UNIT 2_Text

Content Enhancement: indictment: A formal charge ARE SCHOOL LOCKERS PRIVATE? double jeopardy: The Fourth Amendment is an important safeguard against The legal concept that “unreasonable searches and seizures.” This amendment protects those who have been Americans from unlawful searches by the police. However, you, found innocent of a as a student, are not protected in the same way. In the case of criminal charge cannot be New Jersey v. T.L.O., the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth charged again for the Amendment’s warrant requirement “is unsuited to the school same crime environment.” The Constitution includes other amendments that protect the rights of Americans accused of crimes. self-incrimination A speech or action that THE FIFTH AMENDMENT – RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED suggests your own guilt, especially during court “No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous testimony crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.” The Fifth Amendment protects the rights of people accused of crimes. It states that no one can be put on trial for a serious federal crime without an indictment, or formal charge. The charge is made by the grand jury, which is a group of citizens who make the indictment and review the evidence against the accused. A person who is indicted is not necessarily guilty of a crime. An indictment simply indicates the grand jury’s belief that an individual may have committed a crime. This provision protects people from being brought to trial hastily and perhaps needlessly. The Fifth Amendment also protects people from double jeopardy. This means that people who are accused of a crime and judged not guilty may not be put on trial again for the same crime. In addition, the Fifth Amendment protects an accused person’s right to remain silent. Throughout history, innocent people have been threatened, tortured, or bullied into confessing to crimes they did not commit. To prevent this, the Fifth Amendment states that people cannot be forced to testify against themselves. This is called protection against self-incrimination, a speech or action that suggests your own guilt, especially during court testimony. Testimony is the evidence that a witness gives in a court of law. This is why you may hear people state in a courtroom that they “take the fifth,” or you may hear them say, “I refuse to answer on the grounds that it may incriminate me” or “make me appear guilty.” Rights of Citizens 287

due process: Figure 8.2.10 The legal concept that laws must be reasonable and The Fifth Amendment goes on to say that no one may be denied life, courts should follow liberty, or property “without due process of law.” Due process means established legal procedures following established legal procedures. It also includes the idea that the laws themselves must be reasonable. eminent domain: The right of the government Finally, the Fifth Amendment protects citizens’ property rights by limiting to take private property— the government’s power of eminent domain. Eminent domain is the right usually land—for public use of the government to take private property—usually land—for public use. For example, if your home lies in the path of a proposed highway, the government may legally take the land and destroy your house. Under the Fifth Amendment, however, the government must pay you a fair price for the property. THE SIXTH AMENDMENT – CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.” The Sixth Amendment gives additional due process rights to people accused of crimes. It requires that they be told the exact nature of the charges against them. It also guarantees them the right to a fair, speedy, public trial by jury, although they may ask to be tried by only a judge instead. If possible, the trial should be held in the same district where the crime took place. Accused individuals have the right to hear and question all witnesses against them. They must also be permitted to call witnesses in their own defense. Finally, they are entitled to have a lawyer. Since the Sixth 288 Rights of Citizens

Amendment was written, the Supreme Court has ruled that if an accused person cannot afford a lawyer, the government must provide one and pay his or her fees. The Sixth and Seventh Amendments reflect the belief that a trial by jury is important if people have trust and confidence in the law. The work of courts is open to public view and public participation. When people serve as jurors, they help to make sure that their fellow citizens are treated fairly. THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT – PUNISHMENT OF CRIMES “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” Although the Sixth Amendment guarantees a speedy trial, sometimes forfeited: months go by before a case can be heard. During that time, the accused Confiscated or taken may have two choices: stay in jail or remain free by paying bail. If the away as a penalty for accused person comes to court for the trial, the bail is returned. If the breaking a contract person fails to appear, the bail is forfeited. Forfeited is when something is taken away as a penalty for breaking a contract. The judge decides how much bail a person must pay, and may deny a request to pay bail. Judges consider various factors, including the type of crime committed, the record of the accused person, the likelihood that he or she will appear in court, and what he or she can afford. The Eighth Amendment, however, forbids “excessive” bail—that is, an amount that is much too high. The Eighth Amend- ment also forbids excessive fines for people convicted of crimes. In addition, it forbids “cruel and unusual punishments.” For many years, Americans have debated what kinds of punishment are cruel and unusual. It is generally agreed Figure 8.2.11 that punishment should be in proportion to the crime committed. For example, a sentence of life imprisonment for stealing a loaf of bread would be too harsh. People disagree strongly, however, about whether the death penalty for very serious crimes is cruel and unusual punishment. Protecting Other Rights In addition to the First Amendment freedoms and due process guarantees, the Bill of Rights includes other protections for American citizens. Rights of Citizens 289

