village profile

9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ / tyf ;b:o ljj/0f hDdf jrt nufgL nufgLsf] ;d]6]sf] kl/jf/ /sd - /sd - dV' o Ifq] 22 ?=xhf/df_ ?=xhf/df_ blnt hghflt cGo 27 Joj;fo 20 130 130 s[lif - - 22 72 Jofkf/ 4 - 23 13.5 13.5 Jofkf/ 8 - 12 23 - 49 50 50 40 - 8 80 80 25 - 20 48 39.9 39.5 Jofkf/ 23 - 30 45 55 55 s[lif - - 25 7 - 23 53 23 23 sl[ if 25 60 60 Joj;fo 20 - 19 30 114 114 Joj;fo 12 - 9 39 14 14 s[lif 10 - 12 21 13 13 sl[ if 9 - 27 22 180 180 Joj;fo 17 - 70 36 130 130 s[lif 87 100 100 sl[ if 5 - 15 20 15 15 s[lif 25 - 5 30 150 150 Joj;fo 32 26 26 Joj;fo 5 - 27 26 22 22 sl[ if 6 - 20 25 250 250 Joj;fo 9 - 16 25 251 251 Joj;fo - - 25 25 249 249 Joj;fo 3 - 22 20 0.5 0.5 sl[ if - - 20 28 38 38 s[lif 17 - 11 15 15.9 15.9 sl[ if 1 - 14 4

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f sl[ if, pBdL, tyf art ;d\"x j8f ;d\"xdf cfj4 kl/jf/ ;b:o ;+Vof / ;+:yfsf] gfd gDa/ dlxnf k'?if hDdf b dlxnf z;QmLs/0f 8 25 ;dfh;]jL dlxnf ;d\"x 8 15 - 25 ku| ltzLn ;dx\" 8 - 15 lqk'/]Zj/L ;d\"x 8 2 68 lqk'/]Zj/L ;d\"x 8 - 88 bxdfGtnL ;d\"x 8 4 11 15 sflnsf bj] L ;d\"x 8 - 22 22 ;dfh ;'wf/ ;dx\" 8 2 12 14 k}yf;}g dlxnf ;d\"X 8 5 16 21 k|ultlzn dlxnf ;d\"x 8 15 - 15 dflnsf jrt ;d\"x 8 28 - 28 gjfv]t art ;d\"x 8 2 18 20 a;fnL si[ fs ;dx\" 8 14 - 14 9'af8L art ;dx\" 8 3 8 11 nfnLuF/' f; art ;dX\" 8 24 - 24 l;NsL ;fd'bflos ;dx\" 8 7 14 21 l;hg{ lzn ;d\"x 8 15 13 28 lqk/' ]Zj/L afv|f kfng ;d\"x 8 21 - 21 hDdf 9 16 25 1907 793 2700 115

9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ / tyf ;b:o ljj/0f hDdf jrt nufgL nufgLsf] ;d6] s] f] kl/jf/ /sd - /sd - d'Vo Ifq] 25 ?=xhf/df_ ?=xhf/df_ blnt hghflt cGo 15 s[lif 8 11.5 11.5 s[lif - - 25 8 5.1 5.1 s[lif - - 15 15 11 11 s[lif - -8 22 8 8 s[lif - -8 14 5.2 5.2 Joj;fo - - 15 21 30 30 Joj;fo - - 22 15 sl[ if - - 14 28 35.5 35.5 s[lif - - 21 20 5.8 5.8 s[lif - - 15 14 11.5 11.5 sl[ if - - 28 11 13.8 13.8 sl[ if 15 - 5 24 5.2 5.2 s[lif - - 14 21 14.5 14.5 Joj;fo - - 11 28 Joj;fo - - 24 21 1 1 s[lif 8 - 13 25 29.5 29.5 sl[ if 13 - 15 2700 16.8 16.8 Joj;fo - - 21 - - 25 4 4 634 0 2066 28.5 28.5 29.5 29.5 8004 7932 5

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ cg';\"rL !%M j:tu' t ljjj/0f tYofs+ ;s+ ng kmf/dx? cg;' \"rL !% -s_M ;:+ yfut tYofÍ ;+sng÷;j{I] f0f kmf/fd -bkmf *=! -5_, *=@ -u_, *=# -v_ ;uF ;DalGwt_ ufpF÷gu/ j:tu' t ljj/0f -Profile_ ;+:yfut tYofÍ ;s+ ng kmf/fd ============================ufpF/gu/kflnsf @)&$ efb| 116

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ==================== ufp÷F gu/kflnsf ;+:yfut tYofÍ ;s+ ng÷;j]I{ f0f kmf/fd v08 !M hg;+Vof ljj/0f sf8] M !=! kl/ro sf8] M !=!=! kb| ]z g+ M !=!=@ lhNnfsf] gfd M !=!=# :yfgLo txsf] gfd M !=!=$ ufpF÷gu/ sG] bs| f] lhofs] f]8 M !=@ JolQmut 36gf ljj/0f -kT| os] aif{sf] r}qd;fGt ;Dd btf{ ePsf ljj/0f cg';f/ ;V+ of_ j8f hGd dT[ o' ljjfx ;DaGw ljR5b] -hf]8L_ a;fO;F /fO{ gDa/ cfPsf] uPsf] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 hDdf !=# ;fdflhs ;/' Iff sfoq{ md ljj/0f -ut cf=j=sf] ! aifs{ f] ljj/0f lng_] /sd ?=xhf/df j8f Ho]i7 gful/s Psn dlxnf k0\" f{ ckfË cf+l;s ckfË afn ;'/Iff cg'bfg blnt ju{ gDa/ d k' /sd d /sd d k' /sd d k' /sd d k' /sd d k' /sd ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf 117

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ v08 vM cfly{s ljsf; l:ylt ljj/0f @=! k|fljlws, ;Lko'Qm tyf ljz]if bIftf ePsf dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ljj/0f -;+lIfKt ljj/0f_ j8f ljifo If]q cg';f/ kf| ljlws dfgj ;+zfwg gDa/ sl[ if / kz' Ol~hlgol/Ë jg d]l8l;g vfBk;| f]wg jlsn kqsf/ cGo hDdf d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf @=@ ;fjh{ lgs kf]v/L tyf df5fkfng kf]v/L /x]sf] :yfg j8f kfv] /L If]qkmn aflif{s df5f :jfldTj aflifs{ ufp÷F gu/ kflnsfdf gDa/ -lj3f jf /f]kgL_ pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ -sf];uF _ cfDbfgL -?=_ aflif{s z'Ns -?=_ hDdf @=# l;+rfO{ ;l' jwfsf] pknAwtf l;+rfO{sf] lsl;d l;r+ fOs{ f] ;|ft] sf] ljj/0f l;r+ fO{sf] l;r+ fO{ ;l' jwf jf j8f -;tx -sn\" f÷] gx/_, dfWod -s\"nf] pknAwtf l;+lrt If]q nfeflGjt cfofh] gfsf] gfd gDa/ lnlˆ6Ë, afFw, gx/, kfOk OsfO{ -aif}{e/L jf -x]S6/_ 3/w/' L -ls=ld, kl/df0f df;} dL_ 6o\\ j' ]n÷jfl] /Ë, kfv] /L jf cfbL_ If]qkmn_ cGo_ 118

