Musculoskeletal System

Health Science 1- Body Systems Flipbook Introduction - With a Greys Anatomy twist By: Zara Karim

Table of Contents Pages 3) Integumentary 4) Musculoskeletal 5) Nervous 6) Special Senses 7) Cardiovascular 8) Respiratory 9) Digestive 10) Urinary 11) Reproductive

Integumentary System By: Zara Karim Function Vocabulary Key Terms The Integumentary System is composed of the skin and its accessory 1) Cuticle- narrow band on epidermal tissue attached to the surface of the nail, at the base and 1) derm/o- skin organs (nails, hair, and glands). The skin is composed of many different sides of nail 2) kerat- hard tissues that include various glands. These glands secrete different 2) Lunula- the semilunar white area at the proximal end of the nail 3) xer/o- dry fluids, nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain, and blood 3) Arrector Pili- bundles of very small muscle fibers that are attached to the hair follicles 4) xanth/o- yellow vessels that help regulate body temperature. The skin acts as a 5) erythr/o- red 6) pedicu/o- foot protective layer that guards the deeper tissues of the body against 4) Hair Follicle- tiny secretory cavities from which hair grows 7) onych/o- nail 8) myc/o- fungus fluid loss, and that keeps pathogens from entering the body. 5) Keratin- a fibrous, water-repellent protein that makes up the epidermis 9) pil/o- hair 10) lip/o- fat 6) Sebum- oily substance present in the hair follicles 11) rhytid/o- wrinkle Diseases/ Disorders 7) Collagen- a fibrous protein found in the skin, bone, cartilage, tendon, and ligaments. It is a 12)albin/o- wite connective tissue of the dermis 1) Alopecia- hair loss that results from genetics, normal, aging, illness, or drugs used to 8) Mucous Membrane- specialized type of epithelial tissue which protectively line any body treat certain diseases. cavity that opens to the outside 2) Ecchymosis- black-and-blue or purplish bruise caused by ruptured blood vessels 9) Hair Shaft- simple hair strand that are surrounded by melanocytes around the core beneath the skin 10) Melanocytes- special cells found in the epidermis that contain and produce dark pigments 3) Impetigo- bacterial infection of the skin characterized by vesicles; pustules, and called melanin crusted over lesions 4) Petechia- round, pinpoint spots on the skin caused by intradermal hemorrhage In this scene of Grey’s Anatomy, Health Care Careers these residents that become amazing 1) Dermatology Nurse surgeons are going Practitioner- Nurse through their practitioners perform many of dermatology the same task as physicians pathway. In the future, I hope to help 2) Dermatology Technician- also people as well and called a dermatology assistant, make connections is a specialized medical with patients who assistant who works in the might come in with skin- care field acne, because I too had severe acne.

Musculoskeletal System By: Zara Karim Muscular Skeletal Key Terms Function Function 1) my/o- muscle The muscular system is responsible for holding body The functions of the skeletal system include support, 2) myel/o- bone parts in position and making movement possible, marrow protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation. protecting internal organs, keeping the body warm, 3) oste/o- bone Vocabulary 4) cost/o- rib moving food through the digestive system, aiding 5) crani/o- skull As an honor to one my favorite shows, 1) Diarthroses- freely movable joints blood flow, and assisting with the movement of fluids. 6) -pexy- surgical Greys Anatomy, Callie Torres who is an 2) Tubercule- is a small round process found on many bones orthopedic surgeon is shown above. 3) Bone Depression- is an opening or hollow region in the surface of a Vocabulary An Orthopedic surgeon is a very bone at which one bone articulates with another form a joint prominent career within this system. 4) Fossa- a shallow pit or cavity in or on a bone 1) Fascia- a band or sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or group of muscles. Callie Torres never fails to go above 5) Foramen- is a passageway for blood vessels and nerves and beyond for her patients while 6) Fissure- is a deep, narrow, slit- like opening 2) Automaticity- the ability of a muscle to contract without the involvement of a nerve supply. fixation always looking to advance the skeI 7) Sinus- hollow cavity within a bone also look up to her in a way because I 8) Pelvic Girdle- made up of bones that support attachment of the lower 3)Excitability (irritability)- the ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by want to become an orthopedic extremities to the axial skeleton surgeon and form a connection with 9) Shoulder Girdle- composed of bones that support attachment of the 7) chondr/o-contracting. my patients about my acl surgery. upper extremities to the axial skeleton 10) Costals- attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae cartilage4) Elasticity- the ability of a skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length whe8 a stretching forces removed 8) arthr/o- joint 5)Abduction- movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. 9) -plegia- 6) Inversion- the turning inward of the sole of the foot. paralysis 7) Dorsiflexion- movement of the sole of the foot upward 8) Pronation- rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face downward 10) kinesis/o- 9) Supination- rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face upward movement 10) Depression- lowering of a body part. Diseases/Disorders Diseases/Disorders 1) Ataxia- inability to coordinate voluntary muscle 1)Ankylosis- a stiff joint caused by adhesion, or activity 2) Flaccidity- condition or state in which muscles are abnormal fusion of two bones into one flabby, relaxed or have defective or absent tone. 2) Arthralgia- pain in a joint or joints 3) Hemiplegia- total paralysis on one side of the body. 3) Bunion- joint swelling at the base of the great 4) Hypotonia- loss of muscle tone toe, caused by inflammation of the bursa 4) Chondromalacia- softening of the cartilage Healthcare Careers Healthcare Careers 1) Certified Fitness Trainer-serves as a leader and instructor in exercise programs and helps 1) Orthopedic Surgeons- physicians who specialize in people achieve and maintain a healthful the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders, sports lifestyle. injuries, arthritis, and fractures 2) Sports Medicine Physician- treats and 2) Prosthetist- person who measures, designs, prevents sports related injuries of the bones, fabricates, fits, and services a prosthesis or artificial joints, and muscle limb