THE SECOND AMENDMENT – RIGHT TO POSSESS FIREARMS “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” When this amendment was written, the American Revolution was fresh on the minds of citizens. Americans remember the important role that armed militias played in defeating the powerful British armies and gaining independence. Throughout our history, Americans have debated the exact meaning guaranteed by the Second Amendment. Some argue that it provides only for each state to maintain “a well- regulated militia” by allowing the members of those militias to carry arms, or weapons equipping a person or army. When the Second Amendment was written, a militia was a small, local army made up of volunteer soldiers. Militias helped to win America’s war against Great Britain. Figure 8.2.12 Other people hold that the Second Amendment guarantees the right of all individual citizens to “keep and bear arms” without the interference of the government. The courts have generally ruled that the government can pass laws to control, but not prevent, the possession of weapons. For example, federal and state laws determine who can be licensed to own firearms. Lawmakers continue to discuss the extent of our right to bear arms today. They also debate the kinds of gun regulations that may be necessary for public safety. Gun rights have become a huge issue nationally and in many states. Because of the large number of gun deaths in our nation, many people want to require background checks, waiting periods, or limit the types and number of guns a citizen can buy. Others argue that the Second Amendment gives citizens a right to own guns, without any government restrictions. THE THIRD AMENDMENT – HOUSING OF TROOPS “No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.” One cause of the American Revolution was the colonists’ resentment of the law requiring them to house and feed British soldiers. The Third Amendment makes it unlikely that Americans will ever be forced to shelter the military again. The amendment says that, in peacetime, soldiers may not move into private homes without the consent of the homeowner. In times of war, Congress must authorize the practice. THE SEVENTH AMENDMENT – CIVIL TRIALS “In Suits at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law.” Figure 8.2.13 290 Rights of Citizens

The Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments deal with people’s rights in criminal cases. The Seventh Amendment concerns civil cases—lawsuits that involve disagreements between people rather than crimes. If you were disputing a contract, for example, or claiming that a doctor had not treated you properly, you could initiate a civil suit. The Seventh Amendment permits jury trails in cases where there are conflicts over property or money, as long as the value in dispute is greater than twenty dollars. This is one reason why small claims courts were established. Small claims courts handle private disputes without tying up too many courtrooms. Each state places limits on the dollar amount that can be disputed. THE NINTH AMENDMENT – POWERS OF THE PEOPLE “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” The men who wrote the Bill of Rights realized that they could not spell out every right of the American people. The Ninth Amendment makes it clear that citizens have other rights beyond those listed in the Constitution. These unwritten rights are just as valuable and may not be taken away. The right to privacy, for example, is not mentioned in the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court has drawn on the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Amendments to uphold this right. Because of these rulings, we enjoy privacy in our homes, confidentiality in our medical and financial records, and freedom from government interference in our personal choices regarding friends, families, and careers. THE TENTH AMENDMENT – POWERS OF THE STATE “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” The Constitution discusses certain powers of the national and state governments. Many other powers of government—such as the authority to set up schools and license lawyers—are not mentioned at all. Under the Tenth Amendment, any powers the Constitution does not specifically give to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people. In this way, the Tenth Amendment prevents Congress and the President from becoming too strong. The government of the United States can have only the powers the people give it. Protecting Voting Rights Figure 8.2.14 The Bill of Rights was passed to safeguard individual liberties. However, the rights guaranteed to all Americans have not always been applied equally and fairly. The Bill of Rights was intended originally to restrain only the national government. For many years, local and state governments were not bound by its terms. As a result, states sometimes used their reserved powers to pass laws that violated civil liberties. In most parts of the country, for example, women and African-Americans could not vote to elect representatives in government. Rights of Citizens 291