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ l;+rfO{sf] lsl;d l;+rfO{sf] ;|ft] sf] ljj/0f l;r+ fO{sf] j8f -;tx -sn\" f÷] gx/_, dfWod -sn\" f] OsfO{ l;r+ fO{ ;'ljwf jf lnlˆ6Ë, afwF , pknAwtf l;+lrt If]q nfeflGjt cfof]hgfsf] gfd gDa/ 6\\oj' n] ÷jfl] /Ë, kfv] /L jf gx/, kfOk -ls=ld, kl/df0f -aif{e} /L jf -xS] 6/_ 3/w'/L cfbL_ Ifq] kmn_ df};dL_ cGo_ hDdf @=$ cfw'lgs kz'kfng -kmfd_{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f kz'kfng kmd{ -ufO{, j8f kmd{ /xs] f] jflif{s pTkfbg kf| ]kfO6{ /sf] /fh] uf/L ;V+ of e};L, afvf| , a+u'/ / gDa/ 7]ufgf gfd dlxnf k'?if s'v/' f_ sf] gfd -:yfg_ pTkflbt j:t' OsfO{ kl/df0f hDdf @=% sl[ if tyf kz';]jf;u+ ;DalGwt dfgj ;+;fwg -;V+ of_ j8f gDa/ Joj;flos÷cuj' f si[ fs ;lqmo u|fdL0f si[ fL sfo{stf{ ;lqmo u|fdL0f kz':jf:Yo sfos{ tf{ Joj;flos g;/{ L -h6] LP_ ;r+ fns ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf @=^ sl[ if tyf kz' ;j] f;+u ;DalGwt ;fdb' flos ;:+ yf tyf ;d\"xsf] ljj/0f -;V+ of_ s[ifs ;d\"x kz'kfng ;d\"x Joj;flos s[lif sl[ if ;xsf/L Puf| ]e6] tyf sf]N8 :6f]/ tyf h}ljs jf sDkf]i6 kmd{ ljpljhg sG] b| /li6s :6f/] dn pTkfbg sG] b| j8f gDa/ ;d\"x ;b:o ;d\"x ;b:o kmd{ ;b:o ;xsf/L ;b:o ;+Vof d k' ;+Vof d k' ;V+ of d k' ;+Vof d k' ;+Vof ;+Vof ;V+ of ! @ # $ 119

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ s[ifs ;d\"x kz'kfng ;dx\" Joj;flos sl[ if sl[ if ;xsf/L Puf| e] 6] tyf sf]N8 :6f]/ tyf hl} js jf sDkf]i6 j8f ;d\"x ;b:o kmd{ ljpljhg sG] b| /li6s :6f/] dn pTkfbg s]Gb| gDa/ ;d\"x ;b:o ;V+ of d k' kmd{ ;b:o ;xsf/L ;b:o ;+Vof d k' ;V+ of d k' ;+Vof d k' ;V+ of % ;V+ of ;V+ of ^ & * hDdf @=& 3§, ldn tyf ;+sng tyf k;| fw] g ;DaGwL ljj/0f j8f kfgL 3§ ;V+ of lr:ofg s'6fgL, lk;fgL / kn] fgL -ldn_ ;+Vof ;+sng tyf k|;f]wg ljqmL s]Gb| gDa/ k/Dk/fut ;w' fl/Psf] sG] b| kfgL ldn l8h]n ldn ljBt' ldn sG] b| jf sf];n] L sl[ if hl8a6' L pBfu] 3/ ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf @=* pTkfbg tyf ;]jfdn\" s pBfu] ;DaGwL ljj/0f -pBfu] tyf ko{6g_ pBf]usf] gfd tyf j8f pBfu] sf] pBf]usf] k|sf/ -n3,' k|ToIf /f]huf/L hgf pTkfbg x'g] pTkflbt j:t' 7]ufgf gDa/ :jfldTj 3/]n', ;fgf, dkmfn} f j:t' / ;]jf af6 ePsf] tyf 7\"nf cfbL_ aflif{s cfDbfgL -;/sf/L, klAns dlxnf k'?if hDdf / ;]jfsf] gfd -? xhf/df_ lghL, ;xsf/L_ 7n\" f dWod ;fgf 3/n] ' 120

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ pBfu] sf] gfd tyf j8f pBf]usf] pBfu] sf] ks| f/ -n3', k|ToIf /f]huf/L hgf pTkfbg x'g] pTkflbt j:t' 7]ufgf gDa/ :jfldTj 3/n] ', ;fgf, dkmfn} f dlxnf k?' if hDdf j:t' / ;]jf af6 ePsf] aflif{s cfDbfgL -;/sf/L, klAns tyf 7n\" f cfbL_ / ;j] fsf] gfd -? xhf/df_ lghL, ;xsf/L_ n3' hDdf @=( Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fo ;DaGwL ljj/0f -ls/fgf, df;,' t/sf/L, kmnkm'n cfbL_ Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fo ;r+ fns j8f Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf] k;nsf] k|sf/ Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] jflifs{ sf/f]jf/ tyf sDkgLsf] gfd gDa/ :jfldTj -Psn, -?= xhf/df_ lsl;d - sf]8 ;femb] f/L / ;xsf/L_ k|ofu] ug]_{ Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf] lsl;d sf8] M != ls/fgf jf Jofkl/s j:t', @= df;' ljqmL s]Gb|, #= t/sf/L tyf kmnkmn\" ljqmL s]Gb|, $= b'w lr:ofg tyf ljqmL s]Gb|, %= lgdf0{ f ;fdfuL| , ^= cfi} fwL k;n jf lSnlgs, &= ddt{ ;]jf sG] b,| *= On]lS6s« n tyf On]S6«fl] gS; k;n, (= xf]6n] tyf /]i6/' ]06, !)= sk8f tyf km]G;L @=!) wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s tyf ko6{ sLo :yn ;DaGwL ljj/0f ef}lts k\"jf{wf/ :jfldTj ljzi] ftf -wfld{s, -gLlh, klAns ;fF:sl[ ts, Pl] txfl;s, :ynsf] gfd j8f ;8ssf] kxFr' xf6] n, nh, glhssf] ahf/ ln=, ;fd'bflos_ ko{6sLo/ cGo_ aflif{s ko6{ s gDa/ ku' s] f]÷gku' s] f] /]i6/' fF ;+Vof s]Gb| ;Ddsf] b'/L cfudg ;+Vof -ls=dL=_ 121

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ @=!! xf6] n] , l/;f6] {, /]i6'/]06 / xfd] :6] ;DaGwL ljj/0f j8f Ifdtf xf]6]nsf] k|sf/ xf]6n] sf] :t/ aflifs{ ko{6s -;V+ of_ gDa/ sf]7f j8] -:6f/, gg:6f/_ gfd :yfg -cfjf;Lo, l/;f6] {, cfGtl/s jfXo ;V+ of ;V+ of xf]d:6,] /]i6/' 0] 6, cGo_ -ljb]zL_ @=!@ s[lif ahf/ tyf xf6 ahf/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f sl[ if ahf/ xf6 ahf/ -sl[ if ahf/ afxs] _ sl[ if ahf/:ynsf] j8f pknAw k|d'v xf6 ahf/:ynsf] j8f xf6 ahf/ nfUg] pknAw k|d'v gfd gDa/ kj\" f{wf/x? gfd gDa/ lbg jf jf/ kj\" fw{ f/ yf]s ahf/ vb' |f ahf/ v08 uM ;fdflhs ljsf; 8]:s÷ vn] db} fg sDkfp08 rkL{sf] :jR5 #=!= z}lIfs tyf dfgj ;+;fwg #=!=! ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf afn ljsf; s]Gb| tyf j8f ejg ;V+ of sf]7f ;+Vof k:' tsfno / k|of]u 122

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ ljBfnosf] gfd gDa/ kSsL cWoog s]Gb| zfnf j~] rsf] If]qkmn Jffnsf] lsl;d ;'ljwf vfg]kfgL sRrL -5÷5}g_ Ifdtf -ju{ dL=_ -tf/jf/, slRr, -5÷5}g_ -5,÷5}g_ kSsL -hgf_ kSsL kvf{n_ sRrL #=!=@ txut ?kdf ljBfno -;fdb' flos, ;+:yfut, db/;f, u'Daf_ tyf ljBfyL{ ;V+ of ljBfnosf] gfd j8f ljBfnosf] lsl;d kj\" { k|fylds cfwf/e\"t -!—*_ dfWolds -(—!@_ hDdf gDa/ -;fdb' flos,;+:yfut, db/;f,u'Daf_ 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf hDdf 123

