COGPSY MAGAZINE

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HIGHLY PRECISE WIRING IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX \" While many C onnectomics means mapping the consider the neural networks in the brain that Max cerebral cortex Planck Institute produces for brain as a randomly research. This institute uses the assembled web technique of grid cells which gives us a particular representation of individuals and is active when it is placed at highly ordered grid locations in a larger space. The co-author of this study, Michael Bretch of Humboldt University, had previously discovered the special of nerve cells arrangement of nerve cells in the [...], we now cerebral cortex and assumed that within these special cell assemblies, specific nerve cell circuits could exist. The study found that synapses within the cortex discover an are positioned precisely in orderly extremely arranged triplets. The mechanism within precise these cells works in order wherein first, the nerve cell activates an inhibitory connectivity nerve cell. Second, transferring the pattern.\" signal to the next excitatory is possible but can be delayed by the veto of an inhibitory nerve cell. Third, functioning like a cortical transistor, this circuit would selectively reproduce information. According to Helmstaedter, many refer to the cerebral cortex as a randomly assembled web of the nerve cells, yet at present, this new study discovers an actual precise connectivity pattern within the cortex. Vink, 2017 6

oPoEIPEInAvnIAvrmCIrAmCAmCemCnheenheococroofrootifttipntprnbrertbSiertSiaotioarotioitritoorootreintineininirconoircoxnoxotsotsisilsraalraaananllllll The less active the front part of the cerebral cortex is, the fewer people have control over their social behavior. The research conducted by Volman et al. in 2015 made use of magnetic stimulation to suppress a part of the prefrontal cortex. Study subjects whose activity of the prefrontal cortex was temporarily suppressed showed less control over their emotional impulses than normal. This was due to their amygdala which is responsible for emotional reactions becoming extra active. The study concluded that the inhibition of the left lateral anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) disturbs the control of social- emotional actions, such that the research participants follow their automatic emotional tendencies even when the situation would require them to override those stimulus-response mappings with rule-driven behavior. After aPFC inhibition, brain areas important for automatic emotional processing increased their activity, whereas areas implicated in rule selection showed a decreased activity. These findings indicate that aPFC alterations impair the coordination between emotional processing and rule-driven behavior. Volman et al., 2011 7

\"The human brain will grow three times its size in the first year of life. It continues to grow until you’re about 18 years old.\" (Healthline, 2017) 8

. Anorexia Nervosa is Related to Age and Cortical Thickness Rapid alterations in the functional connectivity of amygdala, hippocampus, and precuneus play a role in the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa and other eating disorders. Age also contributes to it. Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight and a disturbance in body image. Associated with patients with AN are structural and functional brain changes and activities that are different from their healthy counterparts. To investigate this, Myrvang et al. (2021) scanned and analyzed the whole-brain connectivity of 29 AN restrictive female inpatients and 27 healthy age and gender-matched controls. The findings revealed significant group differences in a few resting-state networks. The body image distortions, neuropsychological deficits, and comorbid mood disorders experienced by AN patients were due to the rapid decrease in functional connectivity of the hippocampus and precuneus or posterior parietal lobe. As the amygdala plays a role in fear and anxiety, it was obtained that the network’s connectivity in AN patients rapidly increased which also contributed to the mentioned eating disorder symptoms. While these structural and functional alterations of brain networks in AN patients were expected to decrease with increasing age, the amygdala network increases. Myrvang et al., 2021 9

brain cortex May Regulate the Need for Sleep Oxford University, 2021 10

\"The brain can’t feel pain. It interprets pain signals sent to it, but it does not feel pain.\" (Healthline, 2017) 11

CEREBRAL CORTEX Vas Essen et Influence on al. (2018) behaviors The cerebral cortex is the outer bark-like layer of our brain that allows us to use language, acquire complex skills, create tools, and live in social groups. Because it is wrinkled and folded, it creates a greater surface area and size which enables increased capacities for learning, remembering, and thinking. Volman et al. (2011) People with poor cerebral cortex function have less control over their behavior, which leads to more impulsive behaviors. 12