Before 1865, many states had laws that sanctioned and approved slavery for African- Americans, who were treated as property and had no rights at all. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT (1865) – ABOLITION OF SLAVERY “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” The Thirteenth Amendment officially outlawed slavery in the United States and thus freed millions of African- Americans. It also outlawed any sort of forced labor, except as punishment for a crime. The Constitution now banned slavery. But the struggle of citizenship and Figure 8.2.15 voting rights had only just begun for former slaves. Freedom from slavery did not mean equality. For one thing, state governments still held the right to determine who could be a citizen of a state, and many states continued to deny citizenship to former slaves. Additionally, states passed “black codes” that kept former slaves from holding certain jobs, limited their property rights, and restricted them in other ways. THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT (1868) – RIGHTS OF CITIZENS “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” To prevent states from denying citizenship and other rights to former slaves, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868. It defined a United States citizen as anyone “born or naturalized in the United States,” a definition that included most former slaves. The amendment also required every state to grant its citizens “equal protection of the laws.” This clause has been extremely important. In recent years, it has been used to benefit women, people with disabilities, and other groups whose rights have not always been protected fairly. Another element of the Fourteenth Amendment forbids state governments from interfering with the “privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.” Further, state governments may not take an individual’s “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law or equal protection of the law.” The intent of these provisions was to make the Bill of Rights binding for state governments as well as the federal government. This is called the nationalization of the Bill of Rights. For many years, however, the Supreme Court ignored this interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Finally, in 1925, the Supreme Court ruled in Gitlow v. New York that the Fourteenth Amendment could safeguard free speech and a free press “from impairment by the states.” Benjamin Gitlow was a member of the American Socialist party, promoting immediate attempts to bring socialism to America, including the use of violence if needed. 292 Rights of Citizens

Socialism is a political system in which property and wealth are controlled by the citizens and evenly distributed. Since the Gitlow case, the Supreme Court has used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply other rights in the Bill of Rights to the states. This “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights by the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause means that U.S. citizens in every part of the country have the same basic rights. A string of later cases further extended the reach of the Bill of Rights. By the end of the 1960s, most protections in the Bill of Rights were considered to apply at the state level. THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT (1870) – RIGHT TO VOTE Figure 8.2.16 “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The last of the Civil War amendments, the Fifteenth Amendment, says that no state may take away a person’s voting rights on the basis of race, color, or previous enslavement. The amendment clearly aimed to guarantee suffrage, “the right to vote,” to African-Americans. Still, many states found ways to keep African-Americans away from the polls. The Fifteenth Amendment protected only men in practice. The various states had the power to decide whether women could vote. Women, regardless of their race, could not vote in most federal or state elections. THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT (1920) – WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” Although the Constitution did not guarantee women the right to vote, it did not directly deny them suffrage. As a result, states made their own laws on the matter, using the powers reserved to them under the Tenth Amendment. The territory of Wyoming permitted women to vote in 1869, and several other territories and states did so as well in the years that followed. However, national support for women’s suffrage was slow in coming. Leaders like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton argued as early as 1848 that voting rights should include women. It was not until 1920, however, that the Nineteenth Amendment protected the right of women to vote in all national and state elections. THE TWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT (1961) – PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA “The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.” Rights of Citizens 293

African-Americans and women were not the only citizens who were denied voting rights for many years. Residents of our nation’s capital, Washington, DC, also fell into this group. “DC,” as you may know, stands for the District of Columbia, an area located between the states of Maryland and Virginia. Because the District is not a state, the people who lived there were not initially allowed to vote in national elections. The Twenty-third Amendment changed that in 1961. The amendment says that residents of the District of Columbia may vote for the President and Vice President, just as other Americans do. poll taxes: THE TWENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT (1964) – RIGHT TO VOTE A required sum of money IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS (POLL TAXES BANNED) voters must pay before voting “The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.” Although the Fifteenth Amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote, many had trouble exercising this right. One reason was that several Southern states had poll taxes. In other words, poll taxes required voters to pay a sum of money before casting a ballot. Because many African- Americans could not afford the tax, they could not vote. Poor white families were also unable to vote if they could not pay the poll taxes. In 1964, the Twenty-fourth Amendment made poll taxes illegal in national elections. Two years later, the Supreme Court ruled that poll taxes were illegal in state elections as well. THE TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT (1971) – VOTING AGE 18 “The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.” Throughout our nation’s history, Americans still in their teens bravely fought for our country. By law, however, they were not old enough to vote for the leaders who sent them into battle. Although the Constitution did not specify a minimum age for voters, most states set the minimum at 21. That standard finally changed in 1971, a year when many young Americans were fighting in the Vietnam War. The Twenty- sixth Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to citizens 18 and older for all national and state elections. As a result, millions more Americans could now exercise their right to vote. Figure 8.2.17 The voting rights amendments show the Constitution can be changed in response to new attitudes and conditions in society. 294 Rights of Citizens