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ #=!=# sn]h tyf ljBfyL{ ;V+ of snh] ÷SofDk;sf] gfd jf8{ g=+ ;+sfo k9fO{ xg' ] tx k9fO{ x'g] kd| 'v ljBfyL{ ;+Vof s= ck|fjlws ljifox? 5fqf 5fq hDdf != @= v= k|fjlws != @= hDdf j8f lsl;d :jLst[ sfo/{ t lzIfs dlxnf lzIfs ;+Vof ljifout lzIfs ;V+ of gDa/ b/aGbL ;V+ of #=!=$ lzIfs ljj/0f -;fdb' flos, ;+:yfut, ljBfnosf] gfd db/;f, uD' af_ ;V+ of lzIfs lzlIfsf cfwf/et\" dfWoflds ul0ft lj1fg cu+ h|] L 124

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ljBfnosf] gfd j8f lsl;d :jLs[t sfo/{ t lzIfs dlxnf lzIfs ;V+ of ljifout lzIfs ;V+ of gDa/ b/aGbL ;+Vof -;fd'bflos, ;:+ yfut, db/;f, u'Daf_ ;+Vof lzIfs lzlIfsf cfwf/e\"t dfWoflds ul0ft lj1fg c+u|]hL hDdf #=!=% egf{ b/, lg/Gt/tf b/, lzsfO{ pknAwL b/ ljBfnosf] gfd, :yfg / j8f v'b egf{ b/ lg/Gt/tf b/ l;sfO{ pknAwL plt0f{ b/ lsl;d -;fd'bflos, ;+:yfut, gDa/ b/ db/;f/ uD' af_ k\"j{ cfwf/ dfWoflds k\"j{ cfwf/ dfWoflds sIff sIff sIff sIff sIff sIff kf| ylds e\"t kf| ylds e\"t * !) !@ * !) !@ hDdf #=!=^ ljBfyL{ plt0f{ b/ ljBfnosf] gfd, :yfg / j8f hDdf cfwf/et\" lzIff 5fqj[QL jf cGo lbjf vfhf sIff ( df lj1fg ljifodf lsl;d -;fd'bflos, gDa/ ljBfyL{ k/' f ug{] ljBfyL{ ;l' jwf kfpg] vfg kfpg] k|fljlws ljifodf sIff !! df egf{ ljBfyL{ egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;:+ yfut, db/;f/ u'Daf_ ljBfyL{ x'g] ljBfyL{ 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 125

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ljBfnosf] gfd, :yfg / j8f hDdf cfwf/e\"t lzIff 5fqjQ[ L jf cGo lbjf vfhf sIff ( df lj1fg ljifodf lsl;d -;fd'bflos, gDa/ ljBfyL{ k'/f ug]{ ljBfyL{ ;l' jwf kfpg] vfg kfpg] k|fljlws ljifodf sIff !! df egf{ ljBfyL{ egf{ xg' ] ljBfyL{ ;:+ yfut, db/;f/ u'Daf_ ljBfyL{ x'g] ljBfyL{ 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf #=!=& z}lIfs u0' f:t/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f ljBfnosf] gfd, 7u] fgf / j8f ckfË ljBfyL{ >ft] CBEGRA PsLs[t OG6/g6] ;'ljwf 5'§} kw| fgfWofks lsl;d gDa/ sIff -ePsf÷] sfof{GjGjog kf7\\oqmd -ePsf]÷gePsf]_ b/aGbL -ePsf] gePsf_] -ePsf]÷gePsf]_ -ePsf÷] gePsf_] ÷gePsf_] #=!=* afndq} L lzIff ;DaGwL ljj/0f 126

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ljBfnosf] gfd / 7]ufgf j8f ljBfno zflGt ljBfno ;'wf/ afn Sna u7g afnd}qL lzIf0f ljlwsf] gDa/ Ifq] sfof{Gjog of]hgf cBfjlws -ePsf]÷gePsf]_ ko| fu] -ePsf]÷gePsf]_ -ePsf]÷ gePsf_] -ePsf]÷ gePsf]_ #=!=( 5fqj[QL tyf nlIft ;l' jwfsf] ljj/0f j8f 5fqjQ[ Lsf] lsl;d cg;' f/ gDa/ ljBfnosf] gfd / 7u] fgf -lsl;d / tx_ blnt ckfË 5fqf ljkGg hx] ]Gbf/ cGo ;'ljwf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fq 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 5fq 5fqf 127

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ #=@ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f ljj/0f #=@=! :jf:Yo ;:+ yf ljj/0f j8f ;:+ yfsf] :jf:YosdL{ zo} f pknJw ;j] f tyf ;l' jwf -pknAw 5÷5g} _ gDa/ ks| f/ ;V+ of k;| t' L :jf:Yo ;:+ yfsf] gfd l:jst[ k\"lt{sf] ;]jf PS;/] kl/jf/ vfk] k/fdz{ ;'/lIft /Qm / 7u] fgf b/aGbL cj:yf Nofj lSnlgs ;j] f lgof]hg ;j] f P;l;l6 ;]jf dftT[ j ;+rf/ ;]jf ;j] f !=c:ktfn, @= kf| ylds :jf:Yo sG] b,| #= :jf:Yo rf}sL, $= gLlh c:ktfn, %= cfoj' {b] :jf:Yo s]Gb,| ^= cfvf pkrf/ s]Gb,| &= k;| t' L u[x, *= afn c:ktfn, (= dfgl;s c:ktfn, !)= k|fsl[ ts lrlsT;fno, !!= /Qm ;r+ f/ sG] b|, !@= PrcfOle k/LIf0f tyf k/fdz{ sG] b|, !#= zx/L :jf:Yo s]Gb,| !$= ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo OsfO{, !%= gLlh lSnlgs, !^= lzIf0f c:ktfn !&= kmfd]{;L !*= cGo #=@=# lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{]sf] ljj/0f j8f sfo/{ t :jf:YosdL{sf] ;+Vof gDa/ :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] gfd / 7u] fgf ks| f/ ljz]if1 ;fdfGo x]=c= g;{ cxj] cgdL Nofj cGo cGo lrlsT;s lrlsT;s 6]lSgl;og #=@=$ vf]k tyf kfi] f0f ;DaGwL ljj/0f afnaflnsf ;+Vof vfk] lng] afnaflnsf ;V+ of % aif{ d'gLsf afnaflnsf j8f ! aif{ @ aif{ % aif{ kfl] nof] bfb'/f hfkflgh a4[ L a4[ L cg'udg gDa/ d\"gLsf dg\" Lsf dg\" L ljl;lh k0] 6fEofn]06 t>] f] ÷?an] f OG;kmnfOl6; cg'udg ul/Psf dWo] -h=] O{=_ ul/Psf si' ff]lift 128