A ROLE FOR THE CORTEX IN SLEEP-WAKE REGULATION Krone et al., 2021 13

AAXXOONNAALL SSYYNNAAPPSSEE SSOORRTTIINNGGIINN IINNMMEEDDIIAALL EENNTTOORRHHIINNAALL CCOORRTTEEXX I n the research about the cerebral cortex, the presynaptic axonal trees are still strange in the field. So, to study the synaptic organization, the researchers from Max Planck Institute for Brain Research used dense reconstructions from three- dimensional electron microscopy using rats. As the result of this research, they found out that the axonal synapse sorting is aimed at inhibitory neurons first, then the excitatory neurons and the inhibitory circuit following a path-length-dependent way. In addition, myelinated inhibitory axons and dendritic synapses are involved in a cellular feedforward inhibition circuit which control the propagation of synchronized activity in the medial entorhinal cortex where temporally precise discharges are known. Schmidt et al., 2017 14

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MEL D. SALA kanuotghweottrhtsoe! ANTHA JAM DINO Zamantha is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Psychology at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. She is currently taking up Clinical Psychology at Ateneo de Manila University, while also working as a freelance writer in addition to working as an assistant therapist at Better Steps Psychology. She has published several books under a pseudonym. MINE ALYAN BLAlyanna is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng JAS NA B. CUNAN ANMaynila with a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology. ZAM She is currently completing her master's degree, working towards becoming a forensic psychologist. She, together with her mother, founded a school for giftedness in their province for children with autism and other exceptional abilities. Outside academics, she performs as a theater actress, fulfilling her creative pursuits and exploring her craft in visual arts. JOYCE A NN U. CRUZ Joyce is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. While currently in the final year of her degree in Master's of Science in Clinical Psychology at the University of Santo Tomas, she works as an Applied Behavioral Analysis therapist assistant at We Care Therapy Center-Pasig. She is an active member of the Psychological Association in The Philippines and the Family Acceptance Project for LGBTQ+ parents and youths. PRINCESS Princess is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng DUARTE Maynila with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She is a businesswoman even before she was an undergraduate student up until now that she is in medical school. NGELINE I. VIAÑA Bleszandra is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila ESZANDRA A with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She is currently pursuing her medical studies with plans to specialize in Neurosurgery at the University of Santo Tomas. She has recently published her research about sensory processing and sleep in children on the Science Journal. She is fascinated with all things concerning the brain - explaining the passion she has for her medical journey and research - and coffee. In her past time, she reads, writes in her blog or explores her artistic side, if not experimenting new coffee recipes as a self-proclaimed barista. 19

AILA B. BASA kanuotghweottrhtsoe! CEE JAY K Cee Jay is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She is currently pursuing her master’s degree in Clinical Psychology at University of the Philippine and later will pursue doctorate degree to become Forensic Psychology. She also owns a coffee shop that provides free wifi and a safe space for students to study and to work peacefully. Akira is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila AKIRA KAYE P. ECHAGUE with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She is currently working in the Bureau of Corrections while also undertaking her master’s degree in Forensic Psychology at the same time. Outside her field, she endeavors in literature both in reading and writing fictional stories. Having found joy in literature art, she opened her own book cafe and filled it with books that radiate passion, creativity, perseverance and life. HANNAH AND RIE F. ADAM Hannah is a soul-embodied writer whose heart is always grounded in E the power of writing. She is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Psychology at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. Even though she’s currently pursuing her studies in medicine, Hannah still makes time as a journalist at Ang Pamantasan and as a volunteer writer at the Media and Public Information Ministry at Diocesan Shrine and Parish of Our Lady of Aranzazu. Being in the field outside of writing, Hannah is passionate about writing as she believes that writing is learning and through the power of it, she can influence people. PATRCIA MA E G. ESTACIO SHYEINNA Patricia is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She is currently pursuing her master’s degree in Forensic Psychology at University of Santo Tomas. Aside from that, she is also pursuing her vlogging career as she intends to romanticize her life and to share her life journey in order to inspire other people. V. SANTIAGO Shyeinna is a graduate of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila with a degree in Bachelor of Science in Psychology. She is currently pursuing her master’s degree in Clinical Psychology at the University of Santo Tomas, and at the same time she participates in a lot of outreach programs that focuses on helping the people in need. She is also the head of a lot of free mental health counsellings projects for the youth. 20

