47f 214–216, 214f urine formation, 458f, 459–461 retroviruses, 290 Transgenic plants, 214–215, Urine, 457 sexually transmitted diseases, women and, 564 formation of, 458f, 459–461 Tetanus, 298–299 214f, 409 Uterine tubes, 562 568–570 Tetany, 530 Translation, 192, 194–196, Uterus, 562, 562f Visceral muscle, 422 Tetrad, 148–150, 148f Utricle, 541 Visible light, 99, 99f Thalamus, 521, 522f 194f, 195f Vision, 542–544 Therapeutic cloning, 212f Translocation, 138f, 225–226, 225f V Thermoacidophiles, 300, 300f Transpiration, 387 in the dark, 544 Thermodynamics, laws of, 80–81 Transplants, kidney, 461–462 Vaccines LASIK surgery, 544 Thigmotropism, 397, 397f Transport proteins, 48, 61, 61f contraceptive, 566 photoreceptors in eye, 543 Thoracic cavity, 453–454, 454f Transport system of body, 424, 424f immunity and, 506 types of eyes, 542 Three-domain system, Transposon, 139, 222, 222f MMR vaccine, 507 Vitamins, 482–483, 482t Trees A, 141–142, 482–483, 483t 281–282, 282f Vacuoles, 69, 70f B1, 482t Thrombin, 444 annual ring, 382 Vagina, 562, 562f B12, 482t Thrombus, 445 bark of, 381–382 Vaginitis, 570 B2, 482t Thylakoid membrane, 295 wood of, 382 Valence shell, 25–26, 25f, 26, 26f B6, 482t Treponema pallidum, 294f Valine (Val), 53 C, 141–142, 475, 475f, organization of, 102, 102f Triassic period, 273t Valium, 518 Thylakoids, 70, 70f, 97, 97f Trichinosis, 348 Vampire bat, 243f 482–483, 482t Thymine (T), 52, 52f, 186, 186f Trichomes, 373 Varicose veins, 439 D, 482–483, 483t, 530 Trichomoniasis, 570 Vas deferens, 559–560, 560f E, 483t structure of DNA and, Tricuspid valve, 436 Vascular bundles, 377 fat-soluble, 483t 186–188 Triglycerides, 45, 478 Vascular cambium, 373 K, 471, 483t Triiodothyronine, 529 Vascular cylinder, 384 water-soluble, 482t Thymus gland, 498, 526f Trisomy, 154, 221 Vascular endothelial growth factor Viviparous, 558 Thyroid gland, 526f, 529–530 Trisomy 21, 155–156, 155f, 221 Vocal cords, 453 Thyroid-stimulating hormone Trophic levels, 613–614 (VEGF), 233 Volvox, 302, 302f Tropical level, 614 Vascular plants, 315, 316–319 Vulva, 562, 562f (TSH), 527 Tropism, 397, 397f–398f Vascular tissue Thyroxine, 529 True-breeding plants, 161 W Tibia, 547 Trypsin, 470, 474 of plants, 316, 373, Tight junctions, 74f, 75 Tumor, 140 374–375, 375f Wallace, Alfred Russel, 243–244 Tiktaalik fossils, 245, 245f Tumor suppressor genes, Wallace, Alfred Russell, 7 Tinea, 332, 332f of roots, 384 Wallace’s Line, 243, 243f Tissue, 2, 3f 137, 137f capillary exchange in, 441, 441f connective, 416, 416f, 419–421 defined, 415 epithelial, 416, 416f, 417–418 of immune system, 497–499 muscular, 416, 416f, 421–422 nervous, 416, 416f, 422–423 plant, 373–375

INDEX I-18 Waste hydrolysis reaction, 42, 42f Weight, maintaining healthy, Xanax, 518 biodiversity and disposal of, 631 increasing water supplies, 489–490, 490f Xenotransplantation, 215 industrial waste, 642–643 Xylem, 316 sewage, 643 635–636 Weinberg, W., 259 as nutrient, 483 West Nile virus, as emerging virus, structure of, 374, 375f, 377, 382 Water oxidation of, in photosynthesis, 98 water and mineral transport in, acids and, 33 in photosynthesis equation, 28 290–291 biodiversity and freshwater polarity of, 29, 29f Whales, evolution of, 245, 245f 387–388 provisions, 631 to produce food, 636 White blood cells, 420f, 421 cellular respiration, 111–112, properties of, 29–32 Y 111f, 112f regulation of, in urine formation, structure and function of, cohesion and adhesion of, 443, 443f Y chromosome, 146, 146f, 178–180, 30–31, 30f 459–460 178f–179f conservation of, 637, 637f–638f seawater, 91 Williams syndrome, 224, 224f dehydration synthesis reaction, as solvent, 29–30 Wind power, 640, 640f Y-linked pattern of inheritance, 180 42, 42f structure of, 29, 29f Wood, 382 Yeast, fermentation and, 116 density of ice, 32, 32f surface tension of, 31 Woody stems, 380–382, 382f Yolk sac, 571f in digestive process, 471–472 transport in plants, 387–388 dissociation of, 33 use of, 635–636, 636f X Z heat capacity of, 31–32 Water-soluble vitamins, 482t heat of vaporization, Watson, James, 187–188, 187f X chromosome, 146, 146f, 178–180, Zika virus, 496, 576 31–32, 31f Weight loss 178f–179f Zona pellucida, 571, 571f hydrogen bond, 29, 29f cancer prevention and, 141 Zygospore fungi, 327–328, 327f chromium and, 122 X-inactivation, 199, 200f Zygote, 148, 557 X-linked alleles, 178–179 Zygote mortality, 269 X-linked dominant, 179 X-linked recessive disorder, 179, 180f