Nervous System By: Zara Karim Function Vocabulary 1) Myelin Sheath- made up of fats and proteins and The functions of the nervous system include sensory input, integration, provides electrical insulation for the axons as they and motor output. Sensory input is any electrical impulse sent from the conduct neural impulses. sensory organs to the central nervous system. Integration is the CNS 2) Synapse- the contacts point at which on neuron processing and interpreting the information received through the sensory communicates with another 3) Synaptic Cleft- between nerve synapses, a organs. Motor output involves the CNS transmitting messages to microscopic gap between two neurons 4) Nucleus Cytoplasm- In the neuron’s cell body that is eDffecistoersa. ses/Disorders a jelly-like substance that makes up the most of the 1) Cerebral Palsy- disorder that affects movement and muscle tone; caused cell body and that protects the nucleus by a defect in, or trauma to, the brain before birth 5) Gray Matter- unmyelinated nerve tissue that is composed mostly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites. 2) Convulsion- a sudden, abnormal, involuntary, contraction of the muscles 3) Meningocele- congenital hernia in which the meninges protrude through 6) White Matter- contains myelin sheaths, which shroud an opening of the skull or spinal cord axons and are made by neuroglial cells 7) Gyri- convolution in the brain 4) Myasthenia Gravis- a disease of the skeletal muscles caused by disruption in neural communication between the muscles and the nerves 8) Diencephalon- situated on the posterior part of the forebrain, directly beneath the cerebrum. 9) Pons- connects the cerebellum to the rest of the Healthcare Careers brain 10) Medulla Oblongata- connects the brain to the spinal 1) Physician anesthesiologist- doctor who administers cord via the pons general anesthesia or an anesthetic to patients before Here is Derek Shepard, the surgery best neurosurgeon in the 2) Electroneurodiagnostic technologist- uses specialized show. At the end of season KdieagynoTsetircmeqsuipment to monitor a patient’s nervous system one, Derek discovers a tumor on Dr. Richard Webber's optic 1) neur/o- nerve 2) encephal/o- brain nerve and needs to operate. 3) myel/o- bone marrow 4) ambul/o- walking The surgery itself is risky, but 5) -esthesia- feeling 6) mening/o- meninges 7) the fact that Derek is operating on his boss is very psych/o- mind 8) concuss/o- concussion brave and nerve wrecking, which are things you must take on to be in this field.

Special Senses By: Zara Karim Function Vocabulary The senses monitor stimuli, or changes in the external o1r)Conjunctiva- a clear, colorless mucous membranes that lines the eye- life and covers the anterior portion of the eyeball internal environment. When neural receptors are activated in the special sense organs. a neural impulse is23))RCehtoinroai-da- blood rich tunic of the eyeball posterior of the eye internally thin layer of tissue that like the transmitted to the brain. The impulses are acted upon by4)Macula- oval shaped pigmented area near the retina, contains specialized, the body (eye, war, nose, tongue, and skin). high density cones that are used for high acuity vision Diseases/Disorders 5)Cerumen- yellow substance which protects middle earth by trapping debris from the environment Amblyopia- lazy eye. impaired vision in one or both eyes 6)Labyrinth- in the inner ear which houses the delicate structures that control Here is Jackson Avery, the resulting from a developmental deficient in early childhood balance bsf equilibrium in the body plastic surgeon of the 2)Ectropion/ eversion of the eyelid 7)Papillae- small, raised areas that contain taste buds hospital that also deals with 3)Nystagmus- repetitive? usually involuntary movements of 8)Gustatory- commonly known as the sense of fate, encompasses five basic special senses. He goes taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami one or both eyes 9)Deglutition- swallowing through many surgeries that 4)Otomycosis- fungal infection caused by a moist 10)Vestibulocochlear Nerve- auditory nerve responsible for transmitting can affect people’s taste and environment balance and hearing related nerve impulses to the brain sight Healthcare Careers Key Terms 1)Optometrist- responsible for performing eye exams and diagnosing any injuries. impairments, or diseases of the eye 1) irid/o- iris 2) -cusis- hearing 3) -opia- vision condition 4)ot/o-ear 2)Audiologist-specialist who works with hearing, balance, and 5) tympan/o- eardrum 6) opthalm/o- eye 7) -metry- process of related disorders measuring