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments came about as a result of the Civil War. However, all the other changes in the Constitution were made through mostly peaceful efforts of citizens. The framers of our Constitution could not have possibly seen the future of our government. However, their hard work laid the foundation for a truly remarkable document; in over 225 years, we have only had to add 27 Amendments. Voting rights continues to be a dynamic issue. Since 2011, several states moved to require citizens to have state-issued identification cards in order to vote. People who wanted these laws say it would prevent voter fraud. However, people against the laws say voter fraud happens rarely. Opponents of the laws have argued in court that voter identification laws effective discriminate against people who have a hard time applying for an identification card: the poor, elderly, and people who change addresses frequently. As of this writing, it is too soon to tell how voter identification laws are affecting voter turnout in elections. The issues around voting rights are especially interesting because majority rule is one of the foundations of our democracy. Conclusion U.S. citizens enjoy many rights guaranteed by both the Constitution and Supreme Court decisions affirming those rights. However, as we’ve seen, the way those rights have been interpreted can vary by state law or by court rulings. In the end, the Supreme Court decides how to interpret the Constitution and how citizen rights apply to specific situations. Lesson Check-up • How do citizen rights compare with the rights of legal immigrants and illegal immigrants? • How does the Bill of Rights create a framework for other citizen rights? • Why is it important for people accused of crimes to have constitutional rights? • What role does voting rights play in a democracy? Rights of Citizens 295

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UNIT 2 Glossary active voice - A term that indicates that the writer has emphasized the doer of the action advocacy service - The act or process of supporting or providing a service toward a cause or proposal that does not require face-to-face contact aerobic exercise - Moderate to vigorous activity that requires large amounts of oxygen; improves the cardiorespiratory system after action review - Reflecting on what was learned after an act allergic - Having an abnormal physical reaction to something eaten, touched, or inhaled Amendments - Changes to the U.S. Constitution anaerobic exercise - Intense physical activity that requires little oxygen but uses short bursts of energy analysis - The separation of a whole into its component parts for individual study; a study of something complex, its elements, and their relations anorexia nervosa - An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation leading to extreme weight loss antibiotic - A medication used to fight infection antisocial - Lacking sociable instincts or practices, sometimes violating accepted laws and customs appetite - Psychological desire for food apprenticeship - Opportunity to learn a trade on the job while also learning in class Articles - The part of the U.S. Constitution that describes how the government shall work articulate - To speak clearly and effectively asylum - A legal status granted to refugees who are fleeing their nation due to persecution autocratic - A style of leadership where leaders make decisions alone automated external defibrillator - Device that analyzes the heart and determines if an electric shock is needed barrier - Obstruction; anything that blocks, restrains, or separates UNIT 2 - Glossary 297

Basal Metabolic Rate - A measurement that shows how many calories you burn when you’re doing nothing bibliography - List of information sources on a specific subject; description and identification of the editions, dates of issue, authorship, and typography of books or other written materials body - The main part of a paper or written speech body composition - The ratio of body fat to lean body tissue, such as bone, muscle, and fluid body image - The way you see your physical self Body Mass Index - A measurement that allows you to assess your body size, taking your height and weight into account bulimia nervosa - An eating disorder in which a person eats large amounts of food and then tries to purge the food caffeine - A drug found naturally in coffee and tea, which increases alertness calories - A measure of the energy in food carbohydrates - The sugars and starches that provide your body with most of its energy cardiac arrest - Heart attack; the heart stops beating cardiopulmonary resuscitation - Procedure that is used when someone is unconscious, due to a heart attack, stroke, or some other medical emergency cardio-respiratory - The part of the body that is responsible for heart-lung functioning career - A chosen field of work that has the potential for continuous growth and advancement by incorporating your interests, values, skills, and strengths Career Cluster - An organizing tool for curriculum design and instruction for careers and technical education that provide the essential knowledge and skills for the 16 key career areas Career Pathway - Small groups of occupations within a Career Cluster; occupations within a pathway share common skills, knowledge, and interest channel - The route traveled by the message as it goes between the communicator and the receivers cholesterol - A waxy substance used by the body to build cells and hormones, and to protect nerve fibers circulatory system - In the body, the network responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and other gases to and from cells command of execution - A part of a drill command that tells when the movement is to be carried out 298 UNIT 2 - Glossary