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ afnaflnsf ;+Vof vf]k lng] afnaflnsf ;+Vof % aif{ dg' Lsf afnaflnsf j8f ! aif{ @ aif{ % aif{ ljl;lh k0] 6fEofn0] 6 kfl] nof] bfb/' f hfkflgh a4[ L a4[ L cgu' dg gDa/ dg\" Lsf dg\" Lsf dg\" L t]>f] ÷?an] f OG;kmnfOl6; cg'udg ul/Psf dWo] ul/Psf -h=] O{=_ si' ff]lift l8lk6L, x]kla, lxklj# #=@=% ;/' lIft dft[Tj ;DaGwL ljj/0f ut aif{sf] l6=l6= vfk] lng] ue{jtL uefj{ :yfsf]$ k|;t' L ePsf] cfwf/df ue{jtLsf] ;V+ of uej{ tL÷k|;t' L k6s hfrF j8f ePsf dlxnf ;V+ of 6L=6L= ! 6L=6L= @ :jf:Yo bIf :jf:Yo :jf:YosdL{sf] gDa/ -klxnf] -klxnf] vf]k lnPsf] u/fpg] ;:+ yfdf sdLs{ f] ;xof]udf cgk' l:yltdf uej{ tL ;+Vof hfFrdf_ Ps dlxgf kl5_ 3/df 3/df ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf #=@=& ;/' lIft dft[Tj ;DaGwL ljj/0f j8f uefj{ :yf÷k;| 'tL hLljt dt[ hGd hGds] f] @* !%–%( kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwg k|of]u dlxnf :jf:Yo gDa/ cj:yf÷;'Ts]/L gjhft gjhft lbgleq dT[ o' aifs{ f ug{] :jo;+ l] jsf kl5sf] ^ xKtf leq lzz' ;V+ of lzz' ePsf gjhft dlxnfsf] ;V+ of dT[ o' ePsf dlxnf ;+Vof dlxnf k?' if lzz' :yfoL c:yfoL :yfoL c:yfoL ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf #=@=( ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf leqdf bv] f k/]sf kd| v' /f]u / ltgsf] pkrf/;DaGwL ljj/0f qm=;=+ /fu] sf] gfd /fu] L÷lj/fdL pkrf/ kmnf]ck /k] m/ ul/Psf] dT[ o' ePsf] ;V+ of ePsf] ;V+ of ul/Psf] ;+Vof ;V+ of ;+Vof ! lgdfl] gof @ emf8f kvfnf # dn]l/of $ sfnfhf/ % Ifo /fu] -l6jL_ ^ s'i7 /f]u & /Strfk 129

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ qm=;+= /fu] sf] gfd /f]uL÷lj/fdL pkrf/ kmnfc] k /]km/ ul/Psf] dT[ o' ePsf] ;V+ of ePsf] ;V+ of ul/Psf] ;+Vof ;+Vof ;V+ of * d6' ' /f]u ( Uof:6Ls÷cN;/ !) kIf3ft !! PrcfOle P8\\; !# SofG;/ !$ dw'dx] -lrgL /f]u_ !% bd -:jf;kZ| jf;_ !^ k|;t' LhGo /fu] !& cGo ============== hDdf gf]6 M– :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf ;je} Gbf j9L cfPsf !) j6f /f]ux?sf] gfd qmdzM n]Vg] -/f]usf] gfd ;\"rL /fVg]_ #=# o'jf tyf vn] sb' / dgf]/~hg #=#=! v]nd}bfg, kfs,{ lkslgs :yn tyf dgf/] Ghg:yn ;DjGwL] ljj/0f j8f :ynsf] gfd pkof]u-!=vn] s'b, @= If]qkmn÷cfsf/ :jfldTj - cfDbfgL ;j] fu|fxL÷cfuGts' gDa/ -ju{ ld=_ -jflif{s ;+Vof -aflifs{ _ kb| {zgL, #= dgf/] ~hg, ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, $= lkslgs_ lghL, klAns ln= ?_ kfPsf] ;Ddfg jf k'/:sf/ jf cGo_ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 #=#=@ Jofj;flos vn] f8Lsf] ljj/0f j8f v]nf8Lsf] gfd lnË pd/] vn] sf] gfd v]nf8Lsf] :t/ -/fli6o« , gDa/ If]qLo, lhNnf:t/_ #=#=@ dV' o rf8, kj{ tyf dn] f hfqf ;DaGwL ljj/0f j8f gDa/ dgfOg] rf8kj{, hfqf / dn] f :yfg dgfpg] d'Vo ljz]iftf -wfld{s, sl} kmot ;do P]ltxfl;s, dgf/] ~hg_ 130

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ j8f gDa/ dgfOg] rf8kj,{ hfqf / dn] f :yfg dgfpg] d'Vo ljzi] ftf -wfld{s, s}lkmot ;do P]ltxfl;s, dgf/] ~hg_ v08 $M efl} ts kj\" fw{ f/ l:ylt ljj/0f hfl] 8g] j:tLx? nDafO{ ks| f/ -sRrL, nfeflGjt bl] v ;Dd -ls=ld=_ uf| en] , sfnf] kq{_] hg;V+ of $=! ;8sdfu{ j8f ;8ssf] gfd gDa/ $=! k}bn dfu{ kb} ndfu{sf] gfd hf]l8g] j:tLx? nDafO{ nfeflGjt hg;+Vof bl] v ;Dd -ls=ld=_ j8f gDa/ 131

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ j8f gDa/ kb} ndfu{sf] gfd hfl] 8g] j:tLx? nDafO{ nfeflGjt hg;+Vof b]lv ;Dd -ls=ld=_ $=@ k'n tyf kn' ;] f kn' ePsf] hf]l8g] j:tLx? emfn] Ë' ÷] sf7] nDafO{ cj:yf lgld{t vf]nf jf bl] v ;Dd ÷ 6«i6÷ -ld=_ -/fdf| ,] l7s}, ;fn j8f gDa/ k'nsf] gfd vfN] ;Lsf] gfd kSsL lh0f_{ $=# ;/sf/L ejg j8f ejgsf] gfd ejg ePsf] sfofn{ osf] gfd Ifq] kmn -ju{ dL=_ cj:yf -/fdf| ], gDa/ 6fn] sf] gfd hUuf ejg l7s}, lh0f_{ $=$ ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fdb' flos ejg j8f ejgsf] gfd ejg ePsf] s] sfddf k|of]u If]qkmn -ju{ dL=_ cj:yf nfeflGjt gDa/ 6fn] sf] gfd eO/x]sf5] < hUuf ejg -/fd|f,] l7s}, 3/w'/L lh0f_{ 132

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ j8f ejgsf] gfd ejg ePsf] s] sfddf ko| f]u Ifq] kmn -ju{ dL=_ cj:yf nfeflGjt gDa/ 6f]nsf] gfd eO/x]sf]5< hUuf ejg -/fdf| ,] l7s,} 3/w'/L lh0f_{ v08 %M jg, h}ljs ljljwtf tyf jftfj/0f %=! jgsf] ljj/0f ;d]6]sf] jgsf] gfd If]qkmn ;+lrlt b/ jg kb} fj/sf] aflif{s pTkfbg 3/w'/L] -x]=_ -So=\" ld=÷x_] sf7 -So=\" lkm=_ bfp/f -ef/L_ hl8a'6L -s]hL_ j8f jgsf] gDa/ lsl;d ! /fli6o« ;fdb' flos ;fem]bf/L lghL sj'lnotL wfld{s @ /fli6o« ;fd'bflos ;femb] f/L lghL sjl' notL wfld{s # /fli6o« ;fdb' flos ;fem]bf/L lghL sjl' notL wflds{ $ /fli6«o ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/L lghL sj'lnotL wfld{s % /fli6«o ;fdb' flos ;femb] f/L lghL sjl' notL wfld{s ^ /fli6«o ;fdb' flos ;fem]bf/L 133

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ j8f jgsf] ;d]6]sf] jgsf] gfd If]qkmn ;+lrlt b/ jg k}bfj/sf] aflifs{ pTkfbg gDa/ lsl;d 3/w/' L] -x]=_ -So=\" ld=÷x_] sf7 -So\"=lkm=_ bfp/f -ef/L_ hl8a'6L -sh] L_ lghL sjl' notL wfld{s & /fli6o« ;fd'bflos ;femb] f/L lghL sj'lnotL wfld{s * /fli6o« ;fdb' flos ;femb] f/L lghL sjl' notL wfld{s ( /fli6«o ;fd'bflos ;femb] f/L lghL sjl' notL wflds{ gf]6M hl8a'6L eGgfn] sf7, bfp/f / :ofpnf afx]s cGo jg kb} fj/ h:t}M h/f, kft, kmn, km\"n, vf6] f,] /;, rf]k, sf]of, ljof, e'jf cfbL a‰' g' kb5{ . %=@ hl8a6' Lsf] ljj/0f jgsf] gfd j8f pTkfbg -s=] lh=_ aflifs{ cfDbfgL aflif{s /fh:j ;+sng gDa/ -?= xhf/df_ -?= xhf/df_3 hl8a6' Lsf] gfd hDdf %=# /fli6o« lgs'~h, cf/If / dWojtL{ tyf ;/+ lIft Ifq] /fli6«o lgs~' h, cf/If, / ;/+ lIft ;dl] 6Psf hDdf Ifq] kmn dWojtL{ If]qsf] If]qkmn ;+/lIft / dWojtL{ Ifq] df kg]{ Ifq] sf] gfd j8fx? -j=ls=ld=_ -j=ls=ld=_ 3/w'/L != @= 134

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ hDdf r/g xg' ] :yfg Ifq] kmn -j=ls=ld=_ r/g Joj:yfkg k0| ffnL -3'DtL, rSnfaGbL, ;fdfGo_ %=$ r/g Ifq] j8f gDa/ r/g Ifq] sf] gfd hDdf %=% ljkb hfl] vd tyf Joj:yfkg %=%=! hf]lvdoQ' m -;j+ b] glzn_ :yfgdf j;fj] f; u/s] f kl/jf/ ljj/0f j8f gDa/ hf]lvdo'Qm :yfg klx/f] glb s6fg 3/w/' L ;V+ of cGo hDdf af9L clt le/f]nf] %=%=@ ljkbaf6 dfgjLo IftL j8f cfunfuL af9L] klx/f] lztnx/ /fu] ;k{b+; h+unL es\" Dk cGo gDa/ dfxfdf/L hgfj/af6 -r6\\ofª_ IftL d[To' 3fOt{ ] dT[ o' 3fOt{ ] d[To' 3fOt{ ] d[To' 3fO{t] d[To' 3fO{t] d[To' 3fOt{ ] d[To' 3fO{t] dT[ o' 3fOt{ ] d[To' 3fO{t] != @= #= $= 135

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ j8f cfunfuL af9L] klx/f] lztnx/ /f]u ;kb{ ;+ hu+ nL es\" Dk cGo gDa/ dfxfdf/L hgfj/af6 -r6\\ofª_ IftL dT[ o' 3fOt{ ] dT[ o' 3fO{t] dT[ o' 3fOt{ ] d[To' 3fO{t] dT[ o' 3fO{t] d[To' 3fOt{ ] dT[ o' 3fOt{ ] dT[ o' 3fO{t] dT[ o' 3fOt{ ] % ^ &= * hDdf %=%=# ljkbsf] lsl;d cg';f/ hf]lvdsf] ;do -dlxgf pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\_ hu+ nL hgfj/af6 IftL j8f ljkb cg;' f/ hf]lvdsf] ;do -dlxgf_ gDa/ cfunfuL af9L 8'jfg klx/f] lztnx/ /fu] dfxfdf/L ;ks{ f] 6fs] fO ! @ # $ % ^ & * hDdf %=%=$ ljkbsf] c;/ ljj/0f Iflt ljj/0f ljkbsf] If]q cg';f/ Iflt ljj/0f j8f 3/uf7] kz'k+IfL afnL / hUufhdLg cGo IftL gDa/ kl/jf/ Iflt /sd kl/jf/ Iflt /sd kl/jf/ Iflt /sd kl/jf/ Iflt /sd -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ cfunfuL af9L 8'jfg klx/f] lztnx/ /f]u dfxfdf/L ;ks{ f] 6f]sfO es\" Dk hu+ nL hgfj/af6 IftL cGo hDDff %=%=% ljkbaf6 Iflt ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf tyf kj\" f{wf/ -ut ! aif{sf] c;/sf] cfwf/df_ Iflt ljj/0f ljkbsf] Ifq] cg;f/' Iflt ljj/0f j8f ljBfno k'n kn' ;] f af6f3] f6f] sn\" f] gx/, vfgk] fgL cGo gDa/ ;+Vof Iflt /sd ;+Vof Iflt /sd ls=dL= Iflt /sd ;V+ of Iflt /sd ;V+ of Iflt /sd -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ af9L 8j' fg 136

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ Iflt ljj/0f ljkbsf] If]q cg;f/' Iflt ljj/0f klx/f] j8f ljBfno k'n k'n];f af6f3] f6f] sn\" f] gx/, vfgk] fgL cGo es\" Dk gDa/ h+unL hgfj/sf] ;V+ of Iflt /sd ;V+ of Iflt /sd ls=dL= Iflt /sd ;V+ of Iflt /sd ;+Vof Iflt /sd IftL -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ -?=_ cGo hDDff %=%=^ ;+/lIft kfgLdx' fg, hdLg / ef}lts ;/+ rgf -gfd, :yfg, Ifq] kmn_ ;+/lIft kfgLd'xfg, hdLg / efl} ts ;/+ rgfsf] j8f /x]sf] :yfg ;/+ lIft kfgL d'xfg, hdLg, v]tjf/L / ;+/rgf gfd gDa/ OsfO{ kl/df0f ;+/lIft kfgL dx' fg xS] 6/ gbL lgoGq0f tyf psf;af6 ;+/lIft If]qsf] gfd ;+/lIft vt] jf/Lsf] Ifq] kmn ;+Vof le/fnf] /fs] yfd tyf ;+/lIft ;/+ rgf 137 ;/+ lIft uN5L / klx/f] v08 ^ M ;+:yfut ljsf; ljj/0f

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ^=! ufpkF flnsf÷gu/kflnsf, ;/sf/L sfofn{ o tyf lgsfox? qm=;= ;/sf/L sfofn{ o gfd :yfg jf8{ g=+ hgzlQm -hgf_ sfo{Ifq] != :yfgLo ;/sf/ ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf j8f sfof{no @ :jf:Yo ;:+ yfx? c:ktfn kf| ylds :jf:Yo sG] b| :jf:Yo rf}sL pk :jf:Yo rfs} L # sl[ if $ kz' ;]jf % xn' fs ^ jg & kx| /L sfofn{ o lhNnf÷k|bz] Onfsf rf}sL *= cGo sfofn{ ox? (= ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;:+ yfg, ;ldlt cfbL ^=@ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;:+ yf ljj/0f ^=@=! ;fdb' flos ;:+ yf ljj/0f j8f ;fd'bflos s[ifs jg ;xsf/L ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf] ;V+ of gful/s 6f]n ;w' f/ pBdL cGo=== gDa/ ;+:yf ;d\"x ;dx\" ;:+ yf u};; jf k/Dk/fut ;d\"x cfdf ;rt] gf ;ldlt÷6f]n ;dx\" s]Gb| ljsf; ;:+ yf Sna -j83/, u'7L, e]hf_ ;dx\" 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 138

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ;fdb' flos ;:+ yfsf] ;V+ of j8f ;fd'bflos si[ fs jg ;xsf/L u;} ; jf k/Dk/fut ;d\"x cfdf gful/s 6f]n ;'wf/ pBdL cGo=== gDa/ ;:+ yf ;d\"x ;dx\" ;:+ yf Sna -j83/, u7' L, eh] f_ ;d\"x ;rt] gf ;ldlt÷6fn] ;d\"x sG] b| ljsf; ;+:yf 9 hDdf ^=@=@ cfdf dlxnf ;d\"x tyf k/Dk/fut ;d\"xsf] ljj/0f ;dx\" , ;:+ yf ;+hfnsf] gfd j8f ;dx\" df cfj4 kl/jf/ tyf ;b:o ljj/0f jrt nufgL / 7u] fgf gDa/ /sd /sd ;b:o ;V+ of ;d]6s] f] kl/jf/ -?=_ -?=_ nufgLsf] dV' o Ifq] dlxnf k'?if hDdf blnt hghflt cGo hDdf cfdf tyf dlxnf k/Dk/fut ;d\"x s[ifs tyf pBdL ;d\"x art ;d\"x cGo ^=@=# gful/s ;rt] gf s]Gb| / 6fn] ljsf; ;+:yfsf] ljj/0f gful/s ;rt] gf s]Gb|sf] gfd j8f ;dx\" df cfj4 kl/jf/ tyf ;b:o ljj/0f jrt nufgL nufgLsf] / 7u] fgf gDa/ /sd /sd d'Vo Ifq] ;b:o ;V+ of ;d6] ]sf] kl/jf/ -?=_ -?=_ 6fn] ljsf; ;+:yf dlxnf k'?if hDdf blnt hghflt cGo hDdf gful/s ;r]tgf sG] b| gful/s d+r ^=@=$ s[ifs tyf pBdL tyf art ;d\"xsf] ljj/0f 139

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ si[ fs, pBdL tyf art ;d\"x / j8f ;d\"xdf cfj4 kl/jf/ tyf ;b:o ljj/0f jrt nufgL ;:+ yf gfd / 7]ufgf gDa/ /sd /sd nufgLsf] d'Vo Ifq] ;b:o ;V+ of ;d6] s] ]f kl/jf/ -?=_ -?=_ dlxnf k'?if hDdf blnt hghflt cGo hDdf ^=@=% afl0fHo js+} , ljsf; js} , ljQLo ;:+ yf, n3' ljQ tyf ;xsf/L ;:+ yf ;DaGwL ljj/0f qm=;=+ as+} tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] gfd / j8f aflifs{ sf/f]af/ nufgL/sd-?=_ nufgLsf] d'Vo Ifq] 7]ufgf gDa/ /sd -?=xhf/df_ s= jfl0fHo js+} v= ljsf; j+s} u= ljQLo ;+:yf 3= n3' ljQ ;+:yf ª= ;xsf/L ;+:yf ^=@=^ u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yf ;DaGwL ljj/0f u;} ;sf] gfd / 7]ufgf ;d6] s] f] Ifq] jflif{s ah6] ljifout If]q hgzlQm ;xofu] L ljsf; ;femb] f/sf] gfd -?=_ ;V+ of ^=@=& ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfsf]cfo ljj/0f 140

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f ut jif{ -?= xhf/df_ 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ cfo zLifs{ cgd' flgt jf:tljs rfn' jif{ -? xhf/df_ cgd' flgt z?' dfH} bft 3/hUuf s/ dfnkf]t jf e\"lds/ xf6jhf/ k;n s/ ;jf/L ;fwg s/ dgf/] ~hg s/ jxfn lj6f/} L lj1fkg s/ Joj;fo s/ Joj;flos lel8of] s/ k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] pkof]u s/ ;]jf zN' s b:t'/ ljqmL cfo b08 hl/jfgf cGo cfo ;f| ]t pkof]u jf8F kmf8F kb| ]z cg'bfg M ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cgb' fg ;zt{ cgb' fg ljz]if cg'bfg ;dk'/s cgb' fg ;+3Lo cg'bfg M ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ;zt{ cg'bfg ljzi] f cgb' fg ;dk'/s cg'bfg hDdf cfo 141

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ cg;' \"rL !% -v_M 3/kl/jf/ ;j]I{ f0f kmf/fd -bkmf *=! -5_, *=@ -u_, *=# -5_ ;uF ;DalGwt_ ufpF÷gu/ j:t'ut ljj/0f kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f ;s+ ng kmf/fd ================ufpFkflnsf÷===========gu/kflnsf @)&$ ====== 142

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f ========================= ufp÷F| g kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f != kl/ro !=! kb| z] g+ M =============!=@ lhNnfsf] gfd M============= !=# :yfgLo txsf] gfd M======== !=^ 3/w'/L qmd ;+Vof -3/ gDa/_M ======================================!=& pQ/bftfsf] gfd M dlxnf÷k?' if÷t>] f] lnËL_M =================== !=!) pQ/bftfsf] ;Dks{ g+= M ===================== @= kl/jf/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f @=! kl/jf/ ;b:osf] ljj/0f -kl/jf/dn' Laf6 z'? ug]{ / h]i7 ;b:ocg;' f/ qmd ldnfP/ qm=;+ gfd lnË pd]/ Hfft dft[ efiff wd{ z}lIfs -jif_{ hftL -% jif{ d  nfuL_ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !%  != kxf8L af| Dx0f÷If]qL÷;Gof;L÷7s'/L @= kxf8L blnt #= kxf8L hghflt÷cflbjf;L $= t/fO{ t/fO{ cGo  != k\"j{ kf| ylds @= cfwf/e\"t tx #= dfWoflds $= :gfts %= :gftsf]Q/ ^= Pdlkmn jf ;f] e  :jb]zdf cGoq jf ljbz] df a;s] f] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] nflu k]zf, j}jflxs / ckfËtfsf] ljj 14

9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ gu/ j:t'ut ljj/0f tof/L f ;s+ ng kmf/fd === !=$ j8f g+ M=============== !=% j:tLsf] gfdM =================== ========================================!=* 3/d'nLsf] gfdM ============================= !=( ln+u - ========================= !=!! a;fa] f;sf] cj:yfM :yfoL ÷ c:yfoL pNn]v ug{_] ] j}jflxs a;fa] f;sf] ckfËtfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt s:t/ kz] f l:ylt -!) cj:yf l:ylt -:j:y, ;fdfGo dflysf -!) aif{ aif{ dfyL_ /f]uL, bL3{ /fu] L_  \\dfyL_ -3/, cGoq :jbz] , ljb]z_ af| Dx0f, Ifq] L, /fhk't %= t/fO{ cflbjf;L÷hghflt ^= t/fO{ blnt &= d'l:nd *= kxf8L cGo (= eGbf dfly &= k|fljlws P;Pn;L *= ;fwf/0f nv] k9 (= lg/If/ !)= pd/] sd j/0f glng] 43

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ @=@ tkfOs{ f] kl/jf/df ! aif{ leq d[To' ePsf ;b:osf] ljj/0f lbgx' f]; . d[To' x'g]sf] gfd lnË -dlxnf÷ pd]/ dT[ os' f] sf/0f -!= dxfdf/L, ;g]{ /f]u @= P8\\; #= g;g{] /f]u - k'?if÷t>] f] lnËL_ -aif÷{ dlxgf_ SofG;/, /Strfk, bd, dwd' x] cflb_ $= b3' {6gf %= cGo_ @=# tkfOs{ f] kl/jf/df 5'O{ x'g] dlxnf slt hgf 5g < -================_ @=$ tkfO{sf] 3/df s:tf] 5fpk8L uf]7 /xs] f] 5 < s_ JolQmut -==========_ v= ;fdl' xs -==========_ u= 5}g @=% tkfOs{ f] 3/df 5'O{ xb'F f uf]7df a:g] dlxnf slt hgf 5g\\ < -==================_ @=^ tkfOs{ f] kl/jf/sf ;b:o dWo] slthgfsf] ljdf ul/Psf] 5 < s_ hLjg ljdf -==========_ v= :jf:Yo ljdf -==========_ u= cGo ljdf -========_ 3= s'g} klg xfO] g ljdf u/]sf] eP ============= hgfsf] ul/Psf] 5 . @=& tkfO{sf] 3/df s:tf] g\"g k|of]u ug{x' G' 5 < s_ l9Ssf] gg\" -==========_ v= vN' nf g\"g -==========_ u= cfof]l8g oQ' m g\"g @=* vfgk] fgLsf] dV' o ;f| ]t s] xf] < -Psdf dfq lrGx nufpg_] != kfOkwf/f 3/ sDkfp08df - _ @= kfOkwf/f ;fj{hlgs - _ #= l8k jf]/l/Ë - $= 6o\\ 'jj]n÷x]G8kDk - _ %= 9flsPsf] Ogf/÷sj' f - _ ^= dn\" sf] kfgL - _ _ &= g9flsPsf] Ogf/÷s'jf - _ *= gbL vf]nf - _ (= cGo - _ @=( vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ug{] dV' o OGwg s'g xf]< -Psdf dfq lrGx nufpg_] != bfp/f - _ @= d§Lt]n - _ #= Pn lk Uof; - _ $= uO' 7f -_ %= jfofU] of; - _ ^= ljBt' - _ &= cGo - _ @=!) kl/jf/n] ko| fu] ug]{ aQLsf] d'Vo ;f| ]t s] xf] < -Psdf dfq lrGx nufpg_] != ljB\\t - _ @= d§Ltn] - _ #= JffofU] of; - _ $= ;fn] f/ - _ %= cGo - _ @=!! kl/jf/n] k|ofu] ug]{ zf}rfno s:tf] ks| f/sf] 5 < != zfr} fno gePsf] - _ @= ˆn; ePsf] -;fjh{ lgs 9n_ - _ #= ˆn; ePsf] -;l] K6s 6o\\ fÍ_ - _ $= ;fwf/0f -_ @=!@ lgDg sg' s'g ;'ljwfx? kl/jf/n] pkef]u u/]sf] 5 < -;l' awf ePsf] df 5 pNn]v ug{_] ;'ljwfx? pknAw -5, jf 5g} _ /]l8of] 6l] nlehg 6]lnkmf]g÷df]jfOn kmfg] sDo6\" / OG6/g6] Dff6] /;fOsn df]6/÷sf/ /]lk|mh/6] / @=!# kl/jf/n] sl[ if sfo{sf nfuL hUuf ko| fu] u/]sf] 5 < != 5 - _ @= 5}g - _ @=!$ obL kl/jf/af6 s[lif sfo{sf nfuL hUuf ko| f]u u/s] f] 5 eg] ;f] hUufsf] ljj/0f -If]qkmn pNn]v ug]_{ @=(=! cfkm\\gf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf /xs] f] hUufM =============================== -/f]kgL-/fk] gL÷s¶f÷xS] 6/÷j=ld=_ @=(=@ kl/jf/ afx]s c?sf] gfddf /xs] f] hUufM ========================== -/f]kgL÷s¶f÷xS] 6/÷j=ld=_ @=(=# cGo :jfldTj v'nfpg]M =================================================-/fk] gL÷s¶f÷x]S6/÷j=ld=_ @=!% tkfOs{ f] jflif{s afnL pTkfbg tyf lalqm slt 5 < obL 5 eg] tnsf] ljj/0f lbgx' f];\\ afnL pTkfbg -lSjG6n_ vt] L ul/Psf] ljqmL kl/df0f -lSjG6n_ If]qkmn Os| fO{ -s¶f÷/f]kgL_ 144

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ afnL pTkfbg -lSjG6n_ v]tL ul/Psf] ljqmL kl/df0f -lSjG6n_ If]qkmn Os| fO{ -s¶f÷/f]kgL_ cGgafnL wfg ds} ux' sf]bf] cGo bnxg bfn /x/ d';/f] rgf l;dL e§df; cGo tn] xg tf]/L÷;:o'{ cfn;÷ltn ;\"o{dv' L cGo t/sf/L cfn' aGbf÷sfpnL÷/fof] af8] L ufn] e+8] f sfFqmf,] nfs} f, km;L{ k/an, s'Gb's| , sfqF mf] s/]nf, l3/f}nf, lrlr08f] cGo gub] afnL cbj' f÷j];f/ Kofh÷n;'g Rofp cGo kmnkm|n cfkF ÷lnrL s/] f÷d]jf ;'Gttf÷sfutL -cldnf]hft_ :ofp÷cf?jv8f lsjL cGo kmn\" vt] L @=!^ kl/jf/n] sg' } rf}kfof tyf kzk' I+ fL kfns] f] 5 < != 5 - _ @= 5g} -_ @=!& rfk} fof tyf kzk' I+ fLx?sf] ljj/0f lbg'xf;] -;+Vof pNn]v ug]{_M 145

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ qm=;+ rf}kfof tyf kz'kI+ fL aflif{s bw' aflifs{ df;' aflifs{ aflifs{ aflifs{ ljqmLaf6 aflif{s ;V+ of pTkfbg pTkfbg c08f pg xf8÷5fnf cGo cfDbfgL -?=_ ! ufOuf]?÷afR5fafR5L -s]=lh=_ -;+Vof_ -s=] lh=_ -s=] lh=_ @ /fFufe;} L÷kf8fkf8L -ln6/_ # ofs÷rf/} L $ afvf| ÷e]8f, v;L÷afs] f % ;u'F '/÷ju+ '/ ^ sv' '/f÷xf;F & ======= @=!* tkfOsf] kl/jf/df df5f, df/} L / /z] dkfng ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljj/0f lbgx' fn] f< != df5fkfng kfv] /L ;+VofM ======= kfv] /Lsf] If]qkmnM ============= x]S6/ aflif{s pTkfbgM ================ s=] lh= @= df/} L 3f/ ;+VofM ============== aflifs{ dx pTkfbgM ======== s]lh @=!( kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:osf] j}+s tyf ljQLo ;:+ yfdf vftf 5 < != 5 - _ @= 5}g - _ @=@) kl/jf/sf] ;/b/ aflif{s vr{ slt 5 < -?==========================_ @=@! kl/jf/sf] ;/b/ aflifs{ cfDbfgL slt 5 < -?==========================_ @=@@ cfˆgf] pTkfbgn] tkfOs{ f] kl/jf/nfO{ slt dlxgf vfg k'U5 < -Psdf dfq 7Ls lrGx nufpg'xf;] _ . s= # dlxgf;Dd v= $ bv] L ^ dlxgf ;Dd - _ -_ u= & bv] L ( dlxgf;Dd - _ 3= ( dlxgf eGbf a9L - _ @=@# kl/jf/df sg' } ;b:on] ljut # aif{df Joj;flos ;Lk tflnd kf| Kt u/]sf 5g< != 5 @= 5g} dlxnf k?' if obL 5 eg] ;f]sf] ljj/0f lbg'xf];\\ . ;Lk ljsf;sf Ifq] x? ;\"rgf tyf k|ljlw, On]S6L« sn / OnS] 6f« ]lgS; -sDKo'6/, ljBt' , dfj] fO{n, /l] 8of] 3l8 cfbL l;nfO{ a'gfO{, al' 6s, ;+u[ f/, kfn{/ cflb lgdf{0f ;DaGwL -Dof;g, sfk]G{ 6«L cfbL_ Ol~hlgol/Ë, c6fd] fj] fOn / ds] flgS; sl[ if ;DaGwL -h]6L, h]6LP / vfB k;| fw] g cflb_ hg:jf:Yo ;DaGwL kz':jf:Yo ;DaGwL jg ;DaGwL ko6{ g 6/' ufO8, 6f« en / ;Tsf/ snf ;DaGwL cGo #= 3/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f #=! tkfOsf] 3/ stL j6f 5 < -======== j6f_, sf]7f ;V+ of slt 5 < -============_ #=@ tkfO{ a;s] f] 3/sf] :jfldTj s:tf] ks| f/sf] xf<] -;lx pQ/df Psdf dfq 7Ls nufpgx' f;] _ != gLlh÷cfˆg} - _ @= Eff8fdf - _ #= ;+:yfut - _ $= cGo - _ #=# a;f]af; ug]{ 3/sf] 5fgfsf] ks| f/ -PseGbf j9L 3/ ePdf dn\" 3/sf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df Psdf dfq lrGx nufpg_] != km;' jf v/sf] 5fgf ePsf] - _ @= h:Tff jf Rofb/ 5fgf ePsf] - _ #= 6fon jf 9Ë' fsf] 5fgf ePsf] - _ $= cf/l;l; 9nfg ePsf] -_ %= sf7sf] 5fgf ePsf] - _ ^= df6fs] f] 5fgf ePsf] &= cGo -pNnv] ug]_{ ========== -_ -_ #=$ tkfO{ a;s] f] 3/sf] hu s:tf] ks| f/sf] 5< != df6f] / 9'Ëf - _ @= l;dG] 6 / 9'Ëf - _ #= km| ]d :6S« r/ - _ $= nf]8 j]ol/Ë - _ %= sf7sf] vDaf - _ ^= cGo -v'nfpg]_ - _ #=% tkfO{ a;]sf] 3/ ejg dfkb08 cg';f/ ag]sf] 5< != 5 - _ @= 5}g -_ #=^ tkfO{ a;s] f] 3/ e\"sDk k|lt/fw] L 5< != 5 -_ @= 5}g - _ 146

ufpF j:tu' t ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf, @)&$ s= kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f sf8] ko| fu] sf nflu ljj/0f != qm=;=+ kl/jf/dn' Laf6 z'? ug{] / hi] 7 ;b:ocg;' f/ qmd ;V+ of pNnv] ug]{ @= gfd kl/jf/dn' Laf6 z'? ug]{ / hi] 7 ;b:ocg;' f/ gfd pNn]v ug]{ #= y/ kl/jf/d'nLaf6 z'? ug]{ / hi] 7 ;b:ocg';f/ y/ pNn]v ug]{ $= lnË != k'?if @= dlxnf #= t];f| ] lnËL %= pd/] k/' f u/]sf] pd/] aifd{ f n]Vg] -@ aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf] aRrfsf] pd/ dlxgf n]Vg]_ ^= hfthftL != kxf8L afXd0f÷Ifq] L÷7s/' L÷;Gof;L @= dw]zL afXd0f If]qL÷/fhkt' #= kxf8L hghftL cfbLjf;L $= t/fO{ hghftL cfbLjf;L %= kxf8L blnt ^= dw]zL blnt &= d'l:nd *= kxf8L cGo (= dwz] L cGo &= wd{ != lxGb' @= af4} #= d'l:nd $= lqmlZrog %= cGo ========== *= z}lIfs:t/ != k\"j{ k|fylds @= cfwf/et' tx #= dfWoflds tx $= :gfts tx %= :gftsfQ] / ^= Pdlkmn / ljBf jfl/wL -lkPrl8_ &= k|fljlws PnPn;L *= ;fwf/0f nv] k9 -;fIf/_ (= n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg] -lg/If/_ (= a;fa] f;sf] != u0fgf u/s] f] 7fpFdf a;]sf], @= :jb]zdf cGoq a;s] f], #= ljbz] df a;]sf] cj:yf !)= k]zf != sl[ if tyf kzk' fng @= gfs] /L÷hfuL/ #= pBfu] tyf Jofkf/ $= Hofnf÷dhb/' L %= j}bl] zs /f]huf/L ^= Joj;flos sfo{ -kqsf/, jlsn, k/fdz{, 7S] sf k6\\6f, kh' f/L cfbL &= ljBfyL{ -cWoog/t_ *= ux[ 0fL (= j]/fh] uf/ !)= cGo !!= jj} flxs != cljjflxt @= Psn ljjfx #= jx'ljjfx $= k'gMljjfx, %= ljw'/÷ljwjf ^= ;DaGw ljR5]b &= ljjflxt l:ylt t/ cnu a;]sf] !@= ckfËtfsf] != ckfËtf gePsf] @= zf/Ll/s ckfËtf #= jf}l4s ckfËtf $= b[li6ljlxg -cfvF f gb]Vg_] %= jfN] g tyf ;G' g l:ylt g;Sg] -alx/f_ ^= :j/ jfn] fO{;DaGwL ckfËtf -eses]_ &= >j0f bi[ 6Lljlxg *= dgf;] fdflhs ckfËtf v= kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f ;+sngsfnflu ;fdflhs tyf hfltut ;dx\" qm=;=+ hfltut ;dx\" k|d'v hfthftLx? 1. kxf8L blnt != uGwj{ -ufO{g_] @= kl/of/ -bdfO{, bhL{, ;r' Lsf/, gurL{, 9f]nL, x'8s\\ ]_ #= afbL $= ljZjsdf{ -sfdL, nf]xf/, ;g' f/, cf8] , rg' /F f, kfsL{, 6df6f_ %= ;fsL{ -ldhf/, rd{sf/, en\" _ 2. dw]zL blnt != sn/ @= b;' fw -kf;jfg, xh/f_ #= ss}lxof $= wf]jL -/hs_ lxGb\" %= sf]/L ^= kTy/s§f &= vl6s *= kf;L (= vTj] -d08n, vË_ !)= aftF / !!= d;' x/ !@= rdf/ -/fd, dfr] L, xl/hg, /ljbf;_ !#= lrl8df/ !$= d:] t/ -xnvf/] _ !%= 8fd] -dl/s_ !^= ;/eË -;/jl/of_ !&= tTdf -tfFtL, bf;_ 3. kxf8L hghftL != sz' jfl8of, agsl/of, s';0' 8f, /fp6], ;'/n] , xfo', /fhL, nK] rf, cfbLaf;L @= r]kfª, yfdL, af]6,] bg'jf/, a/fd,' Nxfd] L, dfemL, b/fO{, l;of/, y'bfd #= ;'g'jf/, tfdfª, e'hn] , s'dfn, ef]6,] kx/L, tfKs]uf]nf, 8f]Nkf,] lk|m, du' fn, nfs],{ Nxfk] f, b'/f, jfnª' $= u¿' ª, du/, /fO{, lnDj', 5/} f]tg, tfªa], ltgufpn] ysfnL, af¥x ufpn,] dfkmf{nL ysfnL, z]kf{, ofSvf, 5GTofn, lh/]n, Jof;L, Xof]Ndf] %= g]jf/, ysfnL 4. dw]zL hghftL != ls;fg, d]r] -jf]8f_] tyf cfbLaf;L @= wfg's, emfFu8, ;tf/ -;Gyfn_0 #= yf¿, /fhjz+ L, uGufO{, lwdfn, tfhk'l/of 5. kxf8L afXd0f ;a} kxf8L d\"nsf afXd0f, If]qL / 7s/' L tyf Ifq] L 6. dw]zL jfXd0f emf, /fhkt' , lqkf7L, ld>f, z'Snf, sfo:y tyf /fhk\\t' 7. d'l:nd d'l:nd, r/' f6} ] 8. kxf8L cGo lu/L, k/' L, ef/tL, ;Gof;L, of]uL, s'Fj/ hftL 9. dwz] L cGohftL ofbj, tn] L, snjf/, ;9' L, s'ld/, sfg÷' xnjfO{, xhfd÷7fs'/, a9xL, /fhe/, sj] 6, dNnfx, gl' gof, s'Dxf/, sx/, nfw] , ljª÷la08f, u8/] L ÷e8] Lxof/, dfnL, sfd/, wl' gof, j/fo, d'08f, a8fO,{ k~hfjL, au+ fnL, df/jf8L, g/' fª, sfo:y, hg} , aflgof, cdft, szjflgof, /fhjfw] , s'Zjfxf 147

ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f 9sf/L ufpkF flnsf, @)&$ ;Gbe{ ;fdfuL| sG] b|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, -@)&) lj=;=+ _. gk] fndf ul/jLsf] n3' If]q cgd' fg @)^*, sf7df08f}+M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu yfkfynL . ;3+ Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, -@)&$ lj=;+=_. ufpF gu/ j:tu' t ljj/0f tof/L sfo{ljwL @)&$ . sf7df08fM}+ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, l;Fxb/jf/ . Central Bureau of Statistics, (2016). National Climate Change Impact: A statistical Report 2016, Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali. Central Bureau of Statistics, (2014). National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development Committee/Municipality), Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali. Central Bureau of Statistics, (2014). National Population Census 2011 (Household and Population by Sex Ward Level), Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali. Central Bureau of Statistics, (2014). National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Usual Activity Performed in the 12 Month and Economic Activity), Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali. Central Bureau of Statistics, (2014). National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Usually Active and Not Active Population and Living Arrangement of Children), Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali. National Planning Commission, (2014). Nepal Human Development Report, 2014. Kathmandu: GoN, National Planning Commission. Survey Department, (1996). Land Reform and Mapping Project Report. Kathmandu: GoN, Ministory of Land Reform and Management. 148