Cardiovascular System By: Zara Karim Function Vocabulary Key Terms Consists of the heart, network of blood 123)))ASPpeeeprixtcu-amlrod-wiadelisvCtidapevaistrytt-hosefptoharecgeaenbxteientrwtiooertehonef ttrhhigeehphteehraeicratarrtdaiunmd leanftdhtehaertepicardium12))caanrgdii//oo-- heart vessel vessels, blood, and blood cells. The primary 4) Auscultation- using a stethoscope to listen to the heart 3) hem/o- blood function is to circulate oxygen- rich blood 5) Arterioles- small arterial branches that lead to fine blood vessels calle4d) brady- slow throughout the body. capillaries 5) tachy- fast Diseases/Disorders 6) Venules- tiny blood vessels that merge with the veins 6) thromb/o- clot 7) Nodal System- responsible for electrical current conduction in the 7) -emia- blood condit 1) Atherosclerosis- condition of plaque buildup in the heart arteries 2) Embolus- mass of solid, liquid, or gas that travel 8) Sinoatrial Node- pacemaker of the heart 8) leuk/o- white through the bloodstream 3) Thrombophlebitis- inflammation of a vein caused by 9) Purkinje Fibers- line the ventricle walls 9) erythr/o- red the formation of a thrombus 4) Cyanosis- bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, 10) DIastole- relaxation of the ventricles 10) arteri/o- artery caused by decreased circulation of oxygen rich-blood Healthcare Careers This is Cristina Yang. She is one of the 1) Telemetry Nurse- monitors most hardworking patients’ heart rhythm cardiothoracic sophisticated equipment surgeons in the 2) Cardiovascular Technologist- show and was even provides assistance to doctors promoted in in diagnosing and treating Switzerland because heart diseases and conditions of her great work. I aspire to have her work ethic in the medical field.

Respiratory System By: Zara Karim Function Vocabulary This system has many functions like inhaling(breathing in ) 1) Upper Respiratory Tract- responsible for the inhalation and humidification of air 2) Paranasal Sinuses- situated behind the sku;; around the nose are the air-filled cavities fresh air, exchanging harmful carbon dioxide for life- 3) Nasopharynx- first section of the pharynx 4) Glottis- space between the vocal cords sustaining, oxygen between the tiny air sacs of the lungs and 5) Epiglottis- the leaf-like structure of fibrocartilage located above the glottis 6) Apex- cone-shaped peak at the top of the lung bloodstream, and exhaling (breathing out) stale hair. 7) Mediastinum- a cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, the superior and inferior vena cava Diseases/Disorders 8) Parietal Pleura- lines the thoracic cavity and upper side of the diaphragm 9) Medulla Oblongata- area of the brain that controls the center that is responsible for 1) Stridor- harsh, high-pitched sound during respiration that initiating and sustaining the breathing process indicated an airway obstruction 10) Sternum- breastbone 2) Atelectasis- Collapsed of airless lung caused by any condition that prevents the alveoli from expanding normally to allow breathing and coughing 3) Emphysema- chronic pulmonary disease characterized by an abnormal increase in the size of the alveoli accompanied by loss of elasticity 4) Nasal Polyp- tumor with a stem of new growth in the nose or nasal cavity Healthcare Careers Key Terms 1) Perfusionist- vital part of 1) bronch/o- bronchus 2) cyan/o- blue 4) -oxia- oxygen the surgical team during 3) laryng/o- larynx 6) pluer/o- pluera 5) oxy- oxygen 8) pulmon/o- lung open heart surgeries. 10) trache/o- trachea 7) pnuem/o- lung 2) Pulmonologist- medical 9) thorac/o- chest doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions and Meredith Grey (left), is pictured helping contain a bomb in a patient’s diseases of the lungs and chest and later has to perform chest surgery. Grey will do anything for of the cardiopulmonary her patient’s benefit, which makes a great doctor/surgeon. system