Bibliography 3.2. Our brains control our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. (2015). Introduction to Psychology. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/3-2-our-brains-control-our-thoughts-feelings-and- behavior/ Collins, A., & Koechlin, E. (2012). Reasoning, learning, and creativity: Frontal lobe function and human decision-making. PLOS Biology, 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001293 Jawabri, K. H., & Sharma, S. (2022). Physiology, cerebral cortex functions. StatPearls Publishing LLC. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538496/ Krone, L.B. et al. (2021). A role for the cortex in sleep–wake regulation. Nat Neurosci, 24, 1210–1215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00894-6 Lewis, T., & Taylor, A. P. (2021, May 29). Human brain: Facts, functions & anatomy. LiveScience. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.livescience.com/29365-human-brain.html Lienhard, D. A. (2017). Roger Sperry’s Split Brain Experiments (1959–1968). In Embryo Project Encyclopedia. http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/13035. Minnesota Brain Injury Alliance. (n.d.). About Brain Injury: A Guide to Brain Anatomy [PDF]. https://www.braininjurymn.org/library/AGuideToBrainAnatomy.pdf Myrvang, A.D. et al. (2021). Altered functional connectivity in adolescent anorexia nervosa is related to answer key:age and cortical thickness. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 490. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03497-4 sweaorrcdh gibberish 1. NEOCORTEX 2. SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX 3. SCHIZOPHRENIA 4. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT 5. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES 6. GREY MATTER 7. BROCA’S AREA p8. FUSIFORM GYRUS uVERTICAL HORIZONTAL z1. CEREBRAL 1. MOTOR z2. CORPUS 2. CEREBRUM 3. PARIETAL 4. FISSURES 3. LOBES 21 crossword el4. GREY

Bibliography Ocran, E. (2022, March 14). Cerebral cortex. Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cerebral-cortex Oxford University. (2021). Brain cortex may regulate the need for sleep. Nature Neuroscience. https://neurosciencenews.com/cerebral-cortex-sleep-19049/ Queensland Brain Institute. (2018, July 17). Lobes of the brain. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain- anatomy/lobes-brain Radboud University Nijmegen. (2011). Poor cerebral cortex functions leads to more impulsive behavior. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111021074642.htm Schmidt, H., Gour, A., Straehle, J., Boergens, K., Brecht, M., & Helmstaedter, M. (2017). Axonal synapse sorting in medial entorhinal cortex. Nature, 549, 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24005 Suni, E. (2022, March 11). Sleep guidelines and help during the covid-19 pandemic. Sleep Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-guidelines-covid-19-isolation UMass Chan Medical School . (2018, December 2). Understanding TBI. https://www.umassmed.edu/nccresearch/patients-and-families/what-is-a-tbi/ University of Bern. (2022, May 13). How sleep helps to process emotions. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220513113237.htm Van Essen, D.C., Donahue C.J., & Glasser M.F. (2018). Development and evolution of cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 91, 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000489943 Vink, A. (2017, September 21). Highly precise wiring in the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience News. https://neurosciencenews.com/cerebral-cortex-wiring-7543/ Volman, I., Roelofs, K., Koch, S., Verhagen, L., & Toni, I. (2011). Anterior prefrontal cortex inhibition impairs control over social emotional actions. Current Biology, 21(20), 1766-1770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.050 Wells, D. (2017, July 6). 21 fun facts about the brain. Healthline. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/fun-facts-about-the-brain#21-fun-facts-about-the-brain