command voice - A properly given command said in a tone that is understood by everyone commemorative - Honoring the memory of; speaking in honor of commitment - Involvement, engagement, or dedication competencies - Skills, abilities competent - Skilled compliance - The act of obeying or doing what you are told conclusion - The final part of the paper or written speech; referred to as a summary; a final opinion reached through research and reasoning conjunction - Joining words such as “and” or “but” conscience - The awareness of a desire to act properly when improper acts are committed or intended conscious - Awake; aware of what is going on Constitution - A document that descripts the nature, functions, and limits of a government or other institution constructive criticism - Provide critique; advice meant to improve or promote further development contaminated - Contains something harmful contingency - Dependence on chance or on a condition being met cooperate - To work together towards a common goal Cooperative Education - Programs that allow you to work part-time in a career field in which you are interested while taking job-related courses at school coping - Ability to deal with a difficult situation correlation - How two or more measurements relate or don’t relate to each other cross-training - A form of exercise where you switch between different exercises to build up different aspects of your fitness cultivate - To nourish and grow cyberbullying - Bullying via email, text, instant messaging, or social media sites delegating - A style of leadership where the leader gives some decision-making authority 299 to others democratic - A style of leadership where leaders consult with followers who are allowed to participate in decision-making UNIT 2 - Glossary

demographics - Dealing with the vital and social conditions of people direct democracy - A governmental system in which all the citizens meet to debate government matters and vote direct service - Face-to-face contact with those being served in either project or placement models of service learning directing - A style of leadership where the leader tells others what to do and how to do it direction - Instructions or knowledge to complete a task double jeopardy - The legal concept that those who have been found innocent of a criminal charge cannot be charged again for the same crime due process - The legal concept that laws must be reasonable and courts should follow established legal procedures electrolytes - Substances that help control fluid levels and maintain normal potassium levels in the body eminent domain - The right of the government to take private property—usually land—for public use empty calories - Calories that contain little nutritional value endocrine system - Parts of the body that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, mood, and other aspects of the body entice - To attract or lure; to encourage someone to participate essential amino acids - Small units that make up protein that the body cannot make—they must come from the food you eat ethics - Rules of conduct that people should follow ethos - The guiding beliefs of a person, group, or organization expertise - Special knowledge and skill developed from experience, training, and education extort - To obtain something by force, threats, or other unfair means; blackmail extracurricular - Groups or activities not considered as part of a normal school day or curriculum eye contact - Looking someone directly in the eye fasting - Not eating for long periods 300 UNIT 2 - Glossary

federal government - The level of government that makes and enforces laws for the entire country feedback - The return of, or a response to information, as in the evaluation of a communication; the return of evaluative or corrective information to the sender or point of origin first aid - Immediate care given to a victim of injury or sudden illness before professional medical help arrives forfeited - Confiscated or taken away as a penalty for breaking a contract fracture - Broken fragment - A word group that lacks a subject or a predicate gang - Group of people who associate with one another to take part in criminal behavior Good Samaritan laws - Laws to protect volunteers from lawsuits if medical complications arise after they have administered first aid government - The people and system for exercising authority over a community green card - Permission for legal immigrants to live in the U.S. indefinitely hearing - To perceive by the ear; to listen attentively hunger - Physical need for food hydration - Providing enough water to maintain a correct fluid balance hydrogen peroxide - An antiseptic cleaning liquid immigrant - People who leave their home country to live temporarily or permanently in 301 another nation immobilize - To keep from moving; stay still implement - To carry out or accomplish a plan impromptu - Without planning or rehearsal impulse control - The ability to regulate sudden desires to do something indictment - A formal charge UNIT 2 - Glossary

indirect service - Hands-on involvement in a service activity without any face-to-face contact with those served information cards - Cards used to collect data for a report or paper initiative - One’s personal responsible action or decision innate - Inborn; existed or having existed since birth innovation - The ability to introduce something new when needed or as opportunities exist inquisitiveness - Curiousness; having an inquiring mind integration - The act or process, or an instance of forming, coordinating, or blending into a functioning or unified whole integrity - Being honest and sincere with ourselves and with others; closely following a consistent code of ethics intellect - The power of your mind to think and acquire knowledge; mental capacity intimidate - To instill fear in others introduction - The beginning of a paper or written speech irrational - Without reason or sound judgement job - Positions in which employees perform specific duties within designated hours for specific pay; duties are typically similar from one day to the next laissez-faire - A style of leadership where leaders do not interfere or do not provide direction leadership - The process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization leadership styles - The patterns of behaviors that a leader uses to influence others legumes - The group of vegetables that includes beans, peas, and lentils libel - The crime of telling lies about another person in printed or written form ligament - Tissues that hold bones together listening - Making an effort to understand something; paying attention 302 UNIT 2 - Glossary

melatonin - Substance produced by the brain that helps you sleep mental agility - Flexibility of mind; an ability to anticipate or adapt to certain or changing situations metabolism - The way the food you eat is converted into energy micromanaged - Controlled with excessive attention to minor details mixed messages - Verbal or nonverbal communication that is unclear to the receiver modulation - To change or vary the pitch, intensity, or tone moral - A person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do motivation - The act of inspiring others to accomplish something muscle endurance - The ability of a muscle to repeatedly exert a force over a prolonged period muscle strength - The most force you can exert or weight you can lift at one time naturalization - Legal process by which citizens from another country can become American citizens noise - That which interferes with the successful completion of communication; a disturbance, especially a random persistent disturbance that reduces the clarity of communication nonverbal - Being other than verbal; communicating without using words nutrients - Substances in food that your body needs obese - Very overweight observation - An act or instance of examining a custom, rule, or law; an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence; a record or description so obtained observe - To carefully watch, perceive, or notice someone or something obsession - An emotional state in which something seems so important that you are always thinking about it UNIT 2 - Glossary 303

paralysis - Unable to move participating - A style of leadership where the leader consults with others before making decisions passive voice - A term that indicates that the writer has emphasized the receiver of the action persistent - Repeated or constant persuasive - Have the power to persuade petition - A formal request philosophy - The study of people’s most fundamental and basic beliefs and how these beliefs are justified physical fitness - Your ability to perform various activities without excessive fatigue or injury placement - Service learning placements are learning activities conducted within an existing business or organization; the placement organization typically assigns responsibilities to the students plagiarism - The act of copying the ideas or words of another and claiming them as one’s own plan - To propose a set of activities to accomplish an objective or goal poll taxes - A required sum of money voters must pay before voting Preamble - The opening section of the U.S. Constitution, which describes the general purpose of the government predicate - Tells what the subject does preparation - The act or process of making something ready for use or service priorities - Something that comes before other things in importance procedure - A series of steps followed in a regular, definite order project - A task or problem undertaken by a group of students to supplement or apply classroom lessons; service learning projects are initiated and planned by Cadets with instructor guidance protein - A nutrient your body uses to build, repair, and maintain cells and tissues prudent - Careful or wise in handling practical matters; using judgment or common sense psychology - The study of mind and behavior purpose - The reason for why something is done 304 UNIT 2 - Glossary

rabies - A type of virus that affects the nervous system receiver - One or more individuals for whom a message is intended representative democracy - Governmental systems where citizens choose a smaller group to represent them, make laws, and govern on their behalf resilience - The psychological and physical capacity to bounce back from life’s stressors and maintain focus retaliate - To get revenge by doing something bad to someone who has harmed you saturated fats - Fats that are solid at room temperature search warrant - A court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect’s home or business and take specific items as evidence sedentary - Sitting or resting a great deal; moving very little self-concept - Identity; your idea of who you are self-incrimination - A speech or action that suggests your own guilt, especially during court testimony self-reliance - Being able to depend upon your own efforts and abilities shock - A serious condition in which a person’s organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen slander - The crime of verbally spreading lies about another person source cards - Cards used to record the title, author, publisher, copyright date, and place of publication (city and state) of resources being used during research for a project (paper, speech, and so on) steward - To manage or take care of stroke - A medical emergency where the blood flow to your brain stops subject - Tells what or whom the sentence is about tact - The sense of what to say to avoid offending others, hurting their feelings, or making 305 them mad thesis statement - The main point of a paper that you try to support through research UNIT 2 - Glossary

trans fats - Artificial fats made when hydrogen gas reacts with oil universal precautions - Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease unsaturated fats - Fats that are liquid at room temperature value system - Our set of ideals, beliefs, interests, likes, and dislikes that we use every day to make decisions verbal - Relating to, or associated with words; communicating with words visa - Permission, usually made on a passport, to enter, visit, or leave a nation welfare - Well-being zero tolerance - Policy that makes no exceptions for any reason 306 UNIT 2 - Glossary

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