Digestive System By: Zara Karim Function Vocabulary The major functions of the digestive system 1) Labia- protect the anterior opening of the mouth, and the cheeks Key Terms are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and 2) Hard Palate- posterior of the roof of the mouth contains elimination. 1) cholecyst/o- gallbladder 3) Laryngopharynx- located beneath and behind the opening to the 2) enter/o- intestines 3) col/o- large intestine throat 4) hepat/o- liver 5) gastr/o- stomach 4) Cardiac Sphincter- controls the flow of substances 6) or/o- mouth 7) -pepsia- digestion 5) Pyloric Sphincter-the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small 8) chole/e- gall 9) proct/o- rectum intestine Miranda Bailey 6) Protease- helps break down proteins is a leader in and out of the 7) Amylase- helps break down carbohydrates hospital. She informs patients 8) Fundus- the upper rounded portion of the stomach what is best for them whether it 9) Antrum- lower section of the stomach pertains to nutrition or life. I 10) Pylorus- connects the stomach to small intestine, a narrow, hope to have an impact on muscular passageway people like she does in the Diseases/Disorders medical field. Healthcare Careers 1) Anal Fistula- an abrnomal, tube-like passageqya that forms between the anus 1) Gastroenterologist- a physician who specializes in diseases and the skin near the anus and condition of the digestive system 2) Bulimia- gorging with food and then 2) Registered Dietitian- supervises the preparation and serving purging of food in any of a variety of settings, including hospitals, 3) Ileus- temporary stoppage of intestinal long-term care facilities, and schools peristalsis 4) Peritonitis- inflammation of the abdominal cavity caused by bacterial infection

Urinary System By: Zara Karim Function Healthcare Careers The urinary system is responsible for filtration, 1) Dialysis Technician- operates machines that remove metabolic waste storage and excretion, hormone waste products and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose production, and maintenance of homeostasis kidneys are not functioning properly 2) Urologist- physician who specializes in disease of the urinary Vocabulary system and the male’s reproductive tract 1) Renal Cortex- outer layer of the kidney Key Terms 1) -cele- hernia 2) Bowman’s Capsule- membrane that surrounded the glomerulus 2) -lysis- breakdown 3) Renal Tubule- attached to Bowman’s capsule which is long, twisted tube 3) cyst/o- cyst 4) Renal Medulla- inner region of the kidney 4) nephr/o- kidney 5) Renal Calyces- cup-like cavities that collect urine 5) ren/o- kidney 6) Renal Pelvis- widened, upper part of the ureter 6) -uria- urination 7) Urethral Sphincters- urine passes through here which are composed of 7) -pexy- surgical fixation muscle tissue and work together to control the flow of urine 8) -ectasis- dilation 8) Urinary Meatus- aka external urethral orifice which is located below the 9) pyel/o- renal pelvis clitoris and above vagina in females 9) Trigone- at he base of the bladder, the ureteral openings and internal openings of the urethra form a triangle 10) Hilum- a depression that serves as a passageway for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Diseases/ Disorders 1) Diuresis- abnormal increase in production of urine 2) Cystolithiasis- calculi of the urinary bladder; bladder stones 3) Nephrosclerosis- a disease in which the arteriole walls in the kidneys become narrowed and thickened Catherine Fox in this picture 4) Real Ischemia- condition which blood flow to the glomerulus specializes in doing unique and severely decreases, resulting in atrophy and scarring of the precise surgeries involving the urinary kidney tissue system.

Reproductive System By: Zara Karim Function Key Terms Vocabulary The primary function of the male 1) cervic/o- neck reproductive system is to facilitate 2) salping/o- Eustachian tube 1) Gonades- the glands responsible for producing gametes conception, or fertilization of the ovum 3) ov/o- ovum/egg 2) Epididymis- a large tube that supports the testis by a sperm. The female reproductive 4) orchid/o-testis/testicle 3) Flagellum- what a sperm matures into, or a tail that eventually allows the perm system is to produce life. 5) oophor/o- ovary to “swim” 6) men/o- menses 4) Glans Penis- soft, sensitive area at the distal end of the penis Diseases/Disorders 5) Circumcision- often done at birth, this fold of skin is removed 6) Fimbriae- finger- like projections near the outer end of the fallopian tube 1) Anorchia- congenital absence of one 7) mamm/o- breast 7) CIlia- help the ovum make its way toward the uterus 8) Gestation- period of human development and growth in the uterus from or both testes 8)gynec/o-female/ women conception to birth 9) Hymen- thin membrane that partially covers the opening of the vagina 2) Hydrocele- condition of a fluid- filled 9) colp/o- vagina 10) Colostrum- thin, yellow fluid that provides rich nutrition that is secreted from mother’s breast sac in or around a testis 10) prostat/o-prostate gland 3) Eclampsia- condition of which seizures occur in a pregnant woman with high blood pressure between the twentieth week of pregnancy 4) Mastalgia- pain in the breast Healthcare Careers 1) Surgical Technician- assists Carina Deluca is an physicians and nurses in the OB/Gynecologist that help and operating room support women in labor. She 2) Doula- professional who has makes a big impacts to families been trained and certified to which I hope to make as well. assist a birthing family before, during, and immediately after the birth